Peninsular Polities

600-1300 CE

I. WaterII. LandIII. Temples & monasteries in social networksIV. Literary vernacularsV.What brings the literary vernaculars to life?VI. Tevaram and the local work of cultureVII. The problem of anachronism

I. Water

DeccanPeninsulaGodavari, Krishna & Kaveri riversRivers & sea ports on Bay of Bengal

II. Land

Growing maritime tradeIncreasing agricultural land baseLand grant strategies

III. Temples & Monasteries in Social Networks

Agricultural developmentRevenue extractionLocal intermediariesSites for bureaucracyCaste & occupation associationsFlows of expertise within religious & court

networks

IV. Literary Vernaculars

Cosmopolitan language900-1300 literary vernacularsTamil devotional verseTelegu inscriptionsKannada royal praise poemsMalayalamGujaratiBangla

V. What Brings the Literary Vernaculars to Life?

1000-1300New political formationsNon-brahman/brahmin elitesNew forms of devotional expression

VI. Tevaram and the Local Work of Culture

6-10th c. Tamil composition12th c. authorized for temple liturgyLocal sites (ex. Tiravarur in Tanjavur district)Local devotional communityNon-brahman/brahmin social spaceDevotion w/o brahman/brahmin

VII. The Problem of Anachronism

Beyond contemporary borders of state/ethnicity/language

Multilingual literary communities