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FMNFe--S FMNH2
2H+
MITOCHONDRIALMATRIX
2e -
4H+
3H+
CytoplasmCytoplasmic Membrane
4H+
2H+
1.6.5.3
NADH+H+
2H+
2H+
ADP Pi
I
2H+
Fe--SSUCCINATE
FUMARATEFAD1.3.5.1
Fe-S andCytochromes
1.10.2.2
2H+
2e -III
1.9.3.1Cu and
Cytochromes2H+
Cyt.c2H+
H O2
IV
ADP
3.6.1.3
Pi
3.6.1.34ATP
IIUQ
UQH2
MITO
CH
ON
DRIAL INNER MEMBRANE
2H+
Mito
cho
nd
rial O
ute
r Me
mb
rane
Mito
cho
nd
rial In
ner M
em
bra
ne
4.1.1.39
Fixation CO2
Ribulose-1:5-bis-P
H
OH OH
C C
H
CO CH O2 PPOCH2
P680 P7002H O2
H+
H+
H+
H+
2H+
H+
H+
H+
H+H+
H+
Thylakoid Lumen
H+
2H+
2e*2e*
+
Translocated protons
Mg+ +
2e*
O
O2
2
e-
Chloroplast Stroma
PC
-
Thylakoid Membrane
Mn
PHOTO-
Cyt.
ADP+Pi3.6.1.34Ferredoxin
b
f
Chloroplast Stroma
Membrane
ATP
3H+
2H+
2H+
PC
3.6.1.3
3H+
GlyceraldehydeHOCH CH(OH)CHO2
4.1.2.13
NADP
PQ
PQH2
SYSTEM IIPHOTO-
PheophytinChlorophyll
Thylakoid
To Brain -
AMINO ACIDS
PYRIMIDINES
PURINES
CATECHOLAMINES
AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS
STEROIDS
hvVISION
PORPHYRINS
STEROIDS
ISOPRENOIDS
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
LIPID
DEGRADATION
LIPID BIOSYNTHESIS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PENTOSES
HEXOSES
POLYSACCHARIDES
COCH CH(NH )COO2 3+
FOLICACID
C1POOL
VALINE
ATP
ATP
4.1.1.4 1.1.1.30
CH COCH3 3
CH COCH COO3 2
CH CH(OH)CH COO3 2
3-OH-ButyrateAcetone
Acetoacetate
KETONE BODIES
HYALURONIC ACID DERMATAN BLOOD GROUPSUBSTANCES
PEPTIDO-GLYCAN
N-Ac-Neuraminate(Sialate)
UDP-Iduronate
UDP-N-Ac-Galactosamine UDP-
Galacturonate
GDP-Fucose
TDP-Rhamnose
ADP-Glucose
UDP-Glucose
TDP-4-Oxo-6-deoxyglucose
MANNOSE
CHITIN CHONDROITIN PECTIN
ALGINATES
INULIN CELLULOSE
O-ANTIGENS STARCH GLYCOGEN
LACTOSE
GALACTOSE
O
OH
HO
OH
OH
CH3 O
OPPTO
OH
OH
O
OHACNH
HO OH
O
OHHO OPPU
NHAC
OH
OH OH
OH
HO
OH
NHCOCH
OH HO
O
OPPG
CH OH2
HO
P
UDP-N-Ac-Glucosamine
pyruvateN-Ac-Mannosamine-6-P UDP-Glucuronate
GDP-Mannose
N-Ac-Mannosamine UDP-N-Ac-Glucosamine N-Ac-Glucosamine-6-P
Sorbitol
Fructose-1-P
Erythrose-4-P
3-Dehydrogulonate
L-Xylose
L-Lyxose
D-Xylulose
D-Ribose
RibitolL-Arabitol L-Xylulose
L-Ribulose L-Ribulose-5-P
L-Xylulose-5-P
L-Arabinose Xylitol D-Xylose
D-Arabinose D-Ribulose
ASCORBATE
2, 3-Dioxogulonate
N-Ac-Glucosamine-1-P
Inositol-PInositolGlucuronateGulonate
Gulonolactone 2-Oxogulonolactone
Fructose
6-P-Gluconate
D-Ribulose-5-P
D-Xylulose-5-P
Mannose-1-P
GDP-Glucose
TDP-Glucose
UDP-Galactose
Galactose-P
Glucose-1-P
Glucose-6-P
Fructose-6-P
Fructose-1:6-bis-P
OH
H H HO
HOCH2 C C C C CO
OH OHH OH
H HO
HOCH2 C C C CO CO
OHH
H
OH H
C C
OH
CO
P-Ribosylamine
Glycerate2, 3-Diphospho-glycerate
3-P-Glyceraldehyde
1:3-bis-P-Glycerate
3-P-Glycerate
2-P-Glycerate
P-enolpyruvate
Inositol
CH OH2
CH OH2
HOCH
CH OH2
CH O2
HOCH
P
Glycerol
PYRUVATE
UDP-GalactoseUDP-Sugars
CH CH OH3 2
ETHANOL
Dihydroxy-acetone-P
(Glycerone-P)
Glucosamine-6-P
Phospho-serine
Chain elongation Mitochondrial
Serine
Serine
Indole-3-glycerol-P
3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-P
Indoleacetate(Auxin)
Indoxyl
Formylkynurenine Kynurenine 3-Hydroxykynurenine
3-Hydroxyanthranilate
2-Amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde
NH
OH
Tryptamine 1-(o-Carboxy phenylamino)1-deoxyribulose-5-P
N-(5-P-Ribosyl)anthranilate
Anthranilate
Catechol
NH
Indole-acetaldehyde
NH
CH CHO2
Indolepyruvate
NH
C-CH(OH)CH(OH)CH O2 PCH
2-Aminomuconate-6-semialdehyde
CH CH NH2 2 2
NH
1.2.3.7
4.1.1.43
3.5.1.9 3.7.1.3
4.2.1.20
1.13.11.6 4.1.1.45
2.4.2.18
4.6.1.4
4.1.1.48
1.14.13.9
4.6.1.3 Dehydro-quinate
4.2.1.10 1.1.1.25 2.5.1.19Shikimate-3-P Shikimate-5enolpyruvate 3-P
ChorismatePEP
2.7.1.71
1.4.1.19
Homogentisate Phenylpyruvate
Cinnamate
Coumarate
Prephenate
2-Aminomuconate
Fumarate Aspartate
GLYCINE
Sarcosine
Hydroxy-pyruvate
P-Hydroxy-pyruvate
SERINE
Imidazoleglycerol-P
P-Ribosyl-ATP P-Ribosylformimino5-aminoimidazole-carboxamide-R P
Formiminoglutamate
Imidazolonepropionate
Urocanate
Cystathionine Homocysteine
Phosphoadenylyl-sulphate
(PAPS)
CH (NH )COO2 3+
Histidinol-PHistidinolHistidinal3.1.3.15 2.6.1.91.1.1.23
3.6.1.31
5.3.1.162.4.2.17
Asparagine
ALANINE
3-Sulphinylpyruvate
Oxobutyrate
2-Aceto-2-hydroxy-butyrate
O-Phospho-homoserine
HO SCH CH NH2 2 2 2
HypotaurineHO SCH CH NH3 2 2 2
Taurine
Glutamate
γ-Glutamylcysteine
Glutathione
Glycine
Cysteine
ß-Alanine
CysteateS-Adenosyl
homocysteine
4.2.99.2
1.1.1.864.2.1.9
1.1.1.86 4.2.1.92.6.1.32
4.1.3.18
2-Methylaceto-acetyl-CoA
2-Acetolactate 2-3-Dihydroxyisovalerate
2-Oxo-isovalerate
3-Hydroxy-isobutyrate
3-Hydroxy-Isobutyryl-CoA
Methylacrylyl-CoA
2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-
butyryl-CoA
Tiglyl-CoA 2 Methylbutyryl-CoA
2:3-Di-OH-3-methylvalerate
2-Oxo-3-methylvalerate
Isobutyryl-CoA
Cysteine
sulphinate
4.2.99.9
2-Isopropyl-malate
CH CH COCOO3 2
+CH CH(NH )COO3 3
CH CH(OH)COO3
HO SCH COCOO2 2
OCH COCOO2P
OCH CH(NH )COO2 3P
HOCH COCOO2
HOCH CH(NH )COO2 3+
+
OH
CH COCOO2
COO
OHOHO
COO
OHOH
HO P
COO
OHOH
O
CH2
P
COO
O-C-COOOH
OOH
OOC CH COCOO2
N H
HOC-CH(OH)CH(OH)CH 2OPCH
COO
NH2
COO
OHNH2COO
COO
OCH
OOCCH NHCH2 3
CH (CH ) COS-ACP3 2 14 CH (CH ) COSCoA3 2 14
CH (CH ) CH=CHCO-S-ACP3 2 2
CH CH=CHCO-S-ACP3 CH CH(OH)CH COS-ACP3 2
COSCoA
Linoleate
Oleoyl-CoA
Stearoyl-CoA Dehydrostearoyl-CoA OH-Stearoyl-CoA Oxostearoyl-CoA
Palmitoyl-ACP Palmitoyl-CoA
ACYL-ACP 2, 3-Enoyl-ACP
3, 4-Decenoyl-ACP
2, 3-Decenoyl-ACP
3-OH-Acyl-ACP 3-Oxoacyl-ACP
3-Oxo-Decanoyl-ACP
3-Oxo-Hexanoyl-ACP3-OH-Hexanoyl-ACP2, 3-Hexenoyl-ACP
Butanoyl-ACP Crotonoyl-ACP 3-OH-Butanoyl-ACP Acetoacetyl-ACP
Hexanoyl-ACP
3-OH-Decanoyl-ACPDecanoyl-ACP
Palmitoleoyl-ACP
γ-Linolenate Arachidonate Leukotriene B4
COSCoA
CO-S-ACP
Thromboxane B2
HOOCCH CO-S-ACP2
Malonyl-ACP
HOOCCH CO-SCoA2
Malonyl-Co-A
CH CO-S-ACP3Acetyl-ACP
CH O-CO-R2
CH OH2
R’-CO-OCH
FATTY ACID
ACYL-CoA(Cytosol)
CH O-CO-R2
CH O2
R’-CO-OCH
P
Cardiolipin Phosphatidylglycerol
AcetylcholineGlycerophosphocholine
Lysolecithin
Cholineplasmalogen
CDP-choline Choline-P
Mevaldate
CH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH OH3 2 12 2
Dehydrosphinganin Sphinganin 4-Sphingenin Psychosine
Acyl-CoAAcyl-CoA
CerebrosideGalactoseCH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH O-3 2 12 2
NHCOR
Isopentenyl-PP(C5)
Dimethylallyl-PP(C5)
Geranyl-geranyl-PP(C20)
Farnesyl-PP(C15)
Squalene(C30)
Geranyl-PP(C10)
Desmosterol Zymosterol Lanosterol
CH C = CHCH O3 2 PP
CH3
Ceramide
Gangliosides
NHCOR
CH O2 PP
OPPCH2
CHOLESTEROL
CH C(OH)CH CH OH3 2 2
CH COO2
CH C(OH)CH CHO3 2
CH COO2
NADP+Dehydroascorbate
OH
H O
HOCH2 C C C C CO
OHH OH
OH
H O
HOCH2 C C CO CO CO
H
NAD+Pi
ADP
Phytoene(C40)
Lycopene (C40)
ß-CAROTENE (C40)RhodopsinMetarhodopsin
Retinoate
trans-Retinal
11-cis-Retinoltrans-Retinol(Vitamin A)
Retinol esters
Dark
Light
Ubiquinone(Coenzyme Q)
Menaquinone
Plastoquinone
Phylloquinone(Vitamin K)
Opsin
CHO
CH OH2
CHO
CH OH2
CH3CH O3
CH O3 n
O
O
O
O
Phytol (C20)
α-Tocopherol(Vitamin E)
5-Aminolevulinate
PorphobilinogenUroporphyrinogenIII
CoproporphyrinogenIII
ProtoporphyrinogenIX
HEME
Quinolinate
Quinolinate-nucleotide
Nicotinate-nucleotide
Desamino-NAD
5-Hydroxy-tryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptamine(SEROTONIN)
N-Acetyl-5-O-methyl-serotonin(MELATONIN)
NH
CH CH NHCOCH2 2 3HO
NH
CH CH NHCOCH2 2 3CH O3
NICOTINATE
N-Acetyl-serotonin
2.4.2.19
Dopamine Dopa
Dopaquinone
THYROXINEMELANIN
OHOH
CHOHCH NHCH2 3
OHOH
CHOHCH NH2 2
4-OH-3-Methoxy-phenylglycol
CHOHCH NH2 2
OHOCH3OCH3
CHOHCH OH2
OH
OCH3
4-OH-3-Methoxy-D-mandelate
Cyclic AMPATP
Dephospho-Coenzyme A
4-P-Pantetheine
4-P-Pantothenylcysteine
4-P-Pantothenate
Pantoate
6.3.2.1
1.1.1.169
3.5.1.22
2.7.1.33
NH
NH
O
O
O
O
CH OH2
OHOCH3
CH(OH)COO
H2
NH3+
CH-COOCO
O
COO
NRibose- PN+
COO
NH
CH COO2
O
OH
CH O2 P
NHCOCH NH2 2
OHFormyl
glycinamide-R P
Urea
Formylglycinamidine-R P
Allantoate Allantoin URATE
ADP
Xanthine Hypoxanthine
Inosine
Adenine
Adenylo-succinate
5-Aminoimidazole-R P
5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxylate-R P
5-Amino-4-imidazole(N-succinylcarboxamide)-R P
5-Aminoimidazolecarboxamide-R P
Formylamido-imidazole-
carboxamide-R P
H NCONH2 2
HNH C2 CHO
NHRP
NH
C
CCO
CCO
OCNH
NH
HN
HN
H
CCO
CCH
OCNH
N
N
HN
Carbamoylß-alanine
Dihydro-uracil Uracil
d-ADP
d-ATP
GTP GDP
XANTHOSINE-P(XMP)
TTP
TDP
ß-Ureidoisobutyrate
Dihydrothymine
Thymine d-UMP d-CMP d-CDP
CDP
Carbamoylaspartate
Dihydroorotate
Orotate Orotidine-P Uridine-P(UMP)
UDP
3-Amino-isobutyrate
CHCNH2
CHOCNH
NCHCO
CHOCN H
HN
CH-CH3CO
OCNH
HNCH2
CH2CH2
CO
OCNH
HN
CO
CHOCNH
HN C CH3
Methylmalonylsemialdehyde
OHCCHCOOCH3
CH2CO
CH-COOOCNH
HN CHCO
C-COOOCNH
HN
H NCONHCH CH COO2 2 2
CC
CCH
RPHC
NH
NH
OOC-CH-CH COO2
N
N
N
CHO
NHRP
NH
OC
H C2
2.7.7.433.1.3.29
1.1.1.158
5.1.3.132.7.1.383.2.1.23
3.1.3.294.1.3.20
2.7.1.60
5.1.3.14
5.1.3.7
5.1.3.1
2.7.1.4
5.4.2.3
3.1.1.17
1.1.1.49
2.7.1.1
1.1.1.21
2.7.7.23
3.1.3.251.13.99.11.1.1.19
1.1.3.8
5.3.1.3
2.7.1.53
1.1.1.9
2.7.1.15
2.7.1.17
5.1.3.4
5.1.3.1
2.2.1.2
4.1.2.13
2.7.1.11
2.7.1.47
2.2.1.1
1.2.1.12
1.1.1.29
1.1.1.95
1.3.1.35
1.14.99.25
2.3.1.41
2.3.1.41
2.3.1.41
1.1.1.100
5.3.99.5
4.2.1.60
5.3.99.31.14.99.1
1.13.11.34
1.3.1.101.3.1.9
1.14.99.5
1.3.1.9
4.2.1.61
4.2.1.60
4.2.1.60
4.2.1.59
4.2.1.58
1.3.1.9
1.3.1.9
6.2.1.3 3.1.2.20
1.1.1.100
5.3.1.1
HOOC-COOHOxalate
Glycolate
HOCH CHO2
Glycolaldehyde
Ethanolamine-P
2.7.1.30
2.3.1.7
3.1.3.4 2.7.1.107
3.7.1.2
4.1.3.5
2.7.8.8
2.1.1.172.1.1.71
1.3.1.35 2.7.8.2
3.1.4.3
3.1.4.4
2.7.7.15
3.1.1.5 3.1.4.2
2.7.1.32
2.7.1.82
2.6.1.21.4.1.1
4.1.1.1
2.3.1.50
1.1.1.102
3.1.4.12
2.7.8.3
2.4.1.62
3.2.1.46
5.2.1.31.2.1.36
2.3.1.763.1.1.21
5.2.1.7
5.4.99.71.14.99.7
4.3.1.84.2.1.75
4.1.1.371.3.3.31.3.3.44.99.1.1
2.5.1.29
2.4.1.47
4.1.1.28 2.3.1.5 2.1.1.4
6.3.5.16.3.1.5
2.4.2.11
2.7.7.18
2.6.1.51.13.11.5
2.1.1.28
2.1.2.2 6.3.3.1
3.5.2.5
1.4.1.10
1.7.3.3 1.1.1.204 1.1.3.221.1.3.22
4.1.1.28
4.1.1.21
2.1.2.3
2.4.2.1
1.5.99.2
2.1.1.5
2.6.1.22
3.5.2.3
2.6.1.511.4.1.7
3.1.3.3
2.6.1.52
2.1.3.2
ACETATE
2.4.2.4
2.1.1.45
RP
CHCO
CHOC N
HN
1.3.1.14 2.4.2.10 4.1.1.23
2.7.7.7
2.7.7.7
2.7.7.7
1.17.4.1
2.7.7.7
2.7.4.14
4.4.1.1
1.6.4.1
1.13.11.20
4.4.1.8
4.2.1.22
1.1.1.27
4.1.1.29 6.3.2.3
6.3.2.2
1.8.1.3
LACTATE
Acetaldehyde
2.7.1.24
2.7.7.3
4.1.1.36
Bile Acids
CH CH COSCoA3 2
Propanoyl-CoA
2.3.1.16
1.1.1.31
2.1.3.14.1.1.415.1.99.1
6.4.1.3
1.4.3.1
6.3.2.5
2.1.1.14
2.1.1.13
4.6.1.1
CDP-Ethanolamine
1.1.1.35 4.2.1.17
+HO SCH CH(NH )COO2 2 3
3.5.2.7NHHN
CH
OOC CHCH CH COO2 2
CMP-N-Acetylneuraminate
CDP-diacylglycerol
CHOLINE
Malonicsemi-
aldehyde
Ethanolamine
Glyoxylate
HISTAMINE
2.3.1.46Homoserine
Tyramine
Plant PigmentsTannins
Maleylacetoacetate
Fumarylacetoacetate
5.2.1.2
CH COO2
OH
OH
OH
CH CH NH2 2 2
OHOH
CH CH NH2 2 2
Hydroxyphenylpyruvate
α-Tocopherol(Vitamin E)
LIGNIN
d-GTP
OH
OH OH
O
HO
OH
P
OPPT
CH3HO
OHOH
O
NADPH
2.2.1.1
2.7.1.3
1.1.1.45
1.1.1.130
1.10.3.31.10.2.1
1.1.1.10
ATP
CH CH NH2 2 2
NH
HO
5.4.99.5
1.14.16.12.6.1.51.13.11.27
Indole
4.1.99.1
1.13.11.11
OHO
OH
NH C C CH CH O2 P
H HCOO
NH2
COO
6.3.5.3 6.3.2.6 4.3.2.2
GuanineDNA
6.3.4.44.3.2.2
CCO
CCH
HCNH
N
N
HN CCO
CCH
HCNH
N
N
HN
3.5.3.4
2.4.2.1
2.7.7.6 2.7.7.6
2.7.7.6
2.7.7.6
2.7.4.62.7.4.32.7.4.4
2.7.4.6
2.4.2.15
1.1.1.205
6.3.4.16.3.5.2
2.7.4.4
3.5.4.3
3.2.2.2
2.4.2.1
3.1.3.5
3.1.4.6
6.3.4.2
1.17.4.1
1.17.4.1
3.5.4.12
2.7.4.8
2.7.4.9
2.7.4.6
2.4.2.4
1.3.1.2
3.5.2.23.5.1.6
3.5.1.6 3.5.2.2 3.5.4.1
Diphospho-mevalonate
Mevalonate
3-Oxopentanoyl-CoA
3-Oxoacyl-CoA3-OH-Acyl-CoA2, 3-Enoyl-CoA
2, 3-Hexenoyl-CoA 3-OH-Hexanoyl-CoA
Acetoacetyl-CoA3-OH-Butanoyl-CoACrotonoyl-CoA
Pentanoyl-CoA Pentenoyl-CoA 3-OH-Pentanoyl-CoA
ACYL-CoA(Mitochondria)
1.1.1.35
1.1.1.35
1.1.1.157
1.3.99.3
1.3.99.3
1.3.99.2
1.1.1.35
Odd C Fatty acids
Succinylhomoserine
CO2
TRANSAMINATION
2-OXO ACID
Glutamyl-P
Glutamine
UREA
P-CreatineCreatine Creatinine
Glycine
CITRULLINE
Glutamic semialdehyde
2-AMINO ACID
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate
GlyoxylatePyruvate
4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate
4-Hydroxy-glutamate
3-Hydroxy-pyrroline-
5-carboxylate
PutrescineH NCH CH CH CH NH2 2 2 2 2 2
Spermidine
Spermine
N -Trimethyllysine66N -Trimethyl-3-OH-lysine
Carnitine
Glutaryl-CoA Saccharopine2-Aminoadipatesemialdehyde
2-Aminoadipate2-Oxoadipate
Arginino-succinate
Guanidoacetate
Methylmalonyl-CoA
4.1.2.12
AspartylSemialdehyde
2, 3-Dihydro-dipicolinate
1.2.1.11
4.2.1.52 1.3.1.26 Piperideine-2, 6-dicarboxylate
N-Succinyl-2-amino-6-oxo-
pimelate
2.6.1.17N-Succinyl-2, 6diaminopimelate
Diamino-pimelate
3.5.1.18
3-Methyl-glutaconyl-CoA
(CH ) CHCH COSCoA3 2 2(CH ) CHCH COSCoA3 2 2
3-Methyl-crotonyl-CoA
Isovaleryl-CoA
OxopantoateHCHO
OOCCH C = CHCOSCoA2
CH3
CH COCHCOSCoA3
CH3
CH CH=CHCOSCoA3
CH3CH CH(OH)CHCOSCoA3
CH3
C(OH)CH(OH)COO
CH CH3 2
CH3
CH = CCOSCoA2
CH3
HOCH CHCOS-CoA-2
CH3
CH CHCO-SCoA3
CH3
C (OH)CH(OH)COOCH3
CH3
CH CH CHCOSCoA3 2
CH3
CH C = CHCOSCoA3
CH3
ATP
4-Aminobutyrate(GABA)
1.3.99.7
1.5.1.2
1.14.11.2
2.6.1.39 1.2.1.31
1.14.11.8
2.5.1.16
2.5.1.22
4.1.3.16
2.6.1.23
1.5.99.8
1.5.1.2
6.4.1.4 1.3.99.10
4.2.1.33
2.6.1.6
1.1.1.85Oxoleucine
COOH
(CH ) CHCHCH(OH)COO3 2
S-Adenosylmethylthiopropylamine
(Decarboxylated SAM)
PROLINE
Coenzyme A
CH C= CHCH3 2
CH3
OCH
CH
3
3HO
CH3CH3
CH3
CH C-CH H O3 2 2C PP
CH2
CH C= CHCH O2 2 PP
CH3
3-P-Glycerol
Phosphatidylethanolamine
CEPHALIN
3.1.4.12
2.7.8.3
Progesterone
1.5.1.12
2.7.3.2
4.3.1.1
4.2.1.173.1.2.4
2.6.1.32
4.4.1.15
Acetylserine 2.7.7.42.7.1.251.8.99.1Adenylylsulphate
(APS)
2.7.1.39
4.4.1.15
4.1.1.29
4.2.99.8
2.3.1.30
P-Ribosyl-PP
1.1.1.1
1.2.1.4
Aspartyl-P
2.7.2.4
5.1.1.7
2.7.1.40
4.1.3.18
4.1.3.18
5.1.99.1
5.4.99.2
4.1.1.71
1.5.1.9
1.14.11.1
CHOLINE
2.1.1.13
1.3.1.2
NHCH CH SH2 2 NHCH CH CO2 2OCH C(CH ) CH(OH)CO2 3 2P
ADP- NHCH CH SH2 2 NHCH CH CO2 2OCH C(CH ) CH(OH)CO2 3 2
P-ADP- NHCH CH SH2 2 NHCH CH CO2 2OCH C(CH ) CH(OH)CO2 3 2
1.4.1.8
1.3.99.3
1.3.99.3
1.4.1.9
4.2.1.18
4.1.1.20
1.3.99.7
1.8.99.2
+CH CO-OCH CH(NH )COO2 2 3
2.5.1.6
2.1.1.10
2.1.1.20
1.1.1.3
1.1.1.3
4.2.1.18
1.2.1.16
4.1.1.12
4.1.2.5
4.3.1.5
4.2.1.20
2.1.2.1
2.1.
1.20
Glyoxylate
2.1.1.6
1.4.3.4
1.14.18.1
1.14.16.2
Hexanoyl-CoA
Butanoyl-CoA
1.18.6.1
1.4.1.2
3.5.1.2
6.3.4.16
6.3.5.5
2.7.2.11
2.1.3.3
NO1.14.13.39
3.5.3.63.5.3.1
4.3.2.1
4.1.1.17
2.7.7.41
2.6.1.4
1.1.1.100
1.1.1.8
2.3.1.512.3.1.15
2.7.8.5
SO -42
1.14.16.4
NH2 OOC OOC
4.1.1.25
1.3.1.13
1.3.1.13
2.7.4.6
CYTIDINE-triphosphate
(CTP)
Cytosine
2.4.2.9
4.1.1.11
2.6.1.18
4.3.1.3
4.2.1.49
3HSO-
1.1.1.105
2.3.1.41
NADPH
1.1.1.22
2.3.1.4
5.5.1.4
3.2.1.26 3.2.1.48
2.6.1.16
1.1.1.14
2.7.7.34
4.2.1.47
2.4.1.682.4.1.69
2.4.1.9
5.3.1.8
2.4.1.11
O
OPPU
CH OH2
CH OH2
HO OH
OH
HO
2.4.1.21
OXALOACETATE
4.2.1.52
ATP
GTPGDP+Pi
1.2.1.18
CITRATE
MALATE
SUCCINYL-CoA
ISOCITRATE
4.2.1.18
4.2.1.3
1.3.5.1
4.2.1.2
1.1.1.37
6.2.1.43.1.2.3
1.7.99.41.6.6.1
5-Aminolevulinate
1.6.6.4
Glycine
O
CHC
CHOCN
HN
DP
CHCO
CHOCN
HN
RPPP
OCH2
H
C C
H
OHOH
CH
NHNCH
CP
H
O
OCH2 C C
H
OH
H
OH
C
H
C CCNH2
CCH
HCN
RP(PP)
N
N
N+
P
NH2H
O
OCH2 C C
H
OH
H
OH
C
H
C COC
CCH
HCN
RP
N
N
NHP
H
OCH2 C C
H
OHOH
CO CH2 C
CONH2
CCH
HCN
RP
N
N
NHP
+OOCCH N(CH )2 3 3
Betaine
Betainealdehyde
2.4.1.16
5.1.3.6
2.4.1.33
2.7.7.13
5.4.2.8
5.3.1.8
O
OH
CH OH2
HO
O PHO
2.7.1.28
2.7.1.31
6.3.4.13
5.3.1.1
2.2.1.1
4.1.1.9
3.1.2.11
ß-OH-ß-Methyl-glutaryl-CoA
2.3.1.37
1.4.1.146.3.1.23.5.1.2
6.3.4.5
5.3.1.6
2.5.1.21
2.1.1.2
3.5.2.10
6.3.2.136.3.2.7-10
2.7.7.27
2.7.7.9
3.5.4.10
CCO
CCH
OCN RP
N
NH
HN
CCO
CCH
N
N
N
HN
RPH N2 C
2.7.4.6
1.17.4.1
2.7.4.6
2.6.1.13
SUCCINATE
Carbamoyl-P
2.3.1.9
Carnitine
2.6.1.44
2.6.1.4
CH C(OH)CH COSCoA3 2
CH COO2
1.2.3.5
1.1.1.34
2.3.1.16
4.1.3.5
2.3.1.16
4.1.3.4
Glyoxylate
4.1.3.1
HOOCCHO
4.1.3.2
4.1.1.15
2.6.1.19
2.6.1.1
4.2.1.16
Carnosine
CH CH NH2 2 2C
NHNC
HC
H
4.1.1.22
4.3.1.3
Ubiquinone
Plastoquinone
D-Ribose-5-P
CH CH(NH )COO2 3HO+
O
OH
OH
HO
OPPU
COO-
O
OH
OH
HO OPPU
COO-
OH
H OH
HOCH2 C C CO
H
CO COO-
OCHOHCHOHAcNH
HO
OPC
OCO -CH OH2
OCHOHCHOHAcNH
HO
OH
COOCH OH2
O
OHOHHOHO
CH O2 P
O
OHACNH
HO OH
CH O2 P
O
OOHHOHO P
CH OH2
O
OHOH HOHO
CH OH2
O
OHHO OH
3
CH O2 PO
OHHO O
NHCOCH3
P
CH OH2CH OH2CH OH2
O
OHHO OH
NH2
CH O2 P
O
OH
HO
OH
OPPU
CH OH2
O
O
HO
OH
OH
HO
P
CH OH2
CH OH2O
OHO
OH
OH
O
OHOH
OH
CH OH2
O
OHHO
OH
OH
CH2CH OP2
OH
H H HOH
C C C C
OH OHH
COO-HOCH2
H
OH OHOH
C C C CHO
HH
H
OH OHH
C C C CHO
HOHOH
H OHH
C C C CHO
HOH
H
OH HOH
C C C CHO
OHH
HOCH2
OH
H HOH
C C C CHO
OHH
HOCH2
OH
H OHOH
C C C CHO
HH
H
OH HOH
C C C C
OHH H
OH
COO-POCH2
OH
H OH
C C CO
H
POCH2 CH OH2
H
OH H
C C CO
OH
CH OH2
CH OH2POCH2
H
OH OH
C C CO
H
CH OH2POCH2
OH
H H
C C CO
OH
CH OH2POCH2
H
OH OH
C C CO
H
CH OH2
OH
H OH
C C CO
H
CH OH2
OH
H H
C C CO
OH
CH OH2
H
OH OHH
C C C
HOH
CH OH2
OH
H OHOH
C C C
HH
CH OH2
H
OH HOH
C C C C
OHH H
OH
CH OH2HOCH2
H
OH OH
C C CHO
H
POCH2
H
OH HOH
C C C CO
OHH
CH O2 P
H
OH OHOH
C C C
HH
HOCH2 CH OH2
H
OH OH
C C C
H
CO
H
HO
POCH2 CH OH2
P
H
OH OH
C C C
H
CO
H
HO
CH O2 POCH2
H
OH OH
C C
H
C CHO
OH
H
POCH2POCH2
O
OH
NH2
OH
CH O2 P
CHOHCHOPOCH2
COHOCH2 CH O2 P
O
OH
O OP P
OH
CH O2 P
CHOHCOOPPOCH2
CHOHPOCH2 COO
COO
OH
OHOOH
COO
CH (CH ) CH(OH)CH COS-CoA3 2 14 2CH (CH ) CH(OH)CH COS3 2 14 2
CH (CH ) COCH COS-CoA3 2 14 2
CH (CH ) COCH COS-CoA3 2 14 2
CH (CH ) COS-CoA3 2 n+2
CH (CH ) CH=CHCOS-CoA3 2 14
CH (CH )3 2 nCH=CHCOS-CoA
CH (CH )3 2 5 2CH=CHCH COSACP
CH (CH )3 2 6CH=CHCOSACP
CH (CH )3 2 6COCH COSACP2CH (CH )3 2 6 2 2CH CH COSACP
CH (CH )3 2 2 2 2CH CH COSACP
CH CH CH COSACP3 2 2
CH (CH )3 2 6CH(OH)CH COSACP2
CH CH=CHCO.S-ACP3
CH (CH )3 2 2 2COCH COSACP
CH3COCH COSACP2
CH (CH )3 2 n 2COCH COSACPCH (CH )3 2 n 2CH(OH)CH COSACP
CH (CH )3 2 2 2CH(OH)CH COSACP
CH (CH ) CH CH COSCoA3 2 2 2n CH (CH ) CH=CHCOSCoA3 2 n CH (CH CH(OH)CH COSCoA3 2n
CH (CH ) CH CH COSCoA3 2 2 2 2 CH (CH ) CH=CHCOSCoA3 2 2
CH (CH ) COCH COSCoA3 2 2n
CH COCH COSCoA3 2
CH (CH ) CH(OH)CH COSCoA3 2 2 2
CH CH(OH)CH COSCoA3 2CH CH=CHCOSCoA3CH CH CH COSCoA3 2 2
CH CH CH CH COSCoA3 2 2 2 CH CH CH=CHCOSCoA3 2 CH CH CH(OH)CH COSCoA3 2 2
CH (CH ) COCH COSCoA3 2 2 2
CH CH COCH COSCoA3 2 2
OH OH
HO OH
O
O-CH O-PO2
CH CHOHCH OH2 2
O
CH2
CH2
OR'-CO-OCH
CH O-CO-R2
CH O-PO2
O-
HOCH CH2 2NH3+POCH CH2 2NH3
+CPP- OCH CH2 2NH3
+
O
-
CH O-CO-R2
CH O P2 OCH CH2 2NH3+
CH COCH CH N(CH )3 2 2 3 3
HOCH CH N(CH )2 2 3 3
+
CH CH 2 COO(NH )3+
OHOH
CH CH 2 COO- (NH )3+
CO
NH2
CH CH(NH )COO2 3+
NHOC
CO
NHOC
NH
CH
H N2
HCCH
N
N
C
RPH N2
CHC
CHOCN
N
DP
NH2
RPPP
CHC
CHOCN
N
NH2
CC
CCH
RP(P)HC
N
N
N
N
NH2
H NCOO2 P
(CH ) NH2 3 2H N(CH ) NH2 2 3 (CH ) NH2 4
(CH ) NH2 3 2H N(CH ) NH2 2 4
CH -SCH CH CHNH3 2 2 2
Adenosyl
+
+CH3
CH3
CHCH(NH )COO3
++C
NHNC
HC
H
CH CH(NH )CH OH2 3 2
+C
NHNC
HC
H
CH CH(NH )CH OP2 3 2C
NHNCH
HC CH COCH OP2 2
+HSCH CH CH(NH )COO2 2 3
+
+SCH CH CH(NH )COO2 2 3
CH CH(NH )COO2 3
RP
CO
C-COOOCN
HN CH
2.4.1.23
CH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH OH3 2 12 2CH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH OH3 2 12 2
NH3+
CH (CH ) CH(OH)CHCH OH3 2 14 2
NH3+
CH (CH ) COCHCH OH3 2 14 2
NH3+
GalactoseCH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH O-3 2 12 2CH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH O-3 2 12 2
NH3+NH3+
4.1.1.70
H NCONH2 2
NH4+
OHCCH N(CH )2 3 3
+
C-CH3CO
CHOCN DP
HN
DP
CPP-OCH CH N(CH )2 2 3 3
+OCH CH N(CH )P 2 2 3 3
+
GTP
2-OXOGLUTARATE
1.2.1.41
4.1.3.8
FUMARATE
UDP-N-Ac-Muramate
O
O
CH CH3
COO-
NHAC
HO OPPU
CH OH2
4.1.3.20
O
OH
CH3
HO HO OPPG
2.7.7.24
2.4.1.22
2.7.7.12
5.1.3.2
5.3.1.4
Sedoheptulose-PP
3.1.1.28
4.2.1.24
N
CH2
CH2
N
N
N
CH3
CH3
CH
CH
COO
CH2CH
CH2
H C3
HC
C
C
H
H
Fe
CH2
CH2
COO- -
CH3
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH2
H C3
H C3N
H
NH
NH
NH
CH
CH
H C2
C
CH2
H2
-
CH2
CH2
COO
CH2
CH2
COO -
H C2
H C2
CH2
CH2
OOC
COO
H N2
NH
-
-
OOCCH CH COCH NH2 2 2 2-
CH2
H C2
H C2
H C2
H2
H2
CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
NH
NH
NH
NH
COO
COO
COOCOO
C
C
-
-
CH2
CH2
COO
CH2
CH2
COO- -
-
-
OOC-
OOC-
CH3
CH3
H C3
H C3
H C2
H2
H2
NH
NH
NH
NH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
C
C
COO-
CH2
CH2
COO
CH2
CH2
COO- -
COO-
COO-
OOCCOCH CH2 2COO--
1.2.4.2
OOCCH CH COSCoA2 2-
1.1.1.41
OOCCH CH COO2 2
OOCCH=CHCOO
OOCCH(OH)CH COO2
CH COO2
CHCOO
CHOHCOO
C(OH)COO
CH COO2
CH COO2
CH C(OH)CH CH O3 2 2 PP
CH COO2
OHCCOO
HOCH COO2
NH2
H NCNHCH COO2 2
+ NH2
H NCN(CH )CH COO2 3 2
+ NH2
HNCN(CH )CH COO3 2P-
+ HN CNH CO
N CH2
CH3
OOCCHCH COO2
H NCNHCH CH CH CH2 2 2 2
N(NH )3
+COO
CHCOOHC
CH2HOCH
N
OOCCH(OH)CH CH(NH )COO2 3
+
CHCOO
CH2HOCH
H C2NH
NH
CHCOO
CH2CH2
CH2
OOCCH(OH)CH COCOO2
N
CHCOO
CH2CH2
CH
CH COCOO3 OHCCOO
+H NCONHCH CH CH CH2 2 2 2 (NH )3 COO
H NOCCH CH CH2 2 2 COO(NH )3
+
R-CO-COO
+
COOR-CH(NH )3+
COOH NOCCH CH2 2 (NH )3+
OOC-CH-COSCoA
CH3
P OOCCH CH2 COO(NH )3+
OOCCH CH CHO2 2
OHCCH CH2 COO(NH )3
+
(CH ) NCH CH(OH)CH COO3 3 2 2
+
OHCCH CH CH2 2
+COO(NH )3
POOCCH CH CH2 2
+COO(NH )3
OHCCH CH CH CH2 2 2 COO(NH )3+
NH CHCH CH COO2 2
COO
CH CH CH CH CH2 2 2 2 COO(NH )3
+
(CH ) N(CH )3 3 2 3CH CH(NH )COO2 3+ +
CH2CH
OOCCN
HCCH-COO
CH2CH2
CH-COO OOCCN
H C2
OOCCOCH CH CH CH-COO2 2 2CH CH2 2 2
OOCCH CH CONH2 2 OOCCHCH CH CH CH-COO2 2 2
OOCCH CH CONH2 2CH2 2
NH3+
OOCCH-CH CH CH CHCOO2 2 2
NH3+
NH3+
4.1.1.32
(CH ) CHC(OH)CH3 2 2
COOH
COO (CH ) CHCH COCOO3 2 2
HOCH CHCOO2
CH3
CHCOCOOCH3CH COC(OH)CH3 3
COO
+POCH CH CH(NH )COO2 2 3
+HOCH CH CH(NH )COO2 2 3
+CH CH CH(NH )COO2 2 3 OOCCH CH2COO 2
+CH SH2
OOCCH(NH )CH CH CONHCHCONHCH COO3 2 2 2
HOCH C(CH ) COCOO2 3 2
HOCH C(CH ) CH(OH)COO2 3 2
NHCH CH COO2 2HOCH C(CH ) CH(OH)CO3 2)2 3 2
NHCH CH COO2 2OCH C(CH ) CH(OH)CO2 3 2P
CH CH3 2
CH3
CH+
CH(NH )COO3
CH COC(OH)CH CH3 2 3
COO CHCOCOO
CH CH3 2
CH3
NHCHCH SH2
COO NHCH CH CO2 2OCH C(CH ) CH(OH)CO2 3 2P
+CH SH2
OOCCH(NH )CH CH CONHCHCOO3 2 2
+AdenosylSCH CH CH(NH )COO2 2 3
+SCH CH CH(NH )COO2 2 3
+HO SCH CH(NH )COO3 2 3
+
S-CH CH(NH )COO2 3
S-CH CH(NH )COO2 3+
HSCH CH(NH )COO2 3
1.1.1.23
H
C
NHNC
HC CH CHCOO2
NHCOCH CH NH2 2 2+
H
C
NHNC
HC CH CH(NH )COO2 3
CHCH CH COO2 2
NHNCH
OC C CH CHCOO
NHNCH
CH
CH COO3
NH
OOC
CH-COOOCNH2 CH2
H NCH CH COO2 2 2
H NCH2 2
CH3CHCOO H NCONHCH CHCOO2 2
CH3
CCO
CH
RPHC N
N
N
HN
C
CCO
CHHCO
N
N
N RP
CCH
N
NH N2
HC
CCO
CH
N
NC
CCH
N
N
RP
H N2
H N2C
O
O
O P~ ~P O
O
O O
P O
O
CH2
N
N
N
N
O
OHOH
NH2
HCCHN
N
N
N O
O
P O O
O
CH2
OH
NH2
HCCH
COOCO
NHOC
NH
CH
H N2NH2
OOC-CH-CH COO2
HNCO CCH
N
N
C
RPRPH N2
OOCC
CH
NRP
N
CH N2
CH=CHCOO
OH
CH=CHCOO
CH COCOO2
CH2
P
COO
OHO
O
O
COO
O
CH COO2OCH COO2-OOC
OCH2 CH2
OHHC
P
HOCH HCOH
OCCOO
COOHO
OHOHO
NH2COOOCH
NH
CH COCOO2NH
CHO
CO
NH2OH
CH CH(NH )COO2 3
+
COO
COO
N+
COO
COORP
O
OH
OH
HO OPPU
COO
O
OH
NHCOCH3
HO
OPPU
COOCH OH2
O
OCCH2 NHAC
HO OPPU
COO
CH OH2
O
OHHO OH
OH
COO
OOCCH N(CH )2 3 2
Dimethylglycine
1.1.99.1
1.2.1.8
COOHO HO
COOCOO
O
HO OH
COO
CH(O ) PPOCH2 COO CH(OH)HOCH2 COOCOO
CH(O )PHOCH2 COO
CH =C(O )2 P COO
CH CO3 COO
4.1.3.7
OOCCOCH COO2
CONH2
Ribose -O - P - O - P - O- Adenosine(P)+N
O
O
O
O
+
COO
NRibose - O - P - O - P - O -Adenosine
O
O
O
O
II
IIOH
O
CH CH 2 COO(NH )3+
Epinephrine(Adrenaline)
Norepinephrine(Noradrenaline)
Normetepinephrine(Normetadrenaline)
HOCH CH N(CH )2 2 3 3
+
Adenosyl+
+SCH CH CH(NH )COO2 2 3
(CH ) N(CH )3 3 2 3CH CH(NH )COO2 3+ +
OH
OOCCH CH CH COSCoA2 2 2
OOCCH CH CH NH2 2 2 2
OOCCH CH CH COCOO2 2 2 OOCCH CH CH CH2 2 2 COOCOO(NH )3
++
HOH
HOH
HHO
HHO
H
Prostaglandin PGE 2
OH
HOCH2 C C CO C COO
OHH
OHH H
-
COO
OR'-CO-OCH
CH O-CO-R2
CH O POCMP2
O
CH CH N(CH )2 2 3+
OHOCH
CH OPO2
CH OH2
O-
CH OPO2
O
CH OCH=CHR2
CH CH N(CH )2 2 3 3+
O-CH OPO2
OR'-CO-OCH
CH O-CO-R23.1.1.32
CH CH N(CH )2 2 3 3+
O-
OHOCH
CH OPO2
CH O-CO-R2
CH CH N(CH )2 2 3 3
+
O-
CH CH(NH )COO2 3+
+C
NHNC
HC
H
CH CH(NH )CHO2 3
HS
11-cis-Retinal
Pi
ADP
ATP
NADP+
GDP-Mannuronate
Mannose-6-PDehydro-shikimate
Shikimate
RNA
d-GDP
d-CTP
GUANOSINE-P(GMP)
ß-Alanine
P-Ribosyl-AMP P-Ribulosylformimino5-aminoimidazole-carboxamide-R P
Imidazoleacetol-P
HS HSO-
PANTOTHENATE
3-Isopropyl-malate
Succinicsemialdehyde
N2
NO3
_
NO2
_
CO2
2.4.1.17
Diacylglycerol
ACETYL-CoACH COSCoA3
2.3.1.6
1.1.1.39
1.14.12.1
1.4.4.2
CH CHO3
3.5.4.19
4.2.1.19
3.3.1.1
4.1.1.12
4.1.2.5
OHCCH COO2
6.3.5.4
2.1.4.1
2.4.99.7
5.1.3.12
1.1.1.132
4.2.1.46
2.7.1.7
2.4.1.29
2.4.1.21
2.4.1.13
2.4.1.1etc.
5.4.2.2
2.7.1.6
2.7.7.10
3.1.1.18
4.1.1.34
2.7.1.47
2.7.1.16
3.1.3.9
ADP
P-Gluconolactone
1.1.1.44
O
OOHHO
OH
CH O2 P
PHENYLALANINETYROSINE
TRYPTOPHAN
INOSINE-P(IMP)
THYMIDINE-P
HISTIDINE
URIDINE-triphosphate
(UTP)
CYSTINE CYSTEINE
ISOLEUCINE
LEUCINE
LYSINE
ASPARTATE
ORNITHINE
ARGININEHYDROXYPROLINE
PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE Phosphatidyl
inositol
LECITHIN
SPHINGOMYELIN
STEROIDS
Pregnenolone
CHLOROPHYLL
HEMOGLOBIN
2.7.6.1
2.4.2.146.3.4.7
5.3.1.9
3.1.3.11
2.7.2.3
H
OH OH
C C C
H
CO
OH
C
H
H
OH
POCH2 CH O2 P
5.4.2.1
ADP
4.2.1.11
Endoplasmic Reticulum
1.1.1.100
3.1.1.3
Phosphatidate
2.3.1.39
4.2.1.17
4.2.1.17
4.2.1.55
1.1.1.79
1.2.1.21
1.4.3.8
1.1.1.32
2.7.1.362.7.4.2
4.1.1.33
2.5.1.1
2.5.1.10
2.7.8.5
2.7.8.1
4.1.1.65
2.7.7.14
1.3.99.7
PO
O
CH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH O3 2 12 2
NHAcyl
CH CH N(CH )2 2 3 3+
O-
3.5.1.23
1.13.11.21
2.5.1.32
1.1.1.105
2.4.2.19
1.2.1.32
METHIONINE
4.1.3.27
4.2.1.51
1.14.17.1
1.14.18.1
1.14.13.11
Glycinamide-ribosyl-P
4.2.1.22
3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA
THREONINE
1.2.1.25
1.2.1.25
1.2.1.25
1.5.1.7 - 10
GLUTAMATE
1.7.7.1
2.3.1.38
ATP
NADH
SUCROSE
ADENOSINE-P(AMP)
TriacylglycerolFAT
RNA
CH2
OC-COOOH
COO
CH CH 2 COO(NH )3+
TR
AN
SLO
CATE
D PROTONS
3H+1H+
1H+
GLYCOPROTEINSGANGLIOSIDES
MUCINS
2.7.1.2
4.1.2.-
2.6.1.-
Some other pathways occurring in the mitochondria �are identified by a pale yellow background
Small numbers refer to the IUBMB Enzyme Commission �Reference Numbers for Enzymes
L E G E N D
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
CarbohydratesBiosynthesis Degradation
Amino AcidsBiosynthesis Degradation
LipidsBiosynthesis Degradation
Purines & PyrimidinesBiosynthesis Degradation
Vitamins, Co-Enzymes & Hormones
Photosynthesis Dark Reactions
Human Metabolism is identified as far as possible by black arrowsBiosynthesis Degradation
GLUCOSE
O-Acyl-carnitine
O-Acyl-carnitine
+NAD
OH
O-
-
R'-CO-OCH
R'-CO-OCH
O HCO-CO-R
CH CH(OH)CH O-P-OCH2 2 2
CH O-CO-R’2
OR'-CO-OCH
O-
CH O-CO-R2
CH O-PO2O-
2.7.8.11
H NCH CH CH CH2 2 2 2 COO(NH )3
+
2.3.1.20
NH2
+
+H NCNHCH CH CH CH2 2 2 2 COO(NH )3
H
OH HOH
C C C CO
OHH
CH OH2
R-CH2COO
CH O-CO-R2
CH O-CO-R"2
R’-CO-OCH
OH
O
CH CHNH2 3+
OR'-CO-OCH
CH O-CO-R2
CH O PO2
COO
OOCCH CH CH2 2 COO(NH )3
+ OOCCH CH(NH )COO2 3
+CH CH(OH)CH(NH )COO3 3
O
OHHO
OH
OH
CH OH2CH OH2
NH
CH O-CO-R2
COMPARTMENTATIONThe "BACKBONE" of metabolism involves GLYCOLYSIS, the TCA CYCLE and OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION. It is a major source of energy (ATP) and is the origin and termination of most of the pathways. GLYCOLYSIS occurs in the CYTOPLASM. The TCA CYCLE is in the MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (ATP SYNTHESIS) spans the MITOCHONDRIAL INNER MEMBRANE. This last part has been redesigned to illustrate the activation of ATP-synthase and formation of ATP - driven by the electromotive translocation of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane. A similar compartmentation occurs in the chloroplast, where light-driven proton translocation across the inner thylakoid membrane initiates synthesis of the ATP necessary for Photosynthesis. In both cases flow of electrons and protons is shown in red or blue arrows
Electron Flow Proton Flow
HOCH2
HOCH2
HOCH2
HOCH2
HOCH2
HOCH2
HOCH2
HOCH2
HOCH2 HOCH2
HOCH2 HOCH2
SYSTEM I
NH
(H N)(CH )42 CH(NH )COO3CH(NH3+++
CH3
H
N
1.3.1.13
+
CH -3
CH -3
+(CH ) CHCH3 2 2 CH(NH )COO3
H C3H C3
R'-CO-OCH
O-
4.1.1.28
2.7.1.15 Ribokinase2.7.1.16 Ribulokinase2.7.1.17 Xylulokinase2.7.1.19 Phosphoribulokinase2.7.1.24 Dephospho-CoA kinase2.7.1.25 Adenylylsulfate kinase2.7.1.28 Triokinase2.7.1.30 Glycerol kinase2.7.1.31 Glycerate kinase2.7.1.32 Choline kinase2.7.1.33 Pantothenate kinase2.7.1.34 Pantetheine kinase2.7.1.36 Mevalonate kinase2.7.1.39 Homoserine kinase2.7.1.40 Pyruvate kinase2.7 1.47 D-Ribulokinase2.7.1.53 l-Xylulokinase2.7.1.60 N-Acylmannosamine kinase2.7.1.71 Shikimate kinase2.7.1.80 Pyrophosphate—serine phosphotransferase2.7.1.82 Ethanolamine kinase2.7.1.107 Diacylglycerol kinase2.7.2.3 Phosphoglycerate kinase2.7.2.4 Aspartate kinase2.7.2.6 Formate kinase2.7.2.11 Glutamate 5-kinase2.7.3.2 Creatine kinase2.7.4.2 Phosphomevalonate kinase2.7.4.3 Adenylate kinase2.7.4.4 Nucleoside-phosphate kinase2.7.4.6 Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase2.7.4.8 Guanylate kinase2.7.4.9 dtmp kinase2.7.4.14 Cytidylate kinase2.7.6.1 Ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase2.7.7.3 Pantetheine-phosphate adenylyltransferase2.7.7.4 Sulfate adenylyl transferase2.7.7.6 RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed)2.7.7.7 DNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed)2.7.7.9 UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase2.7.7.10 UTP—hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase2.7.7.12 UDP glucose—hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase2.7.7.13 Mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase2.7.7.14 Ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase2.7.7.15 Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase2.7.7.18 Nicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase2.7.7.23 UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase2.7.7.24 Glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase2.7.7.27 Glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase2.7.7.34 Glucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase2.7.7.41 Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase2.7.7.43 N-Acylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase2.7.8.1 Ethanolamine phosphotransferase2.7.8.2 Diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase2.7.8.3 Ceramide cholinephosphotransferase2.7.8.5 CDPdiacylglycerol—glycerol-3- phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase2.7.8.8 CDPdiacylglycerol—serine O-phosphatidyltransferase2.7.8.11 CDPdiacylglycerol—inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase2.8.3.5 3-Oxoacid CoA-transferase2.8.3.6 3-Oxoadipate CoA-transferase
HYDROLASES3.1.1.3 Triacylglycerol lipase3.1.1.4 Phospholipase A23.1.1.5 Lysophospholipase3.1.1.7 Acetylcholinesterase3.1.1.17 Gluconolactonase3.1.1.21 Retinyl-palmitate esterase3.1.1.28 Acylcarnitine hydrolase3.1.1.31 6-Phosphogluconolactonase3.1.1.32 Phospholipase A13.1.2.1 Acetyl-CoA hydrolase3.1.2.3 Succinyl-CoA hydrolase3.1.2.4 3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase3.1.2.11 Acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase3.1.2.20 Acyl-CoA hydrolase3.1.3.2 Acid phosphatase3.1.3.3 Phosphoserine phosphatase3.1.3.4 Phosphatidate phosphatase3.1.3.5 5´-Nucleotidase3.1.3.9 Glucose-6-phosphatase3.1.3.11 Fructose-bisphosphatase3.1.3.15 Histidinol-phosphatase3.1.3.25 myo-Inositol-1(or 4)-monophosphatase3.1.3.27 Phosphatidylglycerophosphatase3.1.3.29 N-Acylneuraminate-9-phosphatase3.1.3.31 Nucleotidase3.1.4.2 Glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase3.1.4.3 Phospholipase C3.1.4.4 Phospholipase D3.1.4.10 1-Phosphatidylinositol phosphodieterase3.1.4.12 Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase3.2.1.21 ß-Glucosidase3.2.1.23 ß-Galactosidase3.2.1.26 ß-Fructofuranosidase3.2.1.45 Glucosylceramidase3.2.1.46 Galactosylceramidase3.2.1.48 Sucrose a-glucosidase3.2.2.2 Inosine nucleosidase3.3.1.1 Adenosylhomocysteinase3.5.1.1 Asparaginase3.5.1.2 Glutaminase3.5.1.6 ß-Ureidopropionase3.5.1.9 Arylformamidase3.5.1.18 Succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase3.5.1.22 Pantothenase3.5.1.23 Ceramidase3.5.2.2 Dihydropyrimidinase3.5.2.3 Dihydroorotase3.5.2.5 Allantoinase3.5.2.7 Imidazolonepropionase3.5.2.10 Creatininase3.5.3.1 Arginase3.5.3.4 Allantoicase3.5.3.6 Arginine deiminase3.5.4.1 Cytosine deaminase3.5.4.3 Guanine deaminase3.5.4.6 AMP deaminase3.5.4.10 IMP cyclohydrolase3.5.4.12 dCMP deaminase3.5.4.19 Phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase3.6.1.3 Adenosinetriphosphatase3.6.1.15 Nucleoside-triphosphatase3.6.1.31 Phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphatase3.6.1.34 H+-transporting ATP synthase3.7.1.2 Fumarylacetoacetase3.7.1.3 Kynureninase3.9.1.1 Phosphoamidase
LYSASES4.1.1.1 Pyruvate decarboxylase4.1.1.3 Oxaloacetate decarboxylase4.1.1.4 Acetoacetate decarboxylase4.1.1.9 Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase4.1.1.11 Aspartate 1-decarboxylase4.1.1.12 Aspartate 4-decarboxylase4.1.1.15 Glutamate decarboxylase4.1.1.17 Ornithine decarboxylase4.1.1.20 Diaminopimelate decarboxylase4 1.1.21 Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase4.1.1.22 Histidine decarboxylase4.1.1.23 Orotidine-5’-phosphate decarboxylase4.1.1.25 Tyrosine decarboxylase4.1.1.28 Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase4.1.1.29 Sulfoalanine decarboxylase4.1.1.32 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP)4.1.1.33 Diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase4.1.1.34 Dehydro-l-gulonate decarboxylase4.1.1.36 Phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase4.1.1.37 Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase4.1.1.39 Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase4.1.1.41 Methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase4.1.1.43 Phenylpyruvate decarboxylase4.1.1.45 Aminocarboxymuconate- semialdehyde decarboxylase4.1.1.48 Indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase4.1.1.49 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP)4.1.1.50 Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase4.1.1.65 Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase4.1.1.71 2-Oxoglutarate decarboxylase4.1.2.5 Threonine aldolase4.1.2.12 Ketopantoaldolase4.1.2.13 Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase4.1.2.14 2-Dehydro-3-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase4.1.3.1 Isocitrate lyase4.1.3.2 Malate synthase4.1.3.4 Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase4.1.3.5 Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase4.1.3.7 Citrate (si)-synthase4.1.3.8 ATP citrate (pro-S)-lyase4.1.3.16 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase4.1.3.18 Acetolactate synthase4.1.3.20 N-Acylneuraminate-9-phosphate synthase4.1.3.21 Homocitrate synthase4.1.3.22 Citramalate lyase4.1.3.27 Anthranilate synthase4.1.99.1 Tryptophanase4.2.1.2 Fumarate hydratase4.2.1.3 Aconitate hydratase4.2.1.4 Citrate dehydratase4.2.1.9 Dihydroxy-acid dehydratase4.2.1.10 3-Dehydroxyquinate dehydratase4.2.1.11 Phosphopyruvate hydratase (enolase)4.2.1.13 l-Serine dehydratase4.2.1.16 Threonine dehydratase4.2.1.17 Enoyl-CoA hydratase4.2.1.18 Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase4.2.1.19 Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase4.2.1.20 Tryptophan synthase4.2.1.22 Cystathionine B-synthase4.2.1.24 Porphobilinogen synthase4.2.1.33 3-Isopropylmalate dehydratase4.2 1.46 dTDPglucose 4,6-dehydratase4.2.1.47 GDPmannose 4,6-dehydratase4.2.1.49 Urocanate hydratase4.2.1.51 Prephenate dehydratase4.2.1.52 Dihydrodipicolinate synthase4.2.1.55 3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase4.2.1.58 Crotonoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydratase4.2.1.59 3-Hydroxyoctanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] dehydratase4.2.1.60 3-Hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] dehydratase4.2.1.61 3-Hydroxypalmitoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] dehydratase4.2.1.75 Uroporphyrinogen-III synthase4.2.1.80 2-Oxopent-4-enoate hydratase4.2.99.2 Threonine synthase4.2.99.8 Cysteine synthase4.2.99.9 O-Succinylhomoserine (thiol)-lyase4.3.1.1 Aspartate ammonia-lyase4.3.1.2 Methylaspartate ammonia-lyase4.3.1.3 Histidine ammonia-lyase4.3.1.5 Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase4.3.2.1 Argininosuccinate lyase4.3.2.2 Adenylosuccinate lyase4.4.1.1 Cystathionine g-lyase4.4.1.8 Cystathionine ß-lyase4.4.1.15 D-Cysteine desulfhydrase4.6.1.1 Adenylate cyclase4.6.1.3 3-Dehydroquinate synthase4.6.1.4 Chorismate synthase4.99.1.1 Ferrochelatase
ISOMERASES5.1.3.1 Ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase5.1.3.2 UDPglucose 4-epimerase5.1.3.4 l-Ribulose-phosphate 4-epimerase5.1.3.6 UDPglucuronate 4-epimerase5.1.3.7 UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4-epimerase5.1.3.12 UDPglucuronate 5´-epimerase5 1.3.13 dTDP-4-Dehydrorhamnose 3,5-epimerase5.1.3.14 UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase5.1.99.1 Methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase5.2.1.2 Maleylacetoacetate isomerase5.2.1.3 Retinal isomerase5.2.1.7 Retinol isomerase5.3.1.1 Triose-phosphate isomerase5.3.1.3 Arabinose isomerase5.3.1.4 l-Arabinose isomerase5.3.1.5 Xylose isomerase5.3.1.6 Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase5.3.1.8 Mannose-6-phosphate isomerase5.3.1.9 Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase5.3.1.16 N-(5´-Phospho-d-ribosylformimino)- 5-amino-1-(5´´-phosphoribosyl)- 4-imidazolecarboxamide isomerase5.3.3.2 Isopentenyl-diphosphate ³-isomerase5.3.99.3 Prostaglandin-E synthase5.3.99.5 Thromboxane-A synthase5.4.2.1 Phosphoglycerate mutase5.4.2.2 Phosphoglucomutase5.4.2.3 Phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase5.4.2.8 Phosphomannomutase5.4.3.8 Glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase5.4.99.2 Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase5.4.99.5 Chorismate mutase5.4 99.7 Lanosterol synthase5.5.1.4 myo-Inositol- l-phosphate synthase
LIGASES6.2.1.3 Long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase6.3.1.1 Aspartate—ammonia ligase6.3.1.2 Glutamate—ammonia ligase6.3.1.4 Aspartate—ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)6.3.1.5 NAD+ synthetase6.3.2.1 Pantoate—ß-alannine ligase6.3.2.2 Glutamate—cysteine ligase6.3.2.3 Glutathione synthase6.3.2.5 Phosphopantothenate—cysteine ligase6.3.2.6 Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole- succinocarboxamide synthase6.3.2.7 UDP-N-Acetylmuramoyl-l-alanyl- d-glutamate—lysine ligase6.3.2.8 UDP-N-acetylmuramate—alanine ligase6.3.2.9 UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine— d-glutamate ligase6.3.2.10 UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanyl- d-glutamyl-lysine—d-alanyl-d-alanine ligase6.3.2.13 UDP-N-Acetyl muramoylalanyl-d- glutamate—2,6-diaminopimelate ligase6.3.3.1 Phosphoribosylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase6.3.4.1 GMP synthase6.3.4.2 CTP synthase6.3.4.3 Formate—tetrahydrofolate ligase6.3.4.4 Adenylosuccinate synthase6.3.4.5 Argininosuccinate synthase6.3.4.7 Ribose-5-phosphate—ammonia ligase6.3.4.13 Phosphoribosylamine—glycine ligase6.3.4.16 Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (ammonia)6.3.4.17 Formate—dihydrofolate ligase6.3.5.1 NAD+ synthetase (glutamine-hydrolysing)6.3.5.2 GMP synthetase (glutamine-hydrolysing)6.3.5.3 Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthetase6.3.5.4 Asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)6.3.5.5 Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)6.4.1.1 Pyruvate carboxylase6.4.1.2 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase6.4.1.3 Propionyl-CoA carboxylase6.4.1.4 Methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase
OXIDOREDUCTASES1.1.1.1 Alcohol dehydrogenase1.1.1.3 Homoserine dehydrogenase1.1.1.8 Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase1.1.1.9 D-Xylulose reductase1.1.1.10 l-Xylulose reductase1.1.1.14 l-Iditol dehydrogenase1.1.1.19 Glucuronate reductase1.1.1.21 Aldehyde reductase1.1.1.22 UDPglucose dehydrogenase1.1.1.23 Histidinol dehydrogenase1.1.1.25 Shikimate dehydrogenase1.1.1.27 Lactate dehydrogenase1.1.1.29 Glycerate dehydrogenase1.1.1.30 3-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase1.1.1.31 3-Hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase1.1.1.32 Mevaldate reductase1.1.1.34 Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)1.1.1.35 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase1.1.1.37 Malate dehydrogenase1.1.1.39 Malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)1.1.1.41 Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+)1.1.1.44 Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)1.1.1.45 l-Gulonate dehydrogenase1.1.1.49 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase1.1.1.56 Ribitol dehydrogenase1.1.1.79 Glyoxylate reductase (NADP+)1.1.1.81 Hydroxypyruvate reductase1.1.1.82 Malate dehydrogenase (NADP+)1.1.1.85 3-Isopropylmalate dehydrogenase1.1.1.86 Ketol-acid reductoisomerase1.1.1.95 Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase1.1.1.100 3-Oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase1.1.1.102 3-Dehydrosphinganine reductase1.1.1.105 Retinol dehydrogenase1.1.1.130 3-Dehydro-L-gulonate 2-dehydrogenase1.1.1.157 3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase1.1.1.158 UDP-N-acetylmuramate dehydrogenase1.1.1.169 2-Dehydropantoate 2-reductase1.1.1.204 Xanthine dehydrogenase1.1.1.205 IMP-dehydrogenase1.1.3.8 l-Gulonolactone oxidase1.1.3.22 Xanthine oxidase1.1.99.1 Choline dehydrogenase1.1.99.5 Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase1.2.1.3 Aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+)1.2.1.7 Benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+)1.2.1.8 Betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase1.2.1.11 Aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase1.2.1.12 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase1.2.1.13 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase1.2.1.16 Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+)1.2.1.18 Malonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating)1.2.1.21 Glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase1.2.1.23 2-Oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+)1.2.1.24 Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase1.2.1.25 2-Oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (acylating)1.2.1.27 Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating)1.2.1.31 l-Aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase1.2.1.32 Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase1.2.1.36 Retinal dehydrogenase1.2.1.41 Glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase1.2.1.52 Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase1.2.3.5 Glyoxylate oxidase1.2.3.7 Indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase1.2.4.1 Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)1.2.4.2 Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)1.2.7.1 Pyruvate synthase1.2.7.2 2-Oxobutyrate synthase1.3.1.1 Dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NAD+)1.3.1.2 Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NADP+)1.3.1.8 Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP+)1.3.1.9 Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)1.3.1.10 Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, B-specific)1.3.1.13 Prephenate dehydrogenase (NADP+)1.3.1.14 Orotate reductase (NADH)1.3.1.26 Dihydrodipicolinate reductase1.3.1.35 Phosphatidylcholine desaturase1.3.3.3 Coproporphyrinogen oxidase1.3.3.4 Protoporphyrinogen oxidase1.3.5.1 Succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone)1.3.99.1 Succinate dehydrogenase1.3.99.2 Butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase1.3.99.3 Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase1.3.99.7 Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase1.3.99.10 Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase1.4.1.1 Alanine dehydrogenase1.4.1.2 Glutamate dehydrogenase1.4.1.7 Serine dehydrogenase1.4.1.8 Valine dehydrogenase (NADP+)1.4.1.9 Leucine dehydrogenase1.4.1.10 Glycine dehydrogenase1.4.1.14 Glutamate synthase (NADH)1.4.1.19 Tryptophan dehydrogenase1.4.3.1 d-Aspartate oxidase1.4.3.2 l-Amino-acid oxidase1.4.3.4 Amine oxidase (flavin-containing)1.4.3.8 Ethanolamine oxidase1.4.4.2 Glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)1.5.1.2 Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase1.5.1.3 Dihydrofolate reductase1.5.1.5 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADP+)1.5.1.6 Formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase1.5.1.7 Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, l-lysine-forming)1.5.1.8 Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, l-lysine-forming)1.5.1.9 Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, l-glutamate-forming)1.5.1.10 Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, l-glutamate-forming)1.5.1.12 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase1.5.3.1 Sarcosine oxidase1.5.99.1 Sarcosine dehydrogenase1.5.99.2 Dimethylglycine dehydrogenase1.5.99.8 Proline dehydrogenase1.6.4.1 Cystine reductase (NADH)1.6.5.3 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone)1.6.6.1 Nitrate reductase (NADH)1.6.6.2 Nitrate reductase [NAD(P)H]1.6.6.3 Nitrate reductase (NADPH)1.6.6.4 Nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H]1.6.6.8 GMP reductase1.7.3.3 Urate oxidase1.7.7.1 Ferredoxin—nitrate reductase1.7.99.4 Nitrate reductase1.8.1.3 Hypotaurine dehydrogenase1.8.1.4 Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase1.8.2.1 Sulfite dehydrogenase1.8.3.1 Sulfite oxidase1.8.7.1 Sulfite reductase (ferredoxin)1.8.99.1 Sulfite reductase1.8.99.2 Adenylsulphate reductase1.9.3.1 Cytochrome-c oxidase1.10.2.1 l-Ascorbate—cytochrome-b5 reductase1.10.2.2 Ubiquinol—cytochrome-c reductase1.10.3.3 l-Ascorbate oxidase1.10.99.1 Plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase1.13.11.1 Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase1.13.11.2 Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase1.13.11.5 Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase1.13.11.6 3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase1.13.11.11 Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase1.13.11.20 Cysteine dioxygenase1.13.11.21 ß-Carotene 15,15´-dioxygenase1.13.11.27 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase1.13.11.34 Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase1.13.99.1 myo-lnositol oxygenase1.14.11.1 g-Butyrobetaine dioxygenase1.14.11.2 Procollagen-proline dioxygenase1.14.11.8 Trimethyllysine dioxygenase1.14.12.1 Anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase (deaminating, decarboxylating)1.14.13.5 Imidazoleacetate 4-monooxygenase1.14.13.9 Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase1.14.13.11 trans-Cinnamate 4-monooxygenase1.14.13.12 Benzoate 4-monooxygenase1.14.13.39 Nitric oxide synthase1.14.16.1 Phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase1.14.16.2 Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase1.14.16.4 Tryptophan 5-monooxygenase1.14.17.1 Dopamine ß-monooxygenase1.14.18.1 Monophenol monooxygenase1 14.99.1 Prostaglandin synthase1 14.99.5 Stearoyl-CoA desaturase1.14.99.7 Squalene monooxygenase1.14.99.25 Linoleoyl-CoA desaturase1.17.4.1 Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase1.18.6.1 Nitrogenase
TRANSFERASES2.1.1.1 Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase2.1.1.2 Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase2.1.1.3 Thetin—homocysteine S-methyltransferase2.1.1.4 Acetylserotonin N-methyltransferase2.1.1.5 Betaine—homocysteine S-methyltransferase2.1.1.6 Catechol O-methyl transferase2.1.1.10 Homocysteine S-methyltransferase2.1.1.13 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate—homocysteine S-methyl transferase2.1.1.14 5-Methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate — homocysteine S-methyltransferase2.1.1.17 Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase2.1.1.20 Glycine N-methyltransferase2.1.1.28 Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase2.1.1.45 Thymidylate synthase2.1.1.71 Phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase2.1.2.1 Glycine hydroxymethyltransferase2.1.2.2 Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase2.1.2.3 Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxamide formyltransferase2.1.2.5 Glutamate formiminotransferase2.1.2.10 Aminomethyl transferase2.1.3.1 Methylmalonyl-CoA carboxyltransferase2.1.3.2 Aspartate carbamoyltransferase2.1.3.3 Ornithine carbamoyltransferase2.1.4.1 Glycine amidinotransferase2.2.1.1 Transketolase2.2.1.2 Transaldolase2.3.1.1 Amino-acid N-acetyltransferase2.3.1.4 Glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase2.3.1.5 Arylamine N-acetyltransferase2.3.1.6 Choline O-acetyltransferase2.3.1.7 Carnitine O-acetyltransferase2.3.1.8 Phosphate acetyltransferase2.3.1.9 Acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase2.3.1.12 Dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase2.3.1.15 Glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase2.3.1.16 Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase2.3.1.20 Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase2.3.1.23 Lysolecithin acyltransferase2.3.1.24 Sphingosine N-acyltransferase2.3.1.30 Serine O-acetyltransferase2.3.1.37 5-Aminolevulinate synthase2.3.1.38 [Acyl-carrier-protein] S-acetyltransferase2.3.1.39 [Acyl-carrier-protein] S-malonytransferase2.3.1.41 3-Oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase2.3.1.46 Homoserine O-succinyltransferase2.3.1.50 Serine C-palmitoyltransferase2.3.1.51 1-Acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase2.3.1.76 Retinol O-fatty-acyltransferase2.4.1.1 Phosphorylase2.4.1.9 Inulosucrase2 4.1.11 Glycogen (starch) synthase2.4.1.13 Sucrose synthase2.4.1.16 Chitin synthase2.4.1.17 Glucuranosyltransferase2.4.1.21 Starch synthase2.4.1.22 Lactose synthase2.4.1.23 Sphingosine ß-galactosyltransferase2.4.1.29 Cellulose synthase (GDP-forming)2.4.1.32 Glucomannan 4-ß-mannosyltransferase2.4.1.33 Alginate synthase2.4.1.47 Acylsphingosine galactosyltransferase2.4.1.62 Ganglioside galactosyltransferase2.4.1.68 Glycoprotein 6-a-l-fucosyltransferase2.4.1.69 Galactoside 2-a-l-fucosyltransferase2.4.2.1 Purine-nucleoside phosphorylase2.4.2.2 Pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylase2.4.2.4 Thymidine phosphorylase2.4.2.8 Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase2.4.2.9 Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase2.4.2.10 Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase2.4.2.11 Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase2.4.2.14 Amidophosphoribosyltransferase2.4.2.15 Guanosine phosphorylase2.4.2.17 ATP phosphoribosyltransferase2.4.2.18 Anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase2.4.2.19 Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase (carboxylating)2.4.99.1-11 Sialyltransferases2.4.99.7 Sialyltransferase2.5.1.1 Dimethylallyltranstransferase2.5.1.6 Methionine adenosyltransferase2.5.1.10 Geranyltranstransferase2.5.1.16 Spermidine synthase2.5.1.19 3-Phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyl-transferase2.5.1.21 Farnesyltransferase2.5.1.22 Spermine synthase2.5.1.29 Farnesyltranstransferase2.5.1.32 Geranylgeranyl-diphosphate geranylgeranyl transferase2.6.1.- Transaminases2.6.1.1 Aspartate transaminase2.6 1.2 Alanine transaminase2.6.1.4 Glycine transaminase2.6 1.5 Tyrosine transaminase2.6 1.6 Leucine transaminase2.6.1.9 Histidinol-phosphate transaminase2.6.1.13 Ornithine—oxo-acid transaminase2.6.1.16 Glutamine—fructose-6-phosphate transaminase2.6.1.17 Succinyldiaminopimelate transaminase2.6.1.18 ß-Alanine—pyruvate transaminase2.6.1.19 4-Aminobutyrate transaminase2.6.1.22 l-3-Aminoisobutyrate transaminase2.6.1.23 4-Hydroxyglutamate transaminase2.6.1.27 Tryptophan transaminase2.6.1.32 Valine—3-methyl-2-oxovalerate transaminase2.6.1.36 l-Lysine 6-transaminase2.6.1.39 2-Aminoadipate transaminase2.6.1.42 Branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase2.6.1.44 Alanine-glyoxylate transaminase2.6.1.51 Serine—pyruvate transaminase2.6.1.52 Phosphoserine transaminase2.6.1.66 Valine—pyruvate transaminase2.7.1.1 Hexokinase2.7.1.2 Glucokinase2.7.1.3 Ketohexokinase2.7.1.4 Fructokinase2.7.1.6 Galactokinase2.7.1.7 Mannokinase2.7.1.11 6-Phosphofructokinase
3
ATP
Mito
cho
nd
rial In
term
em
bra
ne
Sp
ace
NADPH+H+
1.2.1.13
1.2.4.12.3.1.121.8.1.4
Menaquinone
1.2.1.32
4.1.1.50
3
+NAD(P)
![Artificial Photosynthesis - Macmillan Group...Masamune & Sharpless, Science 1983, 220, 949 HO OH HO O H OH OH OH OH asymmetric epoxidation MeO O O OR OBn OAc + O HO OBn OAc OR R1 [4+2]](https://img.pdfslide.us/doc/110x75/61487d632918e2056c22b90f/artificial-photosynthesis-macmillan-group-masamune-sharpless-science.jpg)
