Upload
jackychen101
View
213
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/29/2019 PEexp01 Comp I
1/10
1-1
Exp. 1 Voltage Comparators (I)The function of a voltage comp. is to compare vP against vN, and output either a VOL
or VOH according to
vO = VOL for vP < vN
vO = VOH for vP > vN
a one-bit A/D converter
Define vD = vPvN VTC
At the origin, the VTC indicates an infinite gain actual gain being from 103 to106 V/V.
VOL and VOH may not necessarily be symmetric these two levels be sufficiently
far apart, for example, VOL 0 V and VOH 5 V.
The Response Time
How rapidly a comparator responds as the input state changes from vD < 0 to vD > 0,
and vice versa response time or propagation delay tPD.
7/29/2019 PEexp01 Comp I
2/10
1-2
tPD is defined as the time it takes for the output to accomplish 50% of its transition
in response to a predetermined voltage step at the input.
The input step magnitude is typically on the
order of 100 mV its limits are chosen tobarely exceed the input overdrive Vod
Vod is the voltage required to cause the output
to switch states typically 1 mV, 5 mV and
10 mV
In general, tPD decreases with VodtPD can range from a few s to a few ns.
7/29/2019 PEexp01 Comp I
3/10
1-3
The Op Amp as a Voltage Comparator
When speed is not critical, an op amp can be an excellent comp. extremely high
gains and low input offsets
A 301 op amp without the internal frequency-compensation capacitor Cc
a threshold detector ( a zero-crossing detector ifVT = 0 V)
No feedback loop vN no longer tracks vP
Slew-rate limit for a 741 op amp, tPD Vsat/SR = (13 V)/(0.5 V/s) = 26 s
7/29/2019 PEexp01 Comp I
4/10
1-4
Op amps are intended for negative-feedback operation dynamics are not
optimized for open-loop operation, their output saturation levels are difficult to
interface to digital circuitry.
General-Purpose IC Comparators
LM311
Input stage the pnp emitter followers Q1 and Q2, the differential pair Q3-Q4.
7/29/2019 PEexp01 Comp I
5/10
1-5
Output stage amplifiers Q5-Q6 pair and Q7-Q8 pair, base drive of QO
For vP < vN QO = On, for vP > vNQO = Off
The function of Q9 and R5 is to provide overload protection for QO.
When on, QO can draw up to 50 mA. When off, it draws 0.2 nA leakage current.
Both the collector and the emitter terminals of QO are externally accessible to allow
for custom biasing a pullup resistor RC
VCE(sat) 0.1 V
For example, letting VCC(logic) = 5 V and VEE(logic) = 0 V. TTL and CMOS
Letting VCC(logic) = 15 V and VEE(logic) = 15 V stable 15 V outputs
7/29/2019 PEexp01 Comp I
6/10
1-6
The 311 can also operate from a single power supply VCC(logic) = VCC is up to 36
V and VEE(logic) = VEE = 0 V.
Biasing with a pulldown
resistor RE QO is an emitter
follower
Response times of the 311
for various input overdrives
Vod = 5 mV
311 is a 200-ns comp.
7/29/2019 PEexp01 Comp I
7/10
1-7
DC input errors the input tripping point error EI = VOS + RnIN RpIP
AT 25 oC VOS = 2 mV, IB = (IP + IN)/2 = 100 nA and IOS = IP IN = 6 nA for 311
Nulling
In low-cost single-supply applications LM339 quad comparator
Input stage pnp Darlington pairs Q1-Q2 and Q3-Q4
Current mirror Q5-Q6 forms an active load, a single-ended drive for Q7
7/29/2019 PEexp01 Comp I
8/10
1-8
Q7 provides gain and the base drive for the open-collector output transistor QO
suitable for wired-OR operation
When on, QO can sink 16 mA (typ), 6 mA (min). When off, the collector leakage
is 0.1 nA
With a 5.1-k pullup resistance
Typically, VOS = 2 mV IB = 25 nA and IOS = 5 nA, the operating supply range isfrom 2 V to 36 V, and the input voltage range is from 0 V to V CC 1.5 V
7/29/2019 PEexp01 Comp I
9/10
1-9
High-Speed Comparators
Response times on the order of 10 ns or less circuit techniques and fabrication
processes high-speed comp. are often equipped with output latch capabilities
vD must be valid at least tS ns (setup time) before the latch-enable command isasserted, and must remain valid for at least tH ns (hold time) thereafter.
Strobe control disables the device by forcing its output stage into a High-Z state
7/29/2019 PEexp01 Comp I
10/10
1-10
Experiment 1
1. Using a 311 comp. powered from 15 V supplies:(a) Design a threshold detector such that Vo = 0 V for Vi > 1 V, and Vo = 5 V for
Vi < 1 V.
(b) Repeat (a), but with Vo = 12 V for Vi > 5 V, and Vo = 0 V for Vi < 5 V.