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Peering Evolution in Africa
By Michuki Mwangi (ISOC) France-IX GM 2015
What is the Internet Society? The Internet Society (ISOC) is a cause-based organization that works with governments, industries, and others to ensure the technologies and policies that helped develop and evolve the Internet will continue into the future.
Our programs cultivate an Internet that is open to everyone, everywhere and aim to ensure that it will continue to be a tool for creativity, innovation, and economic growth.
MISSION: To promote the open development, evolution, and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world.
VISION: The Internet is for everyone
Global Presence
100+ Chapters Worldwide
65,000+ Members and Supporters
145+ Organization Members
6 Regional Bureaus
18 Countries with ISOC Offices
NORTH AMERICA
LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN
EUROPE
AFRICA
THE MIDDLE EAST
ASIA
OCTOBER 2013 Chapters
Africa Interconnection Overview: Background
2008 Fiber infrastructure Against IXPs in Africa
• 17 IXPs in 15 African Countries • 12 were considered responsive based
on a survey conducted in 2008 • Average number of years across all
IXPs was 4.1yrs • 10 of 12 IXPs provided traffic stats
• Highest had 200Mbps and lowest was 300Kbps
• 1/3 of the IXPs had an open membership policy. Remaining 2/3’s were subject to regulatory or membership set criteria
• 75% of the respondents had a Mandatory Multilateral peering policy
• Copper and wireless connectivity was predominant over fiber
• 41% of the IXPs did not charge fees and the highest fees were $9,000 and lowest was $50
• 75% were ran by ISPA. Others by NREN, Govt. and by a not-for-profit (non-ISPA)
1993 – 2001: SAT2 Total Capacity 560Mbps
2001 – 2008: SAT3 Total Capacity 340Gbps
2001 - 2008: SAFE Total Capacity 440Gbps
2000 – 2005: SEA-ME-WE-3 Total Capacity 480Gbps
2008: Traffic distribution across10 African IXPs
What we observed from 2008 Survey
Positive
• There was a seemingly good linkage between IXPs and the ccTLD
• IXPs had relatively “good” connectivity
• The role of Governments in IXPs was seemingly progressive
• IXP Models were ideal “at that stage”
Negative
• The Mandatory Multi-Lateral peering policy was a dominant obstacle to IXP growth
• Membership policies were not progressive
• IXP sustainability was an area of concern.
• More value added services need to be implemented at the IXPs
Gaps identified
• There was a lack of general knowledge on IXP best practices to enable them grow
• There was no platform for sharing experiences or learning amongst the IXPs and operators
• Cross-border interconnection between networks was almost non-existent
• 30% of the known IXPs were unresponsive for unknown reasons
• Central, North and West Africa were lagging behind in IXP deployment
• Africa has a large “Internet Transit Deficit” in comparison to other regions.
ISOC’s Interconnection and Traffic Exchange Program
ITE Programme Vision and Mission
Vision: What’s this ultimately about?:
Fostering a ubiquitous, reliable, and sustainable Internet in Africa that will propel the continent's aspirations in economic and social development.
An Africa that’s not just an “Internet Consumer” but an “Internet Creator,” on par with the rest of the world.
Mission: The mission of the programme therefore is:
• To transform the African ITE landscape by assisting and empowering a range of actors and influencers in the ITE ecosystem with the knowledge, skills, capacities, and collaborative approaches needed to make decisions and implement actions that will foster a robust, efficient, and
cost-effective African ITE environment.
• To achieve systemic change, the programme will address issues and develop partnerships across
the technical, policy, business, and economic spheres and seek to positively impact related local,
regional, and international dynamics.
• Reducing the information asymmetry that currently exists between Africa and the rest of the world.
A robust, efficient, and cost-effective interconnection and traffic exchange landscape in Africa is required to achieve this vision
Goal: 80% local and 20% international Internet traffic in Africa by 2020
Vision 80/20 by 2020
IXP Assistance
New IXPs Leveling up
Community of Practice
AfPIF AF-IX
Capacity Building
Technical & Best Practices (AXIS &
Internal)
Statistics, Measurements &
Info
ARPAN Studies & Reports
Policy Makers Engagement
Cross-border Policy
Impact of ITE program 2008 - 2014
Impact on Africa’s Interconnection Scene
• Conducted 15 workshops in 15 Africa countries on Technical and policy issues related to IXP development
• Workshops trained over 300 engineers and policy makers
• Established and organized 6 AfPIF events
• Supported the establishment and activities of the Africa IXP association (Af-IX)
• Provided technical assistance, equipment support to at least 10 IXPs
• Created awareness with key policy stakeholders i.e UNECA, African Union, Regional Regulatory Associations, Regional Economic Communities (RECs)
• Overall growth of the African peering ecosystem
• Work lead to award to implement African Union AXIS project
AXIS Project
• African Union awarded Internet Society two (2) contracts to implement AXIS project between 2012 – 2014
• Project focused on Capacity building and technical assistance in establishing IXPs
• Overall, phase 1 of the AXIS project trained over 1,200 people from 28 African Countries over the 2 year period
• AXIS Best practice workshops covered 28 African countries and trained over 700 people in English, French and Portuguese
• AXIS Technical Aspects workshops covered 28 African countries and trained over 500 engineers in interconnection technologies in English, French and Portuguese
• Phase 2 of AXIS conducted 5 workshops across the 5 geographic regions of Africa (Central, East, North, South and West Africa)
• Engaged over 350 experts from relevant public and private sector to discuss regional interconnection issues in in English and French
AXIS Outcomes
• Phase 1 Outcomes • 8 new IXPs have been established as a result of the AXIS project • Most successful IXP project in the region and raised importance of IXPs
across the board • Established new partnerships to enable deliver workshops in different
languages (French & Portuguese) • In the process, we also developed regional francophone IXP expertise
with support of partners
• Phase 2 Outcomes • At least 2 IXPs per region will receive financial assistance to enable
them evolve and grow to become regional IXPs • Project will provide technical assistance to ISPs to enable them evolve
and become regional carriers • Project established and supported work of 5 regional task-forces to
review policy and regulatory barriers that inhibit national and cross-border interconnection in their respective regions.
• 33 IXPs in 25 Countries or 17% increase since 2008
• Total Traffic exchanged at African IXPs >160Gbps
• More IXPs in West & Central Africa • Data shows more cross-border
interconnection/peering in East and Southern Africa
Cross-Border: Percentage of ASNs (origin ASNs) by country assignment in routes collected
All ASNs Origin ASNs
IXP: JINX (ZA)
Cross-Border: Percentage of ASNs (origin ASNs) by country assignment in routes collected
All ASNs Origin ASNs
IXP: KIXP (KE)
Cross-border: Percentage of ASNs (origin ASNs) by country assignment in routes collected
All ASNs Origin ASNs
IXP: CAIX (EG)
Cross-border: Percentage of ASNs (origin ASNs) by country assignment in routes collected
All ASNs Origin ASNs
IXP: MIX (MZ)
ITE is all about Partnerships & Collaboration
• The ITE program has been largely successful because of the overwhelming community support we have received in form of collaboration and partnership.
• The Internet Society would like to take this opportunity to thank France-IX, its members and partners for their unwavering support in the development of peering and interconnection in Africa
Challenges
1. Local & Cross-border Infrastructure
• Terrestrial Infrastructure • Lack of competition on terrestrial fiber infrastructure • High pricing on terrestrial fiber • Limited services on terrestrial fiber i.e no dark fiber, managed (layer 2)
fiber services, less than 1GE services available, etc from licensed operators
• Slow roll out of terrestrial fiber where licenses have been granted due to
• Carrier Neutral Data Centres • Lack of carrier neutral data centers • Availability of carrier owned data centers • Lack of full spectrum of data center services where facilities are present
• Cross-border Interconnection • Limited options for cross-border interconnection • Higher pricing for cross-border point-2-point capacity resulting in
preference for transit/tromboning for inter-country traffic • Unfavorable policy and regulation on cross-border interconnection
2. Managing Stakeholder Interests
• Government involvement in the IXP development process leads to some new challenges
• Leadership ambiguity where the operators expect the government to drive the process and vise versa
• There are other similar initiatives i.e Worldbank sponsored infrastructure projects that include IXP development and are lead by the government
• The presence of funds inadvertently leads to interests in “gold plating” the IXP
3. IXP Operational Issues
• Volunteerism vs. Paid Staff • Getting committed individuals to volunteer their time to the IXP is not
easy or sustainable over long term • Hiring FTE or Part-time staff requires the IXP to have a revenue
source – difficult to achieve during the startup phase without external funding assistance
• Business Sustainability • It is difficult to convince IXP members to pay for peering services at
the initial phase
• Good Governance obligations • Compliance with constitutional obligations such as quarterly and
annual meetings • Compliance with statutory laws i.e taxation and audits • Consistency in membership engagement and communications
4. CDN Cache Deployment
• CDN Cache location • Lengthy discussions on location of the CDN cache between IXP
members i.e hosting at IXP or at ISP network • Hosting at IXP affects introduces new challenges to existing hardware
resulting in need for equipment upgrade • Hosting at ISP network raises concerns of entrenching dominance of the
large or incumbent operators
• Cache Transit • There is no ideal model for sharing the cost of the cache transit capacity
• Not all benefit • Due to cost share model, not all ISPs at the IXP are able to benefit from
the local CDN cache • Routing issues and peering relationships lead to ISPs getting the CDN
caches over transit links as opposed to peering link
5. Measurement & Information
• The is no perceived interest or benefit in collecting and sharing of data for measurement purposes
• It remains difficult to access or collect data from the region • AF-IX survey initiated in 2015 received responses from 24 of 33
IXPs (73%) • About ~80% of IXPs publish stats and info on their websites
• Where data is available, accuracy of the information received needs to be cross-checked or verified with other sources
Looking Ahead
• IXP Assistance • Equipment and Technical Assistance • Capacity building (Technical and Best Practices)
• AfPIF & AF-IX • AfPIF-2016 in Tanzania • Af-IX meetings at AIS and AfPIF
• Measurements • Africa Measurements work with AF-IX, IMDEA • Deployment of Ripe Atlas Probes and Anchors with AfriNIC/Ripe
NCC
• Policy Engagements • Regional organizations (EACO, AUC, ECOWAS, CRASA, etc)
Africa is OPEN
for PEERING
We are happy to show you
around
