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A.K.A. HAWK
DPS 201
PEDESTRIAN HYBRID BEACON (PHB)
Understand why, when and where to use PHB Warrants Data needs PHB location/placement
Understand design and operation of PHB MUTCD Standards and Guidance
Understand who to educate & what messages to deliver Drivers Pedestrians and bicyclists Police
Describe unique PHB applications Bike crossings/Roundabouts/two-stage PHBs
MODULE OBJECTIVES
1st HAWK Tucson, AZ Year 2000Pedestrian safety
program “Watching over the Pedestrian Like a Hawk”
2009 MUTCD adopted HAWK as Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon (PHB)
(The Puf f in S igna l i s addressed la ter in the presentat ion)
PHB (HAWK) HISTORY
High intensity Activated crossWalK
REMINDER ON HOW IT WORKS
1Blank fordrivers
2Flashing yellow
Steady yellow
3
4Steady
red
Wig-Wag
5
Returnto 1
MUTCD Section 4F.02
CMF
Research
WHY?
SAFETY!
YIELD RATES EVEN HIGHER
CRF 69% pedestrian crashes CRF 29% all
crash types
CRF 15% allserious injury &fatal crashes
CMF (CRF)
Fitzpatrick, K. and E. S. Park. (2010). Safety Effectiveness of the HAWK Pedestrian Crossing Treatment. Publication FHWA-HRT-10-042. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation.
Pedestrians want or need to cross the high speed multilane roadwaysCrossing location doesn’t meet signal
warrantsCrosswalk markings and signs just won’t do if there are any at all
Pedestrians complain or crash data shows a problem
WHEN
MUTCD PHB GUIDELINE – 35 MPH OR LESS
Example:• 35 mph• 100 pph• 750 vph• 68 ft wide crossingMEETS CRITERIA
MUTCD PHB GUIDELINE >35 MPH
SIGNAL WARRANT PEDESTRIAN VOLUME
If the posted or statutory speed limit or the 85th-percentile speed on major street exceeds 35 mph, or if the intersection lies within the built-up area of an isolated community having a population of less than 10,000, a 70% Factor can be used.
CAN PHBS BE USED ON HIGH SPEED ROADS?
FHWA and ADOT driver yielding studies
2019 ADOT PHB SAFETY STUDY (TTI)
EB SAFETY – BEFORE/AFTER WITH COMPARISON SITES (SIGNAL AND NON-SIGNAL)
25% reduction in severe (fatal and injury) total crashes (CMF of 0.75)
45% reduction in severe pedestrian-related crashes (CMF of 0.55)
29% reduction in severe rear-end crashes (CMF of 0.71)
CASE STUDY: PEDESTRIAN HYBRID BEACON (TUCSON, AZ)
Problem/Background Large percentage of residents
65 and older (retirement community)
6-lane divided arterial with transit lanes
40 mph speed limit More time needed to cross
wide street Not appropriate for traffic
signal
Tu c s o n , A Z
Source: Google Earth
Broadway Blvd
112 ft
CASE STUDY: PEDESTRIAN HYBRID BEACON (TUCSON, AZ)
Solution/ Details Installed PHB with PUFFIN
detector logic PUFFIN able to detect if a
pedestrian needs more time & lengthens the red signal
Funded by sales tax focusing on elderly/ pedestrian safety improvements
Tu c s o n , A Z
Example of PUFFIN detector logic (circled)
CASE STUDY: PEDESTRIAN HYBRID BEACON (TUCSON, AZ)
Results Increased yielding
rates & pedestrian safety
Positive reception of the crosswalk
As of June 2012, Tucson has 114 PHBs and 2 PUFFIN beacons
Tu c s o n , A Z
Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon at East Broadway Blvd.
Standard:
If used, PHBs shall be used in conjunction with signs and pavement markings to warn and control traffic.
A PHB shall only be installed at a marked crosswalk.
WHEREMUTCD SECTION 4F.01
Section 4F.02, paragraph 04 Guidance:“When an engineering study finds that installation of a pedestrian hybrid beacon is justified, then the PHB should be installed at least 100 feet from side streets or driveways controlled by STOP or YIELD signs.”
“Guidance” not a “Standard” NCUTCD voted to remove that Guidance. Standard recommended for the next MUTCD by the
NCUTCD: “If a pedestrian hybrid beacon is installed at or immediately adjacent to an intersection with a side road, vehicular traffic on the side road shall be controlled by STOP signs.”
MUTCD – PHB & INTERSECTIONS
“Guidance” not based on research from Tucson, AZ where PHB (HAWK) was developed (HAWKs in TTI study were at local street
intersections)
Some State supplements have eliminated the “Guidance” statement (Arizona) Ultimate decision for next MUTCD up to FHWA
MUTCD - PHB & INTERSECTIONS
186 PHB study locations Cross-sectional Evaluation Up to 10.75 years of crash data NO CRASH DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
MIDBLOCK, 3 OR 4-LEG INTERSECTIONS
ADOT PHB STUDY (2019)
Prioritize warranted locations using a point system based on: Traffic volume during the peak pedestrian crossing time Peak hour pedestrian volume Pedestrian crashes Crossing width (number of lanes) Distance to nearest controlled crossing Posted speed Presence of a raised median Crossing is a designated trail, school crossing, or SRTS
walking route Presence of elderly or disabled pedestrians Others (lighting, curved roads, other unusual road
conditions, etc.)
SELECTION OF PHB LOCATIONS
Requires extensive data collection Pedestrian counts can be time consuming
Point weights and factors may vary from city to city
Point weights and factors may be adjusted from year to year to fine-tune the process
Ultimate selection of location(s) should be based on Engineering Judgment, not merely on points alone
SELECTION OF PHB LOCATIONS
ARIZONA DOT
TGP 640June 2015
• Ped crashes (5 yrs)• Ped volume• Distance to
nearest signal• Posted speed• AADT• Raised median• Path/sidewalk• Ped generator• Crossing width
How long of a count is needed? The peak crossing hour(s) must be counted. Recommend 2- to 4-hour count over the peak crossing time
Determine the peak crossings hours & day for each individual crossing. Crossings fluctuate daily and the peak hour(s) May be different based on location (school vs. trail vs. CBD)
SELECTION OF PHB LOCATIONS
Video observations can be for longer durations and may be viewed at higher speeds to reduce data collection times Provide a record of the crossings and other behaviors Equipment security can be an issue
Some video equipment can do automated pedestrian counts (Miovision)
SELECTION OF PHB LOCATIONS
MIOVISION
MUTCD
Design & Operation Issues
Special Provisions
DESIGN CRITERIA
When an engineering study finds that installation of a PHB is justified, then:
A. Install at least two PHB faces for each major street approach
B. Install a stop line for each approach to the crosswalk
MUTCD 4F.02
C. Install a pedestrian signal head at each end of the marked crosswalk, and
D. The PHB shall be pedestrian actuated
MUTCD 4F.02 CONT.
Standard:A CROSSWALK STOP ON RED (symbolic circular red) (R10-23) sign shall be mounted adjacent to a PHB face on each major street approach.Option:
State MUTCD’s may allow other appropriate MUTCD approved ped, bike or school crossing signs in addition to the standard R10-23 sign
2009 MUTCD MANDATED SIGN
Except at roundabouts: • Steady DON’T WALK shall be displayed: During PHB Blank-out Flashing or steady CIRCULAR yellow
• Solid WALK shall be displayed during steady CIRCULAR RED indications
• Flashing DON’T WALK shall be displayed during alternating flashing CIRCULAR RED
MUTCD 4F.03 CONT.
FHWA INTERPRETATION
If used at an intersection or driveway, the PHB crossing and signal equipment should only control one crossing ITE Traffic Control Devices Handbook
ONE OR TWO CROSSING(S) AT INTERSECTIONS
Vehicle signal indications only face major street
STOP signs face the minor road. Side street indication is NOT recommended.
Experience suggests that drivers will most likely abuse a dynamic signal’s indication (such as a signal or illuminated no turn sign) to push their way into the major street. (TCDH 2013)
DESIGN AND OPERATION ISSUES
2009 MUTCD -4D.12, Paragraph 21 Optionh t t p : / / m u t c d . f h w a . d o t . g o v / h t m / 2 0 0 9 / p a r t 4 / p a r t 4 d .h t m # s e c t i o n 4 D 1 2
FHWA 9 provencountermeasureshttp ://safety. fhwa.dot .gov/provencountermeasures/fhwa_sa_12_007.htm
CRF 15%
RETROREFLECTIVE BORDERS ON BACKPLATES
http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/htm/2009/part4/part4d.htm#section4D12http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/provencountermeasures/fhwa_sa_12_007.htm
Use Ladder or Continental crosswalk markings (more visible) Consider advance PED XING
pavement stencils Consider advance Ped warning
signs (W11-2 or W11-15) Consider advance solid lane
line on approach to stop line (approx. 250 ft)
HIGH VISIBILITY MARKINGS
Place advance stop lines 50 to 65 ft in advance of the PHB mast arms along with STOP HERE ON RED sign
Remove broken lane lines between advance stop line & crosswalk Improves conspicuity of
stop line & crosswalk
DESIGN AND OPERATION ISSUES
Use APS buttons for universal accessibility (PROWAG-compliant) Make sure ramps exist and crossing is fully
accessible
ADA
Click to play 3 sample locator tones
Click to play crossing message
Minimum desirable WALK - 7 seconds: Consider longer WALK interval during school arrival
& dismissal times if used at a school Provide minimum vehicle “Go” time between
PHB activations Some agencies use 50 seconds of “blank-out” time
between PHB activations (Background cycle) 2013 ITE TCDH: recommends 15 to 45 seconds Minimum “blank-out” time between activations can
be shorter during peak crossing times Example: school arrival & dismissal times
DESIGN AND OPERATION ISSUES
Consider multiple timing plans if used at schools or other facilities with unique crossing patterns and peaks
DESIGN AND OPERATION ISSUES
PUFFIN is newer version of PHB
Flashing RED can be held longer to allow slower pedestrians to cross
Sensors connected into the system monitor pedestrian crossing movements in crosswalk
Pedestrian clearance time for PHB based on 3.5 fps walking speed. PUFFIN timing is set for 4.0 fps; but, controller can extend the clearance time up to 3.0 fps crossing time
PHB AS A PUFFIN: PEDESTRIAN USER FRIENDLY INTERSECTION
Microwave sensors (or video detection) aimed at crosswalk to track pedestrians and extend crossing time if needed
PHB AS A PUFFIN: PEDESTRIAN USER FRIENDLY INTERSECTION
How to encourage drivers to proceed on flashing red after pedestrians have crossed: Public education Media (newspapers, traffic
PSAs) Pamphlets distributed or
posted on websites Video (PSAs or posted on
agency websites) Special signs posted on
PHB
New Jersey’s First PHB Drivers don’t understand
the flashing red Video credit: njbikeped https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQdZqLDrhjc
FLASHING RED
https://www.youtube.com/user/njbikeped?feature=watchhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQdZqLDrhjc
Phoenix Sign*
ENCOURAGING DRIVERS TO PROCEED
*No Longer Needed in Tucson after many years of Service
Long delays for WALK signal may create pedestrian compliance issues
Relatively quick WALK increases pedestrian compliance & encourages use of PHB
If the pedestrian crosses “early”, the motorist will be stopped for no reason. This will diminish respect for PHB
COORDINATION WITH ADJACENT SIGNALS
Note: D.C. DOT syncs PHB with traffic signals
MAST ARM; SPAN WIRE; SIDE MOUNT
Motorists tend to run signals or beacons when not directly over the roadway
https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5067/14011578204_00a8b9f958_b.jpg
EDUCATION
AZDOT - HOW TO USE A PEDESTRIAN HYBRID BEACON - LIVE ACTION
Educate usersPedestrians Schools Nearby senior centers &
apartment complexes Neighborhood
associations and nearby HOAs Community in general
Motorists
SPECIAL PROVISIONS PRIOR TO ACTIVATING THE PHB
Educate Police Most have never seen a
PHB before & do not understand how they work
Police must know what constitutes a violation and relevant ordinance/law
Invite Police to activation for training
Use Police to train other officers
SPECIAL PROVISIONS PRIOR TO ACTIVATING THE PHB CONT.
Use local media -reporters always love a good story or breaking issue
Videos played on agency websites or TV PSAs - mostly local cable
Engage students and community groups in education effort School class project
SPECIAL PROVISIONS PRIOR TO ACTIVATING THE PHB CONT.
COST (2013)
Infrastructure Description Median Average Minimum Maximum
Cost
Unit
No. of
Observations
Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon
Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon $51,460 $57,680 $21,440 $128,660 Each 9 (9)
Source: Costs for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Infrastructure Improvements: A Resource for Researchers, Engineers, Planners, and the General Public, October 2013
TWO-STAGE PHB
DOUBLE HAWK PEDESTRIAN CROSSING
(AKA PTERODACTYL)
Two-stage PHB used to reduced overall stopped time for crossing a wide street.
Each crossing requires a far shorter clearance
Can coordinate with two-direction traffic
Requires fencing in the median to corral pedsto both crossings
SCOTTSDALE CASE STUDYTWO-STAGE PHB
Connects two retail developments across a very busy 6-lane median divided arterial 47,000 ADT 6 thru lanes, 2 Right turn lanes, median
Peak-hour “before” count was 23 crossingsduring time when “NO PEDESTRIAN CROSSING” signs were in place
LATENT CROSSING DEMAND
450’
450’
50’
50’70’
DOUBLE HAWK PEDESTRIAN CROSSING (AKA PTERODACTYL)
Scot
tsda
le R
d
CASE STUDY: “AFTER” COUNTS IN 2011 WITH PHBS
ROUNDABOUTS & PHB
PHB AT ROUNDABOUT
Option: If installed at a roundabout and an engineering study
determines that pedestrians without visual disabilities can be allowed to cross the road with out actuating the PHB, the pedestrian signal may be dark (not illuminated) when the PHB faces for motorists are dark
PHB AT ROUNDABOUTS: OPTION
PHB BIKE APPLICATIONEXPERIMENTAL
(BIKE HAWK)
Move bicycles to one side of the street for the crossing (if at an intersection)
PHB AS BIKE CROSSING
Normal PHB with Bike Facilities and R9-5 for cyclists to use pedestrian signals
BIKEHAWK CROSSINGS
Provide actuation devices that are accessible to bicyclists with R9-5 sign
BIKEHAWK CROSSINGS
Compliance is in the 90% range & near 100% with families and children
Communicate to bicyclists with R9-5 sign
BIKEHAWK CROSSINGS
QUESTIONS
Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon (PHB)Module ObjectivesPHB (HAWK) HistoryReminder on How it worksWHY?��Safety!Yield rates even higherCMF (CRF)WhenMUTCD PHB Guideline – 35 mph or lessMUTCD PHB Guideline >35 mphSignal Warrant Pedestrian volumeCan PHBs be used on high speed roads?2019 ADOT PHB Safety Study (TTI)Case study: Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon (Tucson, AZ) Case study: Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon (Tucson, AZ) Case study: Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon (Tucson, AZ) Where�MUTCD Section 4F.01 MUTCD – PHB & IntersectionsMUTCD - PHB & IntersectionsADOT PHB Study (2019)Selection of PHB locationsSelection of PHB locationsArizona DOTSelection of PHB locationsSelection of PHB locationsMiovisionDesign CriteriaMUTCD 4F.02MUTCD 4f.02 cont.2009 MUTCD mandated signMUTCD 4F.03 cont.FHWA InterpretationOne or Two crossing(s) at intersectionsDesign and Operation IssuesRetroreflective borders on backplatesHigh visibility markingsDesign and Operation IssuesADADesign and Operation IssuesDesign and Operation IssuesPHB aS A PUFFIN: Pedestrian User Friendly IntersectionPHB aS A PUFFIN: Pedestrian User Friendly IntersectionFlashing RedEncouraging Drivers to ProceedCoordination with adjacent signalsMast Arm; span wire; side mountEducation AZDOT - How To Use A Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon - Live Actionspecial provisions prior to activating the PHBspecial provisions prior to activating the PHB cont.special provisions prior to activating the PHB cont.Cost (2013)Two-stage PHB��Double HAWK Pedestrian Crossing (aka PTERODACTYL)Scottsdale Case study� Two-stage PHBLatent Crossing DemandDouble HAWK Pedestrian Crossing (aka PTERODACTYL)Case Study: �“After” counts in 2011 with PHBsRoundabouts & PHBPHB at roundaboutPHB at roundabouts: OptionPHB Bike Application�experimental�(Bike HAWK)PHB as Bike CrossingBikeHAWK Crossingsbikehawk crossingsbikehawk crossingsQuestions