Peacemaking, Peacekeeping- Key Terms-1

8/4/2019 Peacemaking, Peacekeeping- Key Terms-1

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IB Twentieth Century World History


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The aims of the participants andpeacemakers: Woodrow Wilson and theFourteen Points.

Terms of the Treaties: Versailles, SaintGermain, Trianon, Neuilly, Sevres

The geo-political and economic impact ofthe treaties on Europe; Mandate system

Enforcement of the provisions of thetreaties: US Isolationism; disarmament-Washington, London, Geneva Conferences

The League of Nations: effects of the

absence of the major powers; principle ofcollective security

The Ruhr crisis (1923); Lecarno

The Great Depression and the threats tointernational peace and collective security


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Total War- A war in which opponentsmobilize all available societalresources- economic, industrial,military, human, political/idealogical- inthe war effort

Fourteen Points- A series of principleswritten by Woodrow Wilson as a basis

for ending the First World War andcreating a more peaceful andprogressive world.

Bolshevism- A radical, revolutionarymovement under the leadership ofLenin which seized power in Russia in

1917. It promoted an anti- capitalistphilosophy and supported worldrevolution and class warfare.

Realpolitik- An approach tointernational relations based onpractical self-interest rather than moralor ideological considerations.


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Self-determination-The principle that

countries should be establishedaccording to the wishes of the peopleconcerned.

League of Nations- An internationalorganization created in 1919. It wasdesigned to provide a method ofresolving international tensions in apeaceful manner through the conceptof collective security

Reparations- payments made by adefeated country to the victoriouscountries as compensation for wardamages and punishment for

aggression. Covenant of the League- The

agreement, containing the principleson which the League was to operatethat all nations signed when theyjoined the League of Nations.


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War Guilt Clause- This is article 231 of the

Treaty of Versailles in which Germany agreedto accept full responsibility for the outbreakof the First World War.

Diktat- The German term for the Treaty ofVersailles which they were forced to sign

without being allowed to negotiate any of thedetails. This was in important factor in theanti-Versailles resentment in the later years

JM Keynes- A prominent British economistwho wrote a book condemning the Versaillessettlement as excessively punitive towardsGermany and damaging to the recovery ofEuropean Prosperity.

Carthaginian peace- the extremely harshtreatment of a defeated power designed topermanently eliminate them as a future

threat.


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Article X- An Article from the Covenant of the

League under which members of the Leagueagreed to use their power to resist aggressionwherever it might occur. This is also known as thecollective security clause.

Treaty of Rapallo- A treaty signed in 1922between Germany and the USSR. This was atreaty of mutual assistance that allowed theGermans to develop weapons in violation of theVersailles Treaty.

Polish Corridor- A strip of Territory forming part ofthe new Polish State created in the Versaillessettlements. This territory divided Germany intotwo parts and fuelled German hatred of Versailles

and Poland. Little Entente- An alliance of Czechoslovakia,

Yugoslavia and Romania in 1921 to safeguardtheir new independence from other centralEuropean States such as Bulgaria and Poland.France tried to develop this into a counter-

balance to German power. Irredentism- A desire to recover former territory.


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Teschen- was an area of rich mineral resources

claimed by both Poland and Czechoslovakia.They had engaged in hostilities over it in 1918.This dispute poisoned the relationship betweenthe two countries throughout the inter-warperiod.

Ruhr- The centre of German heavy industry. Itwas occupied by France and Belgium in 1923 toforce Germany to pay reparations

Dawes Plan-This was created by the UnitedStates in order to restore economic and politicalstability to Germany. America would lend moneyto Germany to rebuild industry and pay herreparations to Britain and France.

The Monroe Doctrine- was an attempt to prevent

any foreign presence in the western hemispherebeyond that already established by 1823 whenthe doctrine was announced. In later years it wasextended to give the United States the right tointerfere in the internal affairs of nations in thewestern hemisphere.


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Anglo-American Guarantee- A treaty proposedafter the First World War in which the United

States and Britain would guarantee to defendFrance against German aggression. It was notratified by the United States Senate and thusnever came into force.

Policy of Fulfillment- A policy introduced inWeimar Germany in support of German co-operation with the terms of the Treaty of

Versailles in order to gain concessions in thefuture from the allied powers.

Locarno Treaty- an agreement signed in 1925 bythe UK, France, Germany and Belgium in whichGermany agreed to accept her western bordersas determined at the Versailles settlement thiswas seen as a great step towards permanent

peace in Europe. Open Door- American policy which supported

equal access for all countries to trade andeconomic opportunities. It opposed colonial andother political restrictions to trade andinvestment.


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Appeasement- A policy practiced by the

UK and France in the late 1930s thatsought to avoid war with Germany byrevising the treaty of Versailles to eliminatethe clauses considered unfair by Germany.The policy held that reasonable revisionsand negotiations would be the best way toavoid war.

Stresa Front- An Agreement signed in 1935by Britain, France and Italy to maintain theLocarno agreement and support theindependence of Austria. It might havedeterred Hitler but it collapsed as a resultof Abyssinia.

Hoare-Laval Pact- A plan devised by theFrench and British foreign ministers tosettle the Abyssinia crisis and avoid losingItaly as an ally against Hitler. It failed dueto the lack of public support andMussolinis refusal to accept only part ofAbyssinina.

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Peacemaking, Peacekeeping- Key Terms-1