EDUCATION FOR PEACE AND COEXISTENCE IN MULTICULTURAL SOCIETIES

Dr Tughral YaminAssociate Dean CIPS

NUST

ABSTRACT• PAKISTAN IS A MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY. THE FOUNDING FATHER HAD ENVISIONED THE

NEW STATE TO BE ONE, WHERE ALL CITIZENS IRRESPECTIVE OF THEIR RELIGIOUS PERSUASION AND ETHNIC BACKGROUND WOULD BE TREATED EQUALLY. THE RACIAL, RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY, IT WAS HOPED WOULD BRING IN MANY HAPPY DIVIDENDS BUT OVER TIME THIS HAS LED TO POLARISATION AND FRICTION RESULTING IN DISASTROUS CONSEQUENCES.

• THERE ARE SEVERAL PRESCRIPTIONS FOR LESSENING TENSIONS WITHIN THE SOCIETY. ONE OF THESE IS THROUGH THE MEDIUM OF EDUCATION. EDUCATION CAN BE INSTRUMENTAL IN BUILDING A MORE HARMONIOUS, PEACEFUL AND TOLERANT SOCIETY. THERE CAN BE MANY FORMULAE FOR A BENIGN EDUCATION SYSTEM. A SIMPLE THREE STEP STRATEGY BASED ON THE TENETS OF LOVE AND ACCEPTANCE CAN HELP IN THIS REGARD: ONE, TRAIN TEACHERS TO BE NEUTRAL AND UNBIASED IN THEIR OPINIONS. TWO, PURGE ALL HATE MATERIAL WITHIN THE TEXT BOOKS. THREE, DESIGN SYLLABI THAT DISCOURAGE APPROACHES REINFORCING CLICHÉD RACIAL, SOCIAL OR RELIGIOUS IMAGES OF OTHER CITIZENS PARTICULARLY THOSE BELONGING TO THE MINORITIES AND ADOPT MEASURES TO PROMOTE RELIGIOUS, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL HARMONY.

• TO ENSURE THAT THESE PRACTICES ARE IMPLEMENTED, A MECHANISM FOR CENTRAL CERTIFICATION MAY BE INTRODUCED TO ENSURE THAT EDUCATION AT ALL THE TIERS I.E. PRIMARY SCHOOL TO PROFESSIONAL COLLEGES FOLLOW NATIONAL GUIDELINES AND PRINCIPLES ON PEACE AND AMITY IN LETTER AND SPIRIT.

• SINCE THE SUBJECT OF EDUCATION HAS BEEN DEVOLVED TO THE PROVINCES, IT IS IMPORTANT TO OBTAIN THE CONSENSUS OF ALL FEDERATING UNITS ON THE SUBJECT. THIS COULD BE DONE IN A SPECIAL SESSION OF THE PARLIAMENT AND IT CAN ALSO BE BROUGHT UP FOR DISCUSSION IN THE COUNCIL OF COMMON INTEREST (CCI).

• A CLEAR CUT ROADMAP GIVING TIMELINES AND BENCHMARKS NEEDS TO BE AGREED UPON AND ENFORCED BY THE FEDERAL AND PROVINCIAL MINISTRIES FOR EDUCATION, INFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS AND INTERFAITH HARMONY AND THE PEACEBUILDING UNIT OF THE PLANNING COMMISSION TO CHANGE.

• ONLY THROUGH A JOINT PLAN OF ACTION CAN A DEEPLY DIVIDED SOCIETY AND A RADICALISED MINDSET FED ON INFLAMMATORY HATE LITERATURE AND SPEECHES CAN BE HEALED AND AN ATMOSPHERE BASED ON LOVE NOT HATE NURTURED AND CULTIVATED.

ABSTRACT (CONTD.)

PAKISTAN IS A DIVERSE SOCIETY

THE POPULATION IS YOUNG

DEMOGRAPHY IS MULTI EHNIC

OVER 2.9M PEOPLE REGISTERED WITH NADRA BELONG TO SEVEN FAITHS OTHER THAN ISLAM

ATTACK ON APS PESHAWAR BROUGHT TO THE FORE THE FORCES OF HATE, INTOLERANCE &

EVIL WITHIN THE SOCIETY

NATIONAL REACTION TO THE TRAGEDY & POSSIBLE LONG TERM PLAN

• NATIONAL ACTION PLAN– HANG THE TERRORISTS– MILITARY COURTS

• CHANGE THE MINDSETS THROUGH PEACE EDUCATION

MAIN ARGUMENTS FOR PEACE EDUCATION

• 1ST ARGUMENT. FOUNDING PRINCIPLES, NATIONAL CONSTITUION AND RELIGIOUS EDICTS PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF THE MINORITIES AND PROMOTE PEACE WITHIN THE SOCIETY

• 2ND ARGUMENT. EDUCATION CAN BE AN INSTRUMENT OF PEACE BUT ITS OUTREACH IS LIMITED TO A FEW

• 3RD ARGUMENT. EDUCTION THROUGH PEACE MUST HAVE NATIONAL CONSENSUS

• 4TH ARGUMENT. A CLEAR CUT STRATEGY & ROAD MAP IS NEEDED

NATIONAL & RELIGIOUS GUIDELINES ABOUT

TOLERANCE WITHIN THE SOCIETY

THE HOLY PROPHET –

MERCY FOR ALL MANKIND

(PBUH)’S LAST SERMON

QUAID I AZAM’S SPEECH OF

11 AUGUST 1947

THE WHITE COLOR STRIPE IN THE NATIONAL FLAG REPRESENTS RELIGIOUS MINORITIES

AND MINORITY RELIGIONS

QUAID I AZAM 11 AUGUST 1947 ADDRESS TO 1ST CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY

• WE SHOULD BEGIN TO WORK IN THAT SPIRIT AND IN COURSE OF TIME ALL THESE ANGULARITIES OF THE MAJORITY AND MINORITY COMMUNITIES – THE HINDU COMMUNITY AND THE MUSLIM COMMUNITY – BECAUSE EVEN AS REGARDS MUSLIMS YOU HAVE PATHANS, PUNJABIS, SHIAS, SUNNIS AND SO ON AND AMONG THE HINDUS YOU HAVE BRAHMINS, VASHNAVAS, KHATRIS, ALSO BENGALESE, MADRASIS AND SO ON — WILL VANISH. INDEED IF YOU ASK ME THIS HAS BEEN THE BIGGEST HINDRANCE IN THE WAY OF INDIA TO ATTAIN ITS FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE AND BUT FOR THIS WE WOULD HAVE BEEN FREE PEOPLES LONG LONG AGO. NO POWER CAN HOLD ANOTHER NATION, AND SPECIALLY A NATION OF 400 MILLIONS SOULS IN SUBJECTION; NO BODY COULD HAVE CONQUERED YOU, AND EVEN IF IT HAD HAPPENED, NO BODY COULD HAVE CONTINUED ITS HOLD ON YOU FOR ANY LENGTH OF TIME BUT FOR THIS. THEREFORE WE MUST LEARN A LESSON FROM THIS. YOU ARE FREE; YOU ARE FREE TO GO TO YOUR TEMPLES, YOU ARE FREE TO GO TO YOUR MOSQUES OR TO ANY OTHER PLACES OF WORSHIP IN THIS STATE OF PAKISTAN. YOU MAY BELONG TO ANY RELIGION OR CASTE OR CREED — THAT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH THE BUSINESS OF THE STATE.

• AS YOU KNOW, HISTORY SHOWS THAT IN ENGLAND CONDITIONS SOME TIME AGO WERE MUCH WORSE THAN THOSE PREVAILING IN INDIA TODAY. THE ROMAN CATHOLICS AND THE PROTESTANTS PERSECUTED EACH OTHER. EVEN NOW THERE ARE SOME STATES IN EXISTENCE WHERE THERE ARE DISCRIMINATIONS MADE AND BARS IMPOSED AGAINST A PARTICULAR CLASS. THANK GOD WE ARE NOT STARTING IN THOSE DAYS. WE ARE STARTING IN THE DAYS WHEN THERE IS NO DISCRIMINATION, NO DISTINCTION BETWEEN ONE COMMUNITY AND ANOTHER, NO DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN ONE CASTE OR CREED AND ANOTHER. WE ARE STARTING WITH THIS FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE THAT WE ARE ALL CITIZENS AND EQUAL CITIZENS OF ONE STATE. THE PEOPLE OF ENGLAND IN COURSE OF TIME HAD TO FACE THE REALITIES OF THE SITUATION AND HAD TO DISCHARGE THE RESPONSIBILITIES AND BURDENS PLACED UPON THEM BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THEIR COUNTRY AND THEY WENT THROUGH THAT FIRE STEP BY STEP. TODAY YOU MIGHT SAY WITH JUSTICE THAT ROMAN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS DO NOT EXIST: WHAT EXISTS NOW IS THAT EVERY MAN IS A CITIZEN, AN EQUAL CITIZEN, OF GREAT BRITAIN AND THEY ARE ALL MEMBERS OF THE NATION.

QUAID’S 11 AUGUST ADDRESS• NOW, I THINK WE SHOULD KEEP THAT IN FRONT OF US AS OUR IDEAL AND YOU

WILL FIND THAT IN COURSE OF TIME HINDUS WOULD CEASE TO BE HINDUS AND MUSLIMS WOULD CEASE TO BE MUSLIMS, NOT IN THE RELIGIOUS SENSE, BECAUSE THAT IS THE PERSONAL FAITH OF EACH INDIVIDUAL, BUT IN THE POLITICAL SENSE AS CITIZENS OF THE STATE.

• WELL, GENTLEMEN, I DO NOT WISH TO TAKE UP ANY MORE OF YOUR TIME AND THANK YOU AGAIN FOR THE HONOUR YOU HAVE DONE TO ME. I SHALL ALWAYS BE GUIDED BY THE PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE AND FAIR-PLAY WITHOUT ANY, AS IS PUT IN THE POLITICAL LANGUAGE, PREJUDICE OR ILL-WILL, IN OTHER WORDS PARTIALITY OR FAVOURITISM.

• MY GUIDING PRINCIPLE WILL BE JUSTICE AND COMPLETE IMPARTIALITY, AND I AM SURE THAT WITH YOUR SUPPORT AND CO-OPERATION, I CAN LOOK FORWARD TO PAKISTAN BECOMING ONE OF THE GREATEST NATIONS OF THE WORLD.

SOURCE: http://www.na.gov.pk/en/content.php?id=74

EDUCATION CAN BE AN INSTRUMENT OF PEACE IN PAKISTAN BUT IT HAS ITS LIMITATIONS

LESS THAN 3 PER CENT OF BUDGET ALLOCATION

FOR EDUCATION

25 MILLION CHILDREN ARE OUT OF SCHOOL

MULTIPLE & NON-COMPLEMENTARY STREAMS

OF EDUCATION

LIMITED FEMALE EDUCATION

SHORTAGE OF SCHOOLS & TEACHERS

PARANOIA

INTOLERANCE

PREJUIDICES

EXISTING MIND SET

WHAT IS OUR EXISTING MINDSET?

VICTIMS OF HATE CRIME

• WOMEN• MINORITIES• PLACES OF WORSHIP• BURIAL PLACES• SCHOOLS

• RELIGIOUS/SECTARIAN

• RACE & GENDER

ELIMINATE PRECONCEIVED

IMAGES

• ABOUT RELIGIOUS MINORITIES

• ABOUT THOSE OUTSIDE THE NATIONAL MAIN STREAM

REJECT ENTRENCED NOTIONS &

IDEAS

• WE ARE NOT BETTER THAN OTHERS

• ALL HUMAN BEINGS ARE EQUAL BEFORE GOD

ADOPT HUMANITY AS

THE BASIC PREMISE TO

JUDGE A PERSON

PEACE THROUGH EDUCATION: PENETRATE THE CONCENTRIC CIRCLES OF EDUCATION

THE STUDENT

THE TEACHER

THE PARENT/MENTOR

THE ENVIRONMENT

OUTREACH OF PEACE EDUCATION

PARENTS

TEACHERS

CHILDREN

• GUIDES• MENTORS

• PROFESSIONALS• VOLUNTEERS

• IN SCHOOL• OUT OF SCHOOL

PEACE EDUCATION STRATEGY

TRAIN TEACHERS TO BE NEUTRAL AND UNBIASED IN THEIR OPINIONS

PURGE ALL HATE MATERIAL WITHIN TEXT BOOKS & THE MEDIA

DESIGN SYLLABI DISCOURAGING APPROACHES REINFORCING CLICHÉD RACIAL, SOCIAL OR RELIGIOUS IMAGES BELONGING TO MINORITIES & ADOPT MEASURES TO PROMOTE RELIGIOUS, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL HARMONY

PILLARS OF PEACE EDUCATION

INNOVATION &

CREATIVITY

LOGIC & REASONING SIMPLICITY

NON-TRADITIONAL TOOLS OF PEACE EDUCATION

MESSAGE OF PEACE & TOLERANCE

POETRYDRAMA

MUSIC

STRINGENT MONITORING & EVALUATION

CLEAR CUT ROAD MAP

NATIONAL CONSENSUS

MATRIX FOR SUCCESS

TEACHERS

Source: Pakistan Education Statistics & Pakistan Education Atlas

TEACHER TO PUPIL RATIO

Source: The World Bank

GENDER WISE AND AREA WISE TEACHERS DISTRIBUTION

Source: Pakistan Education Statistics.

SHORTAGE & ABSENTEEISM AMONG TEACHERS

Source: Annual Status of Education Report

• IN PAKISTAN THERE ARE 30 PERCENT PRIMARY GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS THAT HAVE JUST ONE TEACHER PER SCHOOL.

• BALOCHISTAN HAS THE HIGHEST PERCENTAGE OF SUCH SCHOOLS (ALMOST 60%), CLOSELY FOLLOWED BY SINDH (48%).

60% OF ALL STUDENTS WERE ENROLLED IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN 2013. http://data.org.pk/pages/access @AlifAilaan @SDPIPakistan

STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN

PRINCIPLES AND GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN

EDUCATION AND TRAINING SHOULD ENABLE THE CITIZENS OF PAKISTAN TO LEAD THEIR LIVES ACCORDING TO THE TEACHINGS OF ISLAM AS LAID DOWN IN THE QURAN AND SUNNAH AND TO EDUCATE AND TRAIN THEM AS A TRUE PRACTICING MUSLIM. THE NATIONAL AIMS OF EDUCATION AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY AS OUTLINED IN THE NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 1998–2010 ARE AS FOLLOWS:• TO MAKE THE QURANIC PRINCIPLES AND ISLAMIC PRACTICES AN INTEGRAL PART OF CURRICULA SO THAT

THE MESSAGE OF THE HOLY QURAN COULD BE DISSEMINATED IN THE PROCESS OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING; TO EDUCATE AND TRAIN THE FUTURE GENERATION OF PAKISTAN AS A TRUE PRACTICING MUSLIM WHO WOULD BE ABLE TO USHER INTO THE NEXT MILLENNIUM WITH COURAGE, CONFIDENCE, WISDOM AND TOLERANCE.

• TO ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION BY USING FORMAL AND NON-FORMAL TECHNIQUES AND TO PROVIDE A SECOND OPPORTUNITY TO SCHOOL DROP-OUTS BY ESTABLISHING BASIC EDUCATION COMMUNITY SCHOOLS ALL OVER THE COUNTRY.

• TO MEET THE BASIC LEARNING NEEDS OF CHILDREN IN TERMS OF LEARNING TOOLS AND CONTENTS.• TO EXPAND BASIC EDUCATION QUALITATIVELY AND QUANTITATIVELY BY PROVIDING THE MAXIMUM

OPPORTUNITIES FOR FREE ACCESS OF EVERY CHILD TO EDUCATION; IMBALANCES AND DISPARITIES WITHIN THE SYSTEM WILL BE REMOVED TO ENHANCE THE ACCESS WITH INCREASED NUMBER OF MIDDLE AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS.

• TO ENSURE THAT ALL BOYS AND GIRLS DESIROUS OF ENTERING SECONDARY EDUCATION WILL GET THIS BASIC RIGHT BECAUSE OF THE AVAILABILITY OF THE SCHOOLS.

• TO LAY EMPHASIS ON DIVERSIFICATION SO AS TO TRANSFORM THE SYSTEM FROM SUPPLY-ORIENTED TO DEMAND-ORIENTED; TO ATTRACT EDUCATED YOUTH IN THE WORLD OF WORK IS ONE OF THE POLICY OBJECTIVES SO THAT THEY MAY BECOME PRODUCTIVE AND USEFUL CITIZENS AND GIVE THEIR POSITIVE CONTRIBUTIONS AS MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.

• TO MAKE CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT A CONTINUOUS PROCESS AND TO MAKE ARRANGEMENTS FOR DEVELOPING A UNIFORM SYSTEM OF EDUCATION.

• TO PREPARE STUDENTS FOR THE WORLD OF WORK, AS WELL AS FOR ENTERING PROFESSIONAL AND SPECIALIZED EDUCATION.

• TO INCREASE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SYSTEM BY INSTITUTIONALIZING IN-SERVICE TRAINING OF TEACHERS, TEACHER TRAINERS AND EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATORS; TO UPGRADE THE QUALITY OF PRE-SERVICE TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAMMES BY INTRODUCING PARALLEL PROGRAMMES OF LONGER DURATION AT THE POST-SECONDARY AND POST-DEGREE LEVELS.

• TO DEVELOP A VIABLE FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMMES, BOTH IN-SERVICE AND PRE-SERVICE.

• TO DEVELOP OPPORTUNITIES FOR TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN THE COUNTRY FOR PRODUCING TRAINED MANPOWER, COMMENSURATE WITH THE NEEDS OF INDUSTRY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT GOALS.

• TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION SO AS TO ENHANCE THE CHANCES OF EMPLOYMENT OF TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION GRADUATES BY MOVING FROM A STATIC, SUPPLY-BASED SYSTEM TO A DEMAND-DRIVEN SYSTEM.

• TO POPULARIZE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AMONG CHILDREN IN ORDER TO PREPARE THEM FOR THE NEXT CENTURY, EMPHASIZING THE DIFFERENT ROLES OF COMPUTERS AND EMPLOYING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE PLANNING AND MONITORING OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES.

• TO ENCOURAGE THE PRIVATE SECTOR TO ENROL A PERCENTAGE OF POOR STUDENTS GIVING THEM A POSSIBILITY OF FREE EDUCATION.

• TO INSTITUTIONALIZE THE PROCESS OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION AT THE LOWER AND HIGHER LEVELS; TO IDENTIFY RELIABLE INDICATORS IN TERMS OF QUALITY AND QUANTITY AND TO ADOPT CORRECTIVE MEASURES DURING THE PROCESS OF IMPLEMENTATION.

• TO ACHIEVE EXCELLENCE IN THE DIFFERENT FIELDS OF HIGHER EDUCATION BY INTRODUCING NEW DISCIPLINES AND EMERGING SCIENCES IN UNIVERSITIES, AND TO CREATE NEW CENTRES OF ADVANCED STUDIES, RESEARCH AND EXTENSION.

• TO UPGRADE THE QUALITY OF HIGHER EDUCATION BY BRINGING THE TEACHING, LEARNING AND RESEARCH PROCESSES IN LINE WITH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS.

CURRENT EDUCATIONAL PRIORITIES AND CONCERNS

THE NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY (NEP) 1998–2010 REITERATED PAKISTAN’S FIRM RESOLVE AND DETERMINATION TO INTENSIFY ITS ATTEMPTS TO ACHIEVE UNIVERSALIZATION OF PRIMARY EDUCATION––A NATIONAL GOAL WHICH HAS BEEN ELUDING THE NATION SO FAR. THE POLICY LAYS DOWN THE FOLLOWING GUIDING PRINCIPLES TO TRANSLATE INTO LETTER AND SPIRIT THE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES RELATING TO THE PROMOTION OF BASIC EDUCATION THEREBY PAVING THE WAY TO ACHIEVE A GROSS PARTICIPATION RATE OF 105% AT THE PRIMARY LEVEL BY THE YEAR 2010:• UNIVERSALIZING PRIMARY EDUCATION, ELIMINATING DROP-OUT, AND FULFILLING THE BASIC LEARNING NEEDS BY THE YEAR

2010.• RAISING THE LITERACY RATE TO 55% BY THE YEAR 2003, AND TO 70% BY THE YEAR 2010, THROUGH EXTENSIVE ADULT

EDUCATION PROGRAMMES FOR FUNCTIONAL LITERACY. THE PRIME MINISTER’S LITERACY COMMISSION (PMLC) WILL PREPARE A PLAN OF ACTION IN CONSULTATION WITH PROVINCES FOR A CO-ORDINATED EFFORT WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE NATIONAL LITERACY MOVEMENT.

• TACKLING WOMEN’S EDUCATION, AND EDUCATION OF URBAN AND RURAL POOR THROUGH SPECIAL PROGRAMMES FOR EQUAL ACCESS TO EDUCATION AND FOR BRINGING THEM WITHIN THE REALM OF LITERATE AND PRODUCTIVE CITIZENS.

• IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION BY REASSERTING THE ROLE OF THE TEACHER IN THE TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS, BY MODERNIZING CURRICULA AND TEXTBOOKS, BY IMPROVING PHYSICAL FACILITIES, AND BY INTRODUCING ACTIVITY-ORIENTED NEW SCIENCES AT ALL LEVELS OF SCHOOL EDUCATION.

• INVITING THE PRIVATE SECTOR FOR PARTICIPATION IN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES AND ALLOWING PROGRESSIVE INVESTMENT IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.

• GIVING TEACHERS A PROMINENT STATUS IN SOCIETY, BUT AT THE SAME TIME SUBJECTING THEM TO ACCOUNTABILITY-BASED PERFORMANCE AND EVALUATION.

• CREATING AN OVERALL OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK WHICH WOULD ENABLE THE PROVINCES TO ENSURE EFFECTIVE TRANSLATION OF AGREED POLICIES INTO ACTION, AND IN PARTICULAR IMPROVE DELIVERY SERVICES AT THE INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL, THEREBY ATTAINING THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF ENHANCED QUALITY.

THE GOALS OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN

MAJOR ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION ACCORDING TO THE 1998 NEP ARE AS FOLLOWS:• MORE THAN 5.5 MILLION PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN (AGE GROUP 5-9 YEARS)

ARE LEFT OUT;• APPROXIMATELY 45% OF CHILDREN DROP-OUT OF SCHOOL WITHOUT COMPLETING

ELEMENTARY EDUCATION;• TEACHERS’ ABSENTEEISM IS COMMON IN SCHOOLS ESPECIALLY IN RURAL AREAS;

TEACHERS COMMITMENT AND MOTIVATION IS LACKING;• INSTRUCTIONAL SUPERVISION IS WEAK AT THE ELEMENTARY LEVEL;• ABOUT ONE-FOURTH OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS ARE UNTRAINED AND THE

TRAINING INFRASTRUCTURE DOES NOT APPEAR TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF INSTRUCTION;

• LEARNING MATERIALS ARE INADEQUATE AND OF POOR QUALITY; TEACHING METHODS ARE HARSH, THEY DO NOT MOTIVATE PUPILS AND THEY DO NOT FAVOUR LEARNING;

• ABOVE ALL, CHARACTER BUILDING – WHICH IS THE BASIC AND FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTIVE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING – IS NEGLECTED, CREATING SERIOUS PROBLEMS BOTH FOR THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE NATION.