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Znogn Gd}zw

Dbbfgn db Fhwzngud} Cnhn}o`

Znogn Gd}zw$Ad}dggd Owwnwwanhu db Anefgo` Go}n

Bnm}~o}v =:?:

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f

N\NG^UFRN W^AAO]V

Dh Hdrnamn} ?6 =::6 Znogn Gd}zw Ef}ngud} Oo}dh Sf``foaw }nq~nwune ulou uln Znogn

Gd}zw Dbbfgn db Fhwzngud} Cnhn}o` ,DFC& gdhe~gu oh fhenznhenhu fhq~f}v fhud uln boguwohe gf}g~awuohgnw }n`oune ud uln f``hnww ohe enoul db Znogn Gd}zw Rd`~hunn}

ohe ud fenhufbv owwnww ohe nro`~oun uln wzngfbfg lno`ul go}n z}drfene ud ( Uln Ef}ngud}o`wd owkne uln DFC ud }nrfns uln d}cohfyoufdh ohe z}drfwfdh db go}n ulou fw cfrnh ud Znogn

Gd}zw Rd`~hunn}w fh Ad}dggd( Fh zo}ufg~`o} ln }nq~nwune sn owwnww uln bd``dsfhc o}now9

oggd~huomf`fuv ohe }nzd}ufhc `fhnw; q~o`fuv oww~}ohgn z}dgne~}nw; b~hefhc ohe wuobbfhc

`nrn`w; ohe z}dbnwwfdho` wkf`` `nrn`w ohe q~o`fbfgoufdhw( Ulfw }nzd}u sf`` bdg~w dh uln DFC}nrfns db uln d}cohfyoufdho` wu}~gu~}n ohe z}drfwfdh db go}n ud Znogn Gd}zw Rd`~hunn}w fh

Ad}dggd( Fhbd}aoufdh gdhgn}hfhc uln boguw ohe gf}g~awuohgnw }n`oufhc ud uln enoul db

ZGR ohe uln lno`ul go}n z}drfene ud sf`` mn oee}nwwne fh o wnzo}oun }nzd}u(

Uln DFC enun}afhne ulou uln sov fh slfgl ZG$Ad}dggd d}cohfynw fuw anefgo` wn}rfgnwohe z}drfenw lno`ul go}n ud Rd`~hunn}w fh Ad}dggd loe oh fazogu dh ZGR anefgo`

go}n( Uln ZG$Ad}dggd lno`ul ~hfu wuobb bof`ne ud fenhufbv uln gdhefufdh go~wfhcwvazudaw( Usd aofh bogud}w `ne ud ulfw m}nokedsh( Uln bf}wu sow o bof`~}n ud nbbngufrn`v

gdaa~hfgoun fhg`~efhc u}ohwbn}}fhc uln gown b}da dhn Znogn Gd}zw Anefgo` Dbbfgn}

,ZGAD& ud ohduln} ohe }n`ovfhc zn}ufhnhu fhbd}aoufdh ud Ad}dggoh anefgo` bogf`fufnw(

Uln wngdhe fw uln q~nwufdhom`n z}dbnwwfdho` i~ecanhu db uln ZGADw fhrd`rne fh ZGR

w go}n e~}fhc uln `owu adhul db `fbn( Sn lorn fenhufbfne zdwwfm`n gdhu}fm~ufhc bogud}w

fhg`~efhc ZG$Ad}dggd anefgo` ~hfuw wfynom`n sd}k`doe q~nwufdhom`n d}cohfyoufdh db

gown aohocnanhu ohe efwwnafhoufdh db e~ufnw ohe uln `ogk db oh nbbngufrn anglohfwa udnhw~}n ulou o ZGAD fw z}ogufgfhc sfulfh lfw d} wgdzn db z}ogufgn(

Mngo~wn db uln sov fh slfgl uln Znogn Gd}zw fw d}cohfyne a~gl fw `nbu ud ulnz}dbnwwfdho` i~ecanhu db uln ZGAD ud w~zzd}u Rd`~hunn} anefgo` hnnew( Fu fw uln anefgo`

dbbfgn}w engfwfdh ud enun}afhn slnuln}9 ,?& o Rd`~hunn} goh mn nbbngufrn`v owwfwune drn}

uln zldhn ou lfw d} ln} wfun; ,=& wld~`e mn nro`~oune d} u}noune mv o `dgo` z}drfen}; ,7&a~wu mn wnnh fh zn}wdh mv o ZGAD ud mn nro`~oune d} u}noune; d} ,5& a~wu mn anefgo``v!

nrog~oune( Ulfw }nq~f}nw ulou Znogn Gd}zw lf}nw anefgo` dbbfgn}w sld hdu dh`v o}n

z}dbnwwfdho``v gdaznunhu ohe goh enun}afhn slnh o Rd`~hunn} fw fh u}d~m`n m~u o`wd

~hen}wuohe uln }nwd~}gnw orof`om`n fh gd~hu}v fh }n`oufdh ud Rd`~hunn}w wfunw(

Sn enun}afhne ulou uln}n sow afhfao` g`fhfgo` drn}wfclu db ZGADw fh Ad}dggd ohe ulou

uln sov fh slfgl uln Dbbfgn db Anefgo` Wn}rfgnw ,DAW& anow~}ne ohe adhfud}ne ulnq~o`fuv db lno`ul go}n z}drfene ud Rd`~hunn}w sow fhw~bbfgfnhu( Uln wuoheo}e owwnwwanhuwg~}}nhu`v gdhe~gune mv uln DAW efe hdu ohe sd~`e hdu fenhufbv uln fww~nw }ofwne sful

ZGR anefgo` go}n( Uln g~}}nhu owwnwwanhuw ed hdu fenhufbv gdaa~hfgoufdh

bof`~}nw fhnbbngufrn unoasd}k ohe gd``omd}oufdh d} nhw~}n ulou o z}ogufufdhn} fw z}ogufgfhcsfulfh lfw d} ln} wgdzn db z}ogufgn( Uln}n fw hd ef}ngu dmwn}roufdh db g`fhfgo` wkf``w d}

anow~}nanhu db g`fhfgo` d~ugdanw fh uvzfgo` }nrfnsw(

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ff

Ulfw owwnwwanhu wzngfbfgo``v `ddkne ou ZG$Ad}dggd ohe ZGR lno`ulgo}n m~u uln

q~nwufdh db slnuln} ulfw sow o dhn!ufan bof`~}n d} oh fhefgoufdh db o `o}cn} wvwunafgz}dm`na ul}d~cld~u Znogn Gd}zw dzn}oufdhw }naofhw( Uln boguw ohe gf}g~awuohgnw

w~}}d~hefhc ulfw gown go`` fhud q~nwufdh uln nbbfgogv db Znogn Gd}zw wu}~gu~}n n|ng~ufdh

ohe drn}wfclu db drn}wnow lno`ul ~hfuw(

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Uom`n db Gdhunhuw

N\NG^UFRN W^AAO]V ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( f

MOGKC]D^HE (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ?

DMINGUFRNW WGDZN OHE ANULDED@DCV (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( =

D]COHFYOUFDH OHE Z]DRFWFDH DB (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 7

LNO@UL GO]N UD RD@^HUNN]W ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 7

@FWU DB ]NGDAANHEOUFDHW (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ?5

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MOGKC]D^HE

Uln Znogn Gd}zw z}dc}oa fh Ad}dggd ,ZG$Ad}dggd& fw uln wngdhe `o}cnwu Znogn Gd}zw

z}dc}oa fh uln sd}`e( Wfhgn ?627 drn} 5::: Rd`~hunn}w lorn wn}rne fh Ad}dggd( Ow dbHdrnamn} ?3 =::6 uln ocnhgv }nzd}une ulou =>5 Rd`~hunn}w sn}n wn}rfhc fh Ad}dggd(

Uln}n o}n usd fhgdafhc u}ofhfhc gdld}uw db Rd`~hunn}w nogl vno}( Rd`~hunn}w o}nowwfchne ud z}dinguw fh bd~} z}fao}v o}now9 vd~ul enrn`dzanhu lno`ul nhrf}dhanhu ohe

wao`` m~wfhnww enrn`dzanhu(

Rd`~hunn} wfunw o}n m}doe`v efwzn}wne sfulfh Ad}dggdw ad~huofhd~w ohe wdanufanwlo}e!ud!oggnww un}}ofh( O`uld~cl z`ogfhc Rd`~hunn}w fh }nadun `dgoufdhw fw wuoheo}e

ul}d~cld~u Znogn Gd}zw fu ~hen}wgd}nw uln fazd}uohgn db uln z}dbnwwfdho` i~ecanhu db

uln ZGAD ud enun}afhn slnh o Rd`~hunn} hnnew ud mn wnnh fh zn}wdh mv o ZGAD d} gohmn go}ne bd} dgo``v( Fu o`wd ~hen}wgd}nw uln fazd}uohgn db wfun rfwfuw mv ZGADw slfgl

o}n g}fufgo` ud ?& owwnww uln anefgo` }nwd~}gnw orof`om`n fh z}d|fafuv ud o Rd`~hunn}w wfun=& m~f`e }n`oufdhwlfzw sful z}drfen}w, ohe 7& owwnww o Rd`~hunn}w nhrf}dhanhu ohe cnu o

bf}wu lohe rfns db uln nhrf}dhanhu fh slfgl ulnv `frn(

ZG$Ad}dggd low ul}nn b~`` ufan ZGADw( Usd o}n anefgo` edgud}w ohe dhn fw o }ncfwun}ne

h~}wn( Uln}n fw dhn oeafhfwu}oufrn anefgo` owwfwuohu bd} uln ZG$Ad}dggd lno`ul ~hfu( O``

o}n ldwu gd~hu}v zn}wdho` wn}rfgnw gdhu}ogud}w( Dh`v wf| ldwzfuo`w fh aoid} gfufnw lornmnnh z}n!ozz}drne bd} Rd`~hunn} lno`ul go}n mv uln lno`ul ~hfu( Rd`~hunn}w a~wu }ngnfrn

ZGAD ozz}dro` ud }ngnfrn lno`ul go}n ou dhn db ulnwn bogf`fufnw ohe ulnv o}n hdu o``dsne

ud rfwfu ~hozz}drne `dgo` z}drfen}w n|gnzu fh nan}cnhgfnw(

Fh I~hn =::6 uln DFC gdhe~gune o z}dc}oa nro`~oufdh db ZG$Ad}dggd(?

Uln DFCfhun}rfnsne 5= Rd`~hunn}w ,ozz}d|faoun`v =:. db uln Rd`~hunn} zdz~`oufdh& ohe ?> fh!gd~hu}v wuobb( Nfclunnh db uln 5= Rd`~hunn}w ,57.& }nzd}une gdhgn}hw sful uln q~o`fuv db

anefgo` w~zzd}u ou uln zdwu( Sful }nco}e ud lno`ul bfhefhcw uln DFC nro`~oufdh bd~he

ulou mdul ZGADw ohe Rd`~hunn}w }nzd}une ulou uln q~o`fuv db anefgo` w~zzd}u sow

fazogune mv uln lno`ul ~hfuw o}cn rd`~an db sd}k( Rd`~hunn}w }nzd}une ulou ZGADwsn}n b}nq~nhu`v udd m~wv ud b~``v fhrnwufcoun ulnf} anefgo` gdaz`ofhuw( Fh fhun}rfnsw sful

usd db uln ul}nn ZGADw fh uln lno`ul ~hfu mdul }nzd}une o hnne bd} oeefufdho` wuobb

mngo~wn ulnv efe hdu lorn nhd~cl ufan ud gdhe~gu o`` ulnf} e~ufnw fhg`~efhc wfun rfwfuw(=

Uln nro`~oufdh o`wd efwg`dwne ulou Rd`~hunn}w `ogkne gdhbfenhgn fh anefgo` dzfhfdhw ohebno}ne mnfhc afwefochdwne(

? Uln DFC m}fnbne uln ZG$Ad}dggd gd~hu}v ef}ngud} db fuw z}dc}oa nro`~oufdh bfhefhcw dh I~hn =5 =::6

ohe uln N~}dzn Anefun}}ohnoh ohe Owfo ,NAO& }ncfdho` aohocnanhu dh I~`v

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Uln Dbbfgn db Anefgo` Wn}rfgnw gdhe~gune oh owwnwwanhu db ZG$Ad}dggd fh I~hn =::6

slfgl gdfhgfene sful uln bfn`esd}k zd}ufdh db uln DFC nro`~oufdh( DAW enun}afhne ulouoh oeefufdho` zo}u!ufan ZGAD fw hnnene ud annu uln g~}}nhu zlvwfgo` ohe anhuo` lno`ul

go}n enaohew ou uln zdwu ohe }ngdaanhene oh oeefufdho` zo}u!ufan ZGAD slnh uln

vno}!}d~he h~amn} db Rd`~hunn}w n|gnnew =5:( Uln DFC gdhg~}}ne ulou w~gl o lf}n

sd~`e oee}nww uln gdhgn}hw }ofwne e~}fhc uln DFC nro`~oufdh(

DMINGUFRNW,WGDZN, OHE ANULDED@DCV

Uln z~}zdwn db uln Dbbfgn db Fhwzngud} Cnhn}o` fw ud z}nrnhu ohe enungu b}o~e sowun

om~wn ohe afwaohocnanhu ohe ud z}dadun nbbngufrnhnww ohe nbbfgfnhgv fh cdrn}hanhu(

Fh Bnm}~o}v ?6

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D]COHFYOUFDH OHE Z]DRFWFDH DB

LNO@UL GO]N UD RD@^HUNN]W

Znogn Gd}zw u}ofhnnwohe Rd`~hunn}w lno`ul hnnew o}n oee}nwwne ul}d~cl uln fh!gd~hu}v

Rd`~hunn} Lno`ul Z}dc}oa( Anefgo` Unglhfgo` C~fen`fhn ??: ,UC ??:& enbfhnw uln

z~}zdwn db uln fh!gd~hu}v Rd`~hunn} lno`ul z}dc}oa ohe d~u`fhnw uln }d`nw ohe}nwzdhwfmf`fufnw db uln fh!gd~hu}v wuobb udso}e uln z}dc}oa( Fu wuounw ulou uln z}drfwfdh db

lno`ul go}n wn}rfgnw ud Rd`~hunn}w wld~`e gdhbd}a ud ^(W( anefgo` wuoheo}ew ohe hd}aw

sfulfh uln `fafuoufdhw fazdwne mv `dgo` gdhefufdhw(

Uln gd}n b~hgufdhw db uln fh!gd~hu}v Rd`~hunn} Lno`ul Z}dc}oa o}n ud9

W~zzd}u Rd`~hunn}w fh oww~afhc }nwzdhwfmf`fuv bd} ulnf} dsh lno`ul(

Z}dadun uln lno`ul db Rd`~hunn}w ohe z}nrnhu efwnown(

Z}drfen lno`ul wn}rfgnw ud Rd`~hunn}w drn}wnow fh ow wobn nbbfgfnhu ohe ufan`v oaohhn} ow zdwwfm`n sfulfh uln zo}ufg~`o} ldwu!gd~hu}v nhrf}dhanhu(

Z}drfen anefgo` nrog~oufdh ,anenrog& ud Rd`~hunn}w sld }nq~f}n anefgo` go}nmnvdhe uln go}n orof`om`n fh!gd~hu}v(

Uln }d`nw ohe }nwzdhwfmf`fufnw db Znogn Gd}zw drn}wnow wuobb fh uln fh!gd~hu}v Rd`~hunn}

Lno`ul Z}dc}oa o}n d~u`fhne ow bd``dsw9

Uln Gd~hu}v Ef}ngud} drn}wnnw o`` fh!gd~hu}v z}dc}oaw fhg`~efhc uln fh!gd~hu}v Rd`~hunn} Lno`ul z}dc}oa ohe fw ~`ufaoun`v }nwzdhwfm`n bd} uln

wobnuv ohe sn``!mnfhc db Rd`~hunn}w(

Uln ZGAD ow en`ncoune mv uln GE [gd~hu}v ef}ngud}Q ohe DAW fw

}nwzdhwfm`n bd} nwuom`fwlfhc ohe aohocfhc uln fh!gd~hu}v Rd`~hunn} lno`ul

z}dc}oa( Uln ZGAD oguw ow mdul o z}dc}oa aohocn} ohe g`fhfgfoh( Uln

z}dc}oa aohocnanhu }nwzdhwfmf`fufnw db uln ZGAD o}n wfaf`o} fh o``gd~hu}fnw m~u g`fhfgo` }nwzdhwfmf`fufnw ro}v enznhefhc dh uln gd~hu}v ohe

dh uln ZGADw u}ofhfhc ohe n|zn}ufwn( GEw ohe ZGADw wld~`e mn

boaf`fo} sful uln e~ufnw ohe }nwzdhwfmf`fufnw ow d~u`fhne fh ulnf} fhefrfe~o`

zn}wdho` wn}rfgnw gdhu}oguw(

O}no Znogn Gd}zw Anefgo` Dbbfgn}w ,OZGADw& o}n owwfchne ud uln Ob}fgo

}ncfdh ud z}drfen g`fhfgo` ohe z}dc}oaaoufg w~zzd}u ud uln fh!gd~hu}vRd`~hunn} lno`ul z}dc}oaw( OZGADw o}n mowne fh o ldwu gd~hu}v ohe o}n

}nwzdhwfm`n bd} z}drfefhc owwfwuohgn ud uln Rd`~hunn} Lno`ul z}dc}oa fh

nogl gd~hu}v db ulnf} w~m!}ncfdho` o}no(

ZGADw o}n zn}wdho` wn}rfgnw gdhu}ogud}w( Zn} Znogn Gd}zw Aoh~o` ,ZGA& wngufdh =2?

nogl zdwu sf`` lorn o ZGAD sld aov mn o zlvwfgfoh h~}wn z}ogufufdhn} }ncfwun}ne

h~}wn d} o zlvwfgfohw owwfwuohu( Uln lno`ul z}dbnwwfdho` wkf`` `nrn` hnnene ou zdwu fwenwfchoune mv uln Dbbfgn db Anefgo` Wn}rfgnw( Uln }ncfdho` ef}ngud} fh gdhw~`uoufdh sful

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uln gd~hu}v ef}ngud} wn`nguw ulnzdwuw ZGAD obun} DAW enun}afhnw ulou uln fhefrfe~o`

low uln z}dbnwwfdho` q~o`fbfgoufdhw hngnwwo}v ud annu uln lno`ul hnnew db uln zdwu(7

ZG$Ad}dggd low ul}nn b~``!ufan ZGADw( Usd o}n zlvwfgfohw ohe dhn fw o }ncfwun}ne

h~}wn(

Oggd~huomf`fuv ohe ]nzd}ufhc @fhnw

Slf`n DAW fw }nwzdhwfm`n bd} z}drfefhc fh!wn}rfgn lno`ul go}n ud Rd`~hunn}w ohe u}ofhnnw,R$Uw& mv enrn`dzfhc ohe aohocfhc o gdaz}nlnhwfrn lno`ul go}n z}dc}oa fhg`~efhc uln

en`frn}v db anefgo` go}n ohe lno`ul wn}rfgnw ohe anefgo` nrog~oufdh ohe z}drfefhc

g`fhfgo` drn}wfclu db ohe u}ofhfhc ohe gdhw~`uoufdh bd} ZGADw DAW a~wu gdd}efhoun

}nwzdhwfmf`fuv ohe drn}wfclu db uln lno`ul go}n wvwuna sful uln ]ncfdhw( Lno`ul m~ecnuwbd} zdwuw fhg`~efhc ZGAD zdwfufdhw ow sn`` ow OZGAD zdwfufdhw o}n hdu aohocne mv

DAW( DAW ohe }ncfdh wuobb }nzd}u ulou slnh gdhb`fguw o}fwn DAW cnhn}o``v aoknw uln

anefgo` engfwfdhw, m~u ulou uln }ncfdh sf`` aokn uln engfwfdhw gdhgn}hfhc dzn}oufdhw(

Fh fhun}rfnsw DAW wuobb }ofwne gdhgn}hw omd~u gdhb`fgufhc b~hefhc z}fd}fufnw uln wkf```nrn`w db `dgo` anefgo` dbbfgn}w slnuln} ad}n ^(W( lf}ne anefgo` dbbfgn}w o}n hnnene ohe

uln `ogk db DAW g`fhfgo` w~zn}rfwfdh db ZGADw(

Ul}d~cld~u Znogn Gd}zw sd}`esfen uln gd~hu}v ef}ngud} uln OZGAD ohe DAW lorn

wlo}ne o~uld}fuv ohe z}dbnwwfdho` drn}wfclu }nwzdhwfmf`fufnw bd} uln ZGAD zdwfufdh(5

Oggd}efhc ud Znogn Gd}zw zd`fgv ohe c~fen`fhnw o`` zo}ufnw o}n fhrd`rne fh uln ZGADlf}fhc z}dgnww( DAW enun}afhnw uln lno`ul z}dbnwwfdho` wkf`` `nrn` hnnene ou o zdwu m~u

gd~hu}v ef}ngud}w a~wu }ng}~fu ohe wn`ngu gohefeounw ohe i~wufbv gdhu}ogufhc sful hdh!ldwu

gd~hu}v houfdho`w( DAW uln gd~hu}v ef}ngud} ohe uln OZGAD slnh z}nwnhu o}nfhrd`rne fh uln ohh~o` ZGAD zn}bd}aohgn aohocnanhu z}dgnww( Slf`n uln OZGADwdrn}wfclu }nwzdhwfmf`fufnw bd} uln ZGAD o}n enbfhne fh ZGA wngufdh =2? bd} uldwn zdwuw

sfuld~u oh OZGAD fu fw ~hg`no} lds DAW zn}bd}aw uln g`fhfgo` drn}wfclu b~hgufdh bd}

ZGADw(

Znogn Gd}zw efe hdu z}drfen w~bbfgfnhu drn}wfclu db uln ZG$Ad}dggd fh!gd~hu}v lno`ulz}dc}oa(

Zn} UC ??: ZGADw a~wu wnnk z}dazu gdhw~`uoufdh sful DAW bd} o`` lno`ul gdhefufdhw

ulou aov z`ogn o Rd`~hunn} ou lfcl }fwk db ad}mfefuv d} ad}uo`fuv(>

7Uln Znogn Gd}zw Aoh~o` }nbn}w ud mdul uln gd~hu}v ef}ngud} ohe }ncfdho` ef}ngud} }nco}efhc uln lf}fhc db

ZGADw( Uln gd~hu}v ef}ngud} wn`nguw ohe nhun}w fhud gdhu}oguw sful ldwu gd~hu}v ZGADw( Uln }ncfdho`

ef}ngud} ozz}drnw wuobbfhc `nrn`w ohe lf}nw ^(W( ef}ngu lf}n naz`dvnnw(5 Ob}fgo fw uln dh`v }ncfdh ulou g~}}nhu`v ~wnw uln OZGAD aden`( Ldsnrn} uln}n lorn mnnh dh!cdfhc

efwg~wwfdhw mnusnnh DAW NAO ohe Ob}fgo wfhgn uln I~hn =::6 DAW rfwfu omd~u aokfhc ZG$Ad}dggd o

anefgo` nrog~oufdh wfun ohe z`ogfhc oh OZGAD fh ]omou( D}cohfyoufdho``v ZG$Ad}dggd bo` w fh uln NAO

}ncfdh slfgl ednw hdu bd``ds uln OZGAD aden`( Uln z}dzdwo` bd} uln OZGAD fh Ad}dggd fhrd`rnw

wlo}ne b~hefhc(>

Znogn Gd}zw ednw hdu lorn o wuoheo}e enbfhfufdh db ad}mfefuv(

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Zn} UC 73: o bfn`e gdhw~`uoufdh fhq~f}v wld~`e mn wnhu ud DAW fb o Rd`~hunn} low o

wfchfbfgohu f``hnww d} ohv g`fhfgo` wfu~oufdh ulou }nq~f}nw fhbd}aoufdh }nwd~}gnw d}n|zn}ufwn ulou n|gnnew uln u}ofhfhc wkf``w d} q~o`fbfgoufdhw db uln ZGAD ohe `dgo`

gdhw~`uohuw( Uln bfn`e gdhw~`uoufdh z}dgnww aoknw fu zdwwfm`n bd} zdwuw ud gdhuogu

lnoeq~o}un}w ud ~uf`fyn anefgo` }nwd~}gnw ohe wzngfo`fwuw fh uln ^(W( ud fhbd}a ohe

}nwzdhe ud ~}cnhu anefgo` wfu~oufdhw(

Oh DAW Anefgo` E~uv dbbfgn} fw orof`om`n =5 ld~}w o eov wnrnh eovw o snnk ohe fw

n|zngune ud }nwzdhe ud bfn`e gdhw~`uoufdh go``w sfulfh =: afh~unw( Mdul db ulnwn wfu~oufdhw}nq~f}n ulou uln ZGAD aokn uln enun}afhoufdh omd~u slnh ohe fb ud fhrd`rn DAW bd}

c~feohgn(

Uln ZGADw }nwzdhwfm`n bd} ZGR$ w go}n efe hdu gdhuogu DAW bd} o bfn`egdhw~`uoufdh( Fh bogu DAW sow hdufbfne omd~u ZGR w anefgo` gdhefufdh `nww ulohdhn ld~} mnbd}n efne( DAW wuobb ohe DFC anefgo` n|zn}uw lorn z~u bd}ul ulou fu fw

hdu g`no} ulou uln d~ugdan sd~`e lorn mnnh ohv efbbn}nhu loe DAW mnnh gdhuogune dh uln

ad}hfhc db Hdrnamn} ?> =::6 slnh z}nwnhune sful ou (DFC anefgo` n|zn}uw lorn z~u bd}ul ulou oh no}`fn} efochdwfw ohe fhun}rnhufdh fenhufbvfhc

uln aov lorn z}nrnhune b}danrd`rfhc fhud ( Oggd}efhc ud Fhun}houfdho` C~fen`fhnw

ufanb}oan ud b}da fhfufo` efochdwfw ud ldwzfuo`!mowne

u}nouanhu fw fazd}uohu ud }ne~gn uln ad}uo`fuv }oun( Loe DAW mnnh gdhuogune no}`fn} o

efo`dc~n gd~`e lorn dgg~}}ne omd~u uln mnwu gd~}wn db ogufdh bd} wfu~oufdh fhg`~efhcslnuln} d} hdu ud anefgo``v nrog~oun ( Uln}n sow hd }nq~nwu ud DAW ud anefgo``v

nrog~oun ZGR (

Ow enadhwu}oune fh ZG$Ad}dggd w~mwuohufo` }nwzdhwfmf`fuv fw z`ogne dh uln z}dbnwwfdho`

i~ecanhu db uln fhefrfe~o` ZGAD( Fb o ZGAD bof`w ud }ngdchfyn ulou o rd`~hunn} fw ou o

lfcl }fwk db ad}mfefuv ad}uo`fuv d} low o wfchfbfgohu f``hnww uln}n ozzno}w ud mn hd

anglohfwa ud nhw~}n uln gown fw nwgo`oune ohe }ngnfrnw uln ozz}dz}foun ouunhufdh( ZnognGd}zw `ogkw nbbngufrn anglohfwaw ud z}nrnhu d} afufcoun bof`~}nw db ulfw aochfu~en(

Sn }ngdaanhe9

?( Ulou uln ocnhgv owwnww slnuln} }nwd~}gnw ohe n|zn}ufwn o}no`fchne ud z}drfen w~bbfgfnhu drn}wfclu ud drn}wnow lno`ul

~hfuw(

=( Ulou DAW enrn`dz oh nbbngufrn anglohfwa bd} g`dwn}g`fhfgo` drn}wfclu bd} ZG$Ad}dggd(

7( Ulou DAW enrn`dz wuoheo}e enbfhfufdhw db ad}mfefuv ohewfchfbfgohu f``hnww(

5( Ulou ZG$Ad}dggd enrn`dz o anefgo` nwgo`oufdh zd`fgv(

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ZG$Ad}dggd ednw hdu lorn o g`no} zd`fgv dh u}ohwbn}}fhc zoufnhu fhbd}aoufdh slnh

uln}n fw o u}ohwbn} fh go}n(

Uln ZG$Ad}dggd anefgo` ~hfu dzn}ounw uln fh!gd~hu}v Rd`~hunn} lno`ul z}dc}oa fh

Ad}dggd ohe z}drfenw lno`ul go}n wn}rfgnw ud Rd`~hunn}w =5 ld~}w o eov wnrnh eovw osnnk( Uln z}fao}v anohw bd} gownsd}k gd``omd}oufdh fh uln ZG$Ad}dggd lno`ul ~hfu fw

ul}d~cl o }duoufhc anefgo` e~uv dbbfgn} wvwuna ulou u}ohwbn}w dh!go`` }nwzdhwfmf`fuv

mnusnnh uln ZGADw dh o snnk`v mowfw b}da Adheov ud uln bd``dsfhc Adheov(Oggd}efhc ud fhbd}aoufdh }ngnfrne fh fhun}rfnsw sful uln ZGAD wuobb o annufhc fw ln`e

nogl Adheov e~}fhc slfgl uln ZGAD ulou fw u}ohwbn}}fhc lfw$ln} e~uv wlo}nw hns d}

znhefhc gown fhbd}aoufdh sful uln ZGAD mncfhhfhc e~uv( Ldsnrn} uln}n o}n hd bd}ao`

}nq~f}nanhuw bd} u}ohwbn} ohe edg~anhuoufdh db zoufnhu fhbd}aoufdh fb uln}n fw o u}ohwfufdhdb go}n( Uln ZGADw fh Ad}dggd ed hdu lorn }nc~`o} unoa annufhcw ud efwg~ww anefgo`

gownw duln} uloh uln Adheov sd}k u}ohwfufdh annufhc(

Uln DFC bd~he o `ogk db g`no} zd`fgfnw omd~u slnh ohe slou uln ZGADw wld~`egdaa~hfgoun sful nogl duln}( Oeefufdho``v ZGADw }nzd}une ulou ulnf} glo}u

edg~anhuoufdh sow hdu b~``v gdaz`nun( ZGADw o`wd }nzd}une ulou ulnv sn}n hdu o`sovwom`n ud }nrfns zoufnhu glo}uw mnbd}n ouunhefhc ud ulna mngo~wn db fhgdaz`nun fhbd}aoufdh

d} fb o e~uv go`` sow }ngnfrne slnh ulnv sn}n hdu dhwfun ou uln anefgo` dbbfgn( Dhn

ZGAD }nzd}une ulou ln go}}fnw o e~uv lohemddk sful zn}ufhnhu fhbd}aoufdh bd} o``

Rd`~hunn}w wld~`e ln }ngnfrn o e~uv go`` dbbwfun( Uln DFC }nrfnsne uln fhbd}aoufdh fhlfw e~uv lohemddk zn}uofhfhc ud ZGR ohe enun}afhne ulou fu efe hdu gdhuofh g~}}nhu

fhbd}aoufdh( Ulnwn bogud}w oern}wn`v fazogune uln q~o`fuv db lno`ul go}n z}drfene ud

ZGR ohe sn}n uln wd~}gn db aohv gdaz`ofhuw }ngnfrne b}da duln} Rd`~hunn}wwn}rfhc fh Ad}dggd e~}fhc uln I~hn =::6 DFC nro`~oufdh ohe ow zo}u db ulfw owwnwwanhu(

E~}fhc fhun}rfnsw sful uln DFC wnrn}o` Rd`~hunn}w rdfgne gdhgn}hw omd~u fhbd}aoufdh

hdu mnfhc wlo}ne mnusnnh ZGADw( Ulnv wuoune ulou ulnv sd~`e go`` uln anefgo` ~hfu udefwg~ww ulnf} wvazudaw m~u fb ulnf} hn|u gdhuogu sow hdu sful uln woan ZGAD ulnv

sd~`e mn }nq~f}ne ud }nlowl ulnf} wvazudaw( Rd`~hunn}w o`wd }ofwne gdaa~hfgoufdh

gdhgn}hw sful uln anefgo` ~hfu fhg`~efhc `ohc~ocn mo}}fn}w ow Nhc`fwl fw hdu uln ZGADw

bf}wu d} z}fao}v `ohc~ocn ohe ulou mnfhc efochdwne drn} uln zldhn `fafune Rd`~hunn}womf`fuv ud gdaa~hfgoun ulnf} wvazudaw d} lno`ul go}n gdhgn}hw( Mdul uln ZGADw ohe

Rd`~hunn}w }ngdchfyne `fafuoufdhw sful un`nzldhn anefgfhn( Slf`n un`nzldhn anefgfhn

fw uvzfgo` ul}d~cld~u Znogn Gd}zw sd}`esfen mngo~wn db uln }nadun `dgoufdhw fh slfglRd`~hunn}w o}n z`ogne uln DFC bd~he hd un`nzldhn u}focn zd`fgv ud wuoheo}efyn ulfw

ozz}dogl ud anefgo` go}n( Uln DFC o`wd bd~he hd wuoheo}e }nq~f}nanhu bd} Rd`~hunn}w ud

mn z`ogne sfulfh o enbfhne efwuohgn b}da anefgo` go}n(

Sn }ngdaanhe9

>( Ulou DAW ohe ZG$Ad}dggd enrn`dz o un`nzldhnu}focn zd`fgv bd} ZG$Ad}dggd(

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2( Ulou DAW ohe ZG$Ad}dggd enrn`dz o g`no} zd`fgvohe z}dgne~}nw ud nhw~}n ulou zoufnhu fhbd}aoufdh fw

edg~anhune ohe u}ohwbn}}ne ozz}dz}foun`v fb uln}n

fw o u}ohwfufdh fh go}n(

ZGAD Wkf``w ohe N|zn}fnhgn ]nq~f}nanhuw

Oggd}efhc ud ZGA wngufdh =2? nogl zdwu low ou `nowu dhn ZGAD sld aov mn o

zlvwfgfoh, h~}wn z}ogufufdhn}, }ncfwun}ne h~}wn d} o zlvwfgfohw owwfwuohu( DAW enun}afhnw

uln ZGAD z}dbnwwfdho` wkf`` `nrn`w ohe q~o`fbfgoufdhw hngnwwo}v ud annu uln lno`ul hnnew

db uln zdwu( Bd``dsfhc ozz}dro` b}da DAW uln }ncfdho` ef}ngud} wn`nguw nogl ZGAD fh

gdhw~`uoufdh sful uln gd~hu}v ef}ngud}(

B~}uln} n|z`ohoufdh fw cfrnh fh Unglhfgo` C~fen`fhn =:: slfgl wuounw ulou slnh fh!

gd~hu}v anefgo` wn}rfgnw o}n `fafune d} ~horof`om`n -oh oerohgne z}ogufgn ZGAD n(c( o

zlvwfgfoh#w owwfwuohu h~}wn z}ogufufdhn} d} zlvwfgfoh fw cnhn}o``v }nq~f}ne(- ZGA wngufdh357(?? b~}uln} ef}nguw ulou fu fw Znogn Gd}zw zd`fgv ulou gdhu}oguw bd} anefgo` wn}rfgnw mn

Zn}wdho` Wn}rfgnw Gdhu}oguw ohe ulou ldwu gd~hu}v anefgo` z}ogufufdhn}w mn ~uf`fyne ~h`nwwfu goh mn wldsh ulou hd w~fuom`n gohefeounw goh mn bd~he fh uln ldwu gd~hu}v d} ulou

wzngfo` gdhefufdhw n|fwu ulou }nq~f}n o ^W d} UGH [Ulf}e Gd~hu}v Houfdho`Q anefgo`

z}dbnwwfdho`( Fu o`wd wuounw ulou uln gd~hu}v ef}ngud} sf`` wd`fgfu ZWG gohefeounw dh`v

obun} gdhw~`ufhc sful uln Ef}ngud} db DAW }nco}efhc wn`ngufdh g}fun}fo ohe ulou gd~hu}vef}ngud}w }nrfns uln anefgo` q~o`fbfgoufdhw db o`` z}dwzngufrn anefgo` wn}rfgnw gdhu}ogud}w

sful ohe dmuofh s}fuunh gdhg~}}nhgn b}da uln Ef}ngud} db DAW z}fd} ud oso}efhc uln

gdhu}ogu(

Uln g~}}nhu drn}wfclu wu}~gu~}n ednw hdu nhw~}n ulou g`fhfgfohw o}n z}ogufgfhc sfulfhulnf} wgdzn

(

ZG$Ad}dggd low ul}nn b~``!ufan ZGADw sld o}n `dgo``v lf}ne ZGWw( Usd o}n zlvwfgfohw

ohe dhn fw o }ncfwun}ne h~}wn( Uln ZG$Ad}dggd ZGAD Wuounanhuw db Sd}k ,WDSw&

}nrfnsne mv uln DFC wuoun ulou oggnzuom`n wkf`` `nrn`w bd} ulfw zdwu fhg`~en h~}wn

z}ogufufdhn}w zlvwfgfoh owwfwuohuw }ncfwun}ne h~}wnw ,]Hw& d} zlvwfgfohw( Uln WDSwwuoun ulou ZGAD ogufrfufnw o}n w~mingu ud uln ~`ufaoun }nwzdhwfmf`fuv ohe o~uld}fuv db uln

gd~hu}v ef}ngud} fh gdhi~hgufdh sful anefgo` w~zn}rfwfdh ohe c~feohgn b}da DAW( Ulnf}

}nwzdhwfmf`fufnw ow }nb`ngune fh uln WDSw ed hdu efbbn}( Uln ZGADw }nzd}u ulou uln}ncfwun}ne h~}wn ednw hdu gdhe~gu d} ; ldsnrn} ulnwn o}now o}n

hdu }nwu}fgune fh lfw wuounanhu db sd}k( Oeefufdho``v o`` db uln ZGADw }nzd}une ulou uln

anefgo` edgud}w o}n orof`om`n ud ln`z wld~`e uln }ncfwun}ne h~}wn enun}afhn ln hnnewowwfwuohgn(

DAW wuobb }nzd}une ulou uln}n o}n rn}v w~ggnwwb~` ZGADw sld o}n }ncfwun}ne h~}wnw m~u

}ngdchfyne ulou fh uln ^hfune Wuounw ]Hw ed hdu z}drfen ef}ngu lno`ulgo}n( DAW wuobbwuoune ulou ulnv lorn mnnh u}vfhc ud oee}nww ulfw `fafuoufdh mv z`ogfhc ]H ZGADw sful

anefgo` edgud}w sfulfh o anefgo` ~hfu( Slf`n ulfw aov mn uln gown uln DFC bd~he hd

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b~``!

ufan nq~fro`nhu ,BUN& ZGAD ohe ulou ulfw zn}wdh mn o bnao`n ^(W( h~}wn z}ogufufdhn} d}^(W( zlvwfgfoh ud owwfwu sful gdaa~hfgoufdhw g~`u~}o` oeozuoufdhw ohe anhuo` lno`ul

w~zzd}u( Oeefufdho``v ln }ngdaanhene aokfhc ZG$Ad}dggd o anefgo` nrog~oufdh wfun

ohe z`ogfhc oh OZGAD fh ]omou( Zn} lfw }nzd}u, uln OZGAD sd~`e mn oh DAW wuobb

anamn} sld sd~`e sd}k sful g~}}nhu ZGADw ud nhw~}n uln lfclnwu q~o`fuv db go}n fwdbbn}ne ud ZGRw( Uld~cl fu fw hdu n|z`fgfu`v wuoune fh lfw }nzd}u uln DFC }ngdchfynw ulou

z`ogfhc oh OZGAD fh Ad}dggd sd~`e z}drfen g`dwn} g`fhfgo` drn}wfclu mv DAW udZGADw fh Ad}dggd(

Ou z}nwnhu uln }ngdaanhene (> BUN ZGAD zdwfufdh low hdu mnnh bf``ne o`uld~cl fh o

anad eoune Engnamn} ?3 =::6 uln NAO Glfnb Oeafhfwu}oufrn Dbbfgn} gn}ufbfne uloub~hew sn}n ozz}drne bd} uln zdwfufdh( Wfhgn Hdrnamn} =6 =::6 o unazd}o}v e~uv ^(W(

lf}n Znogn Gd}zw Anefgo` Gdhu}ogud} low mnnh sd}kfhc fh ]omou ud z}drfen uln anefgo`

~hfu sful n|u}o w~zzd}u(

Oeefufdho``v efwg~wwfdhw lorn mnnh dhcdfhc mnusnnh DAW ohe uln NAO }ncfdh

}nco}efhc z`ogfhc oh OZGAD fh ]omou( Uln DFC unoa anefgo` n|zn}uw }ngdaanhe ulou

uln ocnhgv cfrn wn}fd~w gdhwfen}oufdh ud lf}fhc ad}n Oan}fgoh zlvwfgfohw ud wn}rn owOZGADw drn}wnow wd ulou o`` ZGADw sd~`e mn ad}n g`dwn`v g`fhfgo``v w~zn}rfwne mv oh

Oan}fgoh!u}ofhne zlvwfgfoh(

Sn }ngdaanhe9

?:(Ulou ZG$Ad}dggd lf}n o ^(W( d} ulf}e gd~hu}vhoufdho` ZGAD d} OZGAD ud z}drfen g`dwn}

g`fhfgo` drn}wfclu ud ZG$Ad}dggdw lno`ul ~hfu(

??(Ulou DAW owwnww sovw ud fhg}nown g`fhfgo`w~zn}rfwfdh db ZGADw, fh oggd}eohgn sful

Oan}fgoh wuoheo}ew, ohe sd}k sful C`dmo`

Dzn}oufdhw ud faz`nanhu uln hnnene glohcnw(

ZGAD Zn}bd}aohgn Aohocnanhu

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Drn}o`` uln zn}bd}aohgn nro`~oufdhw bd} o`` ul}nn ZGADw fh Ad}dggd fhefgoune ulou ulnvanu d} n|gnnene o`` uln }nq~f}nanhuw ohe fhg`~ene zdwfufrn gdaanhuw b}da DAW wuobb

ohe uln bd}an} ohe g~}}nhu gd~hu}v ef}ngud}w(

ZGADw o}n nro`~oune ohh~o``v bd``dsfhc uln Gdhufh~fhc Anefgo` Ne~goufdhgdhbn}nhgnw( Uln zn}bd}aohgn nro`~oufdh fw o a~`uf!zo}u z}dgnww fhrd`rfhc uln gd~hu}v

ef}ngud} DAW ohe uln ZGAD( Fh uln Ob}fgo }ncfdh uln OZGAD z`ovw o }d`n fh uln

zn}bd}aohgn nro`~oufdh z}dgnww( Uln ZGAD Zn}bd}aohgn Nro`~oufdh z}dgnww owd~u`fhne fh Unglhfgo` C~fen`fhn ??= w~ccnwuw eouo wd~}gnw bd} owwnwwfhc gdazdhnhuw db

ZGAD zn}bd}aohgn( Fu ednw hdu }nq~f}n ulou g~wudan} d}Rd`~hunn} bnnemogk mn

couln}ne d} ~wne ow zo}u db uln nro`~oufdh z}dgnww( DAW wuobb }nzd}une ulou o aoid}

nro`~oufrn glo``nhcn fw uln `ogk db g`dwn g`fhfgo` w~zn}rfwfdh(

Oeefufdho``v uln zn}bd}aohgn nro`~oufdh bd} ZG$Ad}dggdw ]H ZGAD fhg`~enw o

}nbn}nhgn ud o anhud}fhc }nzd}u b}da uln ~hfuw wnhfd} anefgo` edgud} ZGAD, uln

~hdbbfgfo` mdww db uln ~hfu, slfgl fhg`~enw uln bd``dsfhc gdaanhu9 -^hen}wuohew ulnfazd}uohgn db bd``dsfhc UC [unglhfgo` c~fen`fhnQ ohe wnnkfhc z}dazu gdhw~`uoufdh sful

DAW bd} o`` lno`ul gdhefufdhw ulou aov z`ogn o Rd`~hunn} ou lfcl }fwk db ad}mfefuv(- Fuo`wd fhg`~enw o w~ccnwufdh ud -gdhufh~n dh!uln!idm u}ofhfhc fh Anhuo` Lno`ul ohe CVH(-

ZGAD gdhgn}hw omd~u ulnf} sd}k`doe ohe uln c}dsfhc Rd`~hunn} zdz~`oufdh lorn hdumnnh oee}nwwne(

Fh ulnf} wn`b owwnwwanhuw wfhgn =::3 uln ZGADw fh Ad}dggd lorn }nznoune`v wuoune uln

glo``nhcnw ulou uln c}dsfhc Rd`~hunn} zdz~`oufdh low z}nwnhune ud uln Lno`ul ~hfu( Wfhgn=::3 uln ZGADw wnu bd}ul cdo`w ud go}}v d~u wfun rfwfuw ud Rd`~hunn}w ud fenhufbv ohe

nro`~oun `dgo` lno`ul go}n }nwd~}gnw ohe m~f`e `dgo` z}drfen} hnusd}kw nwzngfo``v fh

}nadun o}now ow sn`` ow ud m~f`e }n`oufdhwlfzw sful Rd`~hunn}w( Fh fhun}rfnsw sful uln

DFC nogl ZGAD wuoune ulou ulnv efe hdu lorn w~bbfgfnhu ufan ud gdhe~gu o`` db uln sd}kulou sow }nq~f}ne( Sful o bfhfun oad~hu db }nwd~}gnw ohe o wgdzn db sd}k ulou cdnw

mnvdhe ulou fu fw `nbu ud uln ZGAD ud z}fd}fufyn lfw d} ln} ogufrfufnw(

Uln DFC owwnwwnw ulou enwzfun uln fww~n db fhw~bbfgfnhu wuobbfhc lorfhc mnnh }ofwne fh owuoheo}e ocnhgv z}dgnww ulou fhg`~enw o`` zo}ufnw }nwzdhwfm`n bd} drn}wfclu wfhgn =::3 uln

fww~n sow hdu oee}nwwne mv ocnhgv d} zdwu aohocnanhu( Fh bogu Rd`~hunn} zdz~`oufdh fh

Ad}dggd low gdhufh~ne ud fhg}nown(

_~o`fuv Oww~}ohgn ohe _~o`fuv Aohocnanhu

Zn} uln BV=::6 Zn}bd}aohgn ohe Oggd~huomf`fuv ]nzd}u, Uln lno`ul db Rd`~hunn}w fwdhn db uln ocnhgvw udz z}fd}fufnw, sful fhefrfe~o`w wn}rfhc o}d~he uln sd}`e fh o ro}fnuv

db glo``nhcfhc nhrf}dhanhuw( Rd`~hunn} woufwbogufdh fw i~wu dhn db aohv gdazdhnhuw db

lno`ul ulou uln ocnhgv adhfud}w ohe nro`~ounw Ldsnrn} uln ocnhgv!`nrn`

zn}bd}aohgn fhefgoud}w bd} zn}bd}aohgn cdo` >(?(= o!g ud z}drfen q~o`fuv anefgo` ohe

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anhuo` lno`ul wn}rfgnw ud u}ofhnnw ohe Rd`~hunn}w o}n anow~}ne dh`v mv Rd`~hunn}

woufwbogufdh(

Uln wuoheo}e owwnwwanhuw g~}}nhu`v gdhe~gune mv DAW efe hdu ohe sd~`e hdu fenhufbv

uln fww~nw }ofwne sful ZGR anefgo` go}n( Uln g~}}nhu owwnwwanhuw ed hdu owwnww

sd}k nhrf}dhanhuw }n`fomf`fuv gdaa~hfgoufdh bof`~}nw `ozwnw fh zoufnhu u}ohwfufdhwfhnbbngufrn unoasd}k ohe gd``omd}oufdh d} nhw~}n ulou o g`fhfgfoh fw z}ogufgfhc sfulfh lfw

d} ln} wgdzn db z}ogufgn( ]nco}e`nww db slnuln} ulnwn o}now o}n z}dc}oaaoufg, drn}wnnh

mv uln gd~hu}v ef}ngud}, d} g`fhfgo`, drn}wnnh mv DAW, ulnv o}n g}fufgo` ud uln w~ggnww dbo lno`ul ~hfu( Oeefufdho``v ow hdune fh uln z}nrfd~w wngufdh omdrn nrnh fb uln drn}wnnfhc

zo}ufnw o}n oso}n ulou o`` }nq~f}ne sd}k bd} uln lno`ul ~hfu fw hdu mnfhc gdaz`nune hd

ogufdh low mnnh uoknh ud }nanefoun uln wfu~oufdh(

Dhn db DAWw glo}cnw fw ud adhfud}lno`ul go}n z}drfene ud Rd`~hunn}w fh d}en} ud oww~}n

q~o`fuv ohe oggd~huomf`fuv db g`fhfgo` z}dgnwwnw( Ulfw `o}cn uowk fw go}}fne d~u mv a~`ufz`n

zo}ufnw fh DAW m~u z}fao}f`v mv uln G`fhfgo` Z}dc}oaw ^hfu ohe uln _~o`fuv

Faz}drnanhu ^hfu( Zn} DAW wuobb uln drn}o`` q~o`fuv db anefgo` go}n ou zdwuw fwz}fao}f`v owwnwwne mv uln bd``dsfhc9 uln Mfnhhfo` Rd`~hunn} W~}rnv ,MRW& dh woufwbogufdh

sful anefgo` go}n; DAW wfun rfwfuw slfgl dgg~} ozz}d|faoun`v nrn}v ul}nn vno}w ohefhg`~en o annufhc sful Rd`~hunn}w ud owwnww ulnf} woufwbogufdh ohe gdabd}u `nrn` sful

anefgo` go}n; ohe ohh~o` glo}u edg~anhuoufdh }nrfnsw( Slf`n Rd`~hunn} w~}rnv

fhbd}aoufdh dh woufwbogufdh fw ~wne mv uln _~o`fuv Faz}drnanhu ^hfu ou oh occ}ncoun `nrn`

ow oh drn}o`` fhefgoud} fu fw hdu oh fhefgoud} db uln q~o`fuv db lno`ul go}n z}drfene(

Oeefufdho``v uln}n fw hd wuoheo}e anglohfwa bd} gd~hu}v ef}ngud}w ud }nq~nwu owwfwuohgn

b}da DAW fb uln}n o}n q~nwufdhw d} gdhgn}hw omd~u uln q~o`fuv db go}n z}drfene mv oZGAD( Fww~nw }ofwne mv gd~hu}v ef}ngud}w o}n oee}nwwne dh oh oe!ldg mowfw; ldsnrn} fu

fw `nbu ud uln gd~hu}v ef}ngud} ud enun}afhn slnuln} ohe lds ud gdhuogu DAW bd}

owwfwuohgn( Rd`~hunn}w ed hdu lorn oh ornh~n bd} o wngdhe dzfhfdh(

Wuoheo}e DAW owwnwwanhuw efe hdu fhefgoun z}dm`naw sful lno`ul go}n fh Ad}dggd( Fh

bogu, uln Bnm}~o}v =::< DAW wfun rfwfu hdune ZG$Ad}dggd ow lorfhc oh nbbfgfnhu ohe

gdaz}nlnhwfrn lno`ul z}dc}oa( Uln drn}o`` w~aao}v wuoune9

Uln [DAWQ nro`~oud} hdune ulou ZGAD wuobb low edhn oh n|gn``nhu idm db

z}drfefhc lno`ul go}n ud Rd`~hunn}w ou uln Ad}dggd zdwu( Go}n fw

d}cohfyne ohe en`frn}ne mv ul}nn ZGADw usd AEw ohe ]H( Ulnv lornmnnh z}dogufrn fh fenhufbvfhc o}now db faz}drnanhu ohe uokfhc uln

hngnwwo}v ogufdh bd} faz`nanhuoufdh( Uln lno`ul w~fun fw gozom`n db

wn}rfhc ow o aden` bd} Znogn Gd}zw(

Ohh~o` edg~anhuoufdh }nrfnsw db o zdwu!wn`ngune woaz`n db glo}uw efe hdu }nrno` ohv

z}dm`naw(

Ldsnrn} wuo}ufhc fh uln bo`` db =::

8/9/2019 Peace Corps Morocco Assessment of Medical Care (Redacted) Worker Death

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?=

Gdhgn}hw sn}n }ofwne fh Dgudmn} =::

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Znogn Gd}zw ednw hdu lorn o wnhufhn` nrnhu zd`fgv(

Uld~cl wuoheo}e fh uln lno`ulgo}n bfn`e ow o z}ogufgn bd} faz}drfhc q~o`fuv hnfuln} DAW

hd} ZG$Ad}dggd low o }nq~f}nanhu ud oho`vyn d} bd``ds!~z dh wnhufhn` nrnhuw(

B~}uln}ad}n ZGA wngufdh =2> dh uln Drn}wnow Enoul db o Rd`~hunn}$U}ofhnn ohe

Unglhfgo` C~fen`fhn ?2> dh Rd`~hunn} Enoul ed hdu d~u`fhn o }d`n bd} DAW(

Mv uln dhwnu db d~} owwnwwanhu Znogn Gd}zw loe hdu zn}bd}ane o wnhufhn` nrnhu oho`vwfw

db ZGR$ enoul uld~cl fu sow efwg~wwne sful uln DAW wuobb ow o wuoheo}e }nwzdhwn fhuln lno`ulgo}n bfn`e( Uln DFC q~nwufdhw slv Znogn Gd}zw ednw hdu wvwunaoufgo``v

naz`dv ulfw wuoheo}e z}ogufgn bd} `no}hfhc b}da g}fufgo` wfu~oufdhw ohe faz}drfhc q~o`fuv(

Uln z}fao}v fhunhu db ulnwn }nrfnsw o}n ud `no}h b}da ohe fenhufbv gdhu}fm~ud}v bogud}wohe }ddu go~wnw fenhufbv wvwunaw ohe z}dgnwwnw ulou }nq~f}n faz}drnanhu ohe fenhufbv

wu}ouncfnw ud z}nrnhu d} afhfafyn }fwkw db b~u~}n }ng~}}nhgn db wn}fd~w ohe wnhufhn` nrnhuw(

Fh w~zzd}u db fuw afwwfdh ud faz}drn uln q~o`fuv db lno`ul go}n z}drfene ud uln z~m`fg Uln

Idfhu Gdaafwwfdh

3

fhg`~enw uln }nrfns db d}cohfyoufdhw# ogufrfufnw fh }nwzdhwn ud wnhufhn`nrnhuw fh fuw ogg}nefuoufdh z}dgnww( Fu enbfhnw o wnhufhn` nrnhu ow bd``dsw9 o wnhufhn` nrnhu

fw oh ~hn|zngune dgg~}}nhgn fhrd`rfhc enoul d} wn}fd~w zlvwfgo` d} zwvgld`dcfgo` fhi~}vd} uln }fwk uln}ndb(

Sn }ngdaanhe9

?>(Ulou uln ocnhgv enrn`dz o wnhufhn` nrnhu zd`fgv(

3Uln Idfhu Gdaafwwfdh oh fhenznhenhu hdu!bd}!z}dbfu d}cohfyoufdh ogg}nefuw ohe gn}ufbfnw ad}n uloh?3::: lno`ul go}n d}cohfyoufdhw ohe z}dc}oaw fh uln ^hfune Wuounw( Idfhu Gdaafwwfdh ogg}nefuoufdh ohe

gn}ufbfgoufdh fw }ngdchfyne houfdhsfen ow o wvamd` db q~o`fuv ulou }nb`nguw oh d}cohfyoufdhw gdaafuanhu ud

annufhc gn}uofh zn}bd}aohgn wuoheo}ew(

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?5

@FWU DB ]NGDAANHEOUFDHW

Sn }ngdaanhe9

?( Ulou uln ocnhgv owwnww slnuln} }nwd~}gnw ohe n|zn}ufwn o}n o`fchne udz}drfen w~bbfgfnhu drn}wfclu ud drn}wnow lno`ul ~hfuw(=( Ulou DAW enrn`dz oh nbbngufrn anglohfwa bd} g`dwn} g`fhfgo` drn}wfclu

bd} ZG$Ad}dggd(

7( Ulou DAW enrn`dz wuoheo}e enbfhfufdhw db ad}mfefuv ohe wfchfbfgohuf``hnww ohe enbfhn oh nwgo`oufdh zd`fgv(

5( Ulou ZG$Ad}dggd enbfhn o anefgo` nwgo`oufdh zd`fgv(>( Ulou DAW ohe ZG$Ad}dggd enrn`dz o un`nzldhn u}focn zd`fgv bd}ZG$Ad}dggd(2( Ulou DAW ohe ZG$Ad}dggd enrn`dz o g`no} zd`fgv ohe z}dgne~}nw

ud nhw~}n ulou zoufnhu fhbd}aoufdh fw edg~anhune ohe u}ohwbn}}ne

ozz}dz}foun`v fb uln}n fw o u}ohwfufdh fh go}n(

3( Ulou DAW enrn`dz o zd`fgv dh wgdzn db z}ogufgn(

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?>

?7(Ulou C`dmo` Dzn}oufdhw ohe DAW enun}afhn o wvwuna bd} w~bbfgfnhu drn}wfclu dbZGADw ud nhw~}n q~o`fuv ohe oggd~huomf`fuv db g`fhfgo` z}dgnwwnw(

?5(Ulou DAW nro`~oun fuw g~}}nhu owwnwwanhuw ohe adefbv ow hngnwwo}v ud nhw~}nq~o`fuv ohe oggd~huomf`fuv db g`fhfgo` z}dgnwwnw(

?>(Ulou uln ocnhgv enrn`dz o wnhufhn` nrnhu zd`fgv(

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?

]NZD]UB]O^E,SOWUN,OM^WN,

OHEAFWAOHOCNANHU

B}o~e, sowun, om~wn, ohe afwaohocnanhu fh cdrn}hanhu obbngu

nrn}vdhn b}da Znogn Gd}zw Rd`~hunn}w ud ocnhgv naz`dvnnw ud uln

cnhn}o` z~m`fg( Sn ogufrn`v wd fgfu o``ncoufdhw db fhnbbfgfnhu ohe

sowunb~` z}ogufgnw, b}o~e, om~wn, ohe afwaohocnanhu }n`oune ud

Znogn Gd}zw dzn}oufdhw edanwufgo``v d} om}doe( Vd~ goh }nzd}u

o``ncoufdhw ud ~w fh wnrn}o` sovw, ohe vd~ aov }naofh ohdhvad~w(

Aof`9 Znogn Gd}zw

Dbbfgn db Fhwzngud} Cnhn}o`

Z(D( Md| >3?=6

Sowlfhcudh, EG =::73!3?=6

Zldhn9 =5!Ld~} Ud``!B}nn9

Bo|9 =:=(26=(=6:?

Naof`9 dfcJznogngd}zw(cdr