Peace Corps Mauritania Welcome Book | March 2009

8/9/2019 Peace Corps Mauritania Welcome Book | March 2009

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C ] O B N J H O B O \ \O [

Loc{ @u|u{o Pjbud|oo{~"

Njdm{c|ubc|fjd~ jd vju{ fdpf|c|fjd |j gjfd |eo |{cfdfdm nbc~~

`j{ Yocno Nj{y~*Hcu{f|cdfc# ]o c}cf| vju{ c{{fpcb cdl bjja

`j{}c{l |j ecpfdm vju }f|e u~ jpo{ |eo do| |}j voc{~$ F

~|c{|ol hv gjk }f|e Yocno Nj{y~*Hcu{f|cdfc fd Gudo ;993" ku|

F ecpo bfpol cdl }j{aol fd C`{fnc `j{ hcdv voc{~" fdnbulfdm~o{pfdm c~ c Yocno Nj{y~ Pjbud|oo{ fd kj|e |eo Nod|{cb C`{fncd

[oyukbfn cdl fd |eo [oyukbfn j` \udf~fc$ F ejyo vju }fbb njho

|j cyy{onfc|o |eo }jdlo{~ j` |ef~ njd|fdod| c~ F ecpo$

]efbo vju }fbb ecpo |j bocpo hcdv njh`j{|~ cdl oyon|c|fjd~

j` o``fnfodnv c| ejho" f` vju aooy cd jyod hfdl" vju ncd

|{clo |eo~o `j{ chcwfdm oyo{fodno~ cdl looy cdl bc~|fdm`{fodl~efy~ |ec| }fbb odecdno |eo {o~| j` vju{ bfò$ \eo{o f~

c po{v {fne oyo{fodno }cf|fdm `j{ vju |j ud`jbl eo{o$ Bo| f|

ecyyod$ \eo{o }fbb ko lf`ò{odno~ fd nub|u{o" bcdmucmo" cdl

{obfmfjd |ec| }fbb konjho opflod| fd |eo |efdm~ |ec| yojybo

ejbl ~cn{ol" fd |eof{ euhj{" cdl fd |eo }cv |eov j{lo{ |eof{

bfpo~$ _dlo{~|cdlfdm cdl {o~yon|fdm |eo~o lf`ò{odno~ }fbb ko

n{f|fncb |j vju{ o`òn|fpodo~~ cdl ecyyfdo~~ c~ c Pjbud|oo{$

Fd cllf|fjd |j c ~|{jdm ckfbf|v |j jyo{c|o ~ob`(~u``fnfod|bv"

vju{ ckfbf|v |j njhhudfnc|o fd @{odne" C{ckfn" j{ c bjncb

bcdmucmo }fbb ko c aov |j vju{ ~unno~~ eo{o$ ]o c{o ~o{fju~

ckju| bcdmucmo |{cfdfdm cdl ecpo c m{oc| y{jm{ch" ku| |eo{o f~

jdbv ~j hune }o ncd lj fd 39 }ooa~$ ^j mfpo vju{~ob` c eocl

~|c{| kv {opfo}fdm cdv @{odne j{ C{ckfn |o|kjja~" |cafdm

clpcd|cmo j` [j~o||c ^|jdo ~j`|}c{o" j{ bf~|odfdm |j bcdmucmo

YjlNc~|~1 vju }fbb ko mbcl vju lfl$


4/111

\eo Yocno Nj{y~ y{jm{ch fd Hcu{f|cdfc f~ c m{j}fdm cdl

lvdchfn jdo$ Pjbud|oo{~ c{o }j{afdm fd cm{j`j{o~|{v"

odpf{jdhod|cb olunc|fjd" ~hcbb od|o{y{f~o lopobjyhod|"Odmbf~e olunc|fjd" eocb|e" mf{b~ olunc|fjd" cdl fd`j{hc|fjd

cdl njhhudfnc|fjd |onedjbjmfo~$ Hj{o |ecd 3"699 Pjbud|oo{~

ecpo ~o{pol eo{o cdl njd|fduo |j lj fdn{olfkbo cdl fhyj{|cd|

}j{a$ ]o ejyo vju }fbb gjfd u~ fd |ef~ m{oc| clpod|u{o$ F` vju

k{fdm vju{ ejyo~" }fbbfdmdo~~ |j boc{d" cdl c ~od~o j` euhj{"

vju }fbb ko `fdo$ ]obnjho# Fh bjjafdm `j{}c{l |j hoo|fdm vju$

Jkfo O$ ^ec}

Njud|{v Lf{on|j{

[YPN" Nod|{cb C`{fncd [oyukbfn %36696> cdl

\udf~fc %366>6?


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\C K B O J @ N J D \O D \^

Hcy j` Hcu{f|cdfc

C ]obnjho Bo||o{ 3

Yocno Nj{y~*Hcu{f|cdfc Ef~|j{v cdl Y{jm{ch~ =

Ef~|j{v j` |eo Yocno Nj{y~ fd Hcu{f|cdfc =

Ef~|j{v cdl @u|u{o j` Yocno Nj{y~

Y{jm{chhfdm fd Hcu{f|cdfc =(39

Njud|{v Jpo{pfo}7 Hcu{f|cdfc c| c Mbcdno 3>

Ef~|j{v cdl Mjpo{dhod| 3>(3?

Onjdjhv 3?(30

Yojybo cdl Nub|u{o 30

Odpf{jdhod| 30(35

[o~ju{no~ `j{ @u{|eo{ Fd`j{hc|fjd ;3

Bfpfdm Njdlf|fjd~ cdl Pjbud|oo{ Bfò~|vbo ;6

Njhhudfnc|fjd~ ;6(>3

Eju~fdm cdl ^f|o Bjnc|fjd >3(>;

Bfpfdm Cbbj}cdno cdl Hjdov Hcdcmohod| >;(>>

@jjl cdl Lfo| >>(>?

^jnfcb Cn|fpf|fo~ >?

Y{jò~~fjdcbf~h" L{o~~" cdl Koecpfj{ >?(>0

Yo{~jdcb ^cò|v >0(>=

[o}c{l~ cdl @{u~|{c|fjd~ >=(>5


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@{osuod|bv C~aol Suo~|fjd~ =?

]obnjho Bo||o{~ @{jh Hcu{f|cdfc Pjbud|oo{~ 53

Ycnafdm Bf~| 6>

Y{o(loyc{|u{o Neonabf~| 39>

Njd|cn|fdm Yocno Nj{y~ Eoclsuc{|o{~ 39=


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Y O C N O N J [ Y ^ * H C _ [ F \C D F C

E F ^ \ J [V C D L Y [ J M [ C H ^

Ef~|j{v j` |eo Yocno Nj{y~ fd Hcu{f|cdfc

\eo Yocno Nj{y~ komcd }j{afdm fd Hcu{f|cdfc fd 360=$ ^fdno

|eod" hj{o |ecd 3"399 Yocno Nj{y~ Pjbud|oo{~ ecpo njhybo|ol

|}j voc{~ j` ~o{pfno" }j{afdm fd |eo nj{o ~on|j{~ j` olunc|fjd"

eocb|e cdl }c|o{ ~cdf|c|fjd" cm{fnub|u{o" cdl ~hcbb ku~fdo~~

lopobjyhod|$ Oc{bv y{jm{ch~ }o{o cfhol c| kufblfdm {jcl~"

k{flmo~" cdl lch~1 fhy{jpfdm eocb|e1 cdl |ocnefdm Odmbf~e"

hc|e" cdl yev~fn~$ \eo `judlc|fjd~ `j{ |eo nu{{od| y{jm{ch

}o{o bcfl fd |eo 3659~" }eod Pjbud|oo{~ komcd |j }j{a fd

cm{fnub|u{o cdl odpf{jdhod|cb njd~o{pc|fjd" njjyo{c|fpo~"

cdl eocb|e cdl Mufdoc }j{h o{clfnc|fjd$ Fd |eo 3669~"

|eo cm{fnub|u{o cdl odpf{jdhod|cb njd~o{pc|fjd y{jgon|~

ho{mol |j `j{h }ec| f~ dj} |eo cm{j`j{o~|{v y{jgon|" }efbo

|eo njjyo{c|fpo~ cdl |eo eocb|e cdl Mufdoc }j{h y{jgon|~

}o{o oycdlol |j konjho ~hcbb ku~fdo~~ lopobjyhod| cdl

njhhudf|v eocb|e cdl }c|o{ ~cdf|c|fjd" {o~yon|fpobv$ Fd

;999" Yocno Nj{y~*Hcu{f|cdfc {ojyodol |eo Odmbf~e bcdmucmo

fd~|{un|fjd y{jm{ch cdl n{oc|ol odpf{jdhod|cb olunc|fjd c~ cd

cllf|fjdcb y{jgon|$ Fd ;990" ju{ do}o~| y{jgon|" Mf{b~- Olunc|fjd

cdl Ohyj}o{hod|" }c~ o~|ckbf~eol$ \eo{o c{o nu{{od|bv 3?9

Pjbud|oo{~ }j{afdm fd |eo njud|{v$

Ef~|j{v cdl @u|u{o j` Yocno Nj{y~ Y{jm{chhfdm

fd Hcu{f|cdfc

Yocno Nj{y~*Hcu{f|cdfc }j{a~ fd ~opod y{fhc{v c{oc~7

njhhudf|v eocb|e" olunc|fjd" cm{j`j{o~|{v" odpf{jdhod|cb

olunc|fjd" ~hcbb od|o{y{f~o lopobjyhod|" fd`j{hc|fjd cdl

C ] O B N J H O K J J A H C _ [ F \ C D F C =


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njhhudfnc|fjd |onedjbjmfo~" cdl mf{b~- olunc|fjd cdl

ohyj}o{hod|$ Ocne j` |eo~o y{jgon|~ }c~ nej~od kc~ol jd

dool~ oy{o~~ol kv kj|e |eo mjpo{dhod| j` Hcu{f|cdfc cdlbjncb njhhudf|fo~$

Pjbud|oo{~ fd njhhudf|v eocb|e c{o }j{afdm |j fhy{jpo |eo

eocb|e j` {u{cb yjyubc|fjd~ kv mfpfdm |eo~o njhhudf|fo~ |eo

~afbb~ dono~~c{v |j {oluno |eo fdnflodno j` }c|o{(kj{do cdl

evmfodo({obc|ol lf~oc~o~$ ^yonf`fn y{jgon|~ fdnbulo y{jhj|fdm

njhhudf|v eocb|e olunc|fjd cdl |{cfdfdm pfbbcmo(kc~ol eocb|e

cmod|~$

\ocnefdm Odmbf~e c~ c `j{ofmd bcdmucmo %\O@B olunc|fjd

Pjbud|oo{~ |ocne odmbf~e |j Hcu{f|cdfcd ~|ulod|~ fd hfllbo cdl

efme ~nejjb~ c~ |eof{ y{fhc{v c~~fmdhod|$ \eov cb~j }j{a |j

fhy{jpo |eo sucbf|v j` olunc|fjd fd Hcu{f|cdfc kv }j{afdm }f|e

ej~|(njud|{v dc|fjdcb |ocneo{~" lo~fmdfdm |ocnefdm hc|o{fcb~"

cdl ~o||fdm uy bo~~jd ybcd kcda~$ Pjbud|oo{~ c{o cb~j fdpjbpolfd njhhudf|v lopobjyhod| |e{jume ju|{ocne cn|fpf|fo~" n{j~~(

~on|j{ njbbckj{c|fjd" cdl fdlfpflucb Pjbud|oo{ fdf|fc|fpo~$

Nu{{fnubuh lo~fmd cdl |ocneo{(|{cfdfdm ~yonfcbf~|~ c~~f~|

yc{|do{ fd~|f|u|fjd~ fd |eo njdnoy|fjd" y{jlun|fjd" cdl u~o j`

cyy{jy{fc|o |ocnefdm hc|o{fcb~$ \eov cb~j eoby {opf~o of~|fdm

~vbbckf cdl |o|kjja~ cdl }j{a }f|e yc{|do{ fd~|f|u|fjd~ |j

lopf~o |{cfdfdm hjlubo~ |j uym{clo |eo |ocnefdm ~afbb~ j` ej~|(

njud|{v |ocneo{~$

Pjbud|oo{~ fd |eo cm{j`j{o~|{v y{jgon| c{o yc{| j` cd fd|om{c|ol

lopobjyhod| o``j{| |ec| f~ fhy{jpfdm cm{fnub|u{o cdl `j{o~|{v

y{cn|fno~ |e{jumeju| {u{cb Hcu{f|cdfc$ Hj{o ~yonf`fncbbv" Yocno

Nj{y~ Pjbud|oo{~ c{o c||ohy|fdm |j fhy{jpo |eo ncycnf|v

j` bjncb `c{ho{~ fd ~obon|ol jc~o~ cdl pfbbcmo~ |j y{jlunodu|{f|fju~ `jjl" `j{ kj|e njd~uhy|fjd cdl fdnjho modo{c|fjd"

}efbo cb~j y{j|on|fdm mc{lod ~f|o~" pfbbcmo~" cdl jc~o~ cmcfd~|

~cdl odn{jcnehod| cdl dc|u{cb lom{clc|fjd$ C hcgj{ ohyec~f~

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^5


11/111

C ] O B N J H O K J J A H C _ [ F \ C D F C 6

j` |eo Pjbud|oo{~ }j{a f~ |eo |{cd~ò{ j` |onedfncb oyo{|f~o |j

Hcu{f|cdfcd `c{ho{~ cdl pfbbcmo{~$

Odpf{jdhod|cb olunc|fjd Pjbud|oo{~ c~~f~| bjncb njhhudf|fo~

cdl |eof{ ~nejjb~ fd {cf~fdm odpf{jdhod|cb c}c{odo~~ cdl

odnju{cmfdm ~nejjb cdl njhhudf|v hohko{~ |j cn| fd

cnnj{lcdno }f|e |eo y{fdnfybo~ j` odpf{jdhod|cb y{o~o{pc|fjd$

\eo mjcb f~ |j mo| |eo~o njhhudf|fo~ |j fhy{jpo |eof{ dc|u{cb

{o~ju{no hcdcmohod| y{cn|fno~$ \eo y{jgon| y{jhj|o~

njhhudf|v(l{fpod cdl ~u~|cfdckbo ~jbu|fjd~ |j odpf{jdhod|cb

f~~uo~ cdl ohyec~fwo~ |eo u~o j` cb|o{dc|fpo cdl {odo}ckbo

odo{mv$

Fd ~hcbb od|o{y{f~o lopobjyhod|" Pjbud|oo{~ c{o |{cd~ò{{fdm

kc~fn ku~fdo~~ cdl njhyu|o{ ~afbb~ |j ~hcbb(~ncbo od|{oy{odou{~

cdl njjyo{c|fpo~$ \eov c{o }j{afdm }f|e Hcu{f|cdfc~

fd`j{hcb onjdjhfn ~on|j{ |j ~|{odm|eod f|~ ybcddfdm" `fdcdnfcb

hcdcmohod|" hc{ao|fdm" cdl y{j`f|ckfbf|v$ \eo~o ~afbb~ }fbbfdn{oc~o od|{oy{odou{~ cdl njjyo{c|fpo~ cnno~~ |j n{olf|"

cbbj}fdm |eoh |j n{oc|o do} ku~fdo~~o~ j{ oycdl of~|fdm

jdo~$

Pjbud|oo{~ c{o cb~j }j{afdm fd y{jgon|~ lo~fmdol |j odecdno

|eo cpcfbckfbf|v cdl u~o j` fd`j{hc|fjd cdl njhhudfnc|fjd

|onedjbjmfo~$ ^yonfcbf~| fd`j{hc|fjd njhhudfnc|fjd |onedjbjmv

%FN\ Pjbud|oo{~ }j{a }f|e |eo bjncb Nf~nj Cnclohv" |eo

_dfpo{~f|v j` Djucanej||" cdl fd |eo fd|o{fj{ j` |eo njud|{v c| c

duhko{ j` do}bv o~|ckbf~eol |onedjbjmv nod|o{~$

\eo do}o~| Yocno Nj{y~*Hfn{jdo~fc y{jgon| f~ mf{b~- olunc|fjd

cdl ohyj}o{hod|$ Y{fhc{fbv |e{jume _$^$ ùdlol Mf{b~-

Hod|j{fdm Nod|o{~ %MHN bjnc|ol |e{jume ju| |eo njud|{v"

Pjbud|oo{~ y{jpflo cnclohfn cdl pjnc|fjdcb nbc~~o~ |j mf{b~ c~c hocd~ j` ~uyybohod|fdm |eof{ `j{hcb Hcu{f|cdfcd olunc|fjd$

MHN~ }o{o o~|ckbf~eol |j cll{o~~ |eo modlo{ fhkcbcdno |ec|

of~|~ fd |eo Hcu{f|cdfcd olunc|fjdcb ~v~|oh$


12/111

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^39

\eo CFL^ ycdlohfn ~|{fao~ cn{j~~ cbb ~jnfcb ~|{c|c fd hcdv

Yocno Nj{y~ njud|{fo~$ \eo bj~~ j` |ocneo{~ ec~ n{fyybol

olunc|fjd ~v~|oh~" }efbo fbbdo~~ cdl lf~ckfbf|v l{cfd~ `chfbvfdnjho cdl `j{no~ mjpo{dhod|~ cdl ljdj{~ |j {olf{on| bfhf|ol

{o~ju{no~ `{jh j|eo{ y{fj{f|fo~$ \eo `oc{ cdl udno{|cfd|v CFL^

ncu~o~ ec~ bol |j fdn{oc~ol ljho~|fn pfjbodno cdl ~|fmhc|fwfdm

j` yojybo bfpfdm }f|e EFP*CFL^" f~jbc|fdm |eoh `{jh `{fodl~ cdl

`chfbv cdl nu||fdm |eoh j`` `{jh onjdjhfn jyyj{|udf|fo~$ C~

c Pjbud|oo{" vju }fbb njd`{jd| |eo~o f~~uo~ jd c po{v yo{~jdcb

bopob$ F| f~ fhyj{|cd| |j ko c}c{o j` |eo efme ohj|fjdcb |jbb

|ec| lf~oc~o" loc|e" cdl pfjbodno ncd ecpo jd Pjbud|oo{~$ C~

vju ~|{fpo |j fd|om{c|o fd|j vju{ njhhudf|v" vju }fbb lopobjy

{obc|fjd~efy~ }f|e bjncb yojybo }ej hfme| lfo lu{fdm vju{

~o{pfno$ Koncu~o j` |eo CFL^ ycdlohfn" ~jho Pjbud|oo{~ }fbb

ko {omubc{bv hoo|fdm }f|e EFP(yj~f|fpo yojybo cdl }j{afdm

}f|e |{cfdfdm ~|c``" j``fno ~|c``" cdl ej~| `chfbv hohko{~

bfpfdm }f|e CFL^$ Pjbud|oo{~ dool |j y{oyc{o |eoh~obpo~ |j

ohk{cno |eo~o {obc|fjd~efy~ fd c ~od~f|fpo cdl yj~f|fpo hcddo{$

Bfao}f~o" hcbc{fc cdl hcbdu|{f|fjd" hj|j{ poefnbo cnnflod|~ cdl

j|eo{ udfd|od|fjdcb fdgu{fo~" ljho~|fn pfjbodno" cdl nj{yj{cb

yudf~ehod| c{o y{jkboh~ c Pjbud|oo{ hcv njd`{jd|$ Vju }fbb

dool |j cd|fnfyc|o |eo~o ~f|uc|fjd~ cdl u|fbfwo ~uyyj{|fpo

{o~ju{no~ cpcfbckbo |e{jumeju| vju{ |{cfdfdm cdl ~o{pfno |j

hcfd|cfd vju{ j}d ohj|fjdcb ~|{odm|e ~j vju ncd njd|fduo |j

ko j` ~o{pfno |j vju{ njhhudf|v$


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D J \ O


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15/111

C ] O B N J H O K J J A H C _ [ F \ C D F C 3>

N J _ D\[V J P O [ P F O ] 7

H C _ [ F \C D F C C\ C M B C D N O

Ef~|j{v cdl Mjpo{dhod|

@{odne njbjdfwc|fjd j` Hcu{f|cdfc komcd oc{bv fd |eo ;9|e

nod|u{v" ku| |eo c{oc }c~ dj| k{jume| udlo{ ùbb @{odne

njd|{jb ud|fb ckju| 36>" cdl Hcu{f|cdfc koncho c @{odne

njbjdv fd 36;9$ C~ c hohko{ j` |eo @{odne ]o~| C`{fncd

@olo{c|fjd" Hcu{f|cdfc yc{|fnfyc|ol fd |eo yj~|}c{ ~jnfcb cdl

yjbf|fncb y{jm{o~~ j` |eo @{odne njbjdfo~$ F|~ obon|ol j``fnfcb~

mcfdol k{jcl cu|ej{f|v fd 36?=" cdl Hcu{f|cdfc od|o{ol |eo

@{odne njhhudf|v c~ cd cu|jdjhju~" ku| dj| ùbbv ~jpo{ofmd

~|c|o c`|o{ |eo @{odne njd~|f|u|fjdcb {oò{odluh fd 36?5$

\eo F~bchfn [oyukbfn j` Hcu{f|cdfc }c~ y{jnbcfhol fd

Djpohko{ 36?5$ \}j voc{~ bc|o{" Hcu{f|cdfc koncho cd

fdloyodlod| ~|c|o$ @{jh fdloyodlodno ud|fb 36=5" Hcu{f|cdfc

}c~ mjpo{dol kv c nfpfbfcd {omfho bol kv Hja|c{ JublLcllce" c ]ef|o Hjj{ bc}vo{ }ej }c~ adj}d `j{ ef~ }j{a

|j o~|ckbf~e c njd~od~u~ chjdm lf`ò{od| yjbf|fncb yc{|fo~" c~

}obb c~ ko|}ood |eo ]ef|o Hjj{~" Kbcna Hjj{~" cdl Kbcna

C`{fncd~" Hcu{f|cdfc-~ |e{oo hcfd o|edfn m{juy~$ Jubl Lcllce

ohyec~fwol Hcu{f|cdfc~ C{ck eo{f|cmo }efbo n{oc|fdm c

~fdmbo(yc{|v {omfho fd }efne |eo j``fnfcb Hcu{f|cdfcd Yojybo~

Yc{|v nj(jy|ol j{ ~uyy{o~~ol cbb jyod yjbf|fncb jyyj~f|fjd$Fd 36=>" `j{ofmd fd|o{o~|~ %y{fhc{fbv @{odne fd Hcu{f|cdfc~

f{jd j{o hfdfdm fdlu~|{v }o{o dc|fjdcbfwol" cdl Hcu{f|cdfc

}f|el{o} `{jh |eo ]o~| C`{fncd `{cdn wjdo cdl n{oc|ol f|~


16/111

j}d nu{{odnv$ Jubl Lcllce òbb `{jh yj}o{ fd 36=5 }eod

ef~ cm{oohod| |j fdpjbpo Hcu{f|cdfc fd |eo yc{|f|fjd j` |eo

`j{ho{ ^ycdf~e ^cec{c bol |j hfbf|c{v loòc| fd |eo njd`bfn|$Ef~ mjpo{dhod| }c~ ~unnoolol kv c duhko{ j` hfbf|c{v

mjpo{dhod|~$

Njd`bfn| ko|}ood Hjj{ cdl djd(Hjj{ o|edfn m{juy~" nod|o{fdm

jd bcdmucmo" bcdl |odu{o" cdl j|eo{ f~~uo~" ec~ kood cd

fhyj{|cd| c~yon| fd Hcu{f|cdfcd ef~|j{v ~fdno fdloyodlodno$

Hcu{f|cdfc~ kbcna njhhudf|v ecl bjdm njhybcfdol j` {cnfcb

lf~n{fhfdc|fjd$ Fd oc{bv 3656" fd {o|cbfc|fjd `j{ |eo oyub~fjd j`

Ko{ko{~ bfpfdm fd ôdomcb" {fj|~ fd Djucanej|| cdl Djuclefkju

k{jume| pfjbod| c||cna~ jd |eo ôdomcbo~o njhhudf|v"

y{jpjafdm nbj~u{o j` |eo `{jd|fo{ cdl hc~~ loyj{|c|fjd~ j`

Hcu{f|cdfcd~ j` ôdomcbo~o j{fmfd$

Hcu{f|cdfc f~ cd fdloyodlod| F~bchfn {oyukbfn$ Hune j` f|~

nu{{od| yjbf|fncb ~|{un|u{o lc|o~ `{jh 3663" }eod yjbf|fncbyc{|fo~ }o{o bomcbfwol cdl |eo njd~|f|u|fjd }c~ cyy{jpol c`|o{

ecpfdm kood ~u~yodlol fd 36=5$ Ej}opo{" fd Cumu~| ;99?"

c kbjjlbo~~ njuy lo|c| k{jume| |j yj}o{ c hfbf|c{v gud|c

|ec| jpo{~c} |eo |{cd~f|fjd |j lohjn{c|fn {ubo$ Fd Cy{fb j`

;99=$ fdloyodlod| ncdlflc|o ^flf Jubl Neofae Cklcbbcef }c~

fdcumu{c|ol c~ Hcu{f|cdfc-~ `f{~| `{oobv obon|ol y{o~flod|$

^clbv" |eo o~|ckbf~ehod| j` c y{j(]o~|o{d lohjn{cnv fd |eo

F~bchfn [oyukbfn ec~ cb~j njfdnflol }f|e c ~hcbb duhko{

j` c||cna~ nc{{fol ju| kv c m{juy ncbbol Cb Soclc fd |eo

F~bchfn Hcem{ok fd |eo yc~| voc{$ ]efbo |eo~o c||cna~ c{o

lf~|u{kfdm" |eov }o{o cb~j po{v f~jbc|ol$ \eo Hcu{f|cdfcd bc}

od`j{nohod| cu|ej{f|fo~ ecpo {ocn|ol ~}f`|bv cdl fd|o{dc|fjdcb

j{mcdfwc|fjd~ njd|fduo |j jyo{c|o ~còbv fd |eo fd|o{fj{ j` |eo

njud|{v$

_d`j{|udc|obv" Hcu{f|cdfc-~ oyo{fhod| }f|e lohjn{cnv }c~

~ej{|(bfpol }eod Modo{cb Hjechol Jubl Cklobcwfw lonbc{ol



17/111

efh~ob` y{o~flod| j` |eo Efmeo{ ^|c|o Njudnfb jd Cumu~| 0"

;995" c`|o{ ju~|fdm Y{o~flod| ^flf Jubl Neofae Cklcbbcef fd c

hfbf|c{v njuy$

^fdno |eod" hune j` |eo fd|o{dc|fjdcb njhhudf|v ec~

njdlohdol |eo njuy cdl lohcdlol |eo {o~|j{c|fjd j`

njd~|f|u|fjdcb {ubo$ C~ c {o~ub|" hj~| djdeuhcdf|c{fcd cfl ec~

kood ncdnobbol j{ ~u~yodlol$

Onjdjhv

^yc{~obv yjyubc|ol cdl }f|e hj~| j` f|~ bcdl njpo{ol kv

|eo ^cec{c lo~o{|" Hcu{f|cdfc f~ jdo j` |eo boc~|(lopobjyol

njud|{fo~ fd |eo }j{bl$ Kobj} |eo odlbo~~ ~cdl~ bfo~ |eo

njud|{v~ hcfd dc|u{cb {o~ju{no" f{jd$ _y ud|fb ;99?" |eo

o|{cn|fjd j` f{jd j{o modo{c|ol doc{bv cbb oyj{| {opoduo~"

cdl cnnjud|ol `j{ ckju| 39 yo{nod| j` ohybjvhod|$ Fd |eo

{onod| yc~|" j``~ej{o n{ulo jfb y{jlun|fjd ec~ y{jpflol c~hcbb" vo| ~fmdf`fncd|" kjj~| |j |eo onjdjhv$ Ko~flo~ hfdfdm

cdl n{ulo jfb o|{cn|fjd" jdbv |eo `f~efdm fdlu~|{v ec~ cdv {ocb

y{o~odno fd |eo Hcu{f|cdfcd njhho{nfcb onjdjhv$ ]f|e ~une

c dc{{j} kc~o" |eo onjdjhv {ohcfd~ o|{ohobv pubdo{ckbo |j

o|o{dcb ~ejna~" fdnbulfdm nbfhc|fn necdmo~ cdl `bun|uc|fjd~ fd

}j{bl y{fno~ `j{ f|~ y{fdnfycb oyj{|~$

Lu{fdm |eo hfl(3659~ cdl |e{jumeju| |eo 3669~" Hcu{f|cdfc

fhybohod|ol c ~o{fo~ j` onjdjhfn {o`j{h y{jm{ch~

~ooafdm |j lfpo{~f`v |eo onjdjhv$ ]efbo |eo oc{bv y{jm{ch~

`jnu~ol jd fhy{jpfdm |eo dc|fjdcb fd`{c~|{un|u{o" bc|o{

y{jm{ch~ njdnod|{c|ol jd |eo lopobjyhod| j` |eo onjdjhfn

fd~|f|u|fjd~$ Fd |o{h~ j` MLY m{j}|e" |eo~o y{jm{ch~ ecpo

kood ~unno~~`ub" }f|e |eo onjdjhv m{j}fdm kv cd cpo{cmo

j` cbhj~| ? yo{nod| yo{ voc{ ~fdno 366;$ Jd |eo j|eo{ ecdl"

{cyfl yjyubc|fjd m{j}|e cdl {o~ju{no hf~hcdcmohod| ecpo

~|ud|ol fhy{jpohod| fd |eo ~|cdlc{l j` bfpfdm `j{ hj~|

Hcu{f|cdfcd~$ Cm{fnub|u{o" y{fhc{fbv ~uk~f~|odno `c{hfdm

C ] O B N J H O K J J A H C _ [ F \ C D F C 3?


18/111

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^30

cdl eo{lfdm" {ohcfd~ |eo hcfd bfpobfejjl j` Hcu{f|cdfcd~$

^fdno Hcu{f|cdfc f~ c do| fhyj{|o{ j` `jjl" |eo ~|oclv {f~o

fd |eo y{fno j` jfb cdl f|~ o`òn| jd mbjkcb `jjl njhhjlf|fo~ec~ ~ec{ybv {cf~ol |eo bjncb y{fno j` `jjl ~|cybo~" domc|fpobv

fhycn|fdm |eo lfo| j` |eo hcgj{f|v j` Hcu{f|cdfcd~$

\eo ~opo{f|v j` |eo `jjl n{f~f~ ec~ dj| vo| obfnf|ol bjncb

lohjd~|{c|fjd~ bfao j|eo{ yc{|~ j` C`{fnc$

Yojybo cdl Nub|u{o

Hcu{f|cdfcd~ c{o hj~| {odj}dol `j{ |eof{ ej~yf|cbf|v cdl

F~bchfn `cf|ekj|e {oclfbv cyyc{od| |j pf~f|j{~$ Hj~| `f{~|(|fho

pf~f|j{~ |j Hcu{f|cdfc c{o chcwol c| |eo bopob j` `{fodlbfdo~~

cdl jyoddo~~ |ec| Hcu{f|cdfcd~ oefkf|$ M{oo|fdm~ %opod

ko|}ood ~|{cdmo{~ c{o y{jbjdmol cdl oy{o~~ m{oc| {o~yon|

`j{ |eo yo{~jd kofdm m{oo|ol$ Fd njdpo{~c|fjd~ }f|e yojybo

jd |eo ~|{oo|" jdo f~ fdpc{fckbv fdpf|ol |j njho |j |eof{

eju~o" hoo| |eof{ `chfbfo~" cdl ~ec{o c hocb$ [omc{lbo~~

j` cmo" }ocb|e" j{ o|edfnf|v" Hcu{f|cdfcd~ pcbuo ej~yf|cbf|v

cdl hcdfò~| f| hj~| j`|od |e{jume ~o{pfdm |oc$ Fd c y{jno~~

~|ooyol fd |{clf|fjd cdl m{cno" muo~|~ fd c Hcu{f|cdfcd

eju~oejbl c{o ~o{pol |e{oo ~hcbb mbc~~o~ j` ~|{jdm m{ood |oc$

\eo |oc f~ hfd|v" |eo `f{~| mbc~~ suf|o kf||o{" cdl |eo |ef{l po{v

~}oo|$

Pf{|ucbbv cbb Hcu{f|cdfcd~ c{o Hu~bfh~$ F~bch ec~ c y{j`judl

o`òn| jd |eo ~jnfo|v c~ c }ejbo" c~ }obb c~ jd |eo bfpo~ j`

fdlfpflucb nf|fwod~$ \odo|~ j` |eo {obfmfjd c{o }jpod fd|j |eo

olunc|fjdcb ~v~|oh" cdl |eo Aj{cd cb~j fd`buodno~ hune j`

|eo bomcb ~v~|oh$ Pf~f|j{~ sufnabv konjho cnnu~|jhol |j

y{cvo{ ncbb~ onejfdm |e{jumeju| c nf|v j{ pfbbcmo `fpo |fho~ c

lcv$ ^j yo{pc~fpo f~ F~bch fd opo{vlcv bfò |ec| hcdv njhhjdfd|o{gon|fjd~ cdl onbchc|fjd~ c{o {obfmfju~ fd dc|u{o" ~une c~

kf~hfbbce %fd |eo dcho j` Mjl" cbechlubfbbce %|ecda~ |j

Mjl" cdl fd~ecbbce %Mjl }fbbfdm$


19/111


20/111

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^35

~|{o|neo~ ~ju|e |j |eo hc{~ev c{oc~ c{judl |eo hju|e j`

|eo ôdomcb [fpo{$ Eo{o" |eo jnocd k{oowo~ y{jpflo yo{fjlfn

{obfo` `{jh |eo eoc|" cb|ejume lo~o{| }fdl~ cb~j k{fdm `bfo~ cdl~cdl~|j{h~$

\eo `c{ dj{|e" jdno |eo ljhcfd j` |eo djhclfn eo{l~hod"

f~ j`|od {oò{{ol |j c~ |eo ohy|v bcdl~$ \ef~ pc~|" ~yc{~obv

yjyubc|ol {omfjd f~ nec{cn|o{fwol kv kocu|fùb ~ef`|fdm ~cdl

ludo~" {jna ju|n{jyyfdm~" cdl {ummol hjud|cfd ybc|ocu~ }f|e

obopc|fjd~ ckjpo 3"?99 òo|$ F{{omubc{" ~ncd| {cfd`cbb yo{hf|~

bf||bo pomo|c|fjd" cb|ejume lc|o ycbh~ c{o nub|fpc|ol c{judl

bc{mo{ jc~o~$ \j |eo ~ju|e}o~| j` |eo ohy|v bcdl~ f~ |eo f{jd

hfdfdm fdlu~|{v~ nod|o{ cdl |eo njud|{v~ jdbv {cfb{jclc


21/111


D J \ O


22/111


23/111

C ] O B N J H O K J J A H C _ [ F \ C D F C ;3

[ O ^ J _ [ N O B F ^ \ @ J [

@ _ [ \E O [ F D @ J [ H C\ F J D

@jbbj}fdm f~ c bf~| j` }ok~f|o~ `j{ cllf|fjdcb fd`j{hc|fjd

ckju| |eo Yocno Nj{y~ cdl Hcu{f|cdfc" j{ |j njddon| vju |j

{o|u{dol Pjbud|oo{~ cdl j|eo{ fdpf|oo~$ Yboc~o aooy fd hfdl

|ec| cb|ejume }o |{v |j hcao ~u{o cbb |eo~o bfda~ c{o cn|fpo

cdl nu{{od|" }o ncddj| muc{cd|oo f|$

C dj|o j` ncu|fjd7 C~ vju ~u{` |eo~o ~f|o~" ko c}c{o |ec| vju

}fbb `fdl kubbo|fd kjc{l~ cdl nec| {jjh~ fd }efne yojybo

c{o `{oo |j mfpo jyfdfjd~ cdl clpfno kc~ol jd |eof{ j}d

oyo{fodno~$ \eo jyfdfjd~ oy{o~~ol c{o dj| |ej~o j` |eo

Yocno Nj{y~ j{ |eo _$^$ mjpo{dhod|$ Vju hcv `fdl jyfdfjd~

j` yojybo }ej }o{o udecyyv }f|e |eof{ nejfno |j ~o{po fd |eoYocno Nj{y~$ C~ vju {ocl |eo~o njhhod|~" }o ejyo vju }fbb

aooy fd hfdl |ec| |eo Yocno Nj{y~ f~ dj| `j{ opo{vjdo" cdl dj

|}j yojybo oyo{fodno |eof{ ~o{pfno fd |eo ~cho }cv$

Modo{cb Fd`j{hc|fjd Ckju| Hcu{f|cdfc

}}}$njud|{v}c|ne$njh

Jd |ef~ ~f|o" vju ncd boc{d cdv|efdm `{jh }ec| |fho f| f~ fd

Djucanej|| |j fd`j{hc|fjd ckju| njdpo{|fdm nu{{odnv `{jh

|eo ljbbc{ |j |eo jumufvc$ Gu~| nbfna jd Hcu{f|cdfc cdl mj `{jh

|eo{o$

}}}$bjdobvybcdo|$njh*lo~|fdc|fjd~

Pf~f| |ef~ ~f|o |j boc{d cbb vju dool |j adj} ckju| cdv njud|{vfd |eo }j{bl$


24/111

}}}$~|c|o$mjp

\eo _$^$ ^|c|o Loyc{|hod|~ }ok~f|o f~~uo~ kcnam{judl

dj|o~ yo{fjlfncbbv ckju| njud|{fo~ c{judl |eo }j{bl$ @fdlHcu{f|cdfc cdl boc{d hj{o ckju| f|~ ~jnfcb cdl yjbf|fncb

ef~|j{v$

}}}$y~{$aoobo$cn$ua*j``fnfcb$e|h

\ef~ ~f|o fdnbulo~ bfda~ |j cbb |eo j``fnfcb ~f|o~ `j{ mjpo{dhod|~

j` njud|{fo~ c{judl |eo }j{bl$

}}}$mojm{cyev$ckju|$njh*bfk{c{v*hcy~*kbfdlo$e|h

\ef~ jdbfdo }j{bl c|bc~ fdnbulo~ hcy~ cdl mojm{cyefncb

fd`j{hc|fjd ckju| njud|{fo~ c{judl |eo }j{bl$ Ocne njud|{v

ycmo njd|cfd~ bfda~ |j j|eo{ ~f|o~" ~une c~ |eo Bfk{c{v j`

Njdm{o~~" |ec| njd|cfd njhy{oeod~fpo ef~|j{fncb" ~jnfcb"

cdl yjbf|fncb kcnam{judl$

e||y7**}}}$nvko{~nejjbku~$ud$j{m*fd`jdc|fjd*fdlo$c~y

\ef~ _df|ol Dc|fjd~ ~f|o cbbj}~ ~oc{neo~ `j{ ~|c|f~|fncb

fd`j{hc|fjd jd hohko{ ~|c|o~$

}}}$}j{blfd`j{hc|fjd$njh

\ef~ ~f|o y{jpflo~ cd cllf|fjdcb ~ju{no j` nu{{od| cdl

ef~|j{fncb fd`j{hc|fjd ckju| njud|{fo~ }j{bl}flo$

e||y7**}}}$mojnf|fo~$njh*ynhcu{f|cdfc

\ef~ }ok~f|o" n{oc|ol kv c Yocno Nj{y~*Hcu{f|cdfc Pjbud|oo{"

y{jpflo~ kc~fn fd`j{hc|fjd ckju| Hcu{f|cdfc cdl Yocno

Nj{y~ cn|fpf|fo~$

Njddon| ]f|e J|eo{ Fdpf|oo~" Nu{{od| Pjbud|oo{~" cdl

[o|u{dol Pjbud|oo{~

e||y7**h{$ynp~$j{m

\ef~ ~f|o f~ hcfd|cfdol kv Pjbud|oo{~ nu{{od|bv ~o{pfdm fd

Hcu{f|cdfc" }ej fdpf|o vju |j gjfd |eoh |j mc|eo{ fd`j{hc|fjd"

c~a suo~|fjd~" cdl hoo| vju{ `obbj} fdpf|oo~$

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^;;


25/111

e||y7**m{juy~$vcejj$njh*m{juy*yocnonj{y~;

\ef~ ~f|o ej~|~ c kubbo|fd kjc{l }eo{o y{j~yon|fpo Pjbud|oo{~

cdl {o|u{dol Pjbud|oo{~ ncd njho |jmo|eo{$

}}}${ynp$j{m

\ef~ f~ |eo ~f|o j` |eo Dc|fjdcb Yocno Nj{y~ C~~jnfc|fjd" hclo

uy j` {o|u{dol Pjbud|oo{~$ Jd |ef~ ~f|o vju ncd `fdl bfda~ |j

cbb |eo ]ok ycmo~ j` |eo `{fodl~ j` m{juy~ `j{ hj~| njud|{fo~

j` ~o{pfno" hclo uy j` `j{ho{ Pjbud|oo{~ }ej ~o{pol fd |ej~o

njud|{fo~$ \eo{o c{o cb~j {omfjdcb m{juy~ }ej `{osuod|bv mo|

|jmo|eo{ `j{ ~jnfcb opod|~ cdl bjncb Pjbud|oo{ cn|fpf|fo~$ J{

mj ~|{cfme| |j |eo @{fodl~ j` Hcu{f|cdfc %@J[FH ~f|o7 }}}$

`j{fh$j{m$

}}}$yocnonj{y~}{f|o{~$j{m

\ef~ ~f|o f~ ej~|ol kv c m{juy j` {o|u{dol Pjbud|oo{ }{f|o{~$

F| f~ c hjd|ebv jdbfdo yukbfnc|fjd j` o~~cv~ cdl Pjbud|oo{

cnnjud|~ `{jh njud|{fo~ c{judl |eo }j{bl$

Jdbfdo C{|fnbo~*Nu{{od| Do}~ ^f|o~ Ckju| Hcu{f|cdfc

3$ _dfpo{~f|v j` Djucanej|| ec~ fd`j{hc|fjd cpcfbckbo fd

Odmbf~e" @{odne" cdl C{ckfn7 }}}$udfp(dan$h{

;$ CbbC`{fnc Mbjkcb Holfc~ ~f|o f~ e||y7**cbbc`{fnc$njh

>$ \eo _dfpo{~f|v j` Yodd~vbpcdfc C`{fncd ^|ulfo~ Nod|o{

ec~ ycd(C`{fncd fd`j{hc|fjd$ ^oo |eo modo{cb {o~ju{no~

~on|fjd `j{ njud|{v ycmo~7 }}}$~c~$uyodd$olu*C`{fncdZ

^|ulfo~


26/111

Fd|o{dc|fjdcb Lopobjyhod| ^f|o~ Ckju| Hcu{f|cdfc

3$ _df|ol Dc|fjd~ Lopobjyhod| Y{jm{chho fd Hcu{f|cdfc

fd @{odne7 }}}$udly$h{

;$ \eo ]j{bl Kcda7 e||y7**}}}$}j{blkcda$j{m$ Od|o{

Hcu{f|cdfc fd |eo ~oc{ne }fdlj}$

[onjhhodlol Kjja~

^yonf`fn |j Hcu{f|cdfc cdl ]o~| C`{fnc7

3$ Nefb~jd" Yo|o{$[flfdm |eo Lohjd7 Jd |eo [jcl fd

]o~| C`{fnc$ C|eod~7 _dfpo{~f|v j` Moj{mfc Y{o~~" 3666$

;$ Ob~o" Lcpfl" o| cb$Bjdobv Ybcdo| Muflo7 ]o~| C`{fnc$

Jcabcdl" Ncbf`$7 Bjdobv Ybcdo| Yukbfnc|fjd~" 3666$

>$ HnBocd" Pf{mfdfc$ \eo ]o~|o{d ^cec{cd~$ Bcdech"

Hl$7 [j}hcd & Bf||bo`fobl" 3659$


27/111


28/111

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^;0

Kjja~ jd |eo Pjbud|oo{ Oyo{fodno

3$ Lf{bch" ^ec{jd$Kovjdl ^fko{fc7 \}j Voc{~ fd c

@j{mj||od Ybcno$ ^cd|c Kc{kc{c" Ncbf`$7 Hn^oc~ Kjja~" ;99$


29/111

C ] O B N J H O K J J A H C _ [ F \ C D F C ;=

D J \ O


30/111


31/111

B F P F D M N J D L F \ F J D ^ C D L

P J B _ D\ O O [ B F @ O ^ \ VB O

Njhhudfnc|fjd~

Hcfb

@o} njud|{fo~ fd |eo }j{bl j``o{ |eo bopob j` hcfb ~o{pfno

}o njd~flo{ dj{hcb fd |eo _df|ol ^|c|o~$ F` vju njho eo{ooyon|fdm _$^$ ~|cdlc{l~" vju }fbb ko fd `j{ c bj| j` `{u~|{c|fjd$

Hcfb |cao~ c hfdfhuh j` |}j }ooa~ |j c{{fpo fd Hcu{f|cdfc$

^jho hcfb hcv ~fhybv dj| c{{fpo" cdl ~jho bo||o{~ hcv c{{fpo

y{o(jyodol j{ }f|e nbfyyol olmo~ koncu~o ~jhojdo hcv ecpo

|{fol |j ~oo f` cdv hjdov }c~ fd~flo %|ef~ f~ {c{o" ku| f| ljo~

ecyyod$ Cb|ejume }o lj dj| }cd| |j ~judl |jj lf~nju{cmfdm"

njhhudfnc|fjd ncd konjho c po{v ~od~f|fpo f~~uo }eod jdo f~|eju~cdl~ j` hfbo~ `{jh `chfbv cdl `{fodl~$ ]o |efda f| f~ ko~|

|j `j{o}c{d vju ckju| |eo {ocbf|v j` hcfb ~o{pfno fd |ef~ yc{|

j` |eo }j{bl$ Clpf~o vju{ `chfbv cdl `{fodl~ |j duhko{ |eof{

bo||o{~ cdl |j }{f|o ]o~| C`{fnc" Cf{hcfb" cdl Yc{ Cpfjd

jd |eo odpobjyo~$

Lo~yf|o |eo yj|od|fcb lobcv~" }o ~|{jdmbv odnju{cmo vju |j

}{f|o |j vju{ `chfbv {omubc{bv %yo{ecy~ }ooabv j{ kf}ooabv

cdl |j duhko{ vju{ bo||o{~$ @chfbv hohko{~ |vyfncbbv konjho

}j{{fol }eod |eov lj dj| eoc{ `{jh vju" ~j clpf~o |eoh |ec|

hcfb f~ ~yj{clfn cdl |eov ~ejubl dj| }j{{v f` |eov lj dj|

{onofpo vju{ bo||o{~ {omubc{bv$

^odlfdm bo||o{~ cdl ycnacmo~ kv cf{hcfb f~ cb}cv~ sufnao{ cdl

hj{o {obfckbo |ecd ~u{`cno hcfb %u~ucbbv ~od| kv kjc|" }efneec~ kood adj}d |j ~ej} uy voc{~ bc|o{#

Yojybo pf~f|fdm fd |eo _$^$ ncd nc{{v hcfb kcna cdl yu| f| fd c

hcfbkj }eod |eov c{{fpo$ \ef~ f~ u~ucbbv sufnao{ cdl hj{o

C ] O B N J H O K J J A H C _ [ F \ C D F C ;6


32/111

~onu{o |ecd {obvfdm jd Hcu{fYj~|$ F` vju }cd| |j ~odl hcfb

|ef~ }cv" k{fdm ybod|v j` _$^$ yj~|cmo ~|chy~ }f|e vju ~j

bo||o{~ c{o {oclv |j hcfb uyjd c{{fpcb fd |eo _$^$

Vju{ cll{o~~ lu{fdm |{cfdfdm }fbb ko7

Vju{ Dcho" YN\

Nj{y~ lo bc Ycf

K$Y$ ;;;

Djucanej||" Hcu{f|cdfc

]o~| C`{fnc

Cb|ejume vju }fbb dj| ko fd Djucanej|| lu{fdm |{cfdfdm" vju{

hcfb }fbb ko k{jume| |j vju c| |eo |{cfdfdm ~f|o$ Jdno vju ecpo

konjho c Pjbud|oo{ cdl c{o c| vju{ ~f|o" vju hcv ecpo vju{

hcfb ~od| lf{on|bv |j vju{ cll{o~~ |eo{o

\oboyejdo~

]efbo bjncb |oboyejdo ~o{pfno f~ konjhfdm hj{o }flobv cpcfbckbo

fd~flo Hcu{f|cdfc" f| f~ ~|fbb c kf| ud{obfckbo$ Modo{cbbv" bjdm(

lf~|cdno ~o{pfno |j Ou{jyo cdl Dj{|e Cho{fnc f~ mjjl ku|

oyod~fpo$ Vju" vju{ `chfbv" cdl `{fodl~ ~ejubl ko y{oyc{ol

|j {obv hj~|bv jd bo||o{~ cdl ohcfb `j{ njhhudfnc|fjd$

Hj{o cdl hj{o y{j`o~~fjdcb Hcu{f|cdfcd~ c{o u~fdm nobbubc{

yejdo~" o~yonfcbbv fd |eo ncyf|cb cdl bc{mo{ |j}d~" cdl |eov cbb~uk~n{fko |j jdo j` |eo |}j nobbubc{ njhycdfo~ fd |eo njud|{v$

F| f~ efmebv udbfaobv |ec| c nobbubc{ ybcd kjume| fd |eo _df|ol

^|c|o~ }fbb njpo{ Hcu{f|cdfc cdl |eo ~u{{judlfdm {omfjd" }f|e

j{ }f|eju| {jchfdm nec{mo~$ \eo{o`j{o" }o ~|{jdmbv lf~nju{cmo

vju `{jh k{fdmfdm vju{ yejdo cbjdm$ Vju hcv }cd| |j yu{nec~o

c nobbyejdo jdno vju c{o fd(njud|{v$ Jdo clpcd|cmo vju ecpo

eo{o f~ |ec| f| nj~|~ vju dj|efdm |j {onofpo c ncbb jd vju{nobbyejdo %bjncb j{ fd|o{dc|fjdcb$

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^>9


33/111

C ] O B N J H O K J J A H C _ [ F \ C D F C

Njhyu|o{" Fd|o{do|" cdl O(hcfb Cnno~~

O(hcfb f~ cpcfbckbo fd Djucanej|| cdl fd cbb {omfjdcb ncyf|cb~$

Koncu~o vju }fbb y{jkckbv ecpo bfhf|ol cnno~~ %Pjbud|oo{~cpo{cmo c pf~f| |j |eo ncyf|cb jdno opo{v hjd|e" jdo jy|fjd f~

|j c{{cdmo `j{ Pjbud|oo{ `{fodl~ yj~|ol fd ~f|o~ }f|e Fd|o{do|

cnno~~ |j y{fd| ju| cdl ~odl vju vju{ ohcfb$ Hj~| Pjbud|oo{~

~o| uy c Vcejj" Mhcfb" j{ Ej|hcfb cnnjud| ko`j{o bocpfdm

ejho" mfpfdm |eo ohcfb cll{o~~ |j `{fodl~ cdl `chfbv$ \eo{o

f~ cnno~~ |j |eo Fd|o{do| fd Hcu{f|cdfc |e{jume njhho{nfcb

ju|bo|~ fd Djucanej|| cdl hj~| {omfjdcb ncyf|cb~$ ^jhomjpo{dhod|cb j{mcdfwc|fjd~ fd |eo {omfjdcb ncyf|cb~ hcv cb~j

ecpo Fd|o{do| cnno~~ cdl u~ucbbv c{o }fbbfdm |j bo| Pjbud|oo{~

neona |eof{ ohcfb$ L^B %j{ NLHC }f{obo~~ Fd|o{do| ~o{pfno f~

nu{{od|bv cpcfbckbo fd cbb ku| jdo j` Yocno Nj{y~*Hcu{f|cdfc~

3; {omfjdcb ~c|obbf|o j``fno~$ F| f~ oyon|ol |ec| efme(~yool

Fd|o{do| ~o{pfno }fbb njd|fduo |j oycdl |j bc{mo{ |j}d~ fd |eo

{omfjd~$

Eju~fdm cdl ^f|o Bjnc|fjd

Yocno Nj{y~*Hcu{f|cdfc }fbb y{jpflo Pjbud|oo{~ }f|e ùdl~

|j ~onu{o ~cò cdl closuc|o eju~fdm fd cnnj{lcdno }f|e

|eo Yocno Nj{y~ ~f|o ~obon|fjd n{f|o{fc %~oo |eo necy|o{ jd

+Eocb|e Nc{o cdl ^cò|v+ `j{ ù{|eo{ fd`j{hc|fjd$ Eju~fdmhcv {cdmo `{jh c jdo({jjh eu| }f|e dj obon|{fnf|v j{ {uddfdm

}c|o{ |j c bc{mo{ eju~o }f|e ~opo{cb {jjh~" {uddfdm }c|o{"

cdl obon|{fnf|v$ \eo Yocno Nj{y~ }fbb ycv `j{ cdv dono~~c{v

~onu{f|v cdl evmfodo fhy{jpohod|~" fdnbulfdm c }c|o{ `fb|o{$

Yocno Nj{y~*Hcu{f|cdfc c~a~ ej~| njhhudf|fo~ cdl cmodnv

~yjd~j{~ |j y{jpflo Pjbud|oo{~ }f|e eju~fdm |ec| fdnbulo~ c

y{fpc|o kol{jjh cdl kc|e*bc|{fdo `cnfbf|fo~$ Vju hcv ~ec{o c

njhyjudl j{ c eju~o }f|e c ej~| `chfbv" ku| |eo Yocno Nj{y~

}fbb od~u{o |ec| vju ecpo c| boc~| jdo {jjh |j vju{~ob`$

>3


34/111

_dbo~~ vju c{o yj~|ol |j c {omfjdcb ncyf|cb" vju }fbb hj~|

bfaobv dj| ecpo {uddfdm }c|o{ j{ obon|{fnf|v$ \ef~ hocd~ vju

hcv njbbon| vju{ }c|o{ `{jh c }obb j{ c kj{oejbo cdl ~yodlvju{ opodfdm~ {oclfdm kv ncdlbo" bcd|o{d" j{ `bc~ebfme|$ Vju

}fbb dool |j ko po{v `bofkbo fd vju{ eju~fdm oyon|c|fjd~

c~ |eo{o c{o dj muc{cd|oo~ j` cpcfbckbo %j{ njd|fduju~

obon|{fnf|v j{ }c|o{$

Bfpfdm Cbbj}cdno cdl Hjdov Hcdcmohod|

C~ c Pjbud|oo{ fd Hcu{f|cdfc" vju }fbb {onofpo `ju{ |vyo~ j`

cbbj}cdno~$

\eo Yocno Nj{y~ mfpo~ vju cd cbbj}cdno |j njpo{ vju{ kc~fn

bfpfdm oyod~o~$ \ef~ bfpfdm cbbj}cdno f~ {opfo}ol c| boc~|

jdno c voc{ |e{jume c ~u{pov j` Pjbud|oo{ oyod~o~ |j od~u{o

|ec| f| f~ closuc|o$ Ycfl fd bjncb nu{{odnv opo{v suc{|o{" f|

{cdmo~ `{jh |eo osufpcbod| j` ,;99 |j ,??9 c hjd|e$ \eo

cbbj}cdno f~ fd|odlol |j njpo{ vju{ `jjl" {od|" u|fbf|fo~"

eju~oejbl ~uyybfo~" nbj|efdm" {on{oc|fjd cdl od|o{|cfdhod|"

|{cd~yj{|c|fjd" {oclfdm hc|o{fcb~" cdl j|eo{ fdnflod|cb~$ Vju

hfme| `fdl |ec| vju {onofpo hj{o {ohudo{c|fjd |ecd vju{

ej~|(njud|{v njud|o{yc{| j{ ~uyo{pf~j{ ljo~$

C pcnc|fjd cbbj}cdno j` ,;< yo{ hjd|e f~ ycfl fd jumufvc$ F| f~cu|jhc|fncbbv fdnbulol fd |eo suc{|o{bv loyj~f| |j vju{ kcda

cnnjud|$

Vju }fbb cb~j {onofpo c jdo(|fho ~o||bfdm(fd cbbj}cdno j`

{jumebv ,>>9" ycfl fd bjncb nu{{odnv c| |eo odl j` y{o(~o{pfno

|{cfdfdm" |j kuv kc~fn eju~oejbl f|oh~ `j{ vju{ opod|ucb ~f|o$

F` |eo Yocno Nj{y~ {osuf{o~ vju |j |{cpob" vju }fbb ko mfpodcllf|fjdcb hjdov `j{ |{cd~yj{|c|fjd cdl hocb~$ \ef~ chjud|

f~ o~|ckbf~eol kv |eo yj~| kc~ol jd |eo nu{{od| nj~| j`

|{cd~yj{|c|fjd cdl bjlmfdm$

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^>;


35/111

Hj~| Pjbud|oo{~ `fdl |eov ncd bfpo njh`j{|ckbv fd Hcu{f|cdfc

}f|e |eo~o `ju{ cbbj}cdno~" cb|ejume hcdv Pjbud|oo{~ k{fdm

hjdov %nc~e j{ |{cpobo{~ neona~ `j{ ju|(j`(njud|{v |{cpob$Cbb Pjbud|oo{~ c{o ~|{jdmbv lf~nju{cmol `{jh ~uyybohod|fdm

|eof{ fdnjho }f|e hjdov k{jume| `{jh ejho$ \eo bfpfdm

cbbj}cdno f~ closuc|o" cdl Pjbud|oo{~ c{o oyon|ol |j bfpo c|

|eo onjdjhfn bopob j` |eof{ dofmekj{~ cdl njbbocmuo~$

N{olf| nc{l~ ncd ko u~ol c| jdbv c njuybo j` o~|ckbf~ehod|~ fd

|eo ncyf|cb" ku| c{o po{v ecdlv lu{fdm pcnc|fjd~ cdl `j{ |{cpob

ju|~flo j` Hcu{f|cdfc %c~ c{o C\H nc{l~$ Pjbud|oo{~ ecpo

`judl |ec| k{fdmfdm do} ,399 kfbb~ k{fdm~ |eo ko~| onecdmo

{c|o }eod necdmfdm hjdov$ @j{ ~còaooyfdm" Pjbud|oo{~ ncd

~|j{o hjdov" yo{~jdcb yc~~yj{|~" cdl j|eo{ pcbuckbo~ fd |eo

Yocno Nj{y~ ~cò fd Djucanej||$ Ej}opo{" |eo Yocno Nj{y~

bfckfbf|v `j{ ~|j{ol f|oh~ f~ bfhf|ol" ~j nc{oùbbv njd~flo{ vju{

lonf~fjd |j k{fdm pcbuckbo~$

@jjl cdl Lfo|

Pjbud|oo{~ j`|od ~|{ummbo }eod clgu~|fdm |j |eo Hcu{f|cdfcd

lfo|$ \eo |vyfncb Hcu{f|cdfcd `chfbv oc|~ of|eo{ {fno cdl

hoc| j{ {fno cdl `f~e `j{ budne %loyodlfdm jd y{jfhf|v |j

|eo {fpo{ j{ jnocd cdl nju~nju~ cdl hoc|" yc~|c cdl hoc|"

j{ nju~nju~ }f|e kocd ~cuno `j{ lfddo{$ \eo ckudlcdno j`

pomo|ckbo~ fd |eo Hcu{f|cdfcd lfo| pc{fo~ cnnj{lfdm |j |eo

~oc~jd cdl ocne `chfbv~ njjafdm eckf|~$ Mfpod |ec| hocb~ fd

Hcu{f|cdfc |odl |j ko po{v ~|c{nev cdl jfbv %hoc|~ c{o cbhj~|

cb}cv~ njjaol fd jfb" hcdv òhcbo Pjbud|oo{~ oyo{fodno

}ofme| mcfd lu{fdm |eof{ |}j voc{~ j` ~o{pfno$ Njdpo{~obv" hcbo

Pjbud|oo{~ j`|od `fdl aooyfdm }ofme| jd |j ko c necbbodmo$

Pomo|c{fcd Pjbud|oo{~ ~jho|fho~ ecpo lf``fnub|v hcfd|cfdfdm

c hoc|(`{oo lfo| fd Hcu{f|cdfc$ Po{v ò} bjncb lf~eo~ c{o

~o{pol }f|eju| hoc|" cdl f| f~ j`|od lf``fnub| |j `fdl cb|o{dc|fpo

C ] O B N J H O K J J A H C _ [ F \ C D F C >>


36/111

~ju{no~ j` y{j|ofd$ Ej}opo{" hoo|fdm lfo|c{v necbbodmo~

f~ cbhj~| cb}cv~ yj~~fkbo f` Pjbud|oo{~ c{o }fbbfdm |j ko

{o~ju{noùb cdl `bofkbo$ Njjafdm `j{ vju{~ob` f~ cb}cv~ cdjy|fjd" ku| }fbb ncu~o vju |j hf~~ ju| jd |eo Hcu{f|cdfcd

`chfbv oyo{fodno$ Fd |eo nc~o j` kofdm fdpf|ol |j ~ec{o c hocb

}f|e c Hcu{f|cdfcd `chfbv" vju }fbb `fdl |ec| vju{ ej~| ncd ko

po{v cnnjhhjlc|fdm f` vju oybcfd cdv {o~|{fn|fjd~ }eod vju

c{o fdpf|ol |j |eof{ ejho$

\{cd~yj{|c|fjd

Mo||fdm c{judl Hcu{f|cdfc ncd ko necbbodmfdm$ \cf~ %|cf~

k{ju~~o~ c{o |eo hcfd hjlo~ j` |{cpob chjdm |j}d~ cdl

j`|od od|cfb ~suoowfdm fd|j c Youmoj| ?9< }f|e ofme| j{

dfdo j|eo{ yojybo j{ ~f||fdm jd |jy j` bummcmo fd |eo kcna

j` c yfnauy |{una }f|e ;9 j|eo{ yojybo$ L{fpfdm cdv}eo{o

bjdm lf~|cdno f~ bfaobv |j od|cfb {uhkbfdm cbjdm ~cdlv {jcl~

|e{jume |eo lo~o{|$ F` vju c{o {osuf{ol |j |{cpob `j{ }j{a j{holfncb {oc~jd~" |eo Yocno Nj{y~ }fbb {ofhku{~o vju{ |{cpob

nj~|~$ ^jho Pjbud|oo{~ u~o |eof{ ~o||bfdm(fd cbbj}cdno |j

yu{nec~o kfnvnbo~$ Yocno Nj{y~*Hcu{f|cdfc y{jpflo~ eobho|~

|j Pjbud|oo{~ cdl |eov c{o {osuf{ol |j }oc{ c eobho| }efbo

{flfdm c kfnvnbo$ @j{ vju{ ~cò|v" Yocno Nj{y~*Hcu{f|cdfc

y{jefkf|~ Pjbud|oo{~ `{jh l{fpfdm j{ {flfdm jd cdv |}j( j{

|e{oo(}eoobol hj|j{fwol poefnbo %~une c~ c hj|j{nvnbo `j{cdv {oc~jd$ Fd cllf|fjd" Pjbud|oo{~ c{o dj| cbbj}ol |j j}d

j{ l{fpo y{fpc|o nc{~ fd Hcu{f|cdfc$ Pfjbc|fjd j` cdv j` |eo~o

yjbfnfo~ hcv {o~ub| fd |o{hfdc|fjd j` vju{ Pjbud|oo{ ~o{pfno$

Mojm{cyev cdl Nbfhc|o

Hcu{f|cdfc f~ ~f|uc|ol jd |eo C|bcd|fn Jnocd fd dj{|e}o~|

C`{fnc$ F| f~ kjudlol jd |eo dj{|eoc~| kv Cbmo{fc" jd |eo oc~|kv Hcbf" cdl jd |eo ~ju|e kv ôdomcb$ Hcu{f|cdfc cb~j ~ec{o~ c

bjdm kj{lo{ }f|e |eo `j{ho{ ^ycdf~e ^cec{c" njd|{jb j` }efne

f~ njd|o~|ol kv Hj{jnnj cdl cd fd~u{mod| hjpohod|" |eo

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^>


37/111

Yjbf~c{fj" ~uyyj{|ol y{fdnfycbbv kv Cbmo{fc$ \eo dj{|eo{d `fpo(

~f|e~ j` Hcu{f|cdfc f~ lo~o{|`j{ |eo hj~| yc{| udfdeckf|ol

%|eo {omfjd adj}d c~ Ob Hcgckcc| Ajuk{c$ \eo hcgj{f|v j`Hcu{f|cdfc~ fd|o{fj{ yjyubc|fjd bfpo~ fd |eo dc{{j} ~|{fy j`

^ceob cdl ~cpcddc |ec| ~f|~ ko|}ood |eo ôdomcb [fpo{ cdl

|eo ^cec{c Lo~o{|$ \ef~ c{oc j` |eo njud|{v modo{cbbv mo|~

hj{o {cfd cdl f~ c kf| njjbo{" f` hj{o euhfl$ C dc{{j} ~|{fy

j` ~cpcddc doc{ |eo ôdomcb [fpo{ |ec| f~ u~ol `j{ |eo hcgj{f|v

j` Hcu{f|cdfc~ cm{fnub|u{cb fdf|fc|fpo~ sufnabv mfpo~ }cv |j

|eo hj{o ~yc{~obv pomo|c|ol ^ceob$ @c{|eo{ dj{|e f~ |eo^cec{c Lo~o{|" }efne ~|{o|neo~ |j Hcu{f|cdfc~ dj{|eo{d

cdl oc~|o{d kj{lo{~$

Hcu{f|cdfc ec~ |e{oo hcfd ~oc~jd~7 |eo ej| ~oc~jd `{jh Cy{fb

|j Gubv" |eo {cfdv ~oc~jd `{jh Cumu~| |j Djpohko{" cdl |eo

njbl ~oc~jd `{jh Lonohko{ |j Hc{ne$ Aooy fd hfdl |ec| ej|"

njbl" cdl {cfdv c{o {obc|fpo |o{h~ cdl |ec| ~oc~jd~ y{jkckbv

lj dj| pc{v c~ hune c~ |eo jdo~ vju c{o u~ol |j fd |eo _df|ol

^|c|o~$

^jnfcb Cn|fpf|fo~

^jnfcb cn|fpf|fo~ }fbb pc{v loyodlfdm jd }eo{o vju c{o bjnc|ol

cdl hcv fdnbulo |cafdm yc{| fd bjncb no{ohjdfo~ bfao }ollfdm~

j{ kcy|f~h~" ~|j{v|obbfdm" cdl yc{|fo~ cdl lcdno~$ ^jho

Pjbud|oo{~ pf~f| doc{kv Pjbud|oo{~ lu{fdm |eo }ooaodl~ j{hcao cd jnnc~fjdcb |{fy |j |eo ncyf|cb" cb|ejume f| f~ oyon|ol

|ec| Pjbud|oo{~ }fbb {ohcfd c| |eof{ ~f|o~ |j cnnjhybf~e |eo

~onjdl Yocno Nj{y~ mjcb j` nub|u{cb onecdmo$

Y{jò~~fjdcbf~h" L{o~~" cdl Koecpfj{

Jdo j` |eo lf``fnub|fo~ j` `fdlfdm vju{ ybcno c~ c Yocno Nj{y~

Pjbud|oo{ f~ `f||fdm fd|j |eo bjncb nub|u{o }efbo hcfd|cfdfdmvju{ j}d nub|u{cb flod|f|v cdl y{o~od|fdm vju{~ob` c~ c

y{jò~~fjdcb c| |eo ~cho |fho$ F| f~ dj| cd oc~v |efdm |j

{o~jbpo" cdl }o ncd jdbv y{jpflo vju }f|e muflobfdo~$ Vju

C ] O B N J H O K J J A H C _ [ F \ C D F C >?


38/111

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^>0

}fbb ko c~~fmdol |j c Hcu{f|cdfcd mjpo{dhod| hfdf~|{v" cdl

vju c{o oyon|ol |j l{o~~ cdl koecpo c~ vju{ njbbocmuo~ lj$

]efbo ~jho j` vju{ njud|o{yc{|~ hcv l{o~~ fd ~oohfdmbv }j{dj{ ~eckkv nbj|eo~" |ef~ f~ koncu~o j` onjdjhfn~ {c|eo{ |ecd

nejfno$ \eo bfaobfejjl f~ |ec| |eov c{o }oc{fdm |eof{ ko~|$

C `j{ofmdo{ }oc{fdm ~eckkv" udhodlol nbj|efdm f~ bfaobv |j ko

njd~flo{ol cd c``{jd|$

Yocno Nj{y~*Hcu{f|cdfc ec~ fd~|f|u|ol |eo `jbbj}fdm l{o~~

njlo" {osuf{ol `j{ |eo Djucanej|| j``fno" |eo [j~~j |{cfdfdmnod|o{" cdl j|eo{ j``fnfcb ùdn|fjd~$ Yocno Nj{y~*Hcu{f|cdfc

{osuf{o~ `j{ j``fno(|vyo }j{a c~~fmdhod|~ |ec| hod }oc{

njbbc{ol ~ef{|~ cdl ycd|~$ Ycd|~ jd }jhod c{o cyy{jy{fc|o"

ku| ~ejubl ko }j{d }f|e ~ef{|~ |ec| ecdm |j hfl(|efme$ Cdabo(

bodm|e ~af{|~ %dj| ~fhybo }{cy~" bjdm l{o~~o~ |ec| njpo{ |eo

~ejublo{~"hubc`c~ %ùbb(bodm|e pofb~ }j{d kv Hjj{ }jhod"

j{ kjukju~ %{jko~ }j{d kv bjncb hod j{ }jhod |ec| mj |j|eo cdabo~ c{o cb~j cyy{jy{fc|o$ C~ |ohyo{c|u{o~ c{o u~ucbbv

suf|o efme" kuvfdm nbj|efdm |ec| f~ hj~|bv j{ cbb nj||jd f~

efmebv {onjhhodlol$ Pjbud|oo{~ ncd }oc{ cdv afdl j` ~ejo~

j{ ~cdlcb~ %}f|e j{ }f|eju| ~jna~ onoy| ybc~|fn ~ej}o{

`bfy(`bjy~$ C~ vju }fbb ko }cbafdm c m{oc| locb %hj~|bv fd

~cdl" ~|u{lv ~cdlcb~ |ec| ncd oc~fbv ko {ohjpol c{o efmebv

{onjhhodlol$ Nbj|eo~ ~ejubl cb}cv~ ko nbocd" dj| udlubv}{fdabol" cdl `{oo j` |oc{~$

Yo{~jdcb ^cò|v

Hj{o fd`j{hc|fjd ckju| |eo Yocno Nj{y~ cyy{jcne |j ~cò|v

f~ ju|bfdol fd |eo +Eocb|e Nc{o cdl ^cò|v+ necy|o{" ku| ~une

cd fhyj{|cd| f~~uo ncddj| ko jpo{ohyec~fwol$ ^|c|f~|fncbbv"

Hcu{f|cdfc f~ jdo j` |eo ~cò~| njud|{fo~ fd |eo }j{bl$ \ec|~cfl" c~ ~|c|ol fd |eo Pjbud|oo{ Ecdlkjja" konjhfdm c

Yocno Nj{y~ Pjbud|oo{ od|cfb~ no{|cfd ~cò|v {f~a~$ Bfpfdm cdl

|{cpobfdm fd cd ud`chfbfc{ odpf{jdhod| %j`|od|fho~ cbjdo"


39/111

C ] O B N J H O K J J A H C _ [ F \ C D F C >=

ecpfdm c bfhf|ol udlo{~|cdlfdm j` bjncb bcdmucmo cdl nub|u{o"

cdl kofdm yo{nofpol c~ }obb(j`` c{o ~jho j` |eo `cn|j{~ |ec|

ncd yu| c Pjbud|oo{ c| {f~a$ Hcdv Pjbud|oo{~ oyo{fodnopc{vfdm lom{oo~ j` ud}cd|ol c||od|fjd cdl ec{c~~hod|$

Yo||v |eo`|~ cdl ku{mbc{fo~ c{o dj| udnjhhjd" cdl fdnflod|~

j` yev~fncb cdl ~oucb c~~cub| lj jnnu{" cb|ejume hj~|

Pjbud|oo{~ njhybo|o |eof{ |}j voc{~ j` ~o{pfno }f|eju|

yo{~jdcb ~onu{f|v fdnflod|~$ \eo Yocno Nj{y~ ec~ o~|ckbf~eol

y{jnolu{o~ cdl yjbfnfo~ lo~fmdol |j eoby Pjbud|oo{~ {oluno

|eof{ {f~a~ cdl odecdno |eof{ ~cò|v cdl ~onu{f|v$ \eo~oy{jnolu{o~ cdl yjbfnfo~" fd cllf|fjd |j ~cò|v |{cfdfdm" }fbb

ko y{jpflol jdno vju c{{fpo fd Hcu{f|cdfc$ C| |eo ~cho |fho"

vju c{o oyon|ol |j |cao {o~yjd~fkfbf|v `j{ vju{ ~cò|v cdl

}obb(kofdm$

Ocne ~|c`` hohko{ c| |eo Yocno Nj{y~ f~ njhhf||ol

|j y{jpflfdm Pjbud|oo{~ }f|e |eo ~uyyj{| |eov dool |j

~unno~~ùbbv hoo| |eo necbbodmo~ |eov }fbb `cno |j ecpo c ~cò"

eocb|ev" cdl y{jlun|fpo ~o{pfno$ ]o odnju{cmo Pjbud|oo{~ cdl

`chfbfo~ |j bjja c| ju{ ~cò|v cdl ~onu{f|v fd`j{hc|fjd jd |eo

Yocno Nj{y~ }ok~f|o c| }}}$yocnonj{y~$mjp*~cò|v$

Fd`j{hc|fjd jd |eo~o ycmo~ mfpo~ ho~~cmo~ jd Pjbud|oo{

eocb|e cdl Pjbud|oo{ ~cò|v$ C pfloj ho~~cmo `{jh |eo

Lf{on|j{ f~ jd |ef~ ycmo" c~ }obb c~ c ~on|fjd |f|bol ^cò|v cdlônu{f|v fd Loy|e$ \ef~ ycmo bf~|~ |jyfn~ {cdmfdm `{jh |eo

{f~a~ j` ~o{pfdm c~ c Pjbud|oo{ |j yj~|~ ~cò|v ~uyyj{| ~v~|oh~

|j oho{modnv ybcddfdm cdl njhhudfnc|fjd~$

[o}c{l~ cdl @{u~|{c|fjd~

\eo lopobjyhod|cb cdl euhcd cnnjhybf~ehod|~ j` |eoYocno Nj{y~ c{o `{osuod|bv dj| |cdmfkbo j{ oc~fbv hoc~u{ol$

Y{jm{o~~ f~ j`|od `{u~|{c|fdmbv ~bj}$ \e{jume |eo Yocno Nj{y~"

|eju~cdl~ j` Pjbud|oo{~ ecpo kood mfpod |eo jyyj{|udf|v |j


40/111

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^>5

ecpo c ecdl" opod f` gu~| c ~hcbb jdo" fd ~ecyfdm ej} ~jho

j` |eo }j{bl~ doolfo~| yojybo bfpo$ C| |eo ~cho |fho" |eo

}j{bl ec~ kood mfpod c yo{~jdcb pfo} j` fdlfpflucb Cho{fncd~yu||fdm |eof{ flocb~ |j }j{a$

\eo onf|ohod| cdl clpod|u{o j` |eo Pjbud|oo{ oyo{fodno

c{o" fd ~jho hoc~u{o" c {o~ub| j` f|~ udy{olfn|ckfbf|v$

\eo{o }fbb ko udoyon|ol gjv~" c~ }obb c~ udoyon|ol

lf~cyyjfd|hod|~$ Vju njubl `fdl ybcd~ `j{ c eocb|e nbfdfn

ncdnobol c| |eo bc~| hfdu|o koncu~o |eo Loyc{|hod| j`

Eocb|e ec~ kood {oj{mcdfwol$ Vju{ ybcd |j lfm c }obb hfme|

ko eobl uy kv c suc{{ob ko|}ood bjncb m{juy~ jpo{ }ej f~

|j lj |eo lfmmfdm j{ koncu~o |eo {osuf{ol hc|o{fcb~ ncddj|

ko lobfpo{ol c~ ~neolubol$ \eo j``fnfcb |j }ejh vju }o{o

~uyyj~ol |j {oyj{| hfme| ko {oybcnol kv c ~unno~~j{ }ej

adj}~ bf||bo ckju| c ~neolubol y{jgon|$ ûne pc{fckbo~ ncd

o{jlo |eo od|eu~fc~h" yc|fodno" cdl flocbf~h j` c Pjbud|oo{$

Vju{ ~unno~~ }fbb j`|od loyodl uyjd lo|o{hfdc|fjd" yc|fodno"

cdl |eo ckfbf|v |j `fdl cdj|eo{ }cv$ \eo Pjbud|oo{ cb}cv~ ec~

|j ko ckbo |j njho uy }f|e c Ybcd K$ C kfm yc{| j` |eo Yocno

Nj{y~ f~ |eo necbbodmo |j {ohcfd `bofkbo" odo{mo|fn" cdl

ejyoùb c| c |fho }eod f| }jubl ko oc~v |j mfpo fd |j nvdfnf~h

j{ fdlf`ò{odno$

Flocbbv" c Pjbud|oo{~ bfò~|vbo cdl }j{a ~ejubl ho{mo$Cnnoy|fdm |eo njhhudf|v cdl kofdm cnnoy|ol kv f| c{o

o~~od|fcb `j{ ~unno~~$ Fd kj|e |eof{ lcfbv bfpo~ cdl gjk~" c

Pjbud|oo{ hu~| |cao nc{o |j cpjfl |eo fdeo{od| cyyoc{cdno

j` c{{jmcdno fd |eo yj~f|fjd j` cd ju|~flo{ }ej ec~ njho |j

k{fdm necdmo cdl fhy{jpohod|~$ Pjbud|oo{~ `fdl |ec| c~

|eov bfpo cdl }j{a" |eov boc{d `{jh |eo yojybo j` |eof{ ej~|

njud|{v c| boc~| c~ hune c~ |eov |ocne |eoh$ Fd ljfdm ~j" |eovncd odecdno |eof{ o``j{| |j cnefopo |eo |ef{l mjcb j` |eo Yocno

Nj{y~ kv k{fdmfdm |eof{ ej~| njud|{v oyo{fodno~ ejho |j |eo

_df|ol ^|c|o~$


41/111

C ] O B N J H O K J J A H C _ [ F \ C D F C >6

D J \ O


42/111


43/111

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^

\ [ C F D F D M

Jpo{pfo} j` Y{o(ô{pfno \{cfdfdm

\eo jpo{cbb mjcb j` Hcu{f|cdfc~ y{o(~o{pfno |{cfdfdm

%Y^\ y{jm{ch f~ |j y{jpflo vju }f|e |eo dono~~c{v

bcdmucmo" |onedfncb" nj{o %n{j~~(nub|u{cb cdl njhhudf|v

lopobjyhod|" cdl yo{~jdcb eocb|e ~afbb~ |j }j{a cdl bfpo

o`òn|fpobv c~ c Yocno Nj{y~ Pjbud|oo{ fd Hcu{f|cdfc$ Yocno

Nj{y~*Hcu{f|cdfc~ |{cfdfdm yefbj~jyev ohyec~fwo~ cn|fpo"

yc{|fnfyc|j{v boc{dfdm$ \eo |{cfdfdm y{jm{ch ~|{o~~o~ y{cn|fncb"

oyo{fod|fcb ho|ejl~" u~fdm |eo {o~ju{no~ j` |eo |{cfdfdm

njhhudf|v cdl u|fbfwfdm |eo adj}bolmo cdl oyo{fodno~ j`

|{cfdoo~" |{cfdo{~" cdl njud|o{yc{|~$ N{f|fncb |efdafdm" y{jkboh

~jbpfdm" `jnu~ol jk~o{pc|fjd~" cdl ecdl~(jd y{cn|fno c{o

odnju{cmol$ Vju }fbb ko oyon|ol |j konjho y{jm{o~~fpobv

hj{o fdloyodlod| cdl |j |cao nec{mo j` vju{ j}d boc{dfdm$

Njbbckj{c|fjd" jyod njhhudfnc|fjd" cdl c |}j(}cv òolkcna

~v~|oh c{o o~~od|fcb njhyjdod|~ j` c ~unno~~ùb y{jm{ch$

\{cfdfdm f~ cb~j c |fho |j {opfo} vju{ lonf~fjd |j gjfd |eo

Yocno Nj{y~ `j{ |}j voc{~$

Fd 3666" Yocno Nj{y~*Hcu{f|cdfc fhybohod|ol c njhhudf|v(

kc~ol |{cfdfdm cyy{jcne$ \ef~ hocd~ |ec| |{cfdoo~ c{o ybcnol

fd njhhudf|fo~ |ec| {o~ohkbo |eof{ `fdcb Pjbud|oo{ ~f|o

c~~fmdhod|~$ Vju }fbb bfpo fd |eo~o njhhudf|fo~ }f|e uy |j

|e{oo j|eo{ |{cfdoo~ cdl c `cnfbf|c|j{$ \eo `cnfbf|c|j{ }fbb ko

cpcfbckbo `j{ ~|{un|u{ol bcdmucmo nbc~~o~" |onedfncb `fobl}j{a"

cdl n{j~~(nub|u{cb boc{dfdm$ J|eo{ ~|c`` %|onedfncb" eocb|e"cdl n{j~~(nub|u{cb njj{lfdc|j{~ }fbb pf~f| vju{ njhhudf|v

`{jh |fho |j |fho" cdl vju }fbb hoo| }f|e j|eo{ |{cfdoo~ fd

vju{ y{jgon| cdl }f|e |eo od|f{o |{cfdfdm m{juy c| {omubc{bv



44/111

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^


45/111

vju{ ~o{pfno$ \eo~o ~afbb~ c{o n{f|fncb |j vju{ gjk yo{`j{hcdno"

|eov eoby vju fd|om{c|o fd|j vju{ njhhudf|v" cdl |eov ncd

oc~o vju{ yo{~jdcb clcy|c|fjd |j |eo do} ~u{{judlfdm~$\eo{o`j{o" bcdmucmo fd~|{un|fjd f~ c| |eo eoc{| j` |eo |{cfdfdm

y{jm{ch" cdl vju hu~| ~unno~~ùbbv hoo| hfdfhuh bcdmucmo

{osuf{ohod|~ |j njhybo|o |{cfdfdm cdl ko fdpf|ol |j konjho

c Pjbud|oo{$ Oyo{fodnol Hcu{f|cdfcd bcdmucmo fd~|{un|j{~

|ocne `j{hcb bcdmucmo nbc~~o~ ~f lcv~ c }ooa fd ~hcbb nbc~~o~

j` |e{oo |j `fpo yojybo$ \eo Hcu{f|cdfcd bcdmucmo~ c{o cb~j

fd|{jlunol fd |eo eocb|e" nub|u{o" cdl |onedfncb njhyjdod|~j` |{cfdfdm$

Vju{ bcdmucmo |{cfdfdm u|fbfwo~ c njhhudf|v(kc~ol cyy{jcne$

Fd cllf|fjd |j nbc~~{jjh |fho" vju }fbb ko mfpod c~~fmdhod|~

|j }j{a jd ju|~flo j` |eo nbc~~{jjh cdl }f|e vju{ ej~| `chfbv$

\eo mjcb f~ |j mo| vju |j c yjfd| j` kc~fn ~jnfcb njhhudfnc|fjd

~afbb~ ~j |ec| vju ncd y{cn|fno cdl lopobjy bcdmucmo ~afbb~

ù{|eo{ jd vju{ j}d$ Y{fj{ |j vju{ ~}oc{fdm fd c~ c Pjbud|oo{"

vju }fbb }j{a jd ~|{c|omfo~ |j njd|fduo bcdmucmo ~|ulfo~

lu{fdm vju{ |}j voc{~ j` ~o{pfno$

Cbb |{cfdoo~ hu~| c||cfd cd fd|o{holfc|o bopob y{j`fnfodnv fd

jdo j` |eo bcdmucmo~ ~yjaod fd Hcu{f|cdfc fd j{lo{ |j ~}oc{(fd

c~ c Pjbud|oo{$

N{j~~(Nub|u{cb \{cfdfdm

C~ yc{| j` vju{ y{o(~o{pfno |{cfdfdm" vju }fbb bfpo }f|e c

Hcu{f|cdfcd ej~| `chfbv$ \ef~ oyo{fodno f~ lo~fmdol |j oc~o

vju{ |{cd~f|fjd |j bfò c| vju{ ~f|o$ @chfbfo~ ecpo mjdo |e{jume

cd j{fod|c|fjd njdlun|ol kv |eo Yocno Nj{y~ ~|c`` |j oybcfd

|eo yu{yj~o j` |eo y{o(~o{pfno |{cfdfdm y{jm{ch cdl |j c~~f~|

|eoh fd eobyfdm vju clcy| |j bfpfdm fd Hcu{f|cdfc$ HcdvPjbud|oo{~ `j{h ~|{jdm cdl bc~|fdm `{fodl~efy~ }f|e |eof{ ej~|

`chfbfo~$



46/111

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^

N{j~~(nub|u{cb cdl njhhudf|v lopobjyhod| cb~j }fbb ko

njpo{ol fd vju{ y{o(~o{pfno |{cfdfdm |j eoby fhy{jpo vju{ ~afbb~

j` yo{noy|fjd" njhhudfnc|fjd" cdl `cnfbf|c|fjd$ \jyfn~ ~unec~ njhhudf|v hjkfbfwc|fjd" njd`bfn| {o~jbu|fjd" modlo{ cdl

lopobjyhod|" cdl |{clf|fjdcb cdl yjbf|fncb ~|{un|u{o~ c{o cb~j

cll{o~~ol$

Eocb|e \{cfdfdm

Lu{fdm y{o(~o{pfno |{cfdfdm" vju }fbb ko mfpod kc~fn holfncb

|{cfdfdm cdl fd`j{hc|fjd$ Vju c{o oyon|ol |j y{cn|fnoy{opod|fpo eocb|e nc{o cdl |j |cao {o~yjd~fkfbf|v `j{ vju{

j}d eocb|e kv cleo{fdm |j cbb holfncb yjbfnfo~$ C~ c |{cfdoo"

vju c{o {osuf{ol |j c||odl cbb holfncb ~o~~fjd~$ \eo |jyfn~

fdnbulo y{opod|fpo eocb|e hoc~u{o~ cdl hfdj{ cdl hcgj{

holfncb f~~uo~ |ec| vju hfme| odnjud|o{ }efbo fd Hcu{f|cdfc$

Du|{f|fjd" hod|cb eocb|e" ~cò|v cdl ~onu{f|v" ~o||fdm uy c

~cò bfpfdm njhyjudl" cdl ej} |j cpjfl EFP*CFL^ cdl j|eo{~oucbbv |{cd~hf||ol lf~oc~o~ %^\L~ c{o cb~j njpo{ol$

^cò|v \{cfdfdm

Lu{fdm |eo {osuf{ol ~cò|v |{cfdfdm ~o~~fjd~" vju }fbb boc{d

ej} |j cljy| c bfò~|vbo |ec| {oluno~ {f~a fd vju{ ejho" c|

}j{a" cdl lu{fdm vju{ |{cpob~$ Vju }fbb cb~j boc{d cyy{jy{fc|o"

o`òn|fpo ~|{c|omfo~ `j{ njyfdm }f|e ud}cd|ol c||od|fjd cdl

ckju| vju{ fdlfpflucb {o~yjd~fkfbf|v `j{ y{jhj|fdm ~cò|v

|e{jumeju| vju{ ~o{pfno$

Cllf|fjdcb \{cfdfdm~ Lu{fdm Pjbud|oo{ ô{pfno

Fd f|~ njhhf|hod| |j fd~|f|u|fjdcbfwo sucbf|v |{cfdfdm" |eo

Yocno Nj{y~ ec~ fhybohod|ol c |{cfdfdm ~v~|oh |ec| y{jpflo~

|{cfdoo~ cdl Pjbud|oo{~ }f|e njd|fducb jyyj{|udf|fo~ |j

ochfdo |eof{ njhhf|hod| |j Yocno Nj{y~ ~o{pfno }efbo

fdn{oc~fdm |eof{ |onedfncb cdl n{j~~(nub|u{cb ~afbb~$


47/111

Lu{fdm vju{ ~o{pfno" |eo{o c{o u~ucbbv |e{oo |{cfdfdm opod|~$

\eo |f|bo~ cdl jkgon|fpo~ `j{ |ej~o |{cfdfdm~ c{o c~ `jbbj}~7

Fd(~o{pfno |{cfdfdm7 Y{jpflo~ cd jyyj{|udf|v `j{Pjbud|oo{~ |j uym{clo |eof{ |onedfncb" bcdmucmo"

cdl y{jgon| lopobjyhod| ~afbb~ }efbo ~ec{fdm |eof{

oyo{fodno~ cdl {oc``f{hfdm |eof{ njhhf|hod| c`|o{

ecpfdm ~o{pol `j{ |e{oo |j ~f hjd|e~$

Oc{bv \o{h [onjddon| cdl Hfl|o{h [onjddon| %ljdo

fd njdgudn|fjd }f|e |eo |onedfncb ~on|j{ fd(~o{pfno

|{cfdfdm7 Eoby~ Pjbud|oo{~ {opfo} |eof{ `f{~| suc{|o{

cdl `f{~| voc{$ \eo~o ~o~~fjd~ cb~j eoby Pjbud|oo{~

{oc~~o~~ |eof{ yo{~jdcb cdl y{jgon| jkgon|fpo~ cdl ybcd

`j{ |eof{ ~onjdl voc{ j` ~o{pfno$

Nbj~o(j`(~o{pfno njd`o{odno7 Y{oyc{o~ Pjbud|oo{~ `j{

|eof{ `u|u{o c`|o{ Yocno Nj{y~ ~o{pfno cdl {opfo}~ |eof{

{o~yon|fpo y{jgon|~ cdl yo{~jdcb oyo{fodno~$

\eo duhko{" bodm|e" cdl lo~fmd j` |eo~o |{cfdfdm~ c{o clcy|ol|j njud|{v(~yonf`fn dool~ cdl njdlf|fjd~$ \eo aov |j |eo

|{cfdfdm ~v~|oh f~ |ec| |{cfdfdm opod|~ c{o fd|om{c|ol cdl

fd|o{{obc|ol" `{jh |eo y{o(loyc{|u{o j{fod|c|fjd |e{jume

|eo odl j` vju{ ~o{pfno" cdl c{o ybcddol" fhybohod|ol" cdl

opcbuc|ol njjyo{c|fpobv kv |eo |{cfdfdm ~|c``" Yocno Nj{y~

~|c``" cdl Pjbud|oo{~$



48/111


49/111

V J _ [ E O C B\ E N C [ O C D L

^ C @ O \ V F D H C _ [ F \C D F C\eo Yocno Nj{y~ efmeo~| y{fj{f|v f~ hcfd|cfdfdm |eo mjjl

eocb|e cdl ~cò|v j` ocne Pjbud|oo{$ Yocno Nj{y~ holfncb

y{jm{ch~ ohyec~fwo |eo y{opod|fpo" {c|eo{ |ecd |eo nu{c|fpo"

cyy{jcne |j fbbdo~~$ \eo Yocno Nj{y~ fd Hcu{f|cdfc hcfd|cfd~

c nbfdfn }f|e |}j ùbb(|fho cdl jdo yc{|(|fho Yocno Nj{y~

holfncb j``fno{~ %YNHJ~" }ej |cao nc{o j` Pjbud|oo{~

y{fhc{v eocb|e nc{o dool~$ Cllf|fjdcb holfncb ~o{pfno~"

~une c~ |o~|fdm cdl kc~fn |{oc|hod|" c{o cb~j cpcfbckbo fd

Hcu{f|cdfc c| bjncb ej~yf|cb~$ F` vju konjho ~o{fju~bv fbb" vju

}fbb ko |{cd~yj{|ol of|eo{ |j cd Cho{fncd ~|cdlc{l holfncb

`cnfbf|v fd |eo {omfjd j{ |j |eo _df|ol ^|c|o~$

Eocb|e F~~uo~ fd Hcu{f|cdfc

Hcgj{ eocb|e y{jkboh~ chjdm Yocno Nj{y~ Pjbud|oo{~ fd

Hcu{f|cdfc c{o {c{o cdl c{o j`|od |eo {o~ub| j` c Pjbud|oo{

`cfbfdm |j |cao y{opod|fpo hoc~u{o~ |j ~|cv eocb|ev$ \eo

hj~| njhhjd eocb|e y{jkboh~ eo{o c{o hfdj{ jdo~ |ec|

c{o cb~j `judl fd |eo _df|ol ^|c|o~" ~une c~ njbl~" lfc{{eoc"

eohj{{ejfl~" njd~|fyc|fjd" ~fdu~ fdòn|fjd~" ~afd fdòn|fjd~"eoclcneo~" lod|cb y{jkboh~" hfdj{ fdgu{fo~" ^\L~" clgu~|hod|

lf~j{lo{~" ohj|fjdcb y{jkboh~" cdl cbnjejb cku~o$ \eo~o

y{jkboh~ hcv ko hj{o `{osuod| j{ njhyjudlol kv bfò fd

Hcu{f|cdfc koncu~o no{|cfd odpf{jdhod|cb `cn|j{~ eo{o {cf~o

|eo {f~a cdl*j{ ocno{kc|o |eo ~opo{f|v j` fbbdo~~ cdl fdgu{fo~$

\eo hj~| njhhjd hcgj{ eocb|e njdno{d~ eo{o c{o hcbc{fc"

chjokfn lv~od|o{v" mfc{lfc" ~nef~|j~jhfc~f~" eoyc|f|f~"

cdl EFP*CFL^$ Koncu~o hcbc{fc f~ odlohfn fd Hcu{f|cdfc"

Pjbud|oo{~ hu~| |cao cd|f(hcbc{fcb holfnc|fjd$ Vju }fbb cb~j

ko pcnnfdc|ol cmcfd~| eoyc|f|f~ C cdl K" hodfdmf|f~ C cdl N"



50/111

|o|cdu~*lfye|eo{fc" |vyejfl" cdl {ckfo~$ Chjokfn lv~od|o{v

cdl mfc{lfc ncd ko cpjflol kv |ej{jumebv }c~efdm `{uf|~ cdl

pomo|ckbo~ cdl of|eo{ kjfbfdm vju{ l{fdafdm }c|o{" u~fdm c}c|o{ `fb|o{ j{ u~fdm nebj{fdo |j |{oc| vju{ }c|o{$ Cllf|fjdcbbv"

kv dj| ~}fhhfdm j{ kc|efdm fd `{o~e}c|o{ bcao~" yjdl~" cdl

{fpo{~" vju ncd cpjfl njd|{cn|fdm ~nef~|j~jhfc~f~$

Eobyfdm Vju ^|cv Eocb|ev

\eoYocno Nj{y~ }fbb y{jpflo vju }f|e cbb |eo dono~~c{vfdjnubc|fjd~" holfnc|fjd~" cdl fd`j{hc|fjd |j ~|cv eocb|ev$

_yjd vju{ c{{fpcb fd Hcu{f|cdfc" vju }fbb {onofpo c holfncb

ecdlkjja cdl c `f{~| cfl af| }f|e ~uyybfo~ |j |cao nc{o j` hfbl

fbbdo~~o~ cdl `f{~| cfl dool~ vju hcv odnjud|o{ c| vju{ ~f|o$

\eo njd|od|~ j` |eo af| c{o bf~|ol bc|o{ fd |ef~ necy|o{$

Lu{fdm y{o(~o{pfno |{cfdfdm" vju }fbb ecpo cnno~~ |j kc~fn

`f{~| cfl ~uyybfo~ |e{jume vju{ holfncb af| j{ |eo holfncb

j``fno{$ Ej}opo{" lu{fdm |ef~ |fho" vju }fbb ko {o~yjd~fkbo `j{

vju{ j}d ~uyybv j` y{o~n{fy|fjd l{um~ cdl cdv j|eo{ ~yonf`fn

holfncb ~uyybfo~ vju {osuf{o" c~ }o }fbb dj| j{lo{ |eo~o f|oh~

lu{fdm |{cfdfdm$ Yboc~o k{fdm c |e{oo(hjd|e ~uyybv j` cdv

y{o~n{fy|fjd l{um~ vju u~o" ~fdno |eov hcv dj| ko cpcfbckbo

eo{o cdl f| hcv |cao ~opo{cb hjd|e~ `j{ do} ~efyhod|~ |j

c{{fpo$

Vju }fbb ecpo lod|cb cdl yev~fncb och~ |}fno" c| hfl(~o{pfno

cdl c| |eo odl j` vju{ ~o{pfno$ F` vju lopobjy c ~o{fju~

holfncb y{jkboh lu{fdm vju{ ~o{pfno" |eo holfncb j``fno{ fd

Hcu{f|cdfc }fbb njd~ub| }f|e |eo J``fno j` Holfncb ^o{pfno~

fd ]c~efdm|jd" L$N$ F` f| f~ lo|o{hfdol |ec| vju{ njdlf|fjd

ncddj| ko |{oc|ol fd Hcu{f|cdfc" vju hcv ko ~od| ju| j` |eonjud|{v `j{ `u{|eo{ opcbuc|fjd cdl nc{o$

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^


51/111


Hcfd|cfdfdm Vju{ Eocb|e

C~ c Pjbud|oo{" vju hu~| cnnoy| c no{|cfd chjud| j`

{o~yjd~fkfbf|v `j{ vju{ j}d eocb|e$ Y{jyo{ y{oncu|fjd~ }fbb

~fmdf`fncd|bv {oluno vju{ {f~a j` ~o{fju~ fbbdo~~ j{ fdgu{v$ \eo

jbl clcmo Cd judno j` y{opod|fjd konjho~ o|{ohobv

fhyj{|cd| fd c{oc~ }eo{o holfncb lfcmdj~|fn cdl |{oc|hod|

`cnfbf|fo~ c{o dj| uy |j |eo ~|cdlc{l~ j` |eo _df|ol ^|c|o~$

\eo hj~| fhyj{|cd| j` vju{ {o~yjd~fkfbf|fo~ fd Hcu{f|cdfc f~ |j

|cao y{opod|fpo hoc~u{o~ `j{ |eo `jbbj}fdm7

Hcbc{fc f~ odlohfn fd hj~| c{oc~ j` |eo Yocno Nj{y~ }j{bl"

fdnbulfdm Hcu{f|cdfc$ @j{ cbb Pjbud|oo{~ ~o{pfdm fd hcbc{fc

odlohfn c{oc~" j{ `j{ |ej~o |{cpobfdm fd hcbc{fc odlohfn

c{oc~" f| f~ o|{ohobv fhyj{|cd| |j `ubbv njhybv }f|e |eo

{onjhhodlol l{um {omfhod |j y{opod| hcbc{fc$ Hcbc{fc ncd

ko {cyflbv `c|cb fd yojybo }ej ecpo dj dc|u{cb fhhudf|v |j

|eo lf~oc~o %bfao Pjbud|oo{~$ \eu~" f| f~ hcdlc|j{v |ec| vju

|cao vju{ hcbc{fc y{jyevbcf~ {omubc{bv$ Vju{ holfncb j``fno{

}fbb lf~nu~~ ~yonf`fn {onjhhodlc|fjd~ `j{ |eo y{opod|fjd j`

hcbc{fc fd Hcu{f|cdfc$

[ckfo~ f~ y{o~od| fd Hcu{f|cdfc$ Cdv yj~~fkbo oyj~u{o |j c

{ckfl cdfhcb hu~| ko {oyj{|ol fhholfc|obv |j |eo holfncb

j``fno$ [ckfo~ oyj~u{o ncd jnnu{ |e{jume cdfhcb kf|o~"~n{c|neo~ `{jh cdfhcb~ |oo|e" cdl njd|cn| }f|e cdfhcb ~cbfpc$

Vju{ holfncb j``fno{ }fbb |cao fd|j njd~flo{c|fjd hcdv `cn|j{~

|j lonflo |eo cyy{jy{fc|o nju{~o j` |eo{cyv dono~~c{v |j

y{opod| {ckfo~$ [ckfo~" f` njd|{cn|ol" f~ 399 yo{nod| `c|cb$ Cbb

dono~~c{v {ckfo~ fhhudfwc|fjd~ }fbb ko mfpod kv |eo Yocno

Nj{y~ holfncb j``fno$

Pjbud|oo{~ c{o {osuf{ol |j }oc{ c y{j|on|fpo eobho| }eodopo{

{flfdm jd c |}j(}eoobol poefnbo %f$o$" kfnvnbo$ @cfbu{o

|j njhybv }f|e |ef~ {omubc|fjd }fbb {o~ub| fd fhholfc|o

clhfdf~|{c|fpo ~oyc{c|fjd `{jh |eo Yocno Nj{y~$ \ef~ hocd~


52/111

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^

vju }fbb ko ~od| ejho1 |eo{o f~ dj cyyocb$ Pjbud|oo{~ c{o dj|

yo{hf||ol |j jyo{c|o j{ {flo jd hj|j{nvnbo~ c~ c yc~~odmo{$

F| f~ n{f|fncb |j vju{ eocb|e |ec| vju y{jhy|bv {oyj{| |j |eo

holfncb j``fno j{ j|eo{ lo~fmdc|ol `cnfbf|v `j{ ~neolubol

fhhudfwc|fjd~" cdl |ec| vju bo| vju{ holfncb j``fno{ adj}

fhholfc|obv j` ~fmdf`fncd| fbbdo~~ cdl fdgu{fo~$

Pjbud|oo{~ hu~| cb~j cleo{o |j {onjhhodlol ~|cdlc{l~

`j{ `jjl cdl }c|o{ y{oyc{c|fjd$ Hcdv lf~oc~o~ |ec| c``bfn|

Pjbud|oo{~ }j{bl}flo c{o od|f{obv y{opod|ckbo f` y{jyo{ `jjlcdl }c|o{ y{oncu|fjd~ c{o |caod$ \eo~o lf~oc~o~ fdnbulo

`jjl yjf~jdfdm" yc{c~f|fn fdòn|fjd~" eoyc|f|f~ C" lv~od|o{v"

|cyo}j{h~" cdl |vyejfl òpo{$ Vju{ holfncb j``fno{ }fbb

lf~nu~~ ~yonf`fn ~|cdlc{l~ `j{ }c|o{ cdl `jjl y{oyc{c|fjd `j{

Hcu{f|cdfc lu{fdm y{o(~o{pfno |{cfdfdm$

Ck~|fdodno f~ |eo jdbv no{|cfd nejfno `j{ y{opod|fjd j` EFP*

CFL^ cdl j|eo{ ~oucbbv |{cd~hf||ol lf~oc~o~ %^\L~$ Vju

c{o |cafdm {f~a~ f` vju nejj~o |j ko ~oucbbv cn|fpo$ \j bo~~od

{f~a" u~o c njdljh opo{v |fho vju ecpo ~o$ Njdljh~ }fbb

ko y{jpflol kv |eo holfncb j``fno$ ]eo|eo{ vju{ yc{|do{ f~ c

ej~|(njud|{v nf|fwod" c òbbj} Pjbud|oo{" j{ cdvjdo ob~o" lj dj|

c~~uho |ef~ yo{~jd f~ `{oo j` EFP*CFL^ j{ j|eo{ ^\L~$ Vju }fbb

{onofpo hj{o fd`j{hc|fjd `{jh vju{ holfncb j``fno{ ckju| |ef~

fhyj{|cd| f~~uo$

Pjbud|oo{~ c{o oyon|ol |j cleo{o |j cd o`òn|fpo hocd~ j`

kf{|e njd|{jb |j y{opod| udybcddol y{omdcdnfo~$ Vju{ holfncb

j``fno{ ncd eoby vju lonflo jd |eo hj~| cyy{jy{fc|o ho|ejl

|j ~uf| vju{ fdlfpflucb dool~$ Njd|{cnoy|fpo ho|ejl~ c{o

cpcfbckbo }f|eju| nec{mo `{jh |eo holfncb j``fno{$

?9


53/111

]jhod~ Eocb|e Fd`j{hc|fjd

Y{omdcdnv f~ c eocb|e njdlf|fjd |ec| f~ |{oc|ol fd |eo ~cho

hcddo{ c~ j|eo{ Pjbud|oo{ eocb|e njdlf|fjd~ {osuf{fdm holfncb

c||od|fjd" ku| hcv cb~j ecpo y{jm{chhc|fn {chf`fnc|fjd~$ \eo

Yocno Nj{y~ f~ {o~yjd~fkbo `j{ lo|o{hfdfdm |eo holfncb {f~a

cdl |eo cpcfbckfbf|v j` cyy{jy{fc|o holfncb nc{o f` c y{omdcd|

Pjbud|oo{ {ohcfd~ fd(njud|{v$ Mfpod |eo nf{nuh~|cdno~ udlo{

}efne Pjbud|oo{~ bfpo cdl }j{a fd Yocno Nj{y~ njud|{fo~"

f| f~ {c{o |ec| |eo Yocno Nj{y~ holfncb cdl y{jm{chhc|fn

~|cdlc{l~ `j{ njd|fduol ~o{pfno ncd ko ho|$ Pjbud|oo{~

}ej konjho y{omdcd| c{o holfncbbv ~oyc{c|ol j{ holfncbbv

opcnuc|ol |j ]c~efdm|jd `j{ y{omdcdnv njud~obfdm$

@ohfdfdo evmfodo y{jlun|~ c{o cpcfbckbo fd hj~| j` |eo bc{mo{

|j}d~ fd Hcu{f|cdfc" ku| |eov c{o oyod~fpo$ Vju hcv }cd| |j

k{fdm vju{ ~uyybv }f|e vju$ Hcdv Pjbud|oo{~ u~o |eo Lfpc nuy

fd~|ocl j` |chyjd~ j{ ycl~$ Vju ~ejubl njd~flo{ k{fdmfdm cnjuybo j` |eoh }f|e vju

Vju{ Yocno Nj{y~ Holfncb Af|

\eo Yocno Nj{y~ holfncb j``fno{ y{jpflo~ Pjbud|oo{~ }f|e c

`f{~| cfl af| |ec| njd|cfd~ kc~fn f|oh~ dono~~c{v |j y{opod| cdl

|{oc| fbbdo~~o~ |ec| hcv jnnu{ lu{fdm ~o{pfno$ Af| f|oh~ ncd koyo{fjlfncbbv {o~|jnaol c| |eo holfncb j``fno$

Holfncb Af| Njd|od|~

Cno kcdlcmo

Cno|chfdjyeod %\vbodjb" Yc{cno|chjb >;? hm$ |ckbo|~

Cleo~fpo |cyo

Cho{fncd [ol N{j~~ @f{~| Cfl & ^c`o|v Ecdlkjja

Cd|cnfl |ckbo|~

Cd|fkfj|fn jfd|hod| %Kcnf|{cnfd*Dojhvnfd*Yjbvhvnfd K

Cd|f`udmcb n{och

Cd|f~oy|fn cd|fhfn{jkfcb ~afd nbocdo{ %Efkfnbod~

C ] O B N J H O K J J A H C _ [ F \ C D F C ?3


54/111

Csuc |ck~ %}c|o{ lf~fdòn|cd|

Kcdl(Cfl~

Ko|clfdo }judl*~afd lf~fdòn|cd|Ku||o{`bv nbj~u{o~

Njdljh~

Njume l{jy~

Lod|cb `bj~~

Lfyeodevl{chfdo ENB ;? hm %Kodcl{vb

Ovo }c~e j{ ovo l{jy~

Mcuwo ycl~ %~|o{fboMbjpo~

Evl{jnj{|f~jdo n{och 3/

Fkuy{jòd" 9 hm %ûlcòl

^nf~~j{~

\e{jc| bjwodmo~

\}oowo{~

]ef~|bo

Ko`j{o Vju Bocpo7 C Holfncb Neonabf~|

F` |eo{o ec~ kood cdv necdmo fd vju{ eocb|eyev~fncb" hod|cb"

j{ lod|cb~fdno |eo |fho vju ~ukhf||ol vju{ ochfdc|fjd

{oyj{|~ |j |eo Yocno Nj{y~" vju hu~| fhholfc|obv dj|f`v |eo

J``fno j` Holfncb ô{pfno~$ @cfbu{o |j lf~nbj~o do} fbbdo~~o~"

fdgu{fo~" cbbo{mfo~" j{ y{omdcdnv ncd odlcdmo{ vju{ eocb|e cdl

}fbb gojyc{lfwo vju{ obfmfkfbf|v |j ~o{po$

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^?;


55/111

C ] O B N J H O K J J A H C _ [ F \ C D F C ?>

F` vju{ lod|cb och }c~ ljdo hj{o |ecd c voc{ cmj" j{ f` vju{

yev~fncb och f~ hj{o |ecd |}j voc{~ jbl" njd|cn| |eo J``fno

j` Holfncb ^o{pfno~ |j `fdl ju| }eo|eo{ vju dool |j uylc|ovju{ {onj{l~$

F` vju{ lod|f~| j{ Yocno Nj{y~ lod|cb njd~ub|cd| ec~

{onjhhodlol |ec| vju udlo{mj lod|cb |{oc|hod| j{ {oycf{"

vju hu~| njhybo|o |ec| }j{a cdl hcao ~u{o vju{ lod|f~|

~odl~ {osuo~|ol njd`f{hc|fjd {oyj{|~ j{ U({cv~ |j |eo J``fno

j` Holfncb ^o{pfno~$

F` vju }f~e |j cpjfl ecpfdm luybfnc|o pcnnfdc|fjd~" vju

~ejubl njd|cn| vju{ yev~fnfcd~ j``fno" jk|cfd c njyv

j` vju{ fhhudfwc|fjd {onj{l" cdl k{fdm f| |j vju{ y{o(

loyc{|u{o j{fod|c|fjd$ F` vju ecpo cdv fhhudfwc|fjd~ y{fj{

|j Yocno Nj{y~ ~o{pfno" |eo Yocno Nj{y~ ncddj| {ofhku{~o

vju `j{ |eo nj~|$ \eo Yocno Nj{y~ }fbb y{jpflo cbb |eo

fhhudfwc|fjd~ dono~~c{v `j{ vju{ jpo{~oc~ c~~fmdhod|c|vju{ y{o(loyc{|u{o j{fod|c|fjd cdl ~ej{|bv c`|o{ vju c{{fpo fd

Hcu{f|cdfc$

K{fdm c |e{oo(hjd|e ~uyybv j` cdv y{o~n{fy|fjd j{ jpo{(|eo(

njud|o{ holfnc|fjd vju u~o jd c {omubc{ kc~f~" fdnbulfdm kf{|e

njd|{jb yfbb~$ Cb|ejume |eo Yocno Nj{y~ ncddj| {ofhku{~o

vju `j{ |ef~ |e{oo(hjd|e ~uyybv" }o }fbb j{lo{ {o`fbb~ j` vju{

y{o~n{fy|fjd holfnfdo lu{fdm vju{ ~o{pfno$ Vju{ {o`fbb hcv ko c

modo{fn holfnc|fjd j{ cd osufpcbod| holfnc|fjd$

]efbo c}cf|fdm ~efyhod|" }efne ncd |cao ~opo{cb hjd|e~" vju

}fbb ko loyodlod| jd vju{ j}d holfnc|fjd ~uyybv$ \eo Yocno

Nj{y~ }fbb dj| ycv `j{ eo{kcb j{ djdy{o~n{fkol holfnc|fjd~"

~une c~ ^|$ Gjed~ }j{|" mbunj~chfdo" ~obodfuh" j{ cd|fjflcd|

~uyybohod|~$

Vju c{o odnju{cmol |j k{fdm njyfo~ j` holfncb y{o~n{fy|fjd~

~fmdol kv vju{ yev~fnfcd$ \ef~ f~ dj| c {osuf{ohod|" ku| |eov


56/111

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^

hfme| njho fd ecdlv f` vju c{o suo~|fjdol fd |{cd~f| ckju|

nc{{vfdm c |e{oo(hjd|e ~uyybv j` y{o~n{fy|fjd l{um~$

F` vju }oc{ ovombc~~o~" k{fdm |}j ycf{~ }f|e vjuc ycf{ cdl

c ~yc{o" kj|e }f|e vju{ nu{{od| y{o~n{fy|fjd$ F` c ycf{ k{oca~"

|eo Yocno Nj{y~ }fbb {oybcno f|" u~fdm |eo fd`j{hc|fjd vju{

ljn|j{ fd |eo _df|ol ^|c|o~ y{jpflol jd |eo ovombc~~o~ `j{h

lu{fdm vju{ ochfdc|fjd$ \j {oluno vju{ {f~a j` lopobjyfdm c

~o{fju~ fdòn|fjd j{ j|eo{ ovo lf~oc~o" }o lf~nju{cmo vju `{jh

u~fdm njd|cn| bod~o~ lu{fdm vju{ Yocno Nj{y~ ~o{pfno$ Hj~|

Yocno Nj{y~ njud|{fo~ lj dj| ecpo cyy{jy{fc|o }c|o{ cdl

~cdf|c|fjd |j ~uyyj{| ovo nc{o }f|e |eo u~o j` njd|cn| bod~o~$

\eo Yocno Nj{y~ }fbb dj| ~uyybv j{ {oybcno njd|cn| bod~o~ j{

c~~jnfc|ol ~jbu|fjd~ udbo~~ |eof{ u~o ec~ kood {onjhhodlol

kv cd jye|ecbhjbjmf~| `j{ c ~yonf`fn holfncb njdlf|fjd cdl |eo

Yocno Nj{y~ J``fno j` Holfncb ô{pfno~ ec~ mfpod cyy{jpcb$

F` vju c{o obfmfkbo `j{ Holfnc{o" c{o jpo{ ?9 voc{~ j` cmo"j{ ecpo c eocb|e njdlf|fjd |ec| hcv {o~|{fn| vju{ ù|u{o

yc{|fnfyc|fjd fd eocb|e nc{o ybcd~" vju hcv }f~e |j njd~ub|

cd fd~u{cdno ~yonfcbf~| ckju| udfsuo njpo{cmo dool~ ko`j{o

vju{ loyc{|u{o$ \eo Yocno Nj{y~ }fbb y{jpflo cbb dono~~c{v

eocb|e nc{o `{jh |eo |fho vju bocpo `j{ vju{ y{o(loyc{|u{o

j{fod|c|fjd ud|fb vju njhybo|o vju{ ~o{pfno$ ]eod vju `fdf~e"

vju }fbb ko od|f|bol |j |eo yj~|(~o{pfno eocb|e nc{o kodo`f|~lo~n{fkol fd |eoYocno Nj{y~ Pjbud|oo{ Ecdlkjja$ Vju

hcv }f~e |j njd~flo{ aooyfdm cd of~|fdm eocb|e ybcd fd

o`òn| lu{fdm vju{ ~o{pfno f` vju |efda cmo cdl*j{ y{o(of~|fdm

njdlf|fjd~ hfme| y{opod| vju `{jh {o(od{jbbfdm fd vju{

nu{{od| ybcd }eod vju {o|u{d ejho$

^cò|v cdl ônu{f|vJu{ Yc{|do{~efy

ô{pfdm c~ c Pjbud|oo{ jpo{~oc~ od|cfb~ no{|cfd ~cò|v

cdl ~onu{f|v {f~a~$ Bfpfdm cdl |{cpobfdm fd cd ud`chfbfc{

?


57/111


odpf{jdhod|" c bfhf|ol udlo{~|cdlfdm j` |eo bjncb bcdmucmo

cdl nub|u{o" cdl |eo yo{noy|fjd j` kofdm c }ocb|ev Cho{fncd

c{o ~jho j` |eo `cn|j{~ |ec| ncd yu| c Pjbud|oo{ c| {f~a$Y{jyo{|v |eo`| cdl ku{mbc{fo~ c{o dj| udnjhhjd$ Fdnflod|~

j` yev~fncb cdl ~oucb c~~cub| lj jnnu{" cb|ejume cbhj~| cbb

Pjbud|oo{~ njhybo|o |eof{ |}j voc{~ j` ~o{pfno }f|eju| ~o{fju~

yo{~jdcb ~cò|v y{jkboh~$ Fd cllf|fjd" hj{o |ecd 5> yo{nod|

j` Pjbud|oo{~ ~u{povol fd |eo ;995 Yocno Nj{y~ Pjbud|oo{

û{pov ~cv |eov }jubl gjfd |eo Yocno Nj{y~ cmcfd$

\eo Yocno Nj{y~ cyy{jcneo~ ~cò|v cdl ~onu{f|v c~ c

yc{|do{~efy }f|e vju$ \ef~ ]obnjho Kjja njd|cfd~ ~on|fjd~

jd7 Bfpfdm Njdlf|fjd~ cdl Pjbud|oo{ Bfò~|vbo1 Yocno Nj{y~

\{cfdfdm1 cdl Vju{ Eocb|e Nc{o cdl ^cò|v$ Cbb j` |eo~o

~on|fjd~ fdnbulo fhyj{|cd| ~cò|v cdl ~onu{f|v fd`j{hc|fjd$

\eo Yocno Nj{y~ hcao~ opo{v o``j{| |j mfpo Pjbud|oo{~ |eo

|jjb~ |eov dool |j ùdn|fjd fd |eo ~cò~| cdl hj~| ~onu{o }cvyj~~fkbo" koncu~o }j{afdm |j hcfhfwo |eo ~cò|v cdl ~onu{f|v

j` Pjbud|oo{~ f~ ju{ efmeo~| y{fj{f|v$ Dj| jdbv lj }o y{jpflo

vju }f|e |{cfdfdm cdl |jjb~ |j y{oyc{o `j{ |eo udoyon|ol" ku|

}o |ocne vju |j flod|f`v" hfdfhfwo cdl hcdcmo |eo {f~a~ vju

hcv odnjud|o{$

@cn|j{~ |ec| Njd|{fku|o |j Pjbud|oo{ [f~a

\eo{o c{o ~opo{cb `cn|j{~ |ec| ncd eofme|od c Pjbud|oo{~

{f~a" hcdv j` }efne c{o }f|efd |eo Pjbud|oo{~ njd|{jb$

Kv `c{ |eo hj~| njhhjd n{fho fdnflod|~ |ec| Pjbud|oo{~

oyo{fodno c{o |eo`|~$ @{osuod|bv |eo~o jnnu{ fd n{j}lol

bjnc|fjd~" ~une c~ hc{ao|~ j{ jd yukbfn |{cd~yj{|c|fjd"

j{ c{o luo |j Pjbud|oo{~ bocpfdm f|oh~ udc||odlol$ Hj{o

~o{fju~ c~~cub|~" ej}opo{" lj jnnc~fjdcbbv jnnu{$ Kc~ol jd

fd`j{hc|fjd mc|eo{ol `{jh fdnflod| {oyj{|~ }j{bl}flo fd

;99=" |eo `jbbj}fdm `cn|j{~ ~|cdl ju| c~ {f~a nec{cn|o{f~|fn~

??


58/111


59/111


ûhhc{v ^|{c|omfo~ |j [oluno [f~a

Ko`j{o cdl lu{fdm ~o{pfno" vju{ |{cfdfdm }fbb cll{o~~ |eo~o

c{oc~ j` njdno{d ~j |ec| vju ncd {oluno |eo {f~a~ vju `cno$@j{ ochybo" eo{o c{o ~jho ~|{c|omfo~ Pjbud|oo{~ ohybjv7

^|{c|omfo~ |j {oluno |eo {f~a*fhycn| j` |eo`|7

Adj} |eo odpf{jdhod| cdl nejj~o ~cò {ju|o~*|fho~

`j{ |{cpob

Cpjfl efme(n{fho c{oc~ yo{ Yocno Nj{y~ muflcdno

Adj} |eo pjnckubc{v |j mo| eoby fd cd oho{modnv Nc{{v pcbuckbo~ fd lf`ò{od| yjnao|~*ybcno~

Nc{{v c +luhhv+ }cbbo| c~ c lonjv

^|{c|omfo~ |j {oluno |eo {f~a*fhycn| j` ku{mbc{v7

Bfpo }f|e c bjncb `chfbv j{ jd c `chfbv njhyjudl

Yu| ~|{jdm bjna~ jd ljj{~ cdl aooy pcbuckbo~ fd c

bjna kj j{ |{uda

Bocpo f{{oybcnockbo jkgon|~ c| ejho fd |eo _$^$

@jbbj} Yocno Nj{y~ muflobfdo~ jd hcfd|cfdfdm

ejho ~onu{f|v

Yu{nec~o |eo Yocno Nj{y~ {onjhhodlol yo{~jdcb

y{jyo{|v fd~u{cdno

^|{c|omfo~ |j {oluno |eo {f~a*fhycn| j` c~~cub|7

Hcao `{fodl~ }f|e bjncb yojybo }ej c{o {o~yon|ol fd |eo

njhhudf|v

Hcao ~u{o vju{ cyyoc{cdno f~ {o~yon|ùb j` bjncb nu~|jh~1

ljd| l{c} domc|fpo c||od|fjd |j vju{~ob` kv }oc{fdm

fdcyy{jy{fc|o nbj|efdm

Mo| |j adj} bjncb j``fnfcb~" yjbfno" cdl dofmekj{~

\{cpob }f|e ~jhojdo |{u~|ol kv vju{ njhhudf|v

}eodopo{ yj~~fkbo

Cpjfl adj}d efme n{fho c{oc~

Bfhf| cbnjejb njd~uhy|fjd

?=


60/111

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^?5

ûyyj{| `{jh ^|c``

Fd Hc{ne ;99>" |eo Yocno Nj{y~ n{oc|ol |eo J``fno j`

^cò|v cdl ônu{f|v }f|e f|~ hf~~fjd |j `j~|o{ fhy{jpolnjhhudfnc|fjd" njj{lfdc|fjd" jpo{~fme|" cdl cnnjud|ckfbf|v j`

cbb Yocno Nj{y~ ~cò|v cdl ~onu{f|v o``j{|~$ \ef~ j``fno f~ bol

kv cd c~~jnfc|o lf{on|j{ `j{ ~cò|v cdl ~onu{f|v }ej {oyj{|~ |j

|eo Yocno Nj{y~ Lf{on|j{ cdl fdnbulo~ lfpf~fjd~ }efne `jnu~

jd Pjbud|oo{ ~cò|v cdl jpo{~oc~ ~onu{f|v cdl n{fho ~|c|f~|fn~

cdl cdcbv~f~$

F` c |{cfdoo j{ Pjbud|oo{ f~ |eo pfn|fh j` c ~cò|v fdnflod|"Yocno Nj{y~ ~|c`` f~ y{oyc{ol |j y{jpflo ~uyyj{|$ Cbb Yocno

Nj{y~ yj~|~ ecpo y{jnolu{o~ fd ybcno |j {o~yjdl |j fdnflod|~

j` n{fho njhhf||ol cmcfd~| Pjbud|oo{~$ \eo `f{~| y{fj{f|v

`j{ cbb yj~|~ fd |eo c`|o{hc|e j` cd fdnflod| f~ |j od~u{o

|eo Pjbud|oo{ f~ ~cò cdl {onofpfdm holfncb |{oc|hod| c~

doolol$ C`|o{ c~~u{fdm |eo ~cò|v j` |eo Pjbud|oo{" Yocno

Nj{y~ ~|c`` hohko{~ y{jpflo ~uyyj{| kv {oc~~o~~fdm |eoPjbud|oo{~ }j{a~f|o cdl eju~fdm c{{cdmohod|~ cdl hcafdm

cdv clgu~|hod|~" c~ doolol$ Fd ~jho nc~o~" |eo dc|u{o j` |eo

fdnflod| hcv dono~~f|c|o c ~f|o j{ eju~fdm |{cd~ò{$ Yocno

Nj{y~ ~|c`` }fbb cb~j c~~f~| Pjbud|oo{~ }f|e y{o~o{pfdm |eof{

{fme|~ |j yu{~uo bomcb ~cdn|fjd~ cmcfd~| |eo yo{yo|{c|j{~ j` |eo

n{fho$ F| f~ po{v fhyj{|cd| |ec| Pjbud|oo{~ {oyj{| fdnflod|~ c~

|eov jnnu{" dj| jdbv |j y{j|on| |eof{ yoo{ Pjbud|oo{~" ku| cb~j|j y{o~o{po |eo ù|u{o {fme| |j y{j~onu|o$ êjubl Pjbud|oo{~

lonflo bc|o{ fd |eo y{jno~~ |ec| |eov }cd| |j y{jnool }f|e |eo

y{j~onu|fjd j` |eof{ c~~cfbcd|" |ef~ jy|fjd hcv dj bjdmo{ of~|

f` |eo opflodno j` |eo opod| ec~ dj| kood y{o~o{pol c| |eo

|fho j` |eo fdnflod|$

N{fho Lc|c `j{ Hcu{f|cdfc

\eo njud|{v(~yonf`fn lc|c nec{| kobj} ~ej}~ |eo fdnflodno

{c|o~ cdl |eo cpo{cmo duhko{ j` fdnflod|~ j` |eo hcgj{ |vyo~


61/111

C ] O B N J H O K J J A H C _ [ F \ C D F C ?6

j` ~cò|v fdnflod|~ {oyj{|ol kv Yocno Nj{y~ Pjbud|oo{~*

|{cfdoo~ fd Hcu{f|cdfc c~ njhyc{ol |j cbb j|eo{ C`{fnc

y{jm{ch~ c~ c }ejbo" `{jh ;99;;990$ F| f~ y{o~od|ol |j vjufd c ~jho}ec| |onedfncb hcddo{ `j{ ~|c|f~|fncb cnnu{cnv$

\j ùbbv cyy{onfc|o |eo njbbon|ol lc|c kobj}" cd oybcdc|fjd j`

|eo m{cye f~ y{jpflol c~ `jbbj}~7

\eo fdnflodno {c|o `j{ ocne |vyo j` n{fho f~ |eo duhko{ j`

n{fho opod|~ {obc|fpo |j |eo Pjbud|oo{*|{cfdoo yjyubc|fjd$

F| f~ oy{o~~ol jd |eo nec{| c~ c {c|fj j` n{fho |j Pjbud|oo{

cdl |{cfdoo voc{~ %j{ P*\ voc{~" }efne f~ c hoc~u{o j` 3; ùbbhjd|e~ j` P*\ ~o{pfno |j cbbj} `j{ c ~|c|f~|fncbbv pcbfl }cv |j

njhyc{o n{fho lc|c cn{j~~ njud|{fo~$ Cd fdnflod| f~ c

3\eo cpo{cmo duhko{~ j` fdnflod|~ c{o fd yc{od|eo~f~ cdl osucb |eo cpo{cmo{oyj{|ol c~~cub|~ `j{ ocne voc{ ko|}ood ;99>;99=$

;Fdnflod| {c|o~ osucb |eo duhko{ j` c~~cub|~ yo{ 399 Pjbud|oo{~ cdl |{cfdoo~yo{ voc{ %P*\ voc{~$ ^fdno hj~| ~oucb c~~cub|~ jnnu{ cmcfd~| òhcbo~" jdbvòhcbo P*\~ c{o ncbnubc|ol fd {cyo~ cdl j|eo{ ~oucb c~~cub|~$ Duhko{~ j`fdnflod|~ c{o cyy{jfhc|o luo |j {judlfdm$

>Lc|c njbbon|fjd `j{ HC_[F\CDFC komcd c~ j` ;99>1 luo |j |eo ~hcbb duhko{j` P*\ voc{~" fdnflodno {c|o~ ~ejubl ko fd|o{y{o|ol }f|e ncu|fjd$

Y{fj{ |j NF[@ cdl y{fj{ |j ;990" J|eo{ ôucb C~~cub|~ }o{o |o{hol Hfdj{ôucb C~~cub|$ cdl J|eo{ Yev~fncb C~~cub|~ }o{o |o{hol Hfdj{ Yev~fncb

C~~cub| yo{ CD^^ lo`fdf|fjd~$

^ju{no lc|c jd fdnflod|~ c{o l{c}d `{jh C~~cub| Dj|f`fnc|fjd û{pofbbcdno^v~|oh %CD^^" Oyflohfjbjmfn û{pofbbcdno ^v~|oh %O^^" cdl N{fhoFdnflod| [oyj{|fdm @j{h %NF[@1 |eo fd`j{hc|fjd f~ cnnu{c|o c~ j` 3;(5(95$


62/111

~yonf`fn j`òd~o" yo{ Yocno Nj{y~- nbc~~f`fnc|fjd j` j`òd~o~"

cdl hcv fdpjbpo jdo j{ hj{o Pjbud|oo{*|{cfdoo pfn|fh~$ @j{

ochybo" f` |}j Pjbud|oo{~ c{o {jkkol c| |eo ~cho |fho cdlybcno" |ef~ f~ nbc~~f`fol c~ jdo {jkko{v fdnflod|$

\eo nec{| f~ ~oyc{c|ol fd|j |eo ofme| hj~| njhhjdbv

jnnu{{fdm c~~cub| |vyo~$ \eo~o fdnbulo pcdlcbf~h %hcbfnfju~

lo`cnohod| j{ lchcmo j` y{jyo{|v1 |eo`| %|cafdm }f|eju|

`j{no j{ fbbomcb od|{v1 ku{mbc{v %`j{nfkbo od|{v j` c {o~flodno1

{jkko{v %|cafdm ~jho|efdm kv `j{no1 hfdj{ yev~fncb c~~cub|

%c||cnafdm }f|eju| c }ocyjd }f|e hfdj{ fdgu{fo~1 hfdj{

~oucb c~~cub| %`jdlbfdm" m{jyfdm" o|n$1 cmm{cpc|ol c~~cub|

%c||cnafdm }f|e c }ocyjd" cdl*j{ }f|eju| c }ocyjd }eod

~o{fju~ fdgu{v {o~ub|~1 cdl {cyo %~oucb fd|o{nju{~o }f|eju|

njd~od|$

]eod cd|fnfyc|fdm Yocno Nj{y~ Pjbud|oo{ ~o{pfno" vju ~ejubl

{opfo} cbb j` |eo ~cò|v cdl ~onu{f|v fd`j{hc|fjd y{jpflol|j vju" fdnbulfdm |eo ~|{c|omfo~ |j {oluno {f~a$ \e{jumeju|

vju{ |{cfdfdm cdl Pjbud|oo{ ~o{pfno" vju }fbb ko oyon|ol |j

~unno~~ùbbv njhybo|o cbb |{cfdfdm njhyo|odnfo~ fd c pc{fo|v j`

c{oc~ fdnbulfdm ~cò|v cdl ~onu{f|v$ Jdno fd(njud|{v" u~o |eo

|jjb~ cdl fd`j{hc|fjd ~ec{ol }f|e vju |j {ohcfd c~ ~cò cdl

~onu{o c~ yj~~fkbo$

]ec| f` vju konjho c pfn|fh j` c pfjbod| n{fho:

@o} Yocno Nj{y~ Pjbud|oo{~ c{o pfn|fh~ j` ~o{fju~ n{fho~

cdl" dc|u{cbbv" n{fho~ |ec| jnnu{ jpo{~oc~ c{o fdpo~|fmc|ol

cdl y{j~onu|ol kv bjncb cu|ej{f|fo~ |e{jume |eo bjncb nju{|~

~v~|oh$ F` vju c{o |eo pfn|fh j` c n{fho" f| f~ uy |j vju f` vju

}f~e |j yu{~uo y{j~onu|fjd$ F` vju lonflo |j y{j~onu|o" Yocno

Nj{y~ }fbb ko |eo{o |j c~~f~| vju$ \eo J``fno j` ^cò|v cdlônu{f|v" |e{jume ju{ {omfjdcbbv(kc~ol Yocno Nj{y~ ~cò|v cdl

~onu{f|v j``fno{~" }fbb }j{a }f|e |eo ~onu{f|v j``fno{ c| |eo _$^$

ohkc~~v cdl |eo ~|c`` c| |eo Yocno Nj{y~ j``fno fd(njud|{v

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^09


63/111

|j njj{lfdc|o }f|e bjncb yjbfno cdl y{j~onu|j{~$ Jdo j` ju{

|c~a~ f~ |j od~u{o vju c{o ùbbv fd`j{hol j` vju{ jy|fjd~ cdl

udlo{~|cdl ej} |eo bjncb bomcb y{jno~~ }j{a~$ ]o c{o eo{o |jy{jpflo ~uyyj{| cdl c~~f~|cdno opo{v ~|oy j` |eo }cv$ Yocno

Nj{y~ }fbb eoby vju od~u{o vju{ {fme|~ c{o y{j|on|ol |j |eo

ùbbo~| o|od| yj~~fkbo udlo{ |eo bc}~ j` |eo njud|{v$

F` vju c{o |eo pfn|fh j` c ~o{fju~ n{fho" mo| |j c ~cò bjnc|fjd

c~ sufnabv c~ yj~~fkbo cdl njd|cn| vju{ Yocno Nj{y~ j``fno$ F|~

fhyj{|cd| |ec| vju dj|f`v Yocno Nj{y~ c~ ~jjd c~ vju ncd ~j

}o ncd mo| vju |eo eoby vju dool$

ônu{f|v F~~uo~ fd Hcu{f|cdfc

]eod f| njho~ |j vju{ ~cò|v cdl ~onu{f|v fd |eo Yocno Nj{y~"

vju ecpo |j ko }fbbfdm |j clcy| vju{ koecpfj{ cdl bfò~|vbo

|j hfdfhfwo |eo yj|od|fcb `j{ kofdm c |c{mo| j` n{fho$ C~

}f|e cdv}eo{o fd |eo }j{bl" n{fho ljo~ of~| fd Hcu{f|cdfc$Vju ncd {oluno vju{ {f~a j` konjhfdm c |c{mo| `j{ n{fho kv

cpjflfdm ~f|uc|fjd~ |ec| hcao vju òob udnjh`j{|ckbo cdl kv

|cafdm y{oncu|fjd~$ N{fho c| |eo pfbbcmo j{ |j}d bopob f~ bo~~

`{osuod| |ecd fd Djucanej||1 yojybo adj} ocne j|eo{ cdl

modo{cbbv }fbb dj| ~|ocb `{jh |eof{ dofmekj{~$ \eo `jbbj}fdm c{o

~cò|v njdno{d~ fd Hcu{f|cdfc vju ~ejubl ko c}c{o j`7

[jkko{v*ku{mbc{vEjho~ j` ~jho Pjbud|oo{~ ecpo kood

ku{mbc{fwol fd |eo yc~|" cdl Pjbud|oo{~ ~ejubl |cao |eo ~cho

y{oncu|fjd~ |eov }jubl fd |eo _df|ol ^|c|o~$ \eo Yocno Nj{y~

njpo{~ y{jyo{ ejho ~cò|v lu{fdm |{cfdfdm" cdl {osuf{o~

bcdlbj{l~ |j fd~|cbb bjna~ jd cbb Pjbud|oo{ ejho~ %ljj{~ cdl

}fdlj}~$

Ec{c~~hod|Pjbud|oo{~ ecpo {oyj{|ol pc{vfdm bopob~ j`

ec{c~~hod| lu{fdm |eof{ ~o{pfno$ ]efbo nefbl{od ncd ko c

njd~|cd| duf~cdnoc~afdm `j{ yod~" ncdlv" cdl hjdov1

ncbbfdm Pjbud|oo{~ dcho~1 cdl ~jho|fho~ |e{j}fdm {jna~



64/111

opod club|~ ncd ko |{jukbo~jho$ Pjbud|oo{~ c{o ~jho|fho~

~ukgon|ol |j jpo{| ~oucb njhhod|~" yo{~f~|od| lohcdl~

`j{ hjdov j{ c pf~c `j{ |eo _df|ol ^|c|o~" fd|od~o y{o~~u{o|j njdpo{| |j F~bch" kofdm ncbbol lo{jmc|j{v dcho~" j{

ec{c~~hod| kc~ol jd {cno j{ dc|fjdcbf|v$ \ef~ |odl~ |j ecyyod

hj{o j`|od fd bc{mo{ nf|fo~ }eo{o |eo Pjbud|oo{ f~ dj| c~ }obb(

adj}d$ ^|{c|omfo~ `j{ locbfdm cdl njyfdm }f|e ec{c~~hod| c{o

njpo{ol lu{fdm y{o(~o{pfno |{cfdfdm$

\e{oc| j` ~oucb c~~cub|Pjbud|oo{~ ecpo kood |c{mo|~ j`

~oucb c~~cub| fd Hcu{f|cdfc$ N{j~~(nub|u{cb lf`ò{odno~ fd

modlo{ {obc|fjd~ c{o j`|od c~~jnfc|ol }f|e ~oucb c~~cub|~"

cdl |eo c~~cfbcd| f~ j`|od adj}d |j |eo Pjbud|oo{$ \onedfsuo~

|cume| fd Yocno Nj{y~*Hcu{f|cdfc~ |{cfdfdm y{jm{ch {omc{lfdm

~oucb c~~cub|~ ncd ~o{fju~bv hfdfhfwo vju{ {f~a$ Pjbud|oo{~

c{o u{mol |j {oyj{| cbb c~~cub|~ cdl |e{oc|~ j` c~~cub| |j

|eo Yocno Nj{y~ holfncb j``fno{ ~j ~|c`` ncd {o~yjdl }f|e

cyy{jy{fc|o ~uyyj{|$ Dj|o |ec| ~o ju|~flo j` hc{{fcmo f~ dj|

bjjaol uyjd `cpj{ckbv fd Hcu{f|cdfc" cdl jyodbv lf~{omc{lfdm

|ef~ dj{h hcv gojyc{lfwo vju{ ~cò|v cdl*j{ ckfbf|v |j lopobjy

hu|ucbbv {o~yon|ùb {obc|fjd~efy~ fd vju{ njhhudf|v cdl c|

vju{ gjk$

^|cvfdm ^cò7 Ljd| Ko c \c{mo| `j{ N{fho

Vju hu~| ko y{oyc{ol |j |cao jd c bc{mo {o~yjd~fkfbf|v `j{

vju{ j}d ~cò|v$ Jdbv vju ncd hcao vju{~ob` bo~~ j` c |c{mo|"

od~u{o |ec| vju{ eju~o f~ ~onu{o" cdl lopobjy {obc|fjd~

fd vju{ njhhudf|v |ec| }fbb odecdno vju{ cnnoy|cdno$ Fd

njhfdm |j Hcu{f|cdfc" lj }ec| vju }jubl lj f` vju hjpol |j

c bc{mo nf|v fd |eo _df|ol ^|c|o~7 ko ncu|fju~" neona |efdm~

ju|" c~a suo~|fjd~" boc{d ckju| vju{ dofmekj{ejjl" adj}}eo{o |eo hj{o {f~av bjnc|fjd~ c{o" u~o njhhjd ~od~o" cdl

ko c}c{o$ Vju ncd {oluno vju{ pubdo{ckfbf|v |j n{fho kv

fd|om{c|fdm fd|j vju{ njhhudf|v" boc{dfdm |eo bjncb bcdmucmo"

cn|fdm {o~yjd~fkbv" cdl ckflfdm kv Yocno Nj{y~ yjbfnfo~ cdl

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^0;


65/111

y{jnolu{o~$ ô{pfdm ~còbv cdl o`òn|fpobv fd Hcu{f|cdfc

hcv {osuf{o |ec| vju cnnoy| ~jho {o~|{fn|fjd~ jd vju{ nu{{od|

bfò~|vbo$

Pjbud|oo{~ c||{cn| c bj| j` c||od|fjd fd bc{mo nf|fo~ cdl c|

|eof{ ~f|o~" ku| {onofpo `c{ hj{o domc|fpo c||od|fjd fd efmebv

yjyubc|ol nod|o{~" }eo{o |eov c{o cdjdvhju~$ Fd ~hcbbo{

|j}d~" ej~| `chfbv" `{fodl~" cdl njbbocmuo~ bjja ju| `j{

|eoh$ ]efbo }ef~|bo~ cdl onbchc|fjd~ c{o `cf{bv njhhjd

jd |eo ~|{oo|" |ef~ koecpfj{ ncd ko {olunol f` vju l{o~~

njd~o{pc|fpobv" cpjfl ovo njd|cn|" cdl lj dj| {o~yjdl |j

ud}cd|ol c||od|fjd$ Aooy vju{ hjdov ju| j` ~fme|u~o cd

udlo{mc{hod| hjdov yjune" ~une c~ |eo afdl |ec| ecdm~

c{judl vju{ dona cdl ~|cv~ efllod udlo{ vju{ ~ef{| j{ fd~flo

vju{ njc|$ Lj dj| aooy vju{ hjdov fd ju|~flo yjnao|~ j`

kcnaycna~" fd njc| yjnao|~" j{ fd `cddv ycna~$ Vju ~ejubl

cb}cv~ }cba }f|e c njhycdfjd c| dfme|$

Y{oyc{fdm `j{ |eo _doyon|ol7 ^cò|v \{cfdfdm

cdl Pjbud|oo{ ûyyj{| fd Hcu{f|cdfc

\eo Yocno Nj{y~ cyy{jcne |j ~cò|v f~ c `fpo(y{jdmol ybcd |j

eoby vju ~|cv ~cò lu{fdm vju{ |}j(voc{ ~o{pfno cdl fdnbulo~

|eo `jbbj}fdm7 fd`j{hc|fjd ~ec{fdm" Pjbud|oo{ |{cfdfdm"

~f|o ~obon|fjd n{f|o{fc" c lo|cfbol oho{modnv cn|fjd ybcd"cdl y{j|jnjb~ `j{ cll{o~~fdm ~cò|v cdl ~onu{f|v fdnflod|~$

Hcu{f|cdfc~ fd(njud|{v ~cò|v y{jm{ch f~ ju|bfdol kobj}$

\eo Yocno Nj{y~*Hcu{f|cdfc j``fno }fbb aooy Pjbud|oo{~

fd`j{hol j` cdv f~~uo~ |ec| hcv fhycn| Pjbud|oo{ ~cò|v

|e{jume fd`j{hc|fjd ~ec{fdm$ [omubc{ uylc|o~ }fbb ko y{jpflol

fd Pjbud|oo{ do}~bo||o{~ cdl fd hohj{cdlc `{jh |eo njud|{vlf{on|j{$ Fd |eo opod| j` c n{f|fncb ~f|uc|fjd j{ oho{modnv"

Pjbud|oo{~ }fbb ko njd|cn|ol |e{jume |eo oho{modnv

njhhudfnc|fjd do|}j{a$ Cd fhyj{|cd| njhyjdod| j` |eo

C ] O B N J H O K J J A H C _ [ F \ C D F C 0>


66/111


D J \ O


76/111


77/111

C ] O B N J H O K J J A H C _ [ F \ C D F C =?

@[O S_ O D\BV C^A O L S_ O^\FJ D^

Ej} hune bummcmo }fbb F ko cbbj}ol |j k{fdm |j Hcu{f|cdfc:

Hj~| cf{bfdo~ ecpo kcmmcmo ~fwo cdl }ofme| bfhf|~ cdl c~~o~~

nec{mo~ `j{ |{cd~yj{| j` kcmmcmo |ec| onool~ |ef~ cbbj}cdno$

\eo Yocno Nj{y~ ec~ f|~ j}d ~fwo cdl }ofme| bfhf|~ cdl }fbb

dj| ycv |eo nj~| j` |{cd~yj{| `j{ kcmmcmo |ec| onool~ |eo~o

bfhf|~$ \eo cu|ej{fwol kcmmcmo cbbj}cdno f~ |}j neonaol

yfono~ j` bummcmo }f|e njhkfdol lfhod~fjd~ j` kj|e yfono~

dj| |j onool 39= fdneo~ %bodm|e ! }fl|e ! eofme| cdl c

nc{{v(jd kcm }f|e lfhod~fjd~ j` dj hj{o |ecd


78/111

]eod ncd F |cao pcnc|fjd cdl ecpo yojybo pf~f| ho:

Ocne Pjbud|oo{ cnn{uo~ |}j pcnc|fjd lcv~ yo{ hjd|e j`

~o{pfno %onbulfdm |{cfdfdm$ Bocpo hcv dj| ko |caod lu{fdm|{cfdfdm" |eo `f{~| |e{oo hjd|e~ j` ~o{pfno" j{ |eo bc~| |e{oo

hjd|e~ j` ~o{pfno" onoy| fd njdgudn|fjd }f|e cd cu|ej{fwol

oho{modnv bocpo$ @chfbv cdl `{fodl~ c{o }obnjho |j pf~f|

vju c`|o{ y{o(~o{pfno |{cfdfdm cdl |eo `f{~| |e{oo hjd|e~ j`

~o{pfno c~ bjdm c~ |eof{ ~|cv ljo~ dj| fd|o{ò{o }f|e vju{ }j{a$

O|odlol ~|cv~ c| vju{ ~f|o c{o dj| odnju{cmol cdl hcv

{osuf{o yo{hf~~fjd `{jh vju{ njud|{v lf{on|j{$ \eo YocnoNj{y~ f~ dj| ckbo |j y{jpflo vju{ pf~f|j{~ }f|e pf~c j{

|{cpob c~~f~|cdno$

]fbb hv kobjdmfdm~ ko njpo{ol kv fd~u{cdno:

\eo Yocno Nj{y~ ljo~ dj| y{jpflo fd~u{cdno njpo{cmo `j{

yo{~jdcb o`òn|~$ Ej}opo{" ~une fd~u{cdno ncd ko yu{nec~ol

ko`j{o vju bocpo$ _b|fhc|obv" Pjbud|oo{~ c{o {o~yjd~fkbo

`j{ |eo ~còaooyfdm j` |eof{ yo{~jdcb kobjdmfdm~$ F` vju

}f~e" vju hcv njd|cn| vju{ j}d fd~u{cdno njhycdv1

cllf|fjdcbbv" fd~u{cdno cyybfnc|fjd `j{h~ }fbb ko y{jpflol"

cdl }o odnju{cmo vju |j njd~flo{ |eoh nc{oùbbv$ Cllf|fjdcb

fd`j{hc|fjd ckju| fd~u{cdno ~ejubl ko jk|cfdol kv ncbbfdm |eo

njhycdv lf{on|bv$ Pjbud|oo{~ c{o ncu|fjdol dj| |j ~efy j{ |cao

pcbuckbo f|oh~ jpo{~oc~$ Go}ob{v" }c|neo~" {clfj~" ncho{c~"

cdl oyod~fpo cyybfcdno~ c{o ~ukgon| |j bj~~" |eo`|" cdl

k{ocacmo" cdl fd hcdv ybcno~" ~c|f~`cn|j{v hcfd|odcdno cdl

{oycf{ ~o{pfno~ c{o dj| cpcfbckbo$

Lj F dool cd fd|o{dc|fjdcb l{fpo{~ bfnod~o:

Pjbud|oo{~ fd Hcu{f|cdfc lj dj| dool |j mo| cd fd|o{dc|fjdcb

l{fpo{~ bfnod~o$ Jyo{c|fjd j` y{fpc|obv(j}dol poefnbo~ f~

y{jefkf|ol$ Hj~| u{kcd |{cpob f~ kv ku~ j{ |cf$ [u{cb |{cpob

{cdmo~ `{jh ku~o~" hfdf(ku~o~" cdl |{una~" |j ljdaov nc{|~"

cdl c bj| j` }cbafdm$

Y O C N O N J [ Y ^=0


79/111

]ec| ~ejubl F k{fdm c~ mf`|~ `j{ Hcu{f|cdfc `{fodl~ cdl hv

ej~| `chfbv:

\ef~ f~ dj| c {osuf{ohod|$ C |jaod j` `{fodl~efy f~ ~u``fnfod|$^jho mf`| ~ummo~|fjd~ fdnbulo adfnaadcna~ `j{ |eo eju~o1

yfn|u{o~" kjja~" j{ ncbodlc{~ j` Cho{fncd ~nodo~1 ~hcbb

`bc~ebfme|~" `{cho~" j{ yej|j cbkuh~1 ~jupodf{~ `{jh vju{

c{oc1 j{ yej|j~ |j mfpo c}cv$

]eo{o }fbb hv ~f|o c~~fmdhod| ko }eod F `fdf~e |{cfdfdm cdl

ej} f~jbc|ol }fbb F ko:

Yocno Nj{y~ |{cfdoo~ c{o c~~fmdol |j fdlfpflucb ~f|o~ lu{fdm

|eo |ef{l }ooa j` y{o(~o{pfno |{cfdfdm$ \ef~ mfpo~ |eo Yocno

Nj{y~ ~|c`` |eo jyyj{|udf|v |j c~~o~~ ocne |{cfdoo~ |onedfncb

cdl bcdmucmo ~afbb~ y{fj{ |j c~~fmdfdm ~f|o~" fd cllf|fjd |j

`fdcbfwfdm ~f|o ~obon|fjd~ }f|e |eof{ hfdf~|{v njud|o{yc{|~$ Hj~|

Pjbud|oo{~ }fbb bfpo fd ~hcbb |j}d~ j{ fd {u{cb pfbbcmo~" ku| }fbb

u~ucbbv ko }f|efd jdo eju{ `{jh |eo doc{o~| Pjbud|oo{$ ^jho

~f|o~ }fbb {osuf{o c 39( |j 3;(eju{ l{fpo `{jh |eo ncyf|cb$ \eo{o

}fbb ko c| boc~| jdo Pjbud|oo{ kc~ol fd ocne j` |eo {omfjdcb

ncyf|cb~ cdl ckju| `ju{ |j ~opod Pjbud|oo{~ fd |eo ncyf|cb nf|v$

Ej} ncd hv `chfbv njd|cn| ho fd cd oho{modnv:

\eo Yocno Nj{y~ J``fno j` ^yonfcb ^o{pfno~ %J^^ y{jpflo~

c~~f~|cdno fd ecdlbfdm oho{modnfo~ c``on|fdm |{cfdoo~ cdl

Pjbud|oo{~ j{ |eof{ `chfbfo~$ Ko`j{o bocpfdm |eo _df|ol ^|c|o~"

vju ~ejubl fd~|{un| vju{ `chfbv |j dj|f`v J^^ fhholfc|obv

f` cd oho{modnv c{f~o~" ~une c~ c ~o{fju~ fbbdo~~ j{ loc|e j`

c `chfbv hohko{$ J^^ ncd ko {ocneol c| cdv |fho %;


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Ncd F ncbb ejho `{jh Hcu{f|cdfc:

Vo~$ F| f~ u~ucbbv yj~~fkbo |j ncbb

Documents

Peace Corps Mauritania Welcome Book | March 2009