PE 363 22MAR2004

“…We ought to obey God rather than men. 

The God of our fathers raised up Jesus, whom ye slew and hanged on a tree. 

Him hath God exalted with his right hand to be a Prince and a Saviour, for to give repentance to Israel, and forgiveness of sins. 

And we are his witnesses of these things; and so is also the Holy Ghost, whom God hath given to them that obey him.”

Acts 5: 29-32

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• Departments with most majors contributing and with highest average per capita donation receive additional $4,000 from Deans office

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Department of Physical Education

Department of Physical Education

Thursday, March 25, Thursday, March 25, 20042004

3222 WSC3222 WSC

11:00 a.m.11:00 a.m.•Refreshments served

•Attire: Dressy Casual

All physical education majors invited!

Learning Objectives

Cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations to aerobic training

CARDIAC OUTPUT AND TRAINING

Key Points

Cardiac Output Adaptations

Q doesn't change at rest or during submaximal exercise or decreases slightly.

.

Q increases dramatically at maximal exertion due to the increase in maximal SV.

.

A slight change could be the result of an increase in the a-vO2 diff due to greater oxygen extraction by the tissues.

-

Absolute values of Qmax range from 14 to 20 L/min in untrained people, 25 to 35 L/min in trained individuals, and 40 L/min or more in large endurance athletes.

.

Blood Flow Increases With Training

Increased capillarization of trained muscles (higher capillary-to-fiber ratio)

Greater opening of existing capillaries in trained muscles

More effective blood redistribution—blood goes where it is needed

Increased blood volume

Key Points

Blood pressure changes little during submaximal or maximal exercise.

Resting blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic) is lowered with endurance training in individuals with borderline or moderate hypertension.

Blood Pressure and Training

Blood pressure during lifting heavy weights can cause increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but resting blood pressure after weight lifting tends to not change or decrease.

CARDIAC OUTPUT AND TRAINING

Key Points

Cardiac Output Adaptations

Q doesn't change at rest or during submaximal exercise or decreases slightly.

.

Q increases dramatically at maximal exertion due to the increase in maximal SV.

.

A slight change could be the result of an increase in the a-vO2 diff due to greater oxygen extraction by the tissues.

-

Absolute values of Qmax range from 14 to 20 L/min in untrained people, 25 to 35 L/min in trained individuals, and 40 L/min or more in large endurance athletes.

.

Blood Flow Increases With Training

Increased capillarization of trained muscles (higher capillary-to-fiber ratio)

Greater opening of existing capillaries in trained muscles

More effective blood redistribution—blood goes where it is needed

Increased blood volume

BLOOD AND PLASMA VOLUME AND TRAINING

Key Points

Endurance training, especially intense training, increases blood volume.

Blood volume increases due to an increase in plasma volume (increases in ADH, aldosterone, and plasma proteins cause more fluid to be retained in the blood).

Blood Volume and Training

Red blood cell volume increases, but increase in plasma volume is higher; thus, hematocrit decreases.

Blood viscosity decreases, thus improving circulation and enhancing oxygen delivery.

Changes in plasma volume are highly correlated with changes in SV and VO2max.

.

Key Points

Blood pressure changes little during submaximal or maximal exercise.

Resting blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic) is lowered with endurance training in individuals with borderline or moderate hypertension.

Blood Pressure and Training

Blood pressure during lifting heavy weights can cause increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but resting blood pressure after weight lifting tends to not change or decrease.

Cardiovascular Adaptations to Training

Left ventricle size and wall thickness increase

Stroke volume increases

Resting and submaximal heart rates decrease

Maximal heart rate stays the same or decreases

Blood volume increases

Cardiac output is better distributed to active muscles

Blood pressure does not change or slightly decreases

Key Points

Static lung volumes remain unchanged; tidal volume, unchanged at rest and during submaximal exercise, increases with maximal exertion.

Respiratory rate stays steady at rest, decreases with submaximal exercise, and can increase dramatically with maximal exercise after training.

Respiratory Adaptations to Training

Pulmonary ventilation increases during maximal effort after training.

(continued)

Key Points

Pulmonary diffusion increases at maximal work rates.

Respiratory Adaptations to Training

The respiratory system is seldom a limiter of endurance performance.

All the major adaptations of the respiratory system to training are most apparent during maximal exercise.

The a-vO2 diff increases with training due to more oxygen being extracted by tissues.

-

Metabolic Adaptations to Training

Lactate threshold increases.

Respiratory exchange ratio

decreases for submaximal efforts (greater use of FFAs), and

increases at maximal levels..

Oxygen consumption (VO2) is

unaltered or slightly increased at rest,

unaltered or slighted decreased at submaximal rates of work, and

. increases at maximal exertion (VO2max) from 4% to 93%

until limited by oxygen delivery.

BLOOD LACTATE AND TRAINING

Did You Know…?

Once an athlete has achieved her genetically determined peak VO2max, she can still increase her endurance performance due to the body's ability to perform at increasingly higher percentages of that VO2max for extended periods. The increase in performance without an increase in VO2max is a result of an increase in lactate threshold.

.

.

.

CHANGE IN RACE PACE, NOT VO2MAX.

Level of conditioning—max is reached within 8 to 18 months of heavy endurance training

Gender—lower in women than men (20% to 25% lower in untrained women; 10% lower in highly trained women)

Specificity of training—the closer training is to the sport to be performed, the greater the improvement and performance in that sport

Factors Affecting VO2max.

Heredity—accounts for as much as half the variation in VO2max as well as an individual's response to training.

Age—decreases in VO2max with age might be a result of age-related decreases in activity levels

.

VO2MAX CHANGES AND AGE.

IMPROVEMENT IN VO2MAX WITH TRAINING

.

INCREASE IN VO2MAX FOR TWINS.

Aerobic Endurance and Performance

Major defense against fatigue which limits optimal performance.

Should be the primary emphasis of training for health and fitness.

All athletes can benefit from maximizing their endurance.

MODELING ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE