PdW X.Z;q;' - NASA...0q137 C.., ISSN 0388-9653 PdW X.Z;q';'_ _36-_ _10_ METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 1998 CENTER _f_a__ :,'_,-_lO_V12)_ METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER

0q137 C..,

ISSN 0388-9653

PdW X.Z;q';'_

_36-_

_10_

METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE

TECHNICAL NOTE

No.36

1998

CENTER

_f_a__ :,' _,-

_lO_V12)_

METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER

235, Nakakiyoto 3 Chome, Kiyose-shi

Tokyo 204-0012 JAPAN

DECEMBER 1998

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990088747 2020-06-26T10:15:02+00:00Z

_._'_-- t__36_- 1998_12,EJ

Study on Over-sampling for Imager

Seiichiro Kigawa'

Pamela C. Sullivan"

Abstract

This report describes the potential improvement of the effective ground resolution of

MTSAT (Multi-functional Transport Satellite) Imager.

The IFOV (Instantaneous Field of View) of MTSAT Imager is 4 km for infrared and 1 km

visible. A combination of some images acquired by the MTSAT Imager could generate 2 km-

latticed infrared images. Furthermore, it is possible to generate an effective 2 km IFOV

image by the enhancement of the 2 km-latticed image using Digital Signal Processing. This

report also mentions the on-orbit demonstration of this concept.

1. Introduction 2. MTSAT and Imager

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate

the effect of 2 km infrared imagery from on-

orbit spacecraft. And the study is made on the

premise that the existing instrument and

ground system should be put to use to minimize

the cost and risk of improvement. The design

modification of the MTSAT Imager and ground

image processing system for this study is not

required.

This report describes the MTSAT spacecraft

and Imager design, a method of image

combination, a technique of image enhance-

ment, and an approach to on-orbit demonstra-

tion.

The MTSAT spacecraft configuration, shown

in Figure l, is a three-axis, body-stabilized

design capable of continuously pointing the

optical line of sight of the Imager to the earth.

The use of a single-wing solar array configura-

tion allows the passive north-facing radiation

cooling of the Imager. A solar sail and trim tab

provide the fine balance control of the solar

radiation pressure.

The Imager consists of Sensor Module, Power

Supply Module, and Electronics Module. The

Sensor Module contains the telescope, scan

assembly, detector, thermal louver, and passive

radiant cooler. Figure 2 shows a schematic

appearance of the Sensor Module.

*Meteorological Satellite Center

**NASA]Goddard Space Flight Center

(Received July 3; Revised September 4, 1998)

L1

METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998

The Imager contains a servo-driven, two-axis

gimballed scan mirror. The position and size of

a scan area are controlled by command from the

ground system, and so the Imager is capable of

various image sizes. The scan start position of a

scan area is specified by 8 micro-radians (0.28

km) in the north/south direction and 16 micro-

radians (0.57 km) the east/west.

Ground sampling distance, shown in Figure 3,

is 112 micro-radians (4 km) in the noah/south

direction and 64 micro-radians (2.3 kin) the

east/west for infrared imagery.

North

Solar Sail _ \

i y Trim Tab

Imager

Earth

Figure 1 MTSAT On-orbit Configuration

Figure 2 Imager Sensor Module

m

m

m

m

m

m

mm

mm

m

"it

North/SouthAddress

IIIIII

4km

_ ' ' ' _ _ _ _ J _EastfWestAddress

IFOV

IFOV of East Neighboring Pixel

IFOV of Reference Infrared Pixel

of South Neighboring Pixel

Figure 3 Infrared Pixel and Address

_t__-- t__36@ 1998_12_

3. Over-sampling Imagery

A large overlap area between two neighboring

pixels is generated in the east/west direction

because the IFOV size of infrared channels is 4

km while the ground sampling distance is 2.3

km. This kind of imagery, which is sampled by a

narrower distance than the IFOV size is called

"over-sampling imagery" in this report. There is

normally no over-sampling in the north/south

direction for the MTSAT Imager because the

IFOV size and the north-south step size are

both 4 km.

Conceiving of the over-sampling imagery in

the frequency domain helps to understand what

it means. Figure 4 shows Modulation Transfer

I I

= O.5 _ O. 5

0 _ 0 _00 0

Angle (micro-radians)

IFOV

Nyquist frequency {

Function (MTF) in the north/south and east/west.

An east-west image signal is band-limited less

than the Nyquist frequency because the signal

is over-sampled. On the other hand, the absence

of over-sampling in the north/south direction

provides response in higher frequency than the

Nyquist frequency. Thus, aliasing appears in a

north/south image signal and it is not possible

to reconstruct an original image signal.

Now if an image is over-sampled in the

north/south direction, the Nyquist frequency of

the north/south moves to higher frequency and

the aliasing is solved. Thus, it is possible to

convert the IFOV (i.e. Point Spread Function)

using the Digital Signal Processing.

\

J.01

f(cvcles/microradian)

North/S0uth MTF- - - East/West MTF

N/S 4km Interval Sampling--_ E/W

N/S 2km Interval Sampling

Figure 4 Imager

The over-sampling image is generated by a

combination of two images simply. As mentioned

above, the scan start position of an image in the

north/south direction is specified by 8 micro-

radians. Here, it is proposed to acquire a series

of two images; the position and size of the

second image is the same as the first image

except for a north/south scan start position

MTF and PSF

offset. The difference of the north/south scan

start positions is a half infrared pixel (i.e. 56

micro-radians). Then incorporating the first

image with the second alternately, shown in

Figure 5, generates the over-sampling image.

METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE CENTERTECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998

North/SouthAddress

IIIIIIIII

N4km

IIIIIIEast/West Address

IFOV of First Image Northwest Corner

IFOV of Second Image Northwest Corner

First Image Second Image

Composite Image

Figure 5 Generation of Over-sampling Imagery using MTSAT Imager

4. Filter for Enhancing

The digital filter that is used for enhancing

the over-sampling image is generated by the

ratio of a 2 km-IFOV MTF to a 4 km-IFOV MTF.

Figure 6 shows the process of making the filter.

5. Verification by AVHRR Image

The filter for enhancing was verified using

AVHRR images. A 2 km IFOV image and 4 km

IFOV image are simulated by the AVHRR

infrared image that has 1.1 km resolution at

nadir for the verification of the effect of the

enhancing falter.

points of a 2 km image. The over-sampling

image has 4 km IFOV and is enhanced by the 2

km to 4 km MTF ratio filter (Operator C shown

in Figure 8) described above.

Figure 7 shows the flow of the verification.

Squares ([_) in the figure show the size of

IFOV, small dots ( • ) mean the sampling points

of a 1 km image, and circles (O) the sampling

--A--

_ttll_-4:Z_J_-- t_j_@_36@ 1998_12_

05

I Spatial Domain Frequency Domain Spatial Domain

0

0IFOV Profile MTF 0

, 4 ; o

f _ _ ",, , 0.024

o.067

2 O. 218

0.41

' O. 909

2.272

o O. 909

o 150 lO0 aO 0 50 100 I50 O.Ol 02 : O. 41

Angle (micro-radians) f(cyctes/microradian) O. 218

-- 2km -- 2km 0.124

• • • 4km " ° ° 4km 0.067+ + 2km/4km

Filler 0.024

0

0

0

0

I Filter

Figure 6 Process of Making Filter _r Enhancing

IXI

; i

ikm

0 )erator B

042 .061 061 042

OGI .087 087 ,061

061 087 087 .061

0,12 O61 (}G1 .0,12

_ " IFOV

• Original Sample Point

• " Processed Sample Point

Figure 7

. . 2X2 •O T.........O_ ........

• ..................• ................•

Operator C

4X4

....

Verification Flow using AVHRR Image

4× 4 Enhanced• ........._0 __O

i " ! " ! * i " i

@...................@..............,


Operator B (1 x 1=>4 x 4)0042 0061 0061 0042

0061 0087 0087 I 0061 I

0061 0087 0087 0061

0042 006 006 0042

C (4 x 4=>2 x 2)0004 -0.005 0008 -0012 0020 -01036 0106 -0036 0020 -0012 0008 -0.005 0004

-0006 0008 -0.012 0018 -0.029 0053 --0155 0053 --0029 0018 -0012 0.008 -0005

0008 -0012 0018 _ -0,027 0.043 -0,076 0229 -0078 0043 -0027 0018 --0.012 0008

0012 0018 -0027 0040 -0.085 0119 -0348 0119 -0005 0040 -0027 0.018 -O012

0020 -0029 0043 -0.065 0.104 -0191 0560 0191 0104 0065 0043 0029 0020

-0036 &053 -0.078 0119 -0.191 0351 -1028 0351 -0191 0119 -0.078 0053 -0036

0106 0155 0229 0348 0.560 1020 3007 1028 0560 -0348 0228 -0155 0106

0036 0053 -0078 0119 ; -0191 0351 1028 0351 -0191 0119 -0078 0053 -0036

0020 -0029 0043 -0065 0104 -0191 0560 0 191 0104 0065 0043 0029 0020

-0012 0018 -0.027 0040 -0065 0119 -0348 0119 -0065 0040 -0.027 0018 -0012

0008 0012 0018 0027 0043 -0078 0229 0078 0043 0027 0018 0012 0008

-0005 0008 -0012 0018 0029 0053 0 155 0053 0029 0018 0012 0008 0005

0004 -0005 0008 -0012 0020 0036 0106 0036 0020 -0012 0008 -0005 0004

0 )erator B * Operator C)0014 -0023 -0049 -0049 -0023 0014

-0023 0039 0 083 0 083 0 039 0023

0049 0083 0176 0 176 0083 -0049

-0049 0083 0176 0176 0083 -0049

0023 0039 0083 0083 0039 -0023

0014 -0023 0049 -0049 0023 0014

Operator A (1 x 1=>2 x 2)0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 025 025 0 0

0 0 025 025 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

Figure 8 Filter for Enhancing (Operator C)

IFOV 2kin IFOV 4km ovemsaml_led

IFOV 4km Enhanced IFOV 4krn

Figure 9 Simulation Results using AVHRR Image

__-- __36_ 199B:_12_

Figure 9 shows simulation results as images.

The over-sampling image shows the details of

the clouds better than the original image due to

the over-sampling image has having four times

as many pixels as the original. Brightness level

on the enhanced image is like that on the 2 km

IFOV image, verifying that the enhancing filter

has been generated successfully.

6. Cloud Motion Impact

Two or more images produce the over-

sampling image. It is unavoidable to have a

time lag of scanning between these source

images, and the time lag has an impact on the

over-sampled, composite image. The cloud

motion caused by the time lag should be

considered in the process. Now the cloud "motion

is considered using one-dimensional discussion.

_ (}. 5.m

I

//

0'

i

, 6tC =

I I

I I

O! I

li1

I

J

1

An_le

•J LI

b ;,

", , \/,_,n North/South

':

I I

r I

(With Cloud M0ti0n)-(N0 Cloud Motion)0. 5

0

0. 5 Angle in North/South

Figure 10 Example of Error due to Cloud Motion

Figure l0 shows the north/south brightness

level of the over-sampling image that is

generated by two source images. The source

images are observed by a rectangular IFOV. On

the upper graph, a solid line shows input (i.e.

cloud pattern) for the first image, and a dotted

line for the second. Squares ([]) mean the

brightness of the first image, circles (O) the

second image. If there should be no change of

the cloud pattern between these images, the

second image appears with diamonds (_) . On

the lower graph, the difference of the brightness

between the over-sampling image with a change

of the cloud pattern (i.e. cloud motion) and that

--7--


without the cloud motion is shown. This shows

that an error from the Nyquist frequency

through 1/2 Nyquist frequency is generated on

the over-sampling image if the cloud motion

appears. The error is enhanced by the enhancing

filter, and causes a marked stripe in the

north]south direction. Thus, a low-pass filter is

required to eliminate the stripe generated by

the cloud motion.

7. On-orbit Demonstration

MTSAT will be launched in geostationary

orbit around August 1999. On-orbit testing for

the Imager is scheduled from September

through November 1999. During the testing,

the over-sampling image will be acquired for

the verification of image navigation accuracy. A

few hundreds of the over-sampling images have

the size of 1000 km east/west and 500 km

north]south will be available for the navigation

verification and an assessment of the cloud

motion wind.

8. GOES-10 On-orbit Demonstration

A preliminary demonstration of the over-

sampling imagery collection concept was

conducted using the GOES-10 Imager during

the spacecraft post-launch test period in

October 1997. The GOES-10 Imager provides a

valid proof-of-concept because its IFOV and

scan system design is identical to that of the

MTSAT Imager.

The GOES-10 test produced imagery oversam-

pied in the east-west direction by the nominal

2.3 km sampling interval to 4 km IFOV ratio.

Over-sampling in the north-south direction was

accomplished by collecting a series of three

images that together produce a composite image

with 2 km north-south sampling. The first

image was a 1000 km (east-west) by 250 km

(north-south) image. The second was a 1000 km

by 500 km image offset from the first image by 2

km (one-half pixel) in the north-south direction.

The last image was a 1000 km by 250 km frame

with its north-south start address equal to the

stop address of the first frame.

Together the first and third images produce a

1000 km by 500 km image that is offset from the

second image by a half pixel. By collecting two

1000 km by 250 km images (instead of a 1000

km by 500 km frame), the effect of cloud motion

is minimized because less time has elapsed

between the collection of the first image and the

top half of the second image and also between

the bottom half of the second image and the

third.

This image sequence was repeated at three

different geographical locations in order to

provide a variety of image content. The GOES-

l0 data was used to develop and demonstrate

the image analysis techniques presented here.

The details of GOES-10 on-orbit testing are

described in Appendix A.

9. Conclusion

The essence of this study is the use of an

existing imaging system to demonstrate the

effect of 2 km infrared images. The study has

established a method of making the enhancing

filter, a technique of making the over-sampling

image, a procedure of image acquisition, and so

on. Testing environment such as image

processing software will be prepared for the on-

orbit demonstration after this.

_,_-_J'_-- _{@_R36_ 1998_12_

--Q__


Appendix A GOES-10 On-orbit

Demonstration

1. Purpose of This Document

This document describes the details of GOES-

10 on-orbit testing for over-sampling concept.

2. Test Sequence

Table A-1 shows the sequence of the over-

sampling testing using GOES-10 Imager.

The testing was performed with IMC (Image

Motion Compensation) off because IMC

generates a compensation signal to produce an

image with fixed earth projection.

The MMC (Mirror Motion Compensation)

that compensates for the effects on the rigid

body portion of the Imager and Sounder scan

mirror motions was on.

The Sounder was idle and without sounding.

Table A-1 GOES-10 Over-sampling

Test Sequence

Configure for test

- IMC off

- MMC on

- Sounder idle

Execute test frames

- Sequence A:

- #1 1000km East/West x 250km

North/South frame


North/South frame

--> start address offset 56 micro-

radians to north of#1


North/South frame

--> start address equal to North/South

stop address of #1

- #4 same as #1

- #5 same as #2

- #6 same as #3

-Sequence B: change geographic location

and repeat from #1 through #6

-Sequence C: change geographic location

and repeat from #l through #6

Table A-2 Location and Time of Test Frames

Sequence A : Florida

10/28/97 18:41:41-18:44:10UTC

Sequence B : Baja California

10/28/97 18:47:41-18:50:12UTC

Sequence C : San Francisco Bay

10/28/97 18:53:41-18:56:16UTC

The test included three imaging sequences

acquired at different geographical locations in

order to provide a variety of image content. The

geographical location and imaging time of the

each sequence are shown in Table A-2.

At each geographical location, a series of

three images was repeated with the result that

each imaging sequence had 6 images.

Regarding the series of three images, the first

image was a 1000 km (east-west) by 250 km

(north-south) image. The second was a 1000 km

by 500 km image offset from the first image by 2

km (one-half pixel) in the north-south direction.

The last image was a 1000 km by 250 km frame

with its north-south start address equal to the

stop address of the first frame.

Figure A-1 shows a snap shot of Sequence A;

Florida.

_t_'_J'_-- t__36-_ 1998_12,EJ

18:41:41 - 18:41:52

18:42:01- 18:42:23

18:42:28 - 18:42:39

18:43:11 - 18:43:22

18:43:29- 18:43:51

18:43:58 - 18:44:09

Figure A-1 Snap Shot of Sequence A

3. Image Processing

The first step of image processing using

GOES-10 Imager data is to merge the three

images together. Together the first and third

images produce a 1000 km by 500 km image

that is offset from the second image by a half

infrared pixel.

The third step is the enhancement of the

merged image that has a 2.3 km (east-west) by

2 km (north-south) lattice. The enhancement is

processed using spatial domain digital filters

that are generated by MTF ratio. Table A-3

shows the digital filters for GOES-10 image

enhancement.

The second step is to remove image stripes in

channel 4 (10.7 micro-meter) and 5 (12 micro-

meter). The stripes are caused by differences in

the outputs of the two detectors'.

A striping index with counts is measured,

then. the de-striping of the merged images is

performed by adjusting image counts using the

measured striping index. Figure A-2 shows the

effect of the de-striping in the merged image.

Before After

Figure A-2 De-striping

ll

METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE CENTER TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 DECEMBER 1998

Channel 2

(3.8-4.0 micro-meter)

West North

-0.002

0.003

0.003

-0.027

0,090

-0.189 -0.442 0.045 '

-0660 -0.106

0.924 0.225

-1219 -0.582

2301 1836

-1.086 -0,582

0,639 0.225

-0.400 -0.106

0.243 0.045

-0.106

0060

-0.019

0005

0.001

-0.002

East South

Channel 4

(10.2-11.2 micro-meter

West North

-O.001

0.005 0.047

-0.016 -0.066

0.021 0.217

0.123 -0.285

-0.664 -0.398

1.987 1.971

-0,464 -0.398

-0.063 -0.285

0,101 0.217

-0.038 -0.066

0.010 0,047

-0.002

East South

Channel 5

(11.5-12,5 micro-meter)

West North

O019 0.019 •

-0.026 -0027

0.045 0.041

-0.074 -0.102

-0.207 -0.182

1.704 1,594

-0,413 -0.261

-0.369 -0.215

0.344 0.147

-0.077 -0.047

O055 O.033

East South

Table A-3 Digital Enhancement Filters for GOES-10 Imager

The final step is to remove the high spatial

frequency caused by cloud motion in images.

The following low-pass filter is used for the

images to be enhanced in the north-south

direction. An examination into the low-pass

filter is described later.

0.001

-0003

0.007

-0.011

0.010

0003

-0.035

0.083

-0.136

0.178

0.807

0.178

-0.136

0.083

-0.035

0.003

0.010

-0.011

0.007

-O003

O001

Table A-4 Low Pass Filter

4. Photos

The processed images of the GOES-10 over-

sampling testing are shown from Figure A-3

12

._,_ti!_'tz_'_-- t_J_36-_ 1998_12_

through A-8. Each figure includes three images;

the processed image latticed with 2.3 km in the

east-west by 2 km in the north-south (top), the

current GOES image latticed with 2.3 km east-

west by 4 km north-south (middle), and the

simulated MTSAT HiRID (High Resolution

Imager Data, i.e. processed data for users)

latticed with 4.6 km east-west by 4 km north-

south.

There are two missing lines in the original

image of GOES-10, and so an unusual image

pattern is shown in the middle of the image to

be enhanced.

Figure A-6 through A-8 show a difference in

brightness temperature between Channel 4 and

5, whose white areas indicate that the

temperature difference (Channel 4 - 5) is high.

Note that the calibration coefficients don't have

operational accuracy, so that a quantitative

analysis is limited.

5. Image Analysis

Figure A-9 through A-11 show the maximum

and minimum temperatures in the processed

versus current GOES images on 8 pixels (east-

west) by 10 pixels (north-south) in the

enhancing image, i.e., approximately 20 km

square. Circular marks (maximum temperature)

appear over a diagonal line of the figures, and

triangular marks (minimum temperature)

under the line. This means that the

temperature range of the processed image is

expanded as compared with the current GOES

image. In general, it is supposed that a higher

spatial resolution image provides more chances

to observe the high emissivity part of

cirrostratus, that is the minimum temperature

appears lower, and more chances to reduce the

cloud contamination of clear sky radiance in

IFOV, so that the maximum temperature

appears higher. Figure A-9 through A-11 indicate

no inconsistency of the above supposition. It is

noticeable that the minimum temperature

difference of the processed image shown in

Figure A-9.b, A-10.b, and A-11.b appears closer

to 0 K. This gives a proof that the higher

emissivity part is observed in the processed

image.

Table A-5 shows low-pass filters to reduce the

high spatial fi'equency in the image caused by

the cloud motion. Figure A-12 shows the

frequency response of the low-pass filters shown

in Table A-5. For the purpose of comparing the

effect of the low-pass filters, a difference of the

maximum and minimum temperatures between

the enhancing and current GOES images shown

in Figure A-9 is calculated by each low-pass

filter. The average of the difference is shown in

Figure A- 13.

Table A-6 shows the standard deviation of the

clear sky area ranging approximately 20 km

square on channel 4. The ratio of the processed

to current GOES images is about 3:1. It is

presumed that image noise is enhanced by the

enhancing digital filters, so that the high

standard deviation of the processed image is

observed. To verify this presumption, the image

noise generated by Gaussian and 1/f noise 2 was

simulated, and enhanced. The simulated noise

increased twofold or threefold by the enhancing

filters. Thus, it is possible to explain that the

standard deviation shown in Table A-6 indicates

the enhancement of the image noise.

--13--


Processed

Current GOES

MTSATHiRID

Figure A-3 GOES-10Over-samplingTestingFloridaChannel4

10/28/9718:41-18:44UTC

NASA,NOAA,S.Kigawa(JMA)

14

._._=-_>"_-- t__36-_ 1998_-12,EJ

Processed

Current GOES

MTSAT HiRID

Figure A-4 GOES- 10 Over-sampling Testing

Baja California Channel 4

10/28/97 18:47-18:50 UTC

NASA, NOAA, S.Kigawa(JMA)

--15--


Processed

Current GOES

MTSAT HiRID

Figure A-5 GOES-l0 Over-sampling Testing

San Francisco Bay Channel 4

10/28/97 18:53-18:56 UTC


_J_-_-- t__36_ 1998_12,EJ

Processed

Current GOES

MTSAT HiRID

Figure A-6 GOES- l0 Over-sampling Testing

Florida Channel 4 - Channel 5

10/28/97 18:41-18:44 UTC


--17--


Processed

Current GOES

MTSATHiRIDFigureA-7 GOES-l0Over-samplingTesting

Baja CaliforniaChannel4- Channel5

10/28/97!8:47-18:50UTC

NASA,NOAA,S.Kigawa(JMA)

_.t_,mt_9-- t_'_36-_- 1998_12,EJ

Processed

Current GOES

MTSAT HiRID

Figure A-8 GOES-10 Over-sampling Testing

San Francisco Bay Channel 4- Channel 5

10/28/97 18:53-18:56 UTC


--19--


280

270

260

v 250

240

o_. 230

220

210

200

• MAX

2OO 210 220 230 240 250

Current GOES Temp [K]

260 270 280

280

270

260

250

-= 240

o 23Oo.

220

210

200

& &

• MIN

200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280


Figure A-9.a Maximum(Top) and Minimum(Bottom) Temperatures of Florida, Channel 4

2O

_,_,m-_'_-- _'_36_ 1998_12_

16

14

12

10

o 6D.

• • • • 0,1)

• • 0 O 0 O •

• ° °_°°°°°_ ° °° B_ _Qee°°

• • • Z..*,,z,,ilN_ w''°'-]'_=_"

O,

0 o

4 6 8 10 12


14

• MAX

16

10

4

I--o 2

m

o 0Q.

-2

-4

-6

&& A A& • •

A&

6 8 10 12 14

AMIN


Figure A-9.b Maximum(Top) and Minimum(Bottom) Temperatures of Florida, Channels 4-5

--Pl m


280

27O

260

v. 250

"o 240

ea. 230

220

210

2OO

==• MAX

200 210 220 230 240 250


260 270 280

280

270

260

'_' 250

I--,._ 240

o 230O,,,,

220

210

2OO

_.MIN

200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280


Figure A-10.a Maximum(Top) and Minimum(Bottom) Temperatures of Baja California,

Channel 4

_t_tZ_2 - t_=_36_ 1998_12_

16

14

12

._.i0

o

8

oo

oo ° oo_ ooo

0 dI_ UOe eo

-.O0 • •

•"._Z" •

4 6 8 10 12


• MAX

16

10

4

I-

_28 0n

-2

-4

-6

2 =T'4 t* * 6 10 12 14

• MIN


Figure A-10.b Maximum(Top) and Minimum(Bottom) Temperatures of Baja California,

Channels 4-5

23


28O

270

260

250

240

_. 230

220

210

2OO

• MAX

2OO 210 220 230 240 250


260 270 28O

280

270

260

_' 250

"o 240

e 23oe_

22O

210

200

• MIN

200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270


280

Figure A-11.a Maximum(Top) and Minimum(Bottom) Temperatures of San Francisco Bay,

Channel 4

--?4 b

_mt_J_-- _W_R36_- 1998_P12,EJ

16

14

12

,_. lo

t--

2

• MAX

6 8 lo


12 14 16

10

_' 4

I,-

o

_. o

-2

-4

-6

8 10 12 14

•MIN

Current: GOES Temp [K]

Figure A-11.b Maximum(Top) and Minimum(Bottom) Temperatures of San Francisco Bay,

Channels 4-5

m25B


Low Pass 1 Low

0,001

-0,003

0,007

-0.011

0.01

0,003

-0.035

0.083

-0.136

0,178

08O7

0.178

-0,136

0,083

-0.035

0.003

O01

-0.01

0.007

-0.003

0.001

Table A-5

Florida

#1#2#3#4#5

Average

Pass 2, Low

-0.002

0002

0,002

-0.011

0.021-0.02

-0.008

0,067

-0,145

0.212

0.764

O212

-0,145

0,067

-0.008

-0.02

0,021

-0.011

0,002

0,002

-0002

Pass 3

-0.001

0,004

-0.005

-0,001

0,017

-0,033

0,022

0.039

-0.142

0.2421

0.717

0.242

-0.142

0,039

0,022

-0,033

0.017

-0.001

-0,005

0,004

-O001

Low-pass Filter

Current GOES(counts)

0.680.911.14i .25

131i .06

San Francisco BayCurrent GOES

(counts)0.510.540.600.640.640.59

#1#2#3#4#5

Average

Table A-6

Processed(counts)

1.822.202.27

2.332.852.29

TLow Pass4 Low Pass5 Low Pass6iLowPass7

0,002j 0.002 -0,0011 -0.0020,001 -0,003 -0,003, 0.002

-0.006 0 0.006 0.005

0.01 0.012 0.003 -0.008

0.002 -0.014 -0.021 -0.014

-0.031 -0.014 0,009 0.029

0,045 0054 0,047 0.025

0,004 -0,031 -0.061 -0.081

-0.128 -0.104 -0,072 -0.034

0.266 0,286 0.302 0,309

0.67 0.627 i 0,584 0,538

0,266 0.266j 0.302 0.309/

-0.128 -0.104! -0.072 -0.0340.004 -0.031 -0.061 -0.08t

0.045 0.054 0.047 0.025

-0.031: -0.014 0.009[ 0.0290,002 -0,014 -0.021 -0.014

0.01 0,012 0,003 -0.008

-0.006[ 0 0.006 0.005I

0,001 i -0,003 -0.003 0,0020,002 0,002 -0.001 -0.002

Baja California

#1#2#3

#4#5

Average

Processed(counts)

1.952.082.441.801992.05

Standard De__ation of Clear Sky Area

Current GOES

(counts)0.360.59

0.620.640.660.57

Processed(counts)

1.942.231.742.421.912,05

To assess an impact on cloud motion winds,

pattern matching using the cross-correlation

method was performed for an area of 16 by 16

pixels (processed image) and 8 by 16 pixels

(current GOES image) on channel 4. As

mentioned above, the acquisition of the over-

sampling image was repeated at each geographical

location, whose interval was approximately 90

seconds. The pattern matching was performed

on the lattice of 16 by 16 pixels on the processed

image and 8 by 16 pixels on the current GOES

image. The correlation surface of the pattern

matching was interpolated and a correlation

peak was detected.

The results of the pattern matching are

shown from Figure A-14 through A-16 as the

cloud motion winds. It is remarkable that the

winds which indicate 10 m/s or over have a bias

_tlk_l'tz:..,"_-- t_=_36-_ - 1998_12,E]

Z

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

°,_ ',_X

_ _,t

\

\

Low Pass Filter No. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

I IO.o02 O.0o4

-,o,_,, ,__,_\

-'0'_,,\_\\ I

O, 006 O. 008 O.O1

I (cycles/microradian)

Figure A-12 Low Pass Filter Response

¢.9

1--

¢.9>

<2

0 --

2--

4

I I I I I

Average of Max.Temp. Difference

.... "0 ....-e - - - -

Average of Min.Temp. Difference

-42- .... _I, .... "0---

I I I I I2 3 4 5 6

Low Pass Filter No.

Figure A-13 Low Pass Filter Examination

-- 27 --


of 3.9 m/s at Florida, and 4.8 m/s at Baja

California. It is reported that the cloud motion

winds for upper levels are biased slow (more

than 2 m/s) for speed exceeding 30 m/s

comparing with aircraft measurements _. Al-

though the analysis of the over-sampling image

is preliminary, it means the over-sampling

image has a potential improvement on the cloud

motion winds with the better cloud height

assignment described the above.

Reference

I. Baucom, J.G., and Weinreb, M. : 1996,

Characteristics of EAV stripes in infrared

images from the GOES-10 Imager, SPIE

Vol. 2812, pp 587-595, Aug. 7-9, 1996.

2. Bremer, J.C., and Comeyne III, G. J. : 1994,

Optimization of the GOES-I Imager's

radiometric accuracy: drift and 1/f noise

suppression, Optical Engineering Vol. 33,

No. 10, pp 3324-3333, Oct. 1994.

3. Thoss, A., 1991: Proceedings. First Interna-

tional Winds Workshop, Washington, D.C.,

USA, 17-19 September 1991, pp 105-112.

c)Q

,_._m-I:z:.,,'_-- t_=_36-_ - 1998_12_

¢,3

tO0

80

6O

4O

2O

Wind Speed (Florida)

x

>(

x

')o(:< . x

×

20 40 60

Current GOES _/s]

8O O0

i==..=-1

t====.l

o.)

ot.=(

Ira=(

180

90

0

90

180

Wind Vector Angle (Florida)

8O 90 0

Current GOES

90

[deg]

8O

Angle:East=O, Nor th=90

Figure A-14 Cloud Motion Winds of Florida Image on Channel 4

Wind Speed (Top) and Direction (Bottom)

29


I00

8O

_9

0i-e

4O

2O

Wind Speed (Baja California)

K

×× !,<'<Yx

2O 40 60

Current GOES Ira/s]

8O 100

180

90

0

90

Wind Vector Angle (Bajat,_ X :<

XX X XX

X X

9O180

180 0 90

Cal i forni a)

Current GOES [deg]

180

Angle:East=O, North=90

Figure A-15 Cloud Motion Winds of Baja California Image on Channel 4


--2fl--

_,t_mt_"_-- t_r_W_=_J36_ 1998_12,EJ

I00

Wind Speed (San Francisco Bay)

eo

t-i

8O

60 _<

40

20 _(

0 2O 40 60

Current GOES[.W's]

8O 100

180

r=_ 9O

t===.=l

0rJ_

t,d)0

90la=(

180

rind Vector Angle (San Francisco Bay)

)<)<

80 90 0

Current

9O

GOES[deg]

8O

Angle:East=0, Nor th=90

Figure A-16 Cloud Motion Winds of San Francisco Bay Image on Channel 4



Appendix B

AVHRR An abbreviation for Advanced Very

High Resolution Radiometer. It is one of

payloads on TIROS-N / NOAA series.

IFOV An abbreviation for Instantaneous Field

of View. It defines the angular response

function of the radiance that is captured

instantaneously by Imager's visible and infra-

red detectors. Input scene intensity as a

function of angle is convoluted with IFOV.

Imager A visible and infrared scanning

radiometer on MTSAT.

MTF An abbreviation for Modulation Transfer

Function. It defines imaging gain as a function

of spatial frequency. MTF is derived by taking

the Fourier transform of IFOV or PSF. It shows

a measure of an instrument's ability to detect

contrast changes on observed scenes. High

MTF means high contrast on an output image.

Nyquist frequency A half of sampling

frequency. The Nyquist frequency is given by:

Nyquist frequency =

1/(2 x spatial sampling interval)

PSF An abbreviation for Point Spread

Function. It defines a radiance angular

response function when the Imager observes a

point light source.

m32--

_mt_,"_-- _=_36_ 1998_12, Ej

Analysis Procedure for Some Cloud Patterns Informed

in Satellite Cloud Information Chart

Abstract

Meteorological Satellite Center disseminates Satellite Cloud Information Chart (SCIC)

three hourly as a supporting information for short range weather forecasting at local

weather offices.

SCIC consists of two kinds of information, one is the imagery information of automatically

classified cloud types and brightness temperature, the other is man-machine interactively

the analysis information such as a cloud pattern,..

This article introduces the analysis procedures for some cloud patterns, these are jet

streak, transverse line, upper level trough, and upper level vortex.

U

_i__-_-_e_, J_t_:__9_;5_ft_]_j_i_Jek b'_ " r_L_)_Jt_Jl_i_._j _31_P___'_L

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(1998_9)_ 7 H_i_, 1998_101_ 7 H_I_)

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-- : 1993. 1995)

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o)_h_;l_o');O_ t")N:o"C_,, _ _. h__,_",£o (gigl-1)

• NJ_¢)NI : _,_%_ (1997_ 9 I=]28Et 12UTC)

Takeo Tanaka ' Masayuki Yamamoto Makoto Sakai Kouichi Hayashi

34

_,tilt, lli!P:_-- ttflillit_,_ll!_36-_- 1998_12_

® Hyj • _. RYJt_o)O_l

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35


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" "\-_._Lx-N .... __----" '..',_2 I ' _ ;-7,""-':'e:_120 "--" ...., _,4_._ ', -' : _.

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-- 38 --

_,_!l'_'9-- _t_@_J36-N- 1998tg12,N

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1- 6 -@ 200hPai_N%Nl

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39


3-3 _,__¢-'_,--7,-0----_,'_"]:/_9 --z_ab_t_J

(1997_11_9 H00UTC)(1_1-7)

_z_,,_ B,_,__) -- :

H _¢3i_¢3,_"7 :/_" 9 - (a)l_:, 300hPa'_-9480m¢)_

_/K_z _ o _':._J_ (_1-7- ®) 9._200hPa (1_

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--41 --


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-- ,t9 --

._._m'tz_-- _j_36-_ 1998:_12,EJ

___4z _ _ --. 1993 :

NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 57 : _k.,_L_

_q)_ _ _i_o9 l'z _ 69_ L _)_. _II_

A ,B_

_,__z :/_--. 1995 :

-GOES • NOAA_ _) P3"--Tx_)eJ :, 1998 :

_il__$[_{_q _ 10-3-3. _[_i¢)_J_i_i:

II. F _ >'7,/_--7, _4 >'_

1. |_ U Y)Ic

]-] _qio) H _3

(1998) -Ol_, CAT-_q)_c_llCTv7 4 5/f_¢)}_ []

2. _:7-1_i

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_-60kt l_AJ_ _9_i)_ _z_, L _ _ )5 _ _ _, _

(3) Tv_4 _/_@Ci_ I- ')--P ___._¢;5_.

III_ I o

Osamu Katou Yasuo Yamakawa

43


3. I]ll_JM_

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12UTC)

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44

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(1997_10)q 29 Ft 12UTC)

b'o)_O(A--_B, C_--D)h_/_k _ ;5°

_N2-2 N_

45


3-3 Tv_4 :,'_ L'g_L_o¢_] (1998_5_

24H00UTC)

,_ (_Jg2-3) -_J_ff_j_ff_Jzb_ B H_

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300hPaii_l_lO_l:_ L -C_, _Tv_ 4' :/

%@__-,

1976 : _tiI £ _¢_tiitiJ_

i!f_Ar0 l_]_ p60

1983 : _Iil7_ _ _b 17It.& _D_

P92-98.

__,

_,

1985 : _ID, 6 _,/:: _- No. 40 (_O¢_

P51-52

1998 : J_:_l__ p 4-41

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t ,s ], ^^

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-- 47 --


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I-2 NNN

(1) N__6_¢_sb_ll.500hPa_ b _ 7_

(2) _N_lStz,___

N_N_Ng__N#IclI, b9711N_

Nobumshi Fuchi_ Sin-ichi _mazaki Hirotaka Kobayashi Hidehiro Okumura

_t_z2 - t__36_ 1998_12,E]

3. _

-:i,%. , --_-,

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_t_m't_'_-- _{_36_ 1998_12,EJ

(_) _{_* 6 _ F # 7 ¢)_ (_3-3)

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_,5o

_:3 - 3 :__(1997_V 2,_20H00UTC)

__y_--, 1983:__01z_

__&_,P26

Weldon,R.B.and Holmes,S.J., 1991 :Water vapor

imagery interpretation and application to weather

analysis and forecasting. NOAA Technical Report

NESDIS 57,U.S.Department of Commerce, P213.

--51 --


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>"_ (1997¢t-:4 ,q 15H06UTC)

Tokuei Uchiyama Akihiro Kikuchi Kazufumi Kanda

52

_m'tz_-- t__36_- 1998_12,EJ

_ 4 - 4 7 '_' _ _ (1997_ 4 I_ 9 H 00UTC)

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Shimamura, M., 1981 : The Upper-Tropos-

pheric Cold Lows in the Northwestern Pacificas

Revealed in the GMS Satellite Data. Geophys.

Mag., 39, Pl19-156

Weldon,R.B.and Holmes,S.J., 1991 :Water vapor

imagery interpretation and application to

weather analysis and forecasting. NOAA

Technical Report NESDIS 57,U.S.Department

of Commerce, P213.

-- 58 m

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59

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Forest Fire observed by GMS-5 in the Maritime Province region

Nobutoshi Fuchita _ Koji Onosato _

Abstract

This report is to describe the forest fire and its smoke observed by GMS-5 in the maritime

province region.

_,_ID_ _ -_-< ,J 7 l:- D_?"_ _ _,

1. l;i I.J_ _ 2. _'_J

(1) _'.,k_ (1998_8,q 6 H_6 8,eJ 7 O¢)_|)

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(1998_ 9 )_ 29 H'_I_, 1996_10J_ 23 H _)


Fig. 1 " The surface analysis and plotted observations at 06UTC on 7 August 1998.

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64

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16 July 1998.

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00UTC on 16 July 1998.

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3. _ID_91/

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Fig.9 : 1997_V 9 )_23H03UTC__

_._,_-tZ_'_-- __36-_- 1998_12_

(1997_V 1/4_12)_)

LIST OF CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER

(JANUARY - DECEMBER 1997)

_ _33_. 1-15. 1997

2) I_iH_J. XPtz_: r_t_t_¢_tc_ k{g_q_,L,c)_j _4z ;/9--_

_ _33_-. 17-28. 1997

3 ) _j_l]_. l_,: rSatellite Observation of Volcanic Ash Clouds3 _t_4z Z/_ --__

_33_. 29-48. 1997

4 ) Tokuno, M. rDevelopment of new products for MTSATj 1997 Meteorological Satellite

Data Users' Conference, 423-430, Brussels, Belgium 29th September-3rd October 1997

5 ) Tokuno, M. rThe present and future calibration of meteorological satellite sensors in

Japanj 1997 Meteorological Satellite Data Users' Conference, 615-622, Brussels,

Belgium 29th September-3ud October, 1997

6) _JKf_,: F_:_J_Lfc'Xlh_P_:o_CJ _fk 479, 10-14, 1997_3_1

7 ) Tokuno, M., H. Itaya, K. Tsuchiya and S. Kurihara rCalibration of VISSR on board

GMS-5j Adv. Space Res. 17, No.3 pp-(3) 199-(3) 206, 1997

8) _]E_: FGMS 57_P e') '_ Fe74 5/ F'e]_" :/#-,q/v-*--_cJ_ 70_i_6r)_t_[_J H_h:') :_

- b 4z :/-:/:/¢_'_22_iiii_(_!, 73-74, 1997_ 5

9) _Yg]J_J, _] : r_q_J_lJ_C)CD-ROM{_i_h_Zff-_:--')_j

_4z :/9--__33_-. 49-64, 1997

10) _¢ _g@_ : rNOAA_{_'_ Z -7-1_o)_j _g_4z :/¢_ --__33_. 65-90. 1997

11) _j__ : rA Rainfall Estimation with the GMS-5 Infrared Split-Window and Water

Vapour Measurementsj _4z >"¢--__33_, 91 - 101. 1997

12) _:]I[:_-_: rImaging System Design Performance of Multi-functional Transport

Satellitej __4z :/9 --__34-_, 1- 12, 1997

13) _V,Z, _]_{_: r_j_j_j_[_[_.--)l_--(j _g_yY-__i34_r, 13

-30, 1997

14) d_ _. _" r,t_.l_,!_llJl_._-J_J_O')l_}t_J _L{,_ii'lJ__ _--_[_34_. 31-

42. 1997

15) _¢¢_ : r.= H _l _d_t_ &_ __,,_,,_{_¢)_j H __1997_X@_;_,

163, 1997

16) __ : r_cOUpper Level Cold Low0")_ &J<_

_, 77. 1997

--6q--

_lO¢12_18H_

__0_3-235

___2-22-9

* $111_--_, Pamela C. Sullivan : _--,'_-9" :/7 °1) :/ff_O$1_ ...................................................... 1

,J,_ _i_._ _- Pqth _,_-_ _h._t _:

_/_1_1 $:-_ _;t_ _tf$_o9 :B_ ................................................................................................ 33

_IW _- .,J_!I_ : _t_o)__ ................................................................................. 61

_K_ >'_'-II_t$_l_ (1997_ 1 ,q----12_) ........................................................................ 69

.... ..,.***.,°.., .....................................................................................................................................

, _at_:I:. d_$_ • __

Contents°°°° ..... ° ........ ° ........ ° ...... ° ............ °.° ...... °° .... °°,°, ................... ° .... ° ..........................................................

* Kigawa, Seiichiro, Pamela C. Sullivan:

Study on Over-sampling for Imager .......................................................................................... l

Tanaka, Takeo, Masayuki Yamamoto, Makoto Sakai, Kouichi Hayasi,

Osamu Katou, Yasuo Yamakawa, Nobutoshi Fuchita, Shin-ichi Yamazaki,

Hirotaka Kobayashi, Hidehiro Okumura, Tokuei Uchiyama, Akihiro Kikuchi, Kazufumi Kanda;

Analysis Procedure for Some Cloud Patterns Informed in Satellite Cloud

Information Chart ......................................................................................................... 33

Fuchita, Nobutoshi, Koji Onosato:

Forest Fire observed by GMS-5 in the Maritime Province region ................................................ 61

LIST OF CONTRIBUTIONS FROM METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER

(JANUARY-DECEMBER 1997) .................................................................................... 69

*Article Written in English

Documents

PdW X.Z;q;' - NASA...0q137 C.., ISSN 0388-9653 PdW X.Z;q';'_ _36-_ _10_ METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE TECHNICAL NOTE No.36 1998 CENTER _f_a__ :,'_,-_lO_V12)_ METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE CENTER