UNIT B Review

Key Terms Review1. Create a mind map that illustrates your

understanding of the following terms andhow they relate to chemical reactions.

Key Concept Review

Chemical change occurs duringchemical reactions.

2. Write the symbols for the following ions.

(a) cesium (d) nickel(III)

(b) oxide (e) titanium(IV)

(c) tin(II)

3. Write the name of the following ions.

(a) Mg2+ (d) Ag+

(b) F– (e) N3–

(c) Au+

4. (a) What kind of electric charge do metallicions possess?

(b) What kind of electric charge do non-metallic ions possess?

5. What is a molecule?

6. (a) What is a valence shell?

(b) What are valence electrons?

7. What is the difference between a moleculethat is an element and a molecule that is acompound?

8. How many occupied shells are there in a neonatom?

9. What kinds of elements combine to formionic compounds?

10. What kinds of elements combine to formmolecular compounds?

11. State the law of conservation of mass.

12. What information does a word equationcontain?

13. Where are the reactants and the productslocated in a chemical equation?

14. How do the properties of ionic and molecularcompounds differ? t

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

c

248

U N I T

acidacid-base indicatoratombalanced chemical equationbasebinary compoundchemical formulachemical reactioncombustion reactioncompounddecomposition reactiondouble displacement reactionelementionionic compoundlaw of conservation of massmattermetalsmolecular compoundneutralizationnon-metalspHpolyatomic ionproductpure substancereactantsaltsingle displacement reactionsynthesis reactionvalence shellword equation

ACHIEVEMENT CHART CATEGORIES

Knowledge and understanding Thinking and investigation

Communication Applicationac

tk

4

B Review

ist10_ch06.qxd 7/22/09 3:36 PM Page 248

Acids and bases are important to ourhealth, industries, and environment.

15. What is the typical range of numbers on thepH scale?

16. What is the pH range of bases?

17. What is the pH range of acids?

18. What kinds of substances are the reactants ina neutralization reaction?

19. In which type of chemical reaction is an ioniccompound called a salt always produced?

20. How can you identify an acid and a base fromtheir chemical formulas? (Two answers arerequired.)

21. What is acid precipitation?

22. What would the pH of a neutral liquid be?

23. (a) What are scrubbers?

(b) Where would they be used?

Chemical reactions can be groupedaccording to the characteristics of theirreactants and products.

24. What is a general chemical equation?

25. What type of chemical reaction is theopposite of a synthesis reaction?

26. What type of chemical reaction is representedby these general chemical equations?

(a) A + B → AB

(b) CxHy + O2 → CO2 + H2O

27. Complete and balance each equation below.The products are all solid ionic compounds.

(a) Na + Br2 →

(b) Mg + F2 →

(c) Al + Cl2 →

(d) K + N2 →

(e) Ca + P4 →

28. Suppose the reactants of a chemical reactioninclude a compound and a metallic element.What type of chemical reaction will occur?

29. Suppose the products of a chemical reactionare carbon dioxide and water. What kind ofchemical reaction occurred?

Connect Your Understanding

30. Name three elements that form positivelycharged ions.

31. Name three elements that form negativelycharged ions.

32. The figure below shows a Bohr diagram of acalcium atom.

(a) How many electron shells are shown?

(b) How many valence electrons are in thevalence shell?

(c) The charge on a calcium ion is 2+.Explain how this diagram might havebeen used to predict this charge.

33. Do ionic compounds form molecules?Explain. a

a

k

k

a

a

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

249UNIT B Review

5

6

Ca atom20 protons

20 electrons

Question 32a

ist10_ch06.qxd 7/22/09 3:36 PM Page 249

UNIT B Review

34. What is the only common positively chargedpolyatomic ion? Provide its name and ionsymbol.

35. Draw and label a diagram to show electrontransfer from the metallic atom to the non-metallic atom to form the compoundlithium fluoride.

36. Draw a Bohr diagram that shows how a pairof electrons is shared in a molecule ofhydrogen fluoride (HF).

37. Some sites on the Internet have a FAQ(frequently asked questions) page thatcontains several questions along with theanswers. Design and create a FAQ page forbalancing chemical equations. Be creative: addappropriate, relevant images so that your Webpage is attractive and informative.

38. Suppose that a student placed a small piece oflithium metal into a beaker of water. Thestudent observed a chemical reaction, inwhich a hissing sound was produced alongwith bubbles. Decide if these changes couldindicate a chemical reaction. Then, explainyour thinking.

39. Suppose you are given a formula equation andare told that it has been balanced. How canyou determine whether it has been balancedcorrectly?

40. Suggest how each of the following acidsobtains its name, by providing the name ofone or more elements in each:

(a) sulphuric acid, H2SO4

(b) hydrochloric acid, HCl

(c) nitric acid, HNO3

(d) phosphoric acid, H3PO4

41. A home gardener wants to raise the pH ofsome soil. What type of chemical might beused? Give at least one specific example.

42. Predict how acid precipitation might causechanges that affect the organisms in a lake.

43. Classify each of the following chemicalreactions.

(a) NiCO3(aq) + Fe(s) → FeCO3(aq) + Ni(s)

(b) C5H10(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(c) Li4C(s) + Ca(s) → Li(s) + Ca2C(s)

(d) C6H14(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(e) CsF(aq) + AlBr3(aq) → CsBr(aq) + AlF3(s)

44. Write a word equation and a balancedchemical equation, including states, for thechemical reactions (a), (c), and (e) in theprevious question.

45. Calcium bromide is used in some medicinesand as a food preservative. Write the wordequation, skeleton equation, and balancedchemical equation for the synthesis reactionthat produces calcium bromide.

46. Contrast the two types of single displacementchemical reactions.

47. What does a combustion reaction have incommon with a neutralization reaction?

48. Using a T-chart with two columns, list thesimilarities and differences between asynthesis reaction and a single displacementreaction.

49. Write the names of the following ioniccompounds.

(a) BeO (f) MnCl2(b) KCl (g) K2SO4

(c) SrBr2 (h) Li3PO4

(d) Al2S3 (i) Cr(OH)2

(e) Ca3P2 (j) NH4HCO3

a

c

a

a

t

a

a

t

a

a

t

t

t

t

t

a

250

U N I TB Review (continued)

ist10_ch06.qxd 7/22/09 3:36 PM Page 250

50. Write the formulas for the following ioniccompounds.

(a) sodium bromide

(b) beryllium phosphide

(c) copper(I) oxide

(d) palladium(IV) nitrate

(e) ammonium sulphate

(f) ammonium nitrate

51. Write the names of the following binarymolecular compounds:

(a) S2O3

(b) P2S5

(c) OF2

(d) N2O3

(e) CO2

52. Write the formulas of the following binarymolecular compounds:

(a) sulphur hexafluoride

(b) carbon disulphide

(c) dinitrogen monoxide

(d) carbon tetrachloride

(e) carbon monoxide

53. For each of the following word equations,identify the type of chemical reaction itrepresents.

(a) methane (CH4) + oxygen →carbon dioxide + water

(b) barium + oxygen → barium oxide

(c) aluminum bromide + fluorine →aluminum fluoride + bromine

(d) magnesium chloride →magnesium + chlorine

(e) lithium sulphate + barium chloride →lithium chloride + barium sulphate

(f) nitric acid + barium hydroxide →barium nitrate + water

54. Rewrite this balanced chemical equation. Fillin the missing salt compound (given by “?”)on the products side.

HCl + KOH → ? + H2O

55. Create an analogy by describing an event oractivity in your daily life that is similar to asingle displacement reaction.

56. The following general chemical equations usepicture symbols in place of chemical symbols.Identify the chemical reaction represented byeach.

(a) ■ + ▲�� → ■��+ ▲

(b) H��+ �OH →���+ H2O

(c) ��→ �+ �

(d) �+ ■�→��+ ■

(e) ��+�→ ���

(f) ��+ ����→���+ ���

(g) ■OH + H��→ ■��+ H2O

57. For each general chemical equation in theabove question, find one example of abalanced chemical equation in this unit.

58. When calcium metal undergoes a chemicalreaction with oxygen gas, solid calcium oxideis produced. Identify the type of chemicalreaction, and then write the balancedchemical equation.

59. Write the skeleton equation and balancedchemical equation for each of the followingchemical reactions.

(a) carbon disulphide + oxygen →carbon dioxide + sulphur dioxide

(b) lead(II) nitrate + sodium sulphate →lead(II) sulphate + sodium nitrate

(c) potassium bromide + silver nitrate →silver bromide + potassium nitrate

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

251UNIT B Review

ist10_ch06.qxd 7/22/09 3:36 PM Page 251

UNIT B Review

60. Which of the chemical reactions in question 59 would be classified as a double-displacement reaction?

61. A chemist carefully combines sulphuric acid(H2SO4) and ammonium hydroxide. Write theword equation, skeleton equation, andbalanced chemical equation for thisneutralization reaction.

62. Benzene, C6H6, is a toxic liquid hydrocarbonthat is used to produce plastics, adhesives,nylon, detergents, dyes, lubricants, explosives,and pesticides. Write the word equation,skeleton equation, and balanced chemicalequation for the combustion of benzene.

63. For each of the following, suggest one or moresituations in which chemical reactions areimportant.

(a) in your home

(b) at tourist resorts

(c) in restaurants in your community

(d) in another situation of your choice

64. Name several categories of consumerproducts that are produced through chemicalreactions.

65. Suggest several ways that you can keepinformed about chemicals and chemicalreactions.

66. Pure substances are used to producenewspapers, paper towels, clothing, and manyconsumer products you use daily. Whathappens to these pure substances when youno longer need these products? Suggestseveral answers.

67. Every Canadian province has emergencyteams and procedures to deal with chemicalspill situations. Why do you think it isimportant to have laws that cover an entireprovince?

68. Suppose a train derailment spills sodiumhydroxide into some soil. Use your knowledgeof chemical reactions to suggest how anemergency response team could neutralize theeffects of this chemical.

69. Write an e-mail to a friend in which youdescribe two or more applications of chemicalreactions in daily life

70. Name five or more jobs or professions whereit would be important to know aboutchemical reactions.

71. The pulp and paper industry uses a numberof different chemicals. The table below listssome of these chemicals and describes howthey are used.

(a) Suggest several reasons why thesechemicals are reused as often as possible.

(b) Since the pulp and paper manufacturersreuse chemicals, if you reduce your use ofpaper products, will this affect theamount of chemicals that are used inmaking pulp and paper? Explain. a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

t

252

U N I TB Review (continued)

Substance Formula Use

barium sulphate BaSO4 provides white colourto paper

caustic lye (sodiumhydroxide)

NaOH maintains correct pH

chalk (calciumcarbonate)

CaCO3 makes paper lookbrighter

Some Chemicals Used in the Pulp and Paper Industry

ist10_ch06.qxd 7/22/09 3:36 PM Page 252

72. Suggest one or more reasons why a career inchemistry or chemical engineering can berewarding.

73. Suppose you are a member of the localgovernment in your community. A companyhas indicated that it is interested in opening achemical manufacturing facility in yourcommunity. The facility will offer year-roundemployment to many people. What additionalinformation will you need in order to decidewhether to allow the facility to be located inyour community?

Skills Practice74. Write a brief procedure to test whether an

unknown liquid is acidic, basic, or neutral.Include any safety precautions.

75. Several groups of students performed thefollowing investigation. Two beakers, eachcontaining a colourless liquid, were weighed.The total mass was recorded. The two liquidswere then combined, and a white solid wasobserved to form. The two beakers, one ofwhich contained the solid product, were thenreweighed and the total mass recorded. Eachgroup then compared the total mass beforeand after the chemical reaction had occurred.Most found that the total mass had notchanged. However, some groups found thatthe mass decreased slightly. Suggest possiblereasons for these observations.

Revisit the Big Ideas and FundamentalConcepts76. Use the new terms and concepts you have

learned in this unit to design and draw amind map for the entire unit. You may usethe titles of the chapters for the separatesections of your map. Add relevant detailsand information from activities and/orresearch you have completed. Add relevantimages. Include your name and class toidentify your map.

Science, Technology, Society,and the Environment

77. Consider the products of a combustionreaction. How could you and your family helpto reduce global warming? Be specific.

78. Why is acid rain less of a problem in Ontarioin the 21st century than in the centurybefore? Provide several answers, including atechnology.

79. Describe one or more aspects of your lifestylethat you could alter to reduce the number ofchemical reactions your daily activitiesrequire.

Reflection80. In this unit, you have learned many things

about how chemical reactions form. What isthe most important thing you learned aboutchemical reactions? Why do you think it isthe most important?

81. Think back to your ideas about the effects ofchemical reactions on the environment at thestart of this chapter. How have your ideaschanged? c

c

a

a

a

c

t

t

a

a

253UNIT B Review

STSE

ist10_ch06.qxd 7/22/09 3:36 PM Page 253