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Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Dr. Birdley Teaches Science!
Forces and MotionForces and Motion
Middle and High School
Written and Illustrated by Nevin Katz
Incentive Publications, Inc.Nashville, Tennessee
Featuring the Comic Strip
I nnovative Resources for the Science Classroom
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Cover by Geoffrey BrittinghamEdited by Jill Norris
Science Editors: K. Noel Freitas and Scott Norris
ISBN 978-0-86530-541-0
Copyright ©2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN. All Rights Reserved. The Dr. Birdley comic strip and all characters depicted in the comic strips, Copyright ©2007 by Nevin Katz. All rights reserved. The Dr. Birdley logo, Dr. BirdleyTM, JaykesTM, Dean OwelleTM, Professor BrockleyTM, Gina SparrowTM, and all prominent characters featured in this publication are trademarks of Nevin Katz. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise) without written permission from Incentive Publications, with the exception below:Pages labeled with the statement Copyright ©2008 by Incentive Publications are intended for reproduction within the owner’s classes. Permission is hereby granted to the purchaser of one copy of Forces and Motion to reproduce these pages in sufficient quantities for meeting the purchaser’s classroom needs only. Please include the copyright information at the bottom of each page on all copies.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10 09 08
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICAwww.incentivepublications.com
About the AuthorNevin Katz is a teacher and curriculum developer who lives in Amherst, Massachusetts with his wife Melissa and son Jeremy.
Nevin majored in Biology at Swarthmore College and went on to earn his Master’s in Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. He began developing curriculum as a student teacher in Roxbury, Massachusetts.
“Mr. Katz” has been teaching science for over seven years, in grades 6 through 11. He currently teaches Environmental Science and Physical Science at Ludlow High School in Ludlow, Massachusetts.
Nevin’s journey with Dr. Birdley and the cast began in the summer of 2002, when he started authoring the cartoon and using it in his science classes. From there, he developed the cartoon strip, characters, and curriculum materials. After designing and implementing the materials, he decided to develop them further and organize them into a series of books.
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
1
Objectives and Frameworks .....................................2
Teacher’s Guide .......................................................5
Unit 1: Speed, Distance, and Time .........................11
Unit 2: Velocity ......................................................19
Unit 3: Acceleration ...............................................29
Unit 4: Newton’s Law of Gravitation ....................39
Unit 5: Newton’s Laws of Motion .........................49
Unit 6: Force, Mass, and Acceleration ...................59
Unit 7: Motion in Two Dimensions .......................69
Unit 8: Disrupted Inertia ........................................79
Answer Key ...........................................................88
Contents
Table of Contents
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
2
Educational Objectives
Chapter or Unit Primary Objective(s) Standards 1. Speed, Distance, and Time
To calculate time, distance, and speed using mathematical formulas.
To represent changes in position using distance-time graphs
1, 2
2. Velocity To understand velocity as speed combined with direction.
To calculate velocity using vectors and distance-time graphs.
1, 2, 5
3. Acceleration
To understand that acceleration can be a change in speed, direction, or both.
To calculate acceleration and fi nal velocity of moving objects.
1, 5
4. Newton’s Law of Gravitation
To apply Newton’s law of gravitation to planets and moons, as well as small everyday objects.
To illustrate how gravitational force is calculated.
10, 11
5. Newton’s Laws of Motion
To understand the major ideas behind Newton’s Laws.
To defi ne force and explore the concept of net force.
To introduce the concepts of inertia and action-reaction force pairs.
To calculate force, mass, and acceleration using Newton’s second law.
3–9
6. Force, Mass, and Acceleration
To learn how to calculate force, mass, and acceleration.
To understand how equal amounts of drag force and gravitational force result in terminal velocity.
4, 6, 8
7. Motion in Two Dimensions
To distinguish between the horizontal and vertical components of an object in motion.
To understand the independent nature of these two components.
To describe and illustrate how gravity and air resistance affect projectile motion.
1, 5
8. Inertia and Friction
To understand how the law of inertia is applied to moving objects in real life.
To understand how frictional forces can interferre wtih inertia.
3, 5
Central Goals: • To explain and illustrate concepts of velocity, acceleration, force, and gravity • To apply these ideas to real-life situations and connect them to Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation
Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
3
Relevant Frameworks
Motion & Forces, Grade 5-8
1. The motion of an object can be described by its position, direction of motion, and speed.
2. Motion can be measured and represented on a graph.
3. An object that is not being subjected to a force will continue to move at a constant speed and in a straight line.
4. If more than one force acts on an object along a straight line, then the forces will reinforce or cancel one another, depending on their direction and magnitude.
5. Unbalanced forces will cause changes in the speed or direction of an object’s motion.
Motion & Forces Standards, Grades 9-12
6. Objects change their motion only when a net force is applied.
7. Laws of motion are used to calculate precisely the effects of forces on the motion of objects.
8. The magnitude of the change in motion can be calculated using the relationship F = ma, which is independent of the nature of the force.
9. Whenever one object exerts force on another, a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction is exerted on the fi rst object.
10. Gravitation is a universal force that each mass exerts on any other mass.
11. The strength of the gravitational attractive force between two masses is proportional to the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
4
Overview of Forces & Motion Source Cartoons
Cartoon Central Concepts ChallengeLevel
Related Topics
Rollerblades Representing speed on distance-time graphs L1 Scientifi c MethodData Analysis
Velocity in Tennis
Velocity and vectors L2 Projectile MotionAcceleration
Vectors on a River
Finding resultant velocity through vector addition
L3 Pythagorean Theorem
Camel Acceleration and deceleration L1 Velocity
Science Sharks Calculating fi nal velocity of a falling object L2 Acceleration Due to Gravity
Birdley Meets Newton
Newton’s Law of Gravitation L1 Newton’s Life
Gravitational Force
The equation for gravitational force. L3 Scientifi c Notation
Owelle Meets Newton
Newton’s Three Laws Of Motion L2 The Newton Balance
Tug-of-war Balanced and unbalanced forces L1 Friction
Baseball Horizontal and vertical components of a baseball’s trajectory
L2 Acceleration Due to Gravity
Hang Time Horizontal and vertical components of jumping.
L2 Acceleration Due to GravityInitial and Final Velocity
Forces in Hockey
Force, mass, and acceleration L2 Friction
Terminal Velocity
Drag force, gravity, and terminal velocity L2 Balanced ForcesNet ForceForce and Acceleration
Inertia The inertia of objects in motion L2 Projectile Motion
Friction in GolfThe effect of friction on inertia L1 Types of Friction
The diffi culty level ranges from easy (L1) to very challenging (L3).
Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
11
Contents
Source Cartoon: Speed on a Graph 12
Cartoon Profi le 13
Background 14
Study Questions 15
Visual Exercise 16
Vocabulary Build-up 17
Quiz 18
Unit 1: Speed, Distance, and Time
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and MotionCopyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TNCopyright © 2007 by Nevin Katz
12
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50time (minutes)
dis
tanc
e (k
m)
1
2
3
4
5
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Distance, Time, SpeedSPEED ON A GRAPH Objectives
1. To defi ne speed as the amount of distance an object travels over time
2. To show how speed is represented as the slope of a line on a distance-time graph
3. To illustrate how distance-time graphs indicate speed, as well as changes in speed
SynopsisOwelle and Phyll begin by explaining the defi nition of speed. They compare the speeds of two model cars using a distance-time graph. In the next scene, Dr. Birdley is jogging, while Clarissa is rollerblading. Owelle then presents a distance-time graph that illustrates changes in their speed during the workout.
Main Ideas 1. Speed is the amount of distance an object
travels over time 2. On a distance-time graph, the speed of an
object is represented by the steepness of the slope.
3. Gradual slopes indicate low speed. 4. Steep slopes indicate high speed. 5. A fl at line on a distance-time graph
indicates a speed of zero.
Vocabulary distance time speed y-axis x-axis slope
CharactersDean Owelle, Phyll, Dr. Birdley, Clarissa
Teacher’s NotesHelp students make the connection between the panels on Clarissa’s movement and the graph. The lines on the graph are in sync with the panels. A problem-solving strategy for calculating slope is featured in the background section.
Questions for Discussion
Before Reading: 1. How do you defi ne speed? 2. What units are used to measure
distance? Time? 3. What different types of graphs might be
used to show data?
After Reading: 1. How does Dean Owelle defi ne speed? 2. What is a slope? 3. Look at the panel where Clarissa speeds
up. What do you notice about the slope of her line in the graph at that point?
13Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
BACKGROUND: SOLVING FOR SPEED
1. Write out the formula you are using.
2. Write down all your known quantities.
3. Substitute these quantities into the equation.
4. Solve.
s = d / t.
d = 500 m
t = 50 s.
s = 500 m / 50s
s = 10 m/s
The following procedure can be used to fi nd the speed of a moving object.
A train travels a distance (d) of 500 meters in a time (t) of 50 seconds. What is the speed (s)?
SPEED, DISTANCE, AND TIME
Directions: Solve the following problem to the best of your ability.
A dinosaur walks 600 meters in 30 seconds. What is its speed?
14Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
NAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
(2, 4)
(4, 8)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (seconds)
Dis
tanc
e (m
eter
s)
1
2 3
4
5
6
7 8
9
10
Distance-Time Graph
Copyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
FINDING THE SLOPE OF A LINE
You can also fi nd speed by fi nding the slope of a line on a graph. Here is how you do it:
Pick two points with coordinates (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
For example, points (2, 4) and (4, 8) on the graph to the right. Then, plug the coordinates into the equation below;
slope (m) = rise
= (y2-y1) =
(8-4) = 4
=
2 meters/second run (x2-x1) (4-2) 2
This method works for any other two points on this graph.
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
15
NAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
STUDY QUESTIONS
Directions: Answer the following questions to the best of your ability.
1. Look at the second panel in Speed on a Graph. How does the graph tell you that car B is moving faster than car A?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. According to the graph in the last panel, what is Owen‛s speed (in meters per minute) over the fi rst 15 minutes? How far does he travel?
________ _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. According to the graph, what is Clarissa‛s speed (in meters per minute) between 15 and 25 minutes?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4. Do Owen and Clarissa reach their starting point at 50 minutes?__________
How do you know? ___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
5. Owelle and Birdley run a road race, and their performance is recorded on a distance-time graph. The slope of Birdley‛s line is steeper than Owelle‛s.
What does this mean?________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
SPEED ON A GRAPH
Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and MotionCopyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
NAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
WORKOUT INFO
A. At this point, Clarissa stops.
B. Clarissa goes from a faster speed to a slower speed.
C. Here, Clarissa goes from a slow speed to a faster speed.
D. Clarissa changes direction a second time.
E. Clarissa starts moving again, this time in the reverse direction.
F. Clarissa travels six meters at a steady speed.
6. What is the slope of the line in the fi rst three seconds?
7. What is Clarissa‛s speed between three and eight seconds? How do you know?
8. When does Clarissa reverse direction while maintaining a constant speed?
DISTANCE-TIME GRAPHD
ista
nce
(in m
eter
s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18Time (seconds)
1.___
2.___ 3.___
4.__6.___
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Distance Traveled by Clarissa Over Time
5.__
Copyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
16Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Directions: Read the defi nition and sample sentence. Then, write your own sample sentence and draw a cartoon that illustrates speed.
Defi nition: Speed is the amount of distance covered per unit time.
Sample sentence: Clarissa Birdley‛s speed is the fastest in the middle of her workout, when she is traveling at a speed of 15 m/s.
Give a sample sentence of your own that conveys the meaning of speed.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Draw a cartoon that illustrates the meaning of speed. Use words and pictures to convey its defi nition.
Useful elements include: word balloons and narration panels fast and slow objectscharacters, places, objects someone measuring the speed of an objectnumbers and formulas tools used to measure speed
VOCABULARY BUILD-UP
SPEED, DISTANCE, AND TIMENAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
Copyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
17Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
4. Birdley is not moving between points a and b b and c c and d d and e
5. Birdley heads towards the starting location
between the points a and b b and c c and d d and e
6. Birdley stays in the same direction and slows down at
point b point d point e point f
Unit 1 Quiz: Speed
Directions: Birdley is running on a soccer fi eld to warm up for a race. Examine the graph of the distance he travels below. Then, answer the related questions to the best of your ability.
Dis
tanc
e (in
met
ers)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18Time (seconds)
ab
c d
e
f
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Distance Traveled by Birdley Over Time
Name:__________________________________ Class:_________ Date:____________
Copyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
18
1. Birdley moves in the same direction and increases his speed at
point e point b point c point d
2. Birdley reverses direction at the following points a and c e and d b and d b and f
3. From point b to point c, Birdley’s speed (shown by the slope of the line) is equal to
0.4 m/s 2.5 m/s 10 m/s 3.5 m/s
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
19
Contents
Unit 2: Velocity
Source Cartoon: Tennis & Velocity 20
Source Cartoon: Vectors on a River 21
Cartoon Profi les (2) 22
Study Questions (2) 24
Background 26
Visual Exercise 27
Vocabulary Build-up 28
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Copyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TNCopyright © 2007 by Nevin Katz
20Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
21Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and MotionCopyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
Copyright © 2007 by Nevin Katz
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Questions for Discussion
Before Reading: 1. In tennis, how do you control the
speed and direction of the ball? 2. How would you control the speed and
direction of a ball in another sport? 3. What do you already know
about speed?
After Reading: 1. What was the direction of
Norman’s ball? 2. How could vectors be used to represent
the curved path of a tennis ball? 3. How is velocity different from speed?
Objectives 1. To defi ne and give examples of velocity. 2. To illustrate how velocity is represented
with vectors 3. To explain why velocity changes along a
curved paths.
SynopsisBirdley and Norman are playing Jaykes and Birdley’s dad in a game of tennis doubles. After a couple of questions by Norman, Birdley begins explaining the velocity of the tennis ball. As Birdley fi nishes his explanations, Norman wins the point with an overhead smash.
Main Ideas 1. Velocity describes the speed and direction
of an object. 2. Velocity vectors can be represented by
arrows, which have both direction and magnitude.
3. If an object follows a curved path, velocity is constantly changing because the object’s direction is changing.
Vocabulary velocity vectors magnitudespeed direction
CharactersDr. Birdley, Jaykes, Norman, Birdley’s dad
Teacher’s Notes Draw the multiple vectors of a curved path to show how it is different from a straight path. One example is the vector breakdown of this ball’s trajectory:
TENNIS & VELOCITY Velocity and Vectors
22Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and MotionCopyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Vector Addition
Questions for Discussion
Before Reading: 1. If you are traveling by canoe, why is it
easier to go with the fl ow of a river? 2. What happens if you go against the
fl ow? Why? 3. If you are going with the fl ow of a river,
what would happen to the boat if you paddled directly toward a riverbank?
After Reading: 1. Did Birdley fi nish the problem by the
time Owelle jumped off the boat? 2. What steps are left for solving the
problem? Go through them?
Objectives 1. To illustrate how a problem involving two
components to velocity can be solved using vector addition.
2. To illustrate the steps of the Pythagorean Theorem.
SynopsisDr. Birdley and Dean Owelle are paddling their canoe along a river. As Birdley begins to philosophize, Owelle notices that they are headed toward the waterfall. After they turn the boat toward the riverbank, Birdley attempts to calculate the resultant velocity of the boat through vector addition. The solution to the problem is below and in this unit’s background section.
Main Ideas 1. Vectors represent speed and direction. 2. To fi nd the resultant velocity of a boat on
a river, the velocity of the boat itself and the velocity of the river fl ow must be taken into account.
3. Resultant velocity can be found using vector addition.
4. For problems involving two perpendicular velocities, resultant velocity can be found using the Pythagorean Theorem where a, b, and c are three sides of a right triangle and c is the unknown velocity:
a2 + b2 = c2 42 + 32 = c2
16 + 9 = 25 = c2
c = c2 = 25 = 5
Vocabulary vectors velocity vector additionhypotenuse Pythagorean Theorem
CharactersDr. Birdley, Dean Owelle
VECTORS ON A RIVER
23Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
a =
4 m
/s
b = 3 m/s
c = ?
Copyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Directions: Answer the following questions to the best of your ability.
1. Suppose a tennis ball is fl ying through the air at 70 mph. Does this statement describe the tennis ball‛s velocity? Why or why not?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. Write a statement that describes the velocity of a moving object.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. Suppose a roller coaster car is moving in a curved path at a steady speed of 60 mph. Is it changing velocity? How do you know?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4. List three events in a tennis game that would change the velocity of the ball.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
5. Suppose Norman‛s backhand sends the ball fl ying with a starting velocity of 75 mph east. Could the wind affect the velocity of the ball? Explain.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
TENNIS & VELOCITY
24Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
NAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
Copyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
STUDY QUESTIONS
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
NAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
Directions: Answer the following questions to the best of your ability.
1. In what direction is the boat headed at the beginning of the comic? What causes the boat to change its velocity?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. Describe the general direction of the boat after Birdley and Owelle steer it toward the riverbank. Use the compass shown in the comic.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. As Birdley and Owelle paddle toward the riverbank, what two factors affect the boat‛s velocity?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4. Why does Birdley use the Pythagorean Theorem?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
5. What is the boat‛s resultant velocity? (Hint: Use the Pythagorean Theorem to fi nd the length of the triangle‛s longest side.)
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
VECTORS ON A RIVER
25Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and MotionCopyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
STUDY QUESTIONS
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
BACKGROUND: PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM AND VECTORS
1. Draw the two perpendicular velocities as vectors, oriented head to tail.
2. Draw the resultant vector so that you form a right triangle.
3. Set up the pythagorean equation.
4. “Plug in” your known quantities.
5. Multiply exponents.
6. Add.
7. Find the square root of c.
a2 + b2 = c2
42 + 32 = c2
16 + 9 = c2
25 = c2
If a vehicle‛s velocity has two perpendicular components, you can use the Pythagorean Theorem to fi nd the resultant velocity. This procedure shows you how.
VECTOR ADDITION
Directions: Solve the following problem to the best of your ability.
1. A boat is sailing north at 24 m/s. The river is fl owing east and 18 m/s. Draw a diagram and use the Pythagorean Theorem to fi nd fi nal velocity.
4 m
/s
3 m/s
a =
4 m
/s
b = 3 m/s
c = ?
c = c2 = 25 = 5 m/s northeast
26Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and MotionCopyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
NAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
boat:40 m/s,north
river: 30 m/s, east
1. Resultant velocity of boat: _____
river: 9 m/s,northwest
boat: 12 m/s,northeast
2. Resultant velocity of boat: _____
river:16 m/s,north
boat: 12 m/s, east
3. Resultant velocity of boat: _____
boat:15 m/s,north
river: 20 m/s, west
4. Resultant velocity of boat: _____
Pythagorean Theorem:
VECTOR ADDITION
a =
4 m
/s
b = 3 m/s
c = ?
a2 + b2 = c2
42 + 32 = c2
16 + 9 = 25 = c2
c = c2 = 100 = 10
Copyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
27
NAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Directions: Read the defi nition and sample sentence. Then, write your own sample sentence and draw a cartoon that illustrates velocity.
Defi nition: Velocity is a quantity that describes speed and direction.
Sample sentence: The velocity of the golf ball is 10 m/s northeast.
Give a sample sentence of your own that conveys the meaning of velocity.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Draw a cartoon that illustrates the meaning of velocity. Include some of thse elements:word balloons and narration panelscharacters, places, objects,numbers, vectors, and formulas
VOCABULARY BUILD-UP
VELOCITY AND VECTORS
10 m/s, NE
NAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and MotionCopyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
28Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
29
Contents
Unit 3: Acceleration
Source Cartoon: The Camel 30
Source Cartoon: Science Sharks 31
Cartoon Profi les (2) 32
Study Questions (2) 34
Background 36
Visual Exercise 37
Vocabulary Build-up 38
Quiz 39
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Copyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TNCopyright © 2007 by Nevin Katz
30Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion Copyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TNCopyright © 2007 by Nevin Katz
31Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Objectives 1. To defi ne acceleration in relation to velocity. 2. To illustrate the circumstances under which
an object accelerates.
SynopsisAs Birdley rides a camel through the desert, he teaches a lesson on acceleration. The camel accelerates in various ways to illustrate this concept.
Main Ideas 1. Acceleration always involves a change in
velocity over time. 2. When an object’s speed increases, it covers
more distance per unit time with every passing second.
3. Acceleration can involve a change in speed, direction, or both.
4. When an object decelerates, it slows down.
Vocabulary acceleration velocity speed direction time distance
CharactersDr. Birdley, desert cop, camels
Teacher’s NotesThe comic and study questions set you up to introduce this equation for fi nding acceleration:
vf = vi + (a x t)
a = acceleration t = timevi= initial velocity vf = fi nal velocity
THE CAMEL Acceleration
Questions for Discussion
Before Reading: 1. What does a car do when it accelerates? 2. Does a rollercoaster accelerate?
If so, when? 3. How could you change velocity when
you are walking?
After Reading: 1. What does it mean to decelerate? 2. Look at the third (long) panel in the
comic. What happens over time to the amount of distance the camel covers per second? Why?
3. Based on the comic, what do you think it means to decelerate?
32Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and MotionCopyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Acceleration and Gravity
Objectives 1. To provide an example of acceleration
due to gravity. 2. To illustrate the steps for solving for fi nal
velocity using time, acceleration, and initial velocity.
SynopsisFrom the deck of a ship, Dr. Birdley drops a rock into the water. Two of the science sharks use the information, gather information about the drop, and calculate the rock’s fi nal velocity just before it hits the water.
Main Ideas 1. Before solving a problem, write out the
formula you are using. In this case,
vf = vi + (a x t). 2. Use the information in the situation to write
down all your known quantities. Include units. In this case, you have:
vi = initialy velocity = 0 m/s t = time = 2 s. a = acceleration = 9.8 m/s2 3. Substitute these quantities into the equation
and you have: vf = 0 m/s + (9.8 m/s2 x 2 s) 4. Solve. vf = 19.6 m/s 5. If an object is dropped, it accelerates due
to gravity. The more time it has to fall, the greater its fi nal velocity is just before impact.
Vocabulary acceleration time initial velocity equation variable fi nal velocityknowns unknowns gravity
Characters
Dr. Birdley and the Science Sharks
Questions for Discussion
Before Reading: 1. What happens to the speed of a falling
object? Why? 2. What do you need to know in order
to fi nd an object’s acceleration? Final velocity?
3. What determines how long it takes for something to fall?
4. What determines the speed of a falling object?
After Reading: 1. Suppose Birdley drops the rock from a
lower point. How would this affect the rock’s fi nal velocity?
2. How did the sharks calculate the rock’s fi nal velocity?
SCIENCE SHARKS
33Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion Copyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Directions: Answer the following questions to the best of your ability.
1. How does acceleration relate to velocity?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. Suppose a camel heading north remains at the same speed but then changes its direction towards the east. Does it accelerate? Why or why not?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. A camel with an initial velocity of 10 m/s starts to accelerate at 5 m/s2 for fi ve seconds. What is the camel‛s fi nal velocity? Show your work.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4. A camel speeds up, maintains the same speed for ten seconds, and then gets tired and slows down. When is the camel decelerating? Why?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
5. How does Dr. Birdley‛s camel end up speeding? Use the term “accelerate” or “acceleration” in your answer.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
NAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
STUDY QUESTIONS
THE CAMEL
34Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion Copyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Directions: Answer the following questions to the best of your ability.
1. What are the sharks trying to fi nd? What information did the sharks gather through observation?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. What information did the sharks write down before solving the problem? What equation did they use?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. Suppose Birdley were to attach a parachute to the rock he drops. How would this affect the rock‛s fi nal velocity? Why?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________If
4. Another rock is dropped from a higher point and falls for 5 seconds before hitting the ground. Assuming acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2, what is the rock‛s fi nal velocity the instant before it hits the ground?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
5. How will the rock accelerate or decelerate when it hits the water? Why?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
SCIENCE SHARKS
35Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
NAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
STUDY QUESTIONS
Copyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
BACKGROUND: PROCEDURE FOR FINDING FINAL VELOCITY
1. Write out the formula you are using.
2. Write down all your known quantities.
3. Substitute these quantities into the equation.
4. Solve.
vf = vi + (a x t).
vi = 0 m/s
t = 2 s.
a = 9.8 m/s2
vf = 0 m/s + (9.8 m/s2 x 2 s)
vf = 19.6 m/s
Use the following procedure to solve for the fi nal velocity of a moving object that is accelerating.
vf = fi nal velocity, vi = initial velocity, a = acceleration, and t = time.
ACCELERATION
Directions: Solve the following problems to the best of your ability.
1. A resting object is dropped, and falls for six seconds before hitting the ground. Assuming that acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2, fi nd its fi nal velocity before impact.
2. A car initially going at 30 m/s accelerates by 5 m/s2. Find the car‛s velocity after it has accelerated for seven seconds.
36Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
NAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
Copyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
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37Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
NAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________ACCELERATION EQUATIONS
1. 2.
3. 4.
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38
1. Acceleration always involves a change in speed velocity direction gravity
2. If a truck decelerates, it always speeds up maintains a constant speed slows down comes to a complete stop
3. A car traveling at a speed of 30 m/s changes speed to 50 m/s over four seconds. What is the car’s acceleration?
80 m/s2
20 m/s2
12.5 m/s2
5 m/s2
4. A rock is dropped from rest and falls for four seconds before hitting the ground. Assuming acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2, what is the rock’s fi nal velocity the instant before it hits the ground?
39.2 m/s2
19.6 m/s2
13.8 m/s2
5.8 m/s2
5. A box is falling with a downward velocity of 10 m/s. It falls for two more seconds before hitting the water. Assuming acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2, what is the box’s fi nal velocity before hitting the water?
19.8 m/s2
29.6 m/s2
9.6 m/s2
29.8 m/s2
6. A person walking at 2 m/s changes direction but still continues walking at the same speed. Is this person accelerating? Why or why not?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7. A cyclist starting from rest accelerates at a rate of 6 m/s2 until she reaches 30 m/s. How long does it take her to accelerate? (Hint: re-arrrange your equation for acceleration so that you solve for time.)
Unit 3 Quiz: Acceleration
Name:__________________________________ Class:_________ Date:____________
Directions: This quiz tests your knowledge of the chapter’s cartoon, background article, and visual exercises. Answer the following questions to the best of your ability.
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49
Contents
Source Cartoon: Owelle meets Newton 50
Source Cartoon: Tug of War 51
Cartoon Profi les (2) 52
Study Questions (2) 54
Mini-Comic: Action-Reaction Pairs 56
Visual Exercise 57
Vocabulary Build-up 58
Unit 5: Newton’s Laws of Motion
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Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and MotionCopyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TNCopyright © 2007 by Nevin Katz
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Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and MotionCopyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TNCopyright © 2007 by Nevin Katz
51Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Objectives 1. To introduce Newton’s three laws of motion. 2. To introduce the Newton balance, which
measures force in Newtons.
SynopsisAfter bringing Newton to the present, Birdley introduces him to Dean Owelle, who doubts the great scientist’s true identity. Newton proves his identity by explaining his three laws of motion. As he explains them, Jaykes provides examples of the three laws using his lab equipment.
Main Ideas 1. An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and
an object in motion tends to stay in motion, unless acted upon by an outside force.
2. The force exerted on an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration. (F = ma)
3. Every action results in an equal and opposite reaction.
Vocabulary
force action reactionNewton (N) Newton meter inertiamass acceleration
CharactersDr. Birdley, Sir Isaac Newton, Jaykes, Dean Owelle, Norman
Teacher’s NoteThe comic sets you up to introduce the term inertia. Prior to introducing the comic, it helps for students to be familiar with air resistance and friction, which also disrupt the ball’s inertia (referred to in study question #2, p. 54).
Questions for Discussion
Before Reading: 1. What do you know so far about
Sir Isaac Newton? 2. What is a force? 3. What do you already know
about gravity?
After Reading: 1. What were Newton’s three laws? 2. If you were Owelle, would you be
convinced that the guy is Newton? Why or why not?
3. What does Norman do to the ball’s inertia?
OWELLE MEETS NEWTON Laws of Motion
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Net Force
Questions for Discussion
Before Reading: 1. What happens in a tug-of-war match? 2. How does someone win a tug-of-war
match?
After Reading: 1. Why did Jaykes and Owelle
start moving? 2. What could the students do to restore
balance to the tug-of-war match? 3. How did net force change during
the comic?
Objectives 1. To introduce the Newton as the unit for force. 2. To compare and contrast balanced and
unbalanced forces. 3. To introduce the concept of net force.
SynopsisDr. Birdley uses a tug-of-war match to explain the concept of balanced forces. Norman pulls the rope on one end, creating a net force in his direction. Don advises two students to restore balance to the tug-of-war match.
Main Ideas 1. Force is measured in Newtons. 2. When two forces are equal and opposite in
direction, the net force is zero and there is no acceleration.
3. In the tug-of-war match, the two opposing forces create tension at the center of the rope.
4. If a force in one direction is greater than the force in the opposite direction, then there is a net force, resulting in movement.
Vocabulary
net force Newton balanced unbalanced
CharactersDr. Birdley, Dean Owelle, Jaykes, Gina, Lark, Norman, Don, Anthony, Christina
Teacher’s NotesQuestion #3 involves the use of friction, so it would be useful to touch on friction with your students before using the comic. In this case, Jaykes and Owelle dig their feet into the ground to create friction that opposes their forward motion.
TUG OF WAR
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OWELLE MEETS NEWTON
Directions: Answer the following questions to the best of your ability.
1. Based on Norman‛s comment, how would you defi ne inertia?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. Suppose the surface is not totally smooth. What additional “outside force” would be affecting the ball‛s motion? How would its motion be affected?
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3. How is Jaykes measuring the amount of force he uses to pull the weight? What are the two other properties that relate to force?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4. How does the Newton meter demonstrate the law of action and reaction?
_________________________________________________________
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5. If Jaykes causes a 0.5 kg weight to accelerate by 5 m/s2, what force is Jaykes using to pull the weight? Assume the weight is on a frictionless surface. Use the equation he‛s thinking of.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
NAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
STUDY QUESTIONS
Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and MotionCopyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
54Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Directions: Answer the following questions to the best of your ability.
1. When do two forces result in no motion?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. In the comic, what causes the forces to become imbalanced? What is the net force in this case?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. What are Jaykes and Owelle doing to resist being pulled any further? What principle of physics are they using?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________If
4. How could Anthony and Christine restore balance to the tug-of-war match?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
5. If Gina and Owelle were to compete by themselves in a tug-of-war match and use the same force as in this comic, who would win? What would be the net force?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
TUG-OF-WARNAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
STUDY QUESTIONS
Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and MotionCopyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
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Copyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TNCopyright © 2007 by Nevin Katz
Newton‛s Law states that every action results in an equal and opposite reaction. For example, as Dr. Birdley‛s weight pushes down on a bridge, a sturdy bridge will push back up on Dr. Birdley. This can be illustrated using a force pair diagram, where arrows represent the directions of the forces at work (see above).
After the bridge breaks, the force pairs change. The earth is pulling down on Owelle, while Owelle is pulling up on the earth (see below.)
Action-reaction pairs can also be horizontal. Here, as Dr. Birdley pushes on the cabinet, the cabinet pushes back on him.
Draw the arrows here to represent the pair of forces at work.
Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
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Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
NAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________ACTION / REACTION PAIRS
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57Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Directions: Read the defi nition and sample sentence. Then, write your own sample sentence and draw a cartoon that illustrates velocity.
Defi nition: A force is defi ned as a push or a pull on an object.
Sample sentence: Norman pulled the rope with a force of 30 Newtons.
Give a sample sentence of your own that conveys the meaning of force.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Draw a cartoon that illustrates the meaning of force. Useful elements include: word balloons and narration panelscharacters, places, objects,numbers and formulasarrows with labels that indicate specifi c amounts of force (ex. F = 40 N)
VOCABULARY BUILD-UP
FORCENAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
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58Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
59
Source Cartoon: Forces in Hockey 60
Source Cartoon: Terminal Velocity 61
Cartoon Profi les (2) 62
Study Questions (2) 64
Visual Exercise 66
Quiz 67
Reference Sheet: Key Formulas 68
Unit 6: Force, Mass, and Acceleration
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Copyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TNCopyright © 2007 by Nevin Katz
60Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
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61Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and MotionCopyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
Copyright © 2007 by Nevin Katz
t = 0v = 0 m/s
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Newton’s Second Law
Questions for Discussion
Before Reading: 1. What do we know so far about force?
mass? acceleration? 2. If you slide an object across your desk,
how can you control how far it goes? How fast it goes ?
After Reading: 1. How are the characters able to control
the speed of the hockey puck? 2. What is the large hockey puck’s
acceleration? 3. Why does this hockey puck
accelerate less?
Objectives 1. To illustrate how the equation F = ma applies
to hockey. 2. To show how to rearrange the variables in
the equation to solve for acceleration. 3. To show the relationship between force
and acceleration. 4. To show how mass and acceleration
are related. 5. To pair equations with action sequences that
students can readily understand.
SynopsisWhile coaching hockey practice, Dr. Birdley explains how Newton’s second law (F = m x a) applies to ice hockey.
Main Ideas 1. Force is equal to the mass of an object
multiplied by its acceleration (F = m x a). 2. Acceleration is equal to the force exerted on
an object divided by mass. (a = F/m). 3. In other words, the greater an object’s mass,
the less it will accelerate given an equal amount of force.
4. Increasing the amount of force you use on an object will increase the object’s acceleration.
Vocabulary
force acceleration mass
units kilograms Newtons
CharactersDr. Birdley, Shelly, Neil, Anthony
Teacher’s NoteThe acceleration of the large puck in the fi nal panel is 3 m/s2.
FORCES IN HOCKEY
62Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and MotionCopyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
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TERMINAL VELOCITY Objectives
1. To connect gravity to the formula a = F/m. 2. To discuss the connection between air
resistance and terminal velocity.
SynopsisAs Dr. Birdley goes skydiving, he explains how he reaches terminal velocity. He opens his parachute to slow his fall, but gets stuck in a tree on the way down.
Main Ideas 1. Before reaching terminal velocity, Birdley
accelerates due to gravity. 2. The other force at work is drag force, which
is caused by air resistance. 3. As Birdley speeds up, drag force increases.
This is because drag force is proportional to the square of an object’s speed.
4. Birdley reaches terminal velocity when the downward force of gravity is equal to the upward force of drag.
5. At this point, drag force cancels the force of gravity, resulting in zero downward acceleration. In terms of Newton’s formula, (a = F/m), here is what happens to net force:
F Fg - Fd m mwhere Fg = force of gravity and Fd = force of drag 6. Because of its shape, the parachute increases
the amount of drag Birdley experiences and lowers Birdley’s terminal velocity dramatically.
Vocabulary terminal velocity gravity accelerationair resistance drag free fall
CharactersDr. Birdley and Detective Eggs Benedict
Questions for Discussion
Before Reading: 1. Suppose you are skydiving. What
happens to your velocity / speed as you fall?
2. How do parachutes work? 3. How do you think air resistance affects
your fall?
After Reading: 1. When does terminal velocity happen in
the comic? 2. Why does Dr. Birdley’s parachute
slow his fall? 3. Why does Dr. Birdley stop accelerating?
Gravity and Net Force
a = = = 0
Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and MotionCopyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
63Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Directions: Answer the following questions to the best of your ability.
1. Translate the equation F = ma into a sentence.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. How does the amount of force you use affect the acceleration of a hockey puck?
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_________________________________________________________
3. Suppose you push two boxes with a force of 5 N. One box has a mass of 1 kg and one box has a mass of 2 kg. Which box will speed up faster? Why?
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4. After being hit with a hockey stick, a .20 kg puck accelerates at 50 m/s2. What is the amount of force exerted on the puck?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
5. Let‛s say 25 N of force are exerted on the .25 kg puck. What is the puck‛s acceleration?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
STUDY QUESTIONS
FORCES IN HOCKEYNAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
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NAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
STUDY QUESTIONS
Directions: Answer the following questions to the best of your ability.
1. What happens to Dr. Birdley‛s velocity over the fi rst several seconds? Why?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. What force does force of drag oppose? What happens to force of drag as velocity increases?
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_________________________________________________________
3. Compare force of drag and gravitational force once Birdley reaches terminal velocity. What is the resulting net force?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4. What happens to Birdley‛s acceleration at terminal velocity? Why? (Hint: what is the net force that results from drag opposing gravity? How are force and acceleration related?)
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
5. Does the parachute increase or decrease Dr. Birdley‛s terminal velocity? How? Explain your answer.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
TERMINAL VELOCITY
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66Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
NAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________FORCE, MASS, AND ACCELERATION
Copyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
1. A .15 kg hockey puck, starting at rest, is pushed so that it accelerates by 50 m/s2. What is the force exerted on the puck?
50.15 N 330 N 7.5 N 49.85 N
2. If an object is in motion, and there are no outside forces acting on it, the object’s speed will
eventually reach 0 m/s remain the same increase over time decrease over time
3. You push down on a table with your hands, and the table does not break. The table is
not pushing back at all pushing down in the same direction pushing sideways pushing back up on your hands with equal force
4. At terminal velocity, a skydiver stops accelerating because the ______ acting on her becomes to zero.
gravitational force force of drag net force the mass
5. If only two equal yet opposing forces are pushing on an object, the net force is always
zero positive negative constantly changing
6. An object is in inertia if it has no net forces acting on it. gets pushed or pulled is accelerating is falling
7. A person is standing on a bridge. Identify the two opposing forces at work in the space below. Then, draw a diagram of the situation. Use arrows to illustrate the two opposing forces.
Action Force:____________________ Diagram:
_______________________________
Reaction Force:__________________
_______________________________
Unit 6 Quiz: Newton’s Laws of Motion
Name:__________________________________ Class:_________ Date:____________
Directions: This quiz tests your knowledge of the cartoons, mini-comics, and visual exercises from units 5 and 6. Answer the following questions to the best of your ability.
67Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
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68
NAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
Reference Sheet: Key Formulas
FORCES & MOTION
Directions: In each box, write the correct formula that is used to fi nd the property that is listed.
Time (t)
distance (d)
slope (m)m = rise / run
acceleration (a)
mass (m):
Gravitational Force (Fg)
time (t)
fi nal velocity (vf)
deceleration (d)
Speed (s) Force (F)acceleration (a)
Speed, Time, and Distance
Accleration, Time,and Velocity
Force, Mass, Acceleration, and
Gravitation
*This slope formula would use two points on a line graph, with coordinates (x1, y1) and (x2, y2).
Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and MotionCopyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
79
Source Cartoon: Inertia 80
Source Cartoon: Friction in Golf 81
Cartoon Profi les (2) 82
Study Questions (2) 84
Visual Exercise 86
Mini-Comic 87
Unit 8: Disrupted Inertia
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80Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and MotionCopyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
Copyright © 2007 by Nevin Katz
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Objectives 1. To show that an object is in inertia if no
forces are acting on it. 2. To illustrate that an object in inertia could
still be in motion. 3. To practice breaking up an object’s motion
into horizontal and vertical components.
SynopsisNeil, looking the other way while riding on a skateboard, hits a fi re hydrant and goes fl ying. Birdley explains to him that he remained in inertia while the skateboard was stopped by the fi re hydrant.
Main Ideas 1. Objects in motion can be in inertia. 2. As Neil hit the fi re hydrant, he kept going
forward at the same velocity because no horizontal forces were acting on him.
3. Although Neil’s horizontal velocity remained the same, his vertical velocity changed somewhat: fi rst due to the upward push of the skateboard, and then due to gravity.
Vocabulary inertia force velocity
CharactersDr. Birdley, Neil
Teacher’s Notes
Before reading this comic, it is helpful for students to be familiar with the horizontal and vertical components of velocity. This is covered in the previous unit. Neil’s flight path is similar to that seen in projectile motion. Try relating Neil to other passengers on moving vehicles that stop suddenly.
Questions for Discussion
Before Reading: 1. Suppose I have an object on a
frictionless surface that extends infi nitely in all directions. What happens if I give that object one push?
2. Will it eventually stop? Or will it keep going forever? If so, why?
3. Suppose you leave a soda can on the top of a car and it takes off. What would happen to the soda can if the car were to suddenly come to a halt?
After Reading: 1. What happens to Neil? 2. Why does Neil remain in inertia? 3. What do seatbelts do if your car
suddenly stops? How does this relate to inertia?
IT‛S INERTIA Laws of Motion
82Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and MotionCopyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TN
Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929
Directions: Answer the following questions to the best of your ability.
1. As his skateboard hits the fi re hydrant, why does Neil continue to fl y forward? Explain.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. Describe Neil‛s vertical motion in the comic.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. What forces act on Neil‛s vertical motion?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4. Does the skateboard remain in inertia throughout the comic? Why or why not?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
5. How does inertia contribute to Neil‛s accident?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
STUDY QUESTIONS
IT‛S INERTIANAME: ______________________
CLASS: ________ DATE: ________
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Copyright © 2008 by Incentive Publications, Inc., Nashville, TNCopyright © 2007 by Nevin Katz
87
1. Why does a lead weight fall faster than a feather?
2. Why would two objects fall at the same speed in a vacuum tube?
3. Two objects with different shapes fall at the same speed in open air. What can you conclude about the amount of air resistance each object encounters?
Dr. Birdley Teaches Science – Forces and Motion
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Prepared exclusively for Richard Pokorny Transaction: 1929