Preface - mysapbooks.com. iv Unit 1 Materials in the Environment Chapter 1 Mixture and Their Characteristics ... Chapter Test 22 Making Connections 24 Chapter 2 Separating Mixtures

iii

The Power-Up Science Series is designed to help students acquire knowledge and understanding of science concepts, as well as develop scientific attitudes, skills, and values through Spiral Learning Approach.

Through this series, learning science becomes easier and meaningful with the use of colorful and engaging visuals, as well as age-appropriate language.

Each book in the series consists of the following features:

Unit Opener presents the general idea contained in the unit. This allows the pupils to have a perspective of what the unit is about.

Learning Goal sets the learning objective of each lesson.

Explore is designed to access the pupils’ prior knowledge. This makes learning inductive.

Science Bank presents information that enriches pupils’ knowledge and understanding of the concepts in focus.

Science at Work enables pupils to explore, discover, and acquire knowledge and skills through simple yet stimulating exercises that they can do at home. This makes learning experiential.

Looking Over allows the pupils to review the concepts presented in the lesson.

Enhance Your Skills contains exercises designed to further develop the pupils’ science skills.

Everyday Science offers simple and practical application of science concepts to the pupils’ real-life experience. This makes the pupils see and appreciate the meaning and use of science in their daily lives.

Linking Together presents a visual summary of the science concepts presented in the chapter. This helps the pupils remember the concepts that they have learned.

Chapter Test allows the pupils to evaluate their understanding and mastery of science concepts and processes.

Making Connections presents knowledge and issues, and relates them to the role of science in daily life, society, and the environment.

Preface

iv

Unit 1 Materials in the Environment

Chapter 1 Mixture and Their Characteristics

Lesson 1 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixture 3Lesson 2 Types of Mixtures 12Linking Together 21Chapter Test 22Making Connections 24

Chapter 2 Separating Mixtures

Lesson 1 Common Laboratory Apparatus 27Lesson 2 Ways of Separating Mixtures 38Linking Together 45Chapter Test 46Making Connections 48

Unit 2 Living Things and Their Environment

Chapter 3 The Human Body System

Lesson 1 The Musculoskeletal System 51Lesson 2 The Integumentary System 61Lesson 3 The Digestive System 67Lesson 4 The Respiratory System 74Lesson 5 The Circulatory System 80Lesson 6 The Nervous System 88Linking Together 97Chapter Test 98Making Connections 100

Table of Contents

v

Chapter 4 Animals and Their Classification

Lesson 1 Vertebrates and Invertebrates 102Linking Together 115Chapter Test 116Making Connections 118

Chapter 5 Plants and Their Reproduction

Lesson 1 Spore-bearing and Cone-bearing Plants 120Lesson 2 Vegetative Propagation of Plants 128Linking Together 137Chapter Test 138Making Connections 140

Chapter 6 The Ecosystem

Lesson 1 The Physical Condition of the Ecosystem 142Lesson 2 The Interactions in Ecosystems 151Linking Together 158Chapter Test 159Making Connections 162

Unit 3 Force, Motion, and Energy

Chapter 7 Gravitational and Frictional Forces

Lesson 1 Gravitational Force 165Lesson 2 Frictional Force 173Linking Together 180Chapter Test 181Making Connections 184

Chapter 8 Energy, Work, and Machines

Lesson 1 Energy and Its Forms 186Lesson 2 Transformations of Energy 192Lesson 3 Simple Machines 199Linking Together 207Chapter Test 208Making Connections 210

vi

Unit 4 Earth and Space

Chapter 9 Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions

Lesson 1 Earthquake and Plate Boundaries 213Lesson 2 Volcanic Eruptions 225Linking Together 236Chapter Test 237Making Connections 240

Chapter 10 Philippine Weather and Seasons

Lesson 1 Weather 242Lesson 2 Seasons in the Philippines 254Linking Together 261Chapter Test 262Making Connections 264

Chapter 11 Motions of the Earth

Lesson 1 Earth’s Rotation 266Lesson 2 Earth’s Revolution 274Linking Together 281Chapter Test 282Making Connections 284

Chapter 12 The Solar System

Lesson 1 The Solar System and the Eight Planets 286Linking Together 297Chapter Test 298Making Connections 300

UNIT 4

Climate change and energy crises are problems being faced by the world today. The scientific community needs your brilliant ideas to develop innovative, green solutions to address those problems. As a youth, you can start by studying the scientific concepts behind different natural phenomena. Then, through the application and synthesis of those concepts, it is hoped that you will create solutions and be a part of sustainable development agenda.

This unit will help you learn more about earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, weather, climate, motions of Earth and other members of the solar system.

Earth and Space

SCIENCE G6 TB Chapter9 REV6_adjusted Richard 050514.indd 211 5/5/2014 3:09:14 PM

212 UNIT 4 • Earth and Space212

CHAPTER 9Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions

The Philippines is located within the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean. Twenty–two active volcanoes are distributed in the archipelago.

We must study earthquakes and volcanic eruptions to understand how and why they occur. Understanding the two natural phenomena could give us information on how to prevent casualties and damages that they may cause.


CHAPTER 9 • Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions 213

Have you read the news about the earthquake that killed hundreds of people in Bohol? On October 15, 2013, an earthquake was felt in Visayas and in some provinces in Mindanao. It was reported that 222 people died and 976 were injured. Thousands of infrastructures were also destroyed. In this lesson, you will learn why earthquakes occur and understand ways to prevent casualties and damages brought about by this natural phenomenon.

1 Earthquake and Plate Boundaries

Learning Goals• Define concepts such as tectonic plates, faults, epicenter, and earthquakes.• Describe the changes in the Earth’s surface as a result of earthquakes.• Make informed decisions on what to do before, during, and after

earthquakes.

Explore!

Why do earthquakes occur?


214 UNIT 4 • Earth and Space

What is an earthquake?

The surface of the Earth is like a jigsaw puzzle, made up of many pieces of rocks called tectonic plates. These plates can be up to 100-kilometer thick and are constant moving towards, away from, or sliding past each other. When two tectonic plates crash into each other, an earthquake occurs.

An earthquake is the shaking of the ground caused by crashing or movement of tectonic plates along the Earth’s crust. The edges of tectonic plates are called faults. Most earthquakes occur along the fault lines when the plates slide past each other or collide against each other.

fault

epicenter

seismic wave

focus

Earthquakes spread out from the focus like ripples on a pond.

Earthquakes produce seismic waves, a form of energy released when rocks break. These waves originate from the focus, the initial point of rupture. The waves spread out like ripples on a pond. The waves can travel in long distances and make the ground shake in all directions. The epicenter, the location on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus, is where the seismic waves are severely destructive. Earthquakes could cause collapse of buildings and roads, breakage of power and gas lines, tsunamis, and fires.

Science Bank

Alfred Wegener is the proponent of continental drift theory which explains that continents of the Earth were once a single mass of land called Pangaea.



The earthquake in Bohol on October 15, 2013 caused collapse of buildings and roads.

Plate Boundaries

Tectonic plates move at different plate boundaries and cause earthquakes. The strength of an earthquake and the type of resulting fault depend on the type of plate boundaries. Geologists observe three types of plate boundaries, namely divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries.

At divergent plate boundaries, tectonic plates move away from one another. When the plates separate, they form a gap. As the gap widens, the magma underneath the gap pushes its way upward resulting in the formation of new rock and in some cases, volcanic islands are formed. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Gakkel Ridge are examples of formations due to movement along divergent plate boundaries.

Crust

Mantle upward push of magma

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge was formed due to movement along divergent plate boundaries.



At convergent plate boundaries, tectonic plates move toward one another. When they collide, the heavier plate goes underneath while the lighter goes on top. The deepest and tallest landforms, such as Mt. Everest and K2, are formed by movements along convergent plate boundaries. In addition, the strongest and most devastating earthquakes in Earth’s history are associated with convergent plate boundaries.

collision of plates

Crust

Mantle

Mt. Everest was formed due to movement along convergent plate boundaries.

At transform plate boundaries, blocks of rock slide alongside one another. When two blocks move in opposite direction, great amount of energy is released producing earthquakes. The San Andreas Fault is a result of plate movements along transform plate boundary.

sliding of plates

Crust

Mantle

The San Andreas Fault was formed due to movement along transform plate boundaries.



Magnitude of an Earthquake

Have you noticed that earthquakes are reported using numbers that correspond to their strength? The magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of the energy released by the earthquake. It is determined by measuring the maximum height of the wave and the distance of the seismograph from the epicenter.

The earthquake that occurred in the Central Visayas on October 2013 had a magnitude of 7.2 at Bohol, the epicenter of the earthquake. Note that for every unit increase in magnitude, there is about thirty times increase in the amount of energy released. For example, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake releases 31.2 times more energy than a 6.0–magnitude earthquake; while an 8.0-magnitude earthquake releases approximately 973 times (31.2 x 31.2) more energy than a 6.0–magnitude earthquake.

An 8.6–magnitude earthquake could release energy equivalent to about 10 000 atomic bombs. Fortunately, it does not occur as often as the smaller magnitude earthquakes, which cause little or no damage.

Can scientists predict earthquakes?

Many scientists have tried different methods of predicting the occurrence of earthquakes, but none of them was successful. They can determine if an earthquake would probably occur on a particular fault but they still cannot determine exactly when it will happen. Predicting earthquakes remains a challenge for seismologists around the world.

Science Bank

Seismometer is an instrument used to measure seismic waves. It is designed by James David Forbes, a Scottish physicist.

A seismograph is an instrument that records

seismic waves produced by an earthquake.



Earthquake Safety

Earthquake can occur suddenly, without any warning signs. It could also occur at any time of the day. What should you do to protect yourself and others before, during, and after an earthquake?

Before an earthquake

Preparation is key in avoiding casualties and damages during natural calamities.

You and your family should be aware of the safe spots in your house where you can go during an earthquake— spaces under sturdy tables, desks, or archways. Also, know the danger spots around your home, such as places under windows, mirrors, under hanging objects, and near tall unsecured furniture.

Keep a list of emergency numbers and prepare a family emergency kit. Learn how to use all the items in the kit and it would be best if family members know how to administer first aid and CPR.

The kit must contain food, water, flashlight, battery-operated radio, extra batteries, medicine, first aid kit, and clothing.

Help your parents organize your house as part of your earthquake preparation by doing the following: 1 Keep breakables or heavy objects on bottom shelves. 2 Secure tall heavy furniture which could topple, such

as bookshelves or cabinets.3 Secure the electrical appliances. 4 Keep flammable or hazardous liquids such as paints,

pest sprays or cleaning products in the garage or outside shed.



5 Check roofs, walls, and foundations to ensure that they are structurally sound and stable.

During an Earthquake

If outdoors, go into an open area away from trees, buildings, walls, and power lines. And if you are inside a vehicle, ask the driver to pull the vehicle to the side of the road and stop. Avoid stopping the vehicle near overpasses or power lines. Go to an open area.

If indoors, stay inside. Perform the “Drop, Cover, and Hold” drill.

• Drop yourself down to the ground level.• Cover yourself by going under a sturdy desk or table.• Hold on to the desk or table to stabilize it.

Go under a sturdy desk or table, and hold on. Protect your head as much as possible. Alternately, you can stand in an archway or corner. Stay away from windows and outside walls.

After an Earthquake

When the earthquake is over, stay calm and check for injuries. Apply first aid if needed. Do not move any seriously injured individuals unless they are in immediate danger. Also, turn on your portable radio for instructions and news reports, and cooperate fully with public safety officials.

Inside your house, have an adult check for fires, gas leaks, and damaged electrical wiring or sewer lines. If you smell gas, do not use matches, candles, etc. and do not operate electrical switches. Always be prepared for aftershocks. Aftershocks are smaller magnitude earthquakes that occur after the initial earthquake and could happen days and even weeks after.



Scie

nce

at Work

What You Need• hot water• 5 tablespoons gelatine powder• 15 soft candies• 15 marshmallows

• shallow baking pan• 30 toothpicks• spoon

What You Need to Do1 Carefully pour 2 cups of hot water into the shallow baking pan. Add the

gelatine powder. 2 Stir the mixture thoroughly using the spoon. Make sure all gelatine powder

dissolves.3 Let the mixture stand for an hour or until it hardens.4 Observe the toothpick-marshmallow-candy model your teacher made.

Build your own structure using the toothpicks, candies, and marshmallows. Note that your structure must be able to stand under the stress of an earthquake.

5 Place the structure you built on top of the prepared gelatine. Shake the gelatine back and forth to simulate an earthquake.

6 Repeat the experiment using a different building design.

Questions1 What happens to your structure when it was placed in the shaking

gelatine?2 Did your structure collapse? What could you do to make your structure

stronger?3 What are the things an engineer must consider in designing buildings and

structures?

Modeling Stable Structures



Loo

king Over

• An earthquake is the shaking of the ground caused by breakage or movement of tectonic plates. It can cause collapse of buildings, breakage of power and gas lines, landslides, avalanches, tsunamis, fires, and volcanic eruptions.

• Faults are the edges of tectonic plates. Most earthquakes occur along the fault lines when the plates slide past each other or collide into each other.

• Earthquakes travel as seismic waves. • The focus is the origin of an earthquake. It is the initial point of

rupture. • The epicenter is the location on the Earth’s surface directly

above the focus. It is where the seismic waves are severely destructive.

• Geologists observe three types of plate boundaries—namely, convergent, divergent, and transform plate boundaries.

• At divergent plate boundaries, tectonic plates move away from one another.

• At convergent plate boundaries, tectonic plates move toward one another.

• At transform plate boundaries, tectonic plates slide past each other.

• The magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of the energy released by the earthquake.



Enhan

ce

Your Skills

1 is the initial point of rupture or the origin of an earthquake.A CoreB EpicenterC FaultD Focus

2 Which of the following is not an effect of an earthquake?A FireB HurricaneC Landslide D Tsunami

3 Which of the following should you do before an earthquake?A Apply first aid.B Drop, cover, and hold on.C Go to the neighbor’s house and drink tea.D Secure tall heavy furniture which could topple.

4 At what type of boundary do blocks of rocks move away from one another?A Transfer plate boundaryB Divergent plate boundaryC Transform plate boundaryD Convergent plate boundary

5 A magnitude 8.0 earthquake releases ___ times the amount of energy compared to a 7.0–magnitude earthquake.A 8.0B 15.7C 31.2D 56.0

A Choose the best answer.



B Crossword Puzzle

1 2

7

6

5

3

4

8 9

Across1 Earthquakes travel as waves.3 It is the location on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus.4 At this plate boundary, blocks of rocks move away from one another.5 The edge of tectonic plates is called a .8 At this plate boundary, tectonic plates slide alongside one another.

Down2 At this plate boundary, tectonic plates move toward one another.5 The is the origin of an earthquake. It is the initial point of rupture.6 They are scientists studying the Earth and the processes that change or

transform it.



Eve

ryd

ay

Science

7 It is the shaking of the ground caused by breakage or movement of tectonic plates along the Earth’s crust.

9 It is a measure of the strength of the earthquake or the energy released by the earthquake.

C There Is an Earthquake, What Do You Do?

Pick a location from the following list: kitchen, classroom, garage, beach, living room, bedroom, playground, or library.

Now, imagine an earthquake is occurring in your location.

Think of three things that happen during the earthquake and list them below.1 2 3

How would you react to the situation?

List down any emotions or thoughts that are going through your mind during the earthquake.

The ground shaking halts. What will you do once the earthquake stops?

Someone with you is badly injured. What will you do?

Mariana Trench is the deepest region on Earth and is also formed by movements of plates. Along what type of plate boundary is it formed?



2 Volcanic Eruptions

Learning Goals• Describe the changes in the Earth’s surface as a result of volcanic eruptions.• Describe warning signs of a volcano that is about to erupt.• Make informed decisions on what to do before and during volcanic eruptions.

Explore!

Why do volcanic eruptions occur?

Mt. Pinatubo, an active volcano located on the island of Luzon, erupted on June 15, 1991. It killed up to 800 people and destroyed thousands of homes. It spewed tons of volcanic ashes and gases in the atmosphere. The eruption also caused a 7.7–magnitude earthquake in Central Luzon.

In this lesson, you will learn more about volcanoes, effects of volcanic eruptions, and warning signs that indicate that a volcano is about to erupt.



What is a volcano?

A volcano is a mountain that has opening to allow lava, hot vapor, and gas to escape from the pool of magma below. When pressure builds up inside the Earth, volcanic eruptions occur. The molten, liquid rocks inside the volcano, called magma, flow upwards. When magma flows out of a volcano, it is called lava—a very hot fluid which could be red or white in color.

The magma inside the volcano flows upward. When magma flows out of a volcano, it is

called lava.

Scientists have categorized volcanoes into three main categories—namely active, dormant, and extinct volcanoes. An active volcano is one that has erupted in the last 10 000 years and there is a possibility that it may erupt soon. A dormant volcano is one that has not erupted in the last 10 000 years but may still erupt in the future. An extinct volcano is one that has erupted thousands of years ago and will no longer erupt in the future.

Science Bank

The word “volcano” came from the word “Vulcan”, the god of fire in Roman mythology.



Types of Volcanoes

Volcanoes are divided into three types—cinder cones, composite volcanoes, and shield volcanoes.

Type Description Example

Cinder Cones Cinder cones have bowl-shaped summit and steep sides. They are made up of small fragments of cooled lava from a single opening. They only grow to about 1000 feet.

Examples of cinder cones include Paricutin in Mexico and Mt. Taal in the Philippines.

Taal Volcano

Composite Volcanoes Composite volcanoes, also called strato-volcanoes, are steep-sided and cone-shaped volcanoes. Some of them rise up to 10 000 feet high. They are composed of many layers of volcanic rocks, usually made from lava, ashes and rock debris.

Mt. Fuji of Japan and Mt. Mayon of the Philippine are examples of composite volcanoes.

Mayon Volcano

Shield Volcanoes Shield volcanoes are tall and broad volcanoes that are shaped like a bowl. They have low slopes made by lava.

Examples of shield volcanoes are Kilauea in Hawaii and Olympic Mons in Mars.

Kilauea



Effects of Volcanic Eruptions

The Mt. Pinatubo eruption on June 15, 1991 produced the largest sulfur dioxide cloud in the 20th century. The sulfur dioxide gas, which diffused around the world for months, decreased the world atmospheric temperature by about one degree Celsius for two years.

As volcanoes erupt, they spew volcanic ashes into the atmosphere. Volcanic ashes can change weather patterns and damage lungs when inhaled.

Lahar flows out of the volcano. It is similar to pyroclastic flow—a fast-moving body of hot gases and solids. Lahar contains more water, can travel long distances, can start fire, and destroy crops.



Warning Signs of Volcanic Eruptions

Volcanologists are scientists studying volcanoes. They can predict eruptions by understanding the volcano’s eruptive history and by installing proper instruments in it. They observe signs of volcanic activities, such as small earthquakes, increase in temperature of the surface of the volcano, emission of gases, and changes in ground movement. However, they cannot predict yet how severe an eruption may be.

Small earthquakes are usual signs of volcanic activity. When magma moves upward, it can fracture the rock and cause small earthquakes, usually with magnitudes of not greater than 5.0. The movement of magma could also cause continuous ground vibration, called volcanic tremor.

Volcanologists also collect gas emissions and temperature data from the volcano. Both the temperature and the amount of gas emitted by a volcano are dependent on the depth of surface magma. Changes in the amount of gases, even on the type of gases, and temperatures could indicate imminent eruption.

Nowadays, satellite imaging is employed to monitor volcanic activity. Every small change in the surface of a volcano can be detected from the outer space. The above picture shows a satellite image of Taal volcano.



Volcanic Eruption Safety

When you receive news of an impending volcanic eruption, you and your family must prepare yourselves in order to prevent injuries and damage. Always stay safe. Follow authorities’ instructions and execute your evacuation plan.

Before a Volcanic Eruption

First, learn about your community warning systems and emergency plans.

Be prepared for the hazards that can accompany a volcanic eruption—mudflows and flash floods, landslides, earthquakes, ashfall, and tsunamis. If you are in a hazard area, create an evacuation plan and have family emergency kit on hand which includes dust mask and goggles.



Create an emergency communication plan with your family. During an earthquake, family members may get separated from each other. So part of your preparation is to point out a relative’s house where you could meet after the disaster. Make sure everyone knows the name, address, and phone number of the contact person.

During a Volcanic Eruption

During an eruption, stay calm and follow the evacuation order issued by authorities. Avoid areas downwind and river valleys downstream of the volcano.

If caught indoors, close all windows, doors, and dampers. If trapped outdoors, seek shelter indoors. If caught near a stream, be aware of mudflows. Move up slope, especially if you hear the roar of a mudflow.

The volcano might spew hot ashes so you must protect yourself from ashfall. Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants. Use goggles to protect your eyes and a dust mask to help you breathe. Listen to the radio for announcements or latest information about the volcanic eruption.



Scie

nce

at Work

What You Need• 6 cups of flour• 2 cups of salt• 4 tablespoons cooking oil• 2 cups of water• 2 cups warm water• 6 drops liquid detergent• 2 tablespoons baking soda

• red food colouring• 1½ cup vinegar• large mixing bowl• plastic gloves• plastic bottle• aluminum pan

What You Need to Do1 Combine flour, salt, cooking oil, and water in a large mixing bowl. Mix the

ingredients with your hands until the dough is firm. 2 Place the bottle in the center of the aluminum pan. Mould the salt dough

around the bottle in a volcano shape, but leave the opening of the bottle uncovered.

3 Mix warm water, liquid detergent, and baking soda on a separate container. Then add a few drops of red food color. Carefully pour the resulting mixture into the bottle.

4 Slowly pour the vinegar into the bottle.

Questions1 What happens when vinegar was poured into the bottle with water,

detergent, and baking soda?2 How is the model similar to a volcano?

Volcanic Eruption Model

Loo

ki

ng Over

• A volcano is a mountain that extends down a pool of magma between the crust and mantle. It acts like a safety valve that releases the pressure buildups inside the Earth.

• Magma is the molten rocks inside the volcano that flows upward during an eruption. When magma flows out of a volcano, it is called lava.



Loo

ki

ng Over

• An active volcano is one that has erupted in the last 10 000 years and there is a possibility that it may erupt soon.

• A dormant volcano is one that has not erupted in the last 10 000 years but may still erupt in the future.

• An extinct volcano is one that has erupted thousands of years ago and will no longer erupt in the future.

• Cinder cones are volcanoes that have bowl-shaped summit and steep sides.

• Composite volcanoes, also called strato-volcanoes, are steep-sided and cone-shaped volcanoes.

• Shield volcanoes are tall and broad volcanoes that are shaped like a bowl.

• As volcanoes erupt, they cause volcanic clouds, pyroclastic flows, and lahars.

• Volcanologists are scientists studying volcanoes. They can predict eruptions by understanding the volcano’s eruptive history and by installing proper instruments in it.

• Small earthquakes, changes in temperature, and changes in amount of gases are usual signs of volcanic activity.

Enhan

ce

Your Skills

A Choose the best answer.

1 is the god of fire in Roman mythology from which the name volcano was derived.A BulkanoB Volca

C VulnoD Vulcan

2 are volcanoes that have bowl-shaped summit and steep sides.A Active volcanoB Shield volcano

C Composite volcanoD Cinder cone volcano

3 volcanoes are volcanoes that have erupted in the last 10 000 years and there is a possibility that it may erupt soon.

A ActiveB Dormant

C ExtinctD Shield



Enhan

ce

Your Skills

4 Which of the following does not flow out of a volcano during eruption?A LavaB Lahar

C MagmaD Pyroclastic flow

5 Which of the following statements is false regarding magma?A Magma is a very hot fluid.B When magma flows out of a volcano, it is called lava.C Magma is gray liquid that flows very fast out of a volcano.D Magma is the molten rocks inside the volcano that flows upward during

an eruption.

B Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false. ____ 1 A volcano is a mountain that acts like a safety valve that releases the

pressure buildups inside the Earth. ____ 2 When magma flows out of a volcano, it is called lava. ____ 3 Pyroclastic flow is a fast-moving body of hot gases and solids. ____ 4 A dormant volcano is one that has erupted thousands of years ago

and will no longer erupt in the future. ____ 5 Cinder cones are also called strato-volcanoes. ____ 6 Shield volcanoes are tall and broad volcanoes that are shaped like

a bowl. ____ 7 Seismologists are scientists studying volcanoes. ____ 8 Small earthquakes, changes in temperature, and changes in amount

of gases are usual signs of volcanic activity. ____ 9 During an earthquake, it is best to go to river valleys downstream of

the volcano to avoid volcanic eruption hazards. ____10 When magma is flowing toward your house, you should drop, cover,

and hold on.

C Find the word being described in each statement below in the word search box.1 It is a very hot red or white fluid that flows out from a volcano. 2 It is a classification of volcano that has erupted in the last 10 000 years

and there is a possibility that it may erupt soon.3 It is a type of volcano that is tall and broad. It has slopes made up of lava.4 It is a toxic gas naturally produced by a volcano during eruption.5 It is a cone-shaped volcano in the Philippines that erupted in 1991.6 They are scientists studying volcanoes.7 It is a technology used to study volcanic activities from space.8 It acts like a safety valve that releases the pressure buildups inside the

Earth.



v

Eve

ryd

ay

Science

Volcanoes are also formed on ocean floors. Underwater volcanic eruptions could also cause earthquakes. Why, do you think, you should avoid staying at the beach when an earthquake originating from oceans has occurred?

9 It is a classification of volcano that will no longer erupt in the future. 10 It is a type of volcano that is cone-shaped and has steep sides.

H N C M X K H N E V K I E P M

S C B I Z Z K T N O Z I D M L

D T J E Y G I Q Z L B J I Y A

D X S I E L E X X C P V X Z V

N P J I L V Q H E A L P O J N

A I I E G W I D C N O A I A K

I W T N I O W T B O V S D U P

R A Q F A H L Z C A P V R D F

S D U I L T N O L A I S U L V

Q B A K S T U I N M O B F E K

T C N I T X E B A A T K L I Q

S V K W K W E G O F C W U H G

C O M P O S I T E U I L S S X

F W K S T N S V C X N V O D D

G R T B G J Z Y J B H X B V P



LINKING TOGETHER

Avalanche

Tsunami

Fire Transform plate boundary

Convergent Plate boundary

Divergent plate boundary

Landslide

Earthquake

Plate Boundary

Volcanic eruption

Volcano

Cinder-cone volcano

Active

Composite volcanoDormant

Shield volcanoExtinct

Lava

Volcanic ash

Lahar

Pyroclastic material

Category Types

can cause occurs at may release



CHAPTER TEST

A Choose the best answer.1 is an instrument used to measure ground movements.

A SeismogramB SeismographC VolcanogramD Volcanologist

2 Where does the energy that causes earthquakes come from?A SunB Ocean waves C Earth’s interiorD Earth’s atmosphere

3 Where do earthquakes originate?A FocusB EpicenterC Fault planeD Fracture center

4 These are waves that travel through the interior of Earth. They carry the energy of earthquakes.A Light wavesB Sound wavesC Seismic wavesD Tectonic waves

5 Which of the following best describes an epicenter of an earthquake?A It is where the earthquake originates.B It is the place where tectonic plates move.C It is a location on the Earth’s surface where the largest seismic waves

are felt.D It is the point on the Earth’s surface directly below the focus of an

earthquake.6 Which of the following materials could be hazardous to an aircraft flying

near a volcano that just erupted?A AshB LaharC LavaD Magma



7 What is the toxic gas that is naturally released during a volcanic eruption?A Sulfur dioxideB Carbon dioxideC Hydrogen DioxideD Dinitrogen trioxide

8 Mount Taal is a volcano with a bowl-shaped summit. What type of volcano is Mount Taal? A Shield volcanoB Strato-volcanoC Composite volcanoD Cinder cone volcano

9 Which of the following is not a warning sign of volcanic activity?A Small earthquakesB Decrease in temperatureC Change in the type of gasesD Increase in the amount of gases

10 Which of the following is the best thing to do before a volcanic eruption?A Stay under a sturdy table.B Prepare an evacuation plan.C Eat the food stored in the emergency kit.D Go to the authorities and complain about the volcano.

B Write True if the statement is correct and False if not. _____ 1 Seismic waves are produced at the epicenter of an earthquake. _____ 2 High mountains like Mt. Everest are formed by the movement of

tectonic plates along transform plate boundaries. _____ 3 Dormant volcanoes are volcanoes that erupted many years ago but

will no longer erupt in the future. _____ 4 Magma is the molten rock that flows out of the volcano. _____ 5 Fire and landslides are major earthquake hazards. _____ 6 The San Andreas Fault Zone was formed by the movement of blocks

along convergent plate boundaries. _____ 7 The cinder cone volcanoes are cone-shaped volcanoes with steep

sides. _____ 8 During earthquakes, you should check roofs, walls, and foundations

for structural condition.



_____ 9 To protect yourself from ash fall, wear long-sleeved shirts, goggles, and long pants.

_____ 10 Hydrogen dioxide is a toxic, pungent gas that is released naturally during volcanic eruptions.

C Write and Draw1 Describe a safe spot during an earthquake.

2 Design a house that is earthquake safe. Label the features that make the house safe against earthquakes.

3 How should you prepare for a natural disaster, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?



A Threat to Coastal Areas

Tsunami is a series of high tidal waves generated by sudden displacement of a large volume of water. It is often triggered by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. Most tsunamis originate in the Pacific Ring of Fire, which is the most active seismic feature on Earth. Tsunami waves can reach 50 feet or more in height and devastate coastal communities.

In recorded history, tsunamis have killed hundreds of thousands of people. On March 2011, a devastating tsunami struck Japan and claimed nearly 16 000 lives. The tsunami also destroyed thousands of buildings and infrastructure.

Scientists and engineers are now working together to build structures that can withstand powerful tsunamis. Some factors that they consider in designing buildings are height, presence of suspended floors, and strength of frames.

MAKING CONNECTIONS


Documents

Preface - mysapbooks.com. iv Unit 1 Materials in the Environment Chapter 1 Mixture and Their Characteristics ... Chapter Test 22 Making Connections 24 Chapter 2 Separating Mixtures