What does the “Theory

of Endosymbiosis” state?

________________

________________

________________

________________

Describe the structure and composition of the cell membrane. (make a sketch) ___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

Name: _______________________________________________ Period:__________

Station 1. Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells.

a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining

homeostasis and cell reproduction.

Organelle Function and which kingdom/s the organelle is in

Golgi Body

Ribosome

Nucleus

Lysosome

Cell

Membrane

Mitochondria

Vacuoles

ER (smooth

and rough)

Organelles found in

certain eukaryotic cells

Function and which kingdom/s the organelle is

found in

Cell Wall

Chloroplasts

Vacuoles

What is Homeostasis? Give an example. __________________________

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

How are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells (List 3 ways)?

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________ Which have been around longer?

Discuss three differences between plant cells and animal cells. _________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_

What are the cell walls of plants made of? __________________

What are the 2 prokaryotic kingdoms? ______________

______________________________________

What are the 4 eukaryotic kingdoms? ___________

______________________________________

______________________________________

How does the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis? Why is the cell membrane called

selectively permeable? __________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

__

Station 2. Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. b. Explain how enzymes function as catalysts.

What do enzymes do? How do enzymes affect activation energy? Look at the

graph. _____________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

________________________________________________

Label the 2 boxes on the graph: “with out enzyme” or “with enzyme”.

What group of macromolecules do enzymes belong to?

______________________________________ Make a sketch that explains what is meant by the sayings that “enzymes are

specific” and fit like a “lock and key.” Label your sketch with the following

words: active site, substrate/reactants, enzyme, products.

Cells are constantly building up and breaking down molecules.

Each step is helped along by _________________!!!

Characteristics of Enzymes

1. A _________________ is a substance that speeds up the rate of

chemical reaction without itself being changed. Most catalysts for

biochemical reactions are _____________.

2. An enzyme makes chemical reactions within cells ______________, or

speeds them up, without itself being changed.

3. Without enzymes, many of the ________________ reactions would

occur too slowly for the organism to survive.

4. Enzymes are ______ permanently altered or __________ up in

reactions.

5. The same enzyme works for the _____________and

___________ directions of a reaction.

6. The reactants that are affected by enzymes in enzyme-catalyzed

reactions are knows as __________________________.

7. Each enzyme is highly _________________ about its substrate.

8. Enzymes are ________________ to proper cell function.

Word bank: chemical, reverse, catalyst, critical, selective, possible,

enzymes, forward, not, used, substrates

If you add more enzymes (increases the concentration) to a

solution of substrate, what will happen to the reaction rate?

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

What will happen to the rate of reaction if you….

Heat up the enzyme? _______________________________

Cool down the enzyme? _____________________________

Change the pH? __________________________________

What is a chemical reaction? _______________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

What are reactants? ____________________________________

_________________________________________________

What are products in a chemical reaction? ______________________

_________________________________________________

_____________

Station 3. Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. c. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).

d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion).

Macromolecules Elements/Ratio Major functions Monomer Examples

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic__________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

Describe each

type of

solution. What

happens to a

cell in each

type of

solution?

Make a sketch

of each.

What is diffusion? ___________ What is osmosis? ________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

__

Passive Transport

Active Transport

Put the following

in the Venn

diagram:

- Requires energy

-From High to low

concentration

-From Low to high

concentration

-Does not require

energy

-Allows molecules

to pass through the

cell membrane

-Osmosis

-Diffusion

-Uses protein

channels

What is endocytosis? ____________________________________

__________________________________________________

_________________________________________________ Make a sketch. What is exocytosis? _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

A difference in concentration on opposite sides of a cell membrane makes

osmosis possible. This difference is known as the concentration gradient.

Station 4. Analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. a. Distinguish between DNA and RNA.

b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular information.

DNA RNA

# of strands

Monomers

Major function

Involved in what

processes?

4 Bases and the

base pairing rules

Location in cell

Name of Sugar

What it stands for

Protein Synthesis Transcription Translation

What happens during

this stage?

Where does this stage

take place?

What is the term used to describe the

shape of DNA? _____________

_______________________

What 2 parts form the “backbone”/

“sides of the ladder” of DNA? ____

________________________

________________________ What’s the bond called between the

nitrogen bases? ______________

________________________

What are the 3 parts of a

nucleotide? _________

_________________

_________________

Which part has the code

for a protein? ______

_________________

Energy From Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids can all serve as energy sources for cells. Carbohydrates and proteins yield only 4 calories of usable

energy per gram. Lipids are more complex than carbohydrates and provide more energy, 9 calories per gram. Carbohydrates are a cell’s best source for quick energy.

Proteins are broken down much more slowly than carbohydrates. Organisms often convert carbohydrates and proteins that are not needed for energy into lipids. Cells store

energy into lipids.

The genetic information

that determines traits is

contained in nucleic acids

which are macromolecules.

The 2 types of nucleic

acids are DNA and RNA.

What happens during DNA replication?

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________ What are the base pairing rules during

DNA replication? _____________

_________________________ Each new molecule is identical to the

original molecule of DNA.

Make a sketch of DNA

What is a chromosome? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Traits are determined by small parts of chromosomes. The section of a chromosome that codes for a specific trait is called a gene. An organism’s traits depend on the kind

and number of proteins in that organism. Remember proteins are macromolecule made up of amino acids. The main function of genes is to control the production of

proteins. What organelle assembles proteins? __________________ Where is this organelle found within a cell? ________________________________

What is protein synthesis? __________________________________________________________________________________________

Use the following DNA strand to do the following:

AGT AGC TAG

Replicate the DNA: ________________________________________

Transcibe the DNA into mRNA: ________________________________ Translate the mRNA into amino acids (remember to use the anticodon):

________________________________________________________

The instructions in DNA are in a code that depends on the arrangement of nucleotide ______________. The nucleotides are arranged in triplets called ______________.

A codon is a group of 3 bases that codes for a specific amino acid. The code for making a protein is passed from the DNA to an ______ molecule during

_______________________. The RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes where it will be translated is called

____________________ . Translation converts the information in the mRNA into a sequence of amino acids that make up a _____________. In order to

translate the code, mRNA codons must join with the correct anticodon on the tRNA. An __________________ is a set of 3 nitrogenous bases on a tRNA molecule

that is complementary to the codon on an mRNA molecule. Be able to use the codon wheel and chart. (Chapter 8.4 in your book)

Word Bank: codon, transcription, bases, RNA, messenger, protein, anticodon

What are the 3 types of RNA and what do they do? ________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Translation

Station 6. Analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability.

e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations.

Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction

# of parents

Are the offspring

different or the same as

the parents?

Which kingdoms use this

method to reproduce?

Advantages

Disadvantages

In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant over

white fur (b). If one parent rabbit is

heterozygous and the other parent rabbit

is homozygous white, what is the

probability of producing an offspring

with white fur? (Use a Punnett square to

determine your answer.)

___________________________

What is the phenotypic ratio of the

offspring? _______________

_____________________ What is the genotypic ration of the

offspring? _______________

_______________________

The process of meiosis provides the opportunity for the shuffling of chromosomes. How is meiosis

and sexual reproduction helpful for the survival of a species? _______________________

______________________________________________________________

What is crossing over? How does

this relate to the question to the left?

_______________________

_______________________

_______________________

_______________________

What are the sources of genetic variation in organisms?

____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_

Know these

Define the following words:

1. Heterozygous: _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

2. Homozygous:

________________________________________________________________

3. Genotype: ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

4. Phenotype: _____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Dominant allele: _________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

6. Recessive allele: _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Who was Gregor Mendel? What did he study?

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

Station 7. Analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. d.Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits including

- Alterations during replication –Insertions –Deletions -Substitutions

• Mutagenic factors that can alter DNA.

• High energy radiation (x-rays and ultraviolet) and Chemical

f. Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics, medicine, and agriculture

Explain the following types of gene mutations:

Frame Shift Mutations:

-Deletion Mutation: _____________________

__________________________________

- Insertion Mutation: ____________________

__________________________________

Point Substitution:

-Base-pair substitution: _________

________________________

________________________

_______________________

What is a mutagen? List three. __________________________________

______________________________________________________

_____________

What is a mutation? _____________________________________

__________________________________________________

Are all mutations bad? Explain. _____________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

How can (do) mutations help

populations survive and adapt

(evolve)?

_______________________

_______________________

_______________________

_______________________

_______________________

_______________________

_______________________

_______________________

Explain how a point substitution is different from a frame-shift

mutation. ____________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

_ What is a somatic mutation? _________________________

___________________________________________

What is germ mutation? ____________________________

___________________________________________

What kind of mutation can be passed on? How is it passed on? ___________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Define the following: Law of dominance: ___________________________

_____________________________________________________

Law of segregation: _________________________________________

______________________________________________________

Law of independent assortment: _________________________________

_____________________________________________________

What is codominance? Give an example. _____________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

What is incomplete dominance? Give an example. ________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

__

What is genetic engineering? __________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

What is recombinant DNA? ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

How is recombinant DNA used in genetic engineering? ___________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

What is a plasmid? __________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

What is a transgenic organism? __________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Review Questions

1. A type of mutation that alters DNA by 2. Which of the following DNA technologies is MOST likely

replacing one nucleotide with another is to be used in forensics?

a. Crossing-Over d. Substitution a. Genetic Engineering

b. Insertion b. Development of frost-resistant plants

c. Deletion c. DNA fingerprinting

How is genetic engineering used in the following?

Medicine

Agriculture

Breeding

What are the risks of genetic engineering? _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

What is DNA Fingerprinting? ____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________ What can DNA Fingerprinting be used for in forensics (a branch of law enforcement that uses scientific

investigation and evidence to solve crimes? Discuss at least 2 ways. ____________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

How can DNA be used to determine how closely related various organisms are? ____________________

________________________________________________________________________

How can DNA be used to prove paternity (who the father is)? ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

How is DNA separated in gel electrophoresis? __________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

__________ How do police know that suspect 2 is guilty?

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

Station 8 Derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. Chapter 4 a. Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.

What is the equation for Photosynthesis? What is the equation for cellular respiration? How are photosynthesis and cellular

respiration related? ______________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________ What happens during the light-dependent reactions?

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________ What happens during the light-independent reactions

also known as the Calvin cycle? ____________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________ Sketch a chloroplast.

What is cellular respiration? ____________________________

______________________________________________

Why do organisms do cellular respiration? ___________________

______________________________________________

What types of organisms perform cellular respiration? ____________

______________________________________________

What organelle performs cellular respiration? _________________

____________________________________________

What happens during glycolysis? ________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

What happens during the Krebs cycle? ______________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

What is the electron transport chain? _______________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________ Sketch a mitochondrion.

What is stored in the bonds

of glucose? _________

________________ What are the reactants in

photosynthesis? _______

__________________

__________________ What are the products of

photosynthesis? _______

__________________

__________________ What are the reactants in

cellular respiration? _____

__________________ What are the products of

cellular respiration? ______

What is photosynthesis and what organelle does it occur in? ___________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What types of organisms carry out photosynthesis? __________________________________________________________________________

What is the source of energy for photosynthesis? __________________ What is another word for producer? ___________________________________

Anaerobic respiration begins with glycolysis. If no oxygen is present, glycolysis is

followed by fermentation. What is anaerobic respiration? __________________

________________________________________________________

What is lactic acid fermentation? ___________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

What is alcohol fermentation? ____________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic? _____

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

Energy is release when ________ is

converted into _________.

_______________ is stored in the

bonds of ATP.

**Fill in the boxes in the picture

above with: ATP, ADP

Word Bank: ATP, Energy, ADP

Above are the steps of _________________ ______________________. Which process makes more ATP molecules and thus provides more energy?

Cellular respiration or fermentation

Chemical energy is stored in the bonds that hold carbohydrates and other organic compounds together.

Cells release this energy through respiration. Organisms then use this energy to carry out a variety of

activities. When energy is needed in the cell, chemical energy is converted from storage molecules, such

as sugar, into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. ATP then delivers the energy to the places in the cell that

need it. ATP is a nucleic acid with 3 phosphate groups in a chain. The phosphate tail of the ATP

molecule holds the usable energy. To release the stored energy, the bonds between the phosphates in

ATP must be broken. When a phosphate is removed, a molecule with 2 phosphates is left called

adenosine diphosphate, or ADP. ADP can be recombined with a free phosphate to form a new molecule

of ATP. Combining ADP with free phosphates is called phosphorylation. ATP is like a rechargeable

battery. A rechargeable battery may start out filled with chemical energy. As the battery is used, it gives

up the energy. The depleted battery is then recharged so it can be used again. ATP is like the recharged

battery and ADP is the lower-energy form like the used up battery.

Station 9 Derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. Chapter 17-20, 23 b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals).

c. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems.

Archaebacteria (aka the

extreme bacteria)

Eubacteria

(aka true bacteria)

Protista (aka the

Hodgepodege/mixed group) Fungi Plantae Animalia

Domain

Prokaryotic or

eukaryotic

Uni or

multicellular

Heterotrophic or

Autotrophic

Cell wall?

If so, what is the

cell wall made

of?

Other

distinguishing

characteristics

Where do they live? Why are they the mixed group?

Dumb (Most broad taxon)

What are the 3?

King What are the 6?

Philip

Came

Over

For

Good Used in the scientific name.

Soup (Most specific) Used in the scientific name.

What is taxonomy? ______________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

How did Carolus Linnaeus classify organisms? ___

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

_

What are the advantages of using scientific names over common

names? ______________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________ Which of the following is written correctly?

Quercus rubra Quercus rubra

quercus rubra Quercus Rubra

Linnaeus created the system for naming organisms that is still used today. This system is

called binomial nomenclature, because it gives each organism a two-part name.

What is the first part of the scientific/binomial name? ________________________

What is the second part of the scientific/binomial name? ______________________

Which word is capitalized? _____________________ Both words italicized in writing.

What language is used for the scientific/binomial name? ____________________

How are organisms classified? ____________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is phylogeny? ___________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What do scientists now look at in DNA to figure out how closely related different organisms are? _____________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

A cladogram is a tree-like diagram that shows evolutionary relationships. Each branch

shows where a new group of organisms, called a clade, emerged from an existing group.

The cladograms below shows the emergence of the 6 kingdoms. Eubacteria are classified

in their own kingdom due to differences in their RNA and the presence of peptidoglycan in

their cell walls. Scientists think Protista was the first kingdom of eukaryotic organisms.

A cladogram is like a timeline that shows when traits or organisms first appeared on the

evolutionary time line.

Warm-Up Review:

1. A cladogram shows:

A. Which kingdom is the most

diverse

B. How to name a species

C. Change over time

D. Evolutionary relationships

2.From earliest to most recent,

which is the correct order of

evolution?

A. Protista, Animalia, Archaebacteria

B. Animalia, Archaebacteria, Protista

C. Archaebacteria, Protista, Animalia

D. Animalia, Protista, Archaebacteria

What organisms do not have lungs? _______________________

_________________ How do you know? ______________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

Station 10. Derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems Chapter 18.1-

18.3 d. Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms.

Explain how a virus replicates using the lytic cycle & the lysogenic cycle.

LYTIC CYCLE LYSOGENIC CYCLE What is the basic structure of a virus? Make and label a

sketch.

Why are viruses considered nonliving particles? Give four

reasons.

1- _________________________________

______________________________________

2- _________________________________

______________________________________

3. _________________________________

______________________________________

4. _________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

Why is HIV called a retrovirus? __________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

What is a prion? ___________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

Why are viruses hard to cure? _________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Do antibiotics help cure a virus? _______ If you take antibiotics for a virus, what are you

helping to cause? __________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________ A virus that causes little or no harm to the host is said to be benign. An example of a benign virus is

the common cold.

In which cycle can the virus remain dormant until triggered? __________________________

What is a bacteriophage? _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

__

1.Why are viruses not considered living things? 2.What determines the shape of a virus?

A.They are not made of cells. A. its DNA

B. They do not contain hereditary material. B. its RNA

C. They cannot make their own nutrients. C. the presence of an envelope

D. They can only be seen with an electron microscope. D. the proteins in itscapsid

Station 11.Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. Chapters 13-15 a. Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes.

b. Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems by

• Arranging components of a food chain according to energy flow.

• Comparing the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy pyramid.

• Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients (C, O, H, N, P).

Define the 5 levels of organization in the biosphere:

1.Organism: ________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

2. Population: ____________________________________

______________________________________________

3. Community: ____________________________________

______________________________________________

4. Ecosystem: ____________________________________

______________________________________________

5. Biome: ________________________________________

_______________________________________________

What is ecology? ___________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

What is a biotic factor? Give 2 examples. ______________________

__________________________________________________

What is an abiotic factor? Give 2 examples. ______________________

__________________________________________________

Label the following as biotic or abiotic.

Water ________________ Air ___________________

Tree _________________ Temperature _____________

Soil/Dirt ______________ Bird __________________

Moss ________________ Precipitation _____________

Sunlight ______________ Nutrients _______________

What does an organism’s habitat include? _____________________________

________________________________________________________

Describe an organism’s niche (role/job). ______________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

The stability of an ecosystem relies on many different interactions within and among

the populations that live there. One type of interaction between species is symbiosis.

What is symbiosis? __________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

What are the 3 types of symbiosis? ________________________________

_______________________________________________________ Describe each of the following and give an example.

Mutualism: _______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

Commensalism: ____________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

Parasitism: _______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

What is predation? ___________________________________________

_______________________________________________________ Predators play a key role in ecosystems by controlling the sizes of prey populations.

What will happen to prey if the number of predators decrease? Describe how it could

be bad. _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

What will happen to prey if the number of predators increase? _______________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

Describe competition among the same population and different populations. Why must organisms compete? ______________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

All organisms need materials and energy to stay alive. These materials and energy are transferred between and among the organisms in an ecosystem. Materials are

recycled, but a continuous energy supply is needed. The sun is the main source of this energy.

Define the following and give an example. 1. Producers/ Autotrophs: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Consumers/ Heterotrophs: _________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

A. Primary consumers/ Herbivores (what do they eat?): ____________________________________________________________________

B. Secondary consumers: ________________________________________________________________________________________

C. Tertiary consumers: _________________________________________________________________________________________

D. Decomposers (what are the 3 main ones, remember FBI): _________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

E. Omnivores: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

F. Carnivores: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

What is a food chain? ____________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

What is food web? ______________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

Is the picture to the right a food chain or a food web? How do you know? ___________

__________________________________________________________ Label the producer, the primary consumer, the apex predator, the tertiary consumer, and

secondary consumer. What do the arrows in the food chain represent? ______________

Each feeding level in an ecosystem is a trophic level. Producers make up the first trophic level.

Only 10% of the energy from any trophic level is passed to the next level. Much of the lost

energy is released into the environment as heat. Simply put plants give you more energy

than meat. If there are 10,000 calories at one level, how many calories will be

transferred to the next level up? _____________________________________

What is biomass? ________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

Which trophic level contains the most biomass? __________________________

Station 12. Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. Chapter 16 c. Relate environmental conditions to successional changes in ecosystems. Chapter 14.5

d. Assess and explain human activities that influence and modify the environment such as global warming, population growth, pesticide use, and water and power consumption.

Describe primary succession: ________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

What causes primary succession? _____________________________

__________________________________________________

What are pioneer species? List two. ____________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________ Sketch primary succession.

Describe secondary succession: ________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

What causes secondary succession?_____________________________

____________________________________________________

The elements carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), and Phosphorus (P) are essential to living things and their activities. These elements continuously

cycle between organisms and the environment in patterns called biogeochemical cycles. Discuss the following and define/discuss the terms in the parenthesis.

1.The Water Cycle (evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation): _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The Carbon Cycle (Carbon dioxide, fossil fuels, green house gas): _______________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. The Nitrogen Cycle (atmospheric nitrogen, bacteria, nitrogen fixation, nitrification): ____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. The Phosphorus Cycle (rocks, volcanic activity, plants): _____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Succession is the natural replacement, over time, of one community of

organisms by another. Each community, or stage of succession, changes the

ecosystem and creates conditions that favor a new group of organisms.

Describe what a climax community is. __________________________

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

What is Biological Magnification/biomagnification? _________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________ What organisms are most affected by

biomagnification?

What are renewable resources (give 2 examples)? ________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

What are nonrenewable resources (give 3 examples)? ______________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Discuss air pollution (make sure to mention particulates, smog, acid rain). _________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________ Discuss the greenhouse effect (what does it do, how are humans increasing the amount of greenhouse

gases in the atmosphere). ______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

What is global warming/climate change? What are the dangers of global warming? ___________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

What is deforestation and what are the negative effects? ____________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

What is biodiversity? How are humans impacting biodiversity? ________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________ What are sustainable practices? How can humans help protect the environment and save resources for future

generations? _______________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

How does overpopulation affect the environment? (Exceeding carrying capacity!) ____________________

What is carrying capacity? _______________

________________________________

________________________________

Label carrying capacity-

What is the ozone? What is its function? ________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

What is causing ozone depletion? ____________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

What causes Acid Rain? What are the negative

effects?____________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. Chapter 22.5 e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions.

Geotropism/ Gravitropism Phototropism Thigmotropism

What it

causes

plants to do?

Why is it

helpful?

How does it help the plant? Think Function…..

Broad Leaves

Stomata

Dropping Leaves during

winter

Needle-shaped leaves on

conifers

Cactus spines instead of

leaves

Define the following terms. 1. Adaptation: ______________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Tropism: _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is a structural adaptation? What are some examples in plants? ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How do seeds help plant populations to survive? What are some seed adaptations? ____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How can flowers be pollinated? Give 3 ways ____________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How are flowers useful to plants? __________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is pollination? ___________________________________________________________________________________________

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_

What is a hormone? ____________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What does the hormone auxin do? ___________________________________________________________________________________

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What do gibberellins cause? _______________________________________________________________________________________

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What does Abscisic acid do? ______________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Discuss how plants use chemical defenses? ____________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How do humans take advantage of the chemical plants make (think about medicine)? __________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Animal Defenses

What is a structural adaptation?

Define Mechanical defense and discuss 2 examples:

1-

2-

Define Chemical defense and discuss 2 examples:

1-

2-

Station 13 Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. f. Relate animal adaptations, including behaviors, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions.

Describe hibernation and estivation? How do they help organisms survive?

Evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution. a.Trace the history of the theory.

b.Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution.

What are the two rates of evolution? Explain each.

1. Gradualism 2. Punctuated equalibrium

Explain each type of evolution. Give an example of each.

1. Coevolution 2. Divergent Evolution 2.Convergent Evolution

Behavior What is it? Give an example.

Innate

Instincts

Territorial

Migration

Learned

Imprinting:

Habituation:

What was Lamark’s mechanism for evolution?

What was Darwin’s mechanism for evolution?

Explain what is meant by “survival of the fittest.”

What is natural selection?

What are the 4 principles of natural selection?

What is speciation?

List and describe 3 Mechanism of Speciation:

Evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of

the theory of evolution. a. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the

theory.

b. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms.

c. Recognize the role of evolution to biological resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance).

Explain the 3 outcomes of natural selection and make a sketch.

Helpful Websites

http://www.biologyjunction.com/biology%20I%20page.htm

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/biology.html

http://www.johnkyrk.com/index.html

http://www.biology4kids.com/

http://www.biologycorner.com/

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/index.html

What is a fossil? In relative dating how do you know which fossil is older?

What is meant by an organism’s “fitness?”

Stabililizing

Directional

Disruptive

Organisms

with genes

that allow

them to

survive get to

reproduce

and pass on

their “good”

genes.

How can bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic?

Describe the 5 pieces of evidence that support evolution:

1. Fossils: __________________________________

________________________________________

_______________________________________

2. DNA: ____________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

3. Homologous structures: __________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

4. Embryology: _______________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

5. Vestigial Organs _____________________________

________________________________________

_______________________________________

Causes of microevolution – What can lead to changes in allele frequencies?

Website for Biology EOCT – practice questions, games, etc to

review for the EOCT test! www.usatestprep.com

Click on “Member Login”. School ID:

Password:

Choose ‘biology’ under tab ‘eoct test’. Scroll down and choose

practice or games to review.

**Make sure you choose

EOCT not GHSGT review.

Look at the tabs at the top.**

http://local.brookings.k12.sd.us/biology/default1.htm