Family: Fabaceae Genus: Phaseolus Species: Phaseolus vulgaris

Related Species

Phaseolus coccineus Scarlet Runner Bean

Related Species

Phaseolus acutifolius Tepary Bean

Related Species

Phaseolus acutifolius Tepary Bean

Related Species

Phaseolus lunatus Lima Bean

U.S. ~50,000 acres California, Delaware, Maryland, Wisconsin Washington: ~3000acres

Related Species

Phaseolus polystachios North American Wild Kidney Bean Thicket Bean

Related Species

Phaseolus sinuatus

Related Species

Phaseolus texensis

Related Species

Phaseolus smilacifolius

Center(s) of Origin

There were originally two centers of origin established for the domestication of the common bean, identified through seed size and cross-incompatability. Mesoamerican – Mexico and Central America - small seeds Andean – Northwestern South America - large seeds

Center(s) of Origin

Debouck et al., 1993 Economic Botany 47(4): 408-423 Isozyme and phaseolin seed protein analyses of wild northern Peruvian and Ecuadorian populations showed that they were intermediate between the Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools.

Center of Origin

Bitocchi et al., 2012 PNAS Mesoamerican origin of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is revealed by sequence data. Sequence analysis at 5 nuclear loci – The Ecuador/N. Peru populations and the Andean populations were formed in a bottleneck from separate migrations from the N. Mex mesoamerican population.

Center of Origin Centers of Domestication

Desiderio et al., 2013 Frontiers in Plant Science Chloroplast microsatellite diversity in Phaseolus vulgaris Confirms the mesoamerican origin of the common bean

Green vs Dry Which came first?

It is likely that beans were first eaten as a vegetable, and next as

“dry” bean; in other words, the young pod could have been

consumed before the full mature grain. The reason behind this use

might lay in the antinutritional factors which are often found in dry

grain legumes (such as lectins, antitrypsin factor, HCN precursor,

etc). These antinutritional factors start accumulating into the

developing seed at levels with consequences for human health, in

the second half of seed and pod development. Consuming young

pods 1-2 week old would be less hazardous for human health,

particularly in pre-ceramic context, although with lesser intake of

carbohydrates and proteins. Along this scenario, humans were

following birds that consume young pods or young developing

seeds 1-2 week old; This has been seen with P. vulgaris in both

Guatemala and Peru, and with P. xanthotrichus in Central America.

Green vs Dry Which came first?

On the other hand, the nuña bean, or the

Peruvian “popping” bean also predates

pottery. This bean was grown to maturity

and initially thrown on hot rocks to eat

after “popping”. Ancient beans have been

found in Peru at the Guitarrero Cave and

may have been available 11,000 years ago

(Kaplan and Kaplan, 1988).

Kaplan L, and L.N. Kaplan 1988 Phaseolus in

archeology. In: Gepts P.L. (ed) Genetic resources of

Phaseolus beans. Kluwer Academic Publishers,

Dordrecht. pp 125-142.

NPGS Phaseolus collection

~22,000 accessions from 40 species Phaseolus vulgaris 17024 Phaseolus lunatus 2649 Phaseolus coccineus 699 Phaseolus acutifolius 211 ~170 of the P. vulgaris are classified as snap beans.

Production – Total Beans

• $17 billion annually

• 12th in the world of all fruits and vegetables

• China is the leading producer ($6.2 Billion/19.5 Million tons

• US is #5 with 1.6 million tons

Production – Total(Tons)

1 China 19,566,003 2 India 4,773,002 3 Myanmar 4,299,009 4 Brazil 3,080,796 5 United States 1,657,141

Production – Green Beans (Tons)

1 China 17,852,400 2 Indonesia 960,029 3 India 683,240 4 Turkey 677,691 5 Thailand 336,110 6 Egypt 276,909 7 Spain 182,271 8 Italy 147,805 9 Morocco 147,386 10 Bangladesh 103,980 11 Mexico 103,387 12 Belgium 97,527 13 France 77,867 14 Algeria 66,987 15 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 63,916 16 Greece 61,712 17 United States of America 60,874

We rank 17th in production of fresh green beans with just over 60,000 tons

Production – Dry Beans (Tons)

1 Myanmar 4,297,800 2 India 4,088,420 3 Brazil 3,079,929 4 China 1,719,889 5 United States 1,595,801

United States – Dry Beans

North Dakota 32% Michigan 17% Nebraska 11% Minnesota 9% Idaho 8% Colorado 5% California 5% Washington 4%

Pinto Beans Navy Beans Great Northern Beans Red Kidney Beans Black Beans

Beans and Prevention of Heart Disease

Ajani UA, Ford ES, Mokdad AH.Dietary fiber and C-reactive protein: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey data. Journal of Nutrition. 2004;134:1181-1185. Anderson JW. Dietary fibre, complex carbohydrate and coronary artery disease. 1995;11(suppl G): 55G-61G. Anderson JW, Gustafson NJ. Hypocholesterolemic effects of oat and bean products. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988; 48:749-753. Anderson JW, Gustafson NJ, Spencer DB, Tietyen J, et al. Serum lipid response of hypercholesterolemic men to single and divided doses of canned beans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990;51:1013-1019. Anderson JW, Hanna TJ. Impact of nondigestible carbohydrates on serum lipoproteins and risk for cardiovascular disease. Journal of Nutrition. 1999;129:1457S-1466S.

Beans and Reduced Cancer Risk

Ribeiro JR, Salvadori DMF. Dietary components may prevent mutation-related diseases in humans. Mutation Research. 2003;544:195-201. Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, et al. Cancer and Mediterranean dietary traditions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001; 9: 869-873. Correa P. Epidemiological correlations between diet and cancer frequency. Cancer Research. 1981;41:3685-3690. Glade MJ. Food, nutrition, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Sponsored by the American Institute for Cancer Research/World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research, 1997. Nutrition. 1999;15(6):523-526. Fernandes AO, Banerji AP. Inhibition of benzopyrene-induced forestomach tumors by field bean protease inhibitor(s). Carcinogenesis. 1995;16(8):1843-6.

Beans and Diabetes Prevention

Coulston AM, Hollenbeck CB, Liu GC, Williams RA, Starich GH, Mazzaferri EL, Reaven GM. Effect of source of dietary carbohydrate on plasma glucose, insulin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide responses to test meals in subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984;40(5):965-70. Jenkins DJA, Wolever TMS, Jenkins AL, Thorne MJ et al. The glycaemic index of foods tested in diabetic patients: a new basis for carbohydrate exchange favouring the use of legumes. Diabetologia. 1983;24:257-264. Knott RM, Grant G, Bardocz S, Pusztai A, de Carvalho AF, Hesketh JE. Alterations in the level of insulin receptor GLUT-4 mRNA in skeletal muscle from rats fed a kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) diet. Int J Biochem. 1992 ;24(6) :897-902. Pari L, Venkateswaran S. Protective role of Phaseolus vulgaris on changes in the fatty acid composition in experimental diabetes. Journal Med Foods. 2004;7(2):204-209.

12 Key Nutrients

Eat more beans!!!!

Nutrients vary with type

High in Fiber and Protein

High in Lysine

Phytate

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

PI_

31

60

23

PI_

29

88

24

PI_

31

60

24

PI_

31

60

14

PI_

31

60

31

PI_

31

60

16

Dar

k R

ed

Kid

ne

y

W6

_3

09

7

PI_

31

60

19

PI_

31

60

20

Ro

yal R

ed

Kid

ne

y

Bla

ck m

agic

PI_

29

88

22

PI_

31

60

22

PI 3

16

02

9

PI_

31

60

32

PI_

31

60

13

Spe

ckle

d C

ran

ber

ry

PI_

29

88

20

PI_

31

60

17

PI_

31

60

18

W6

_3

10

9

PI_

59

82

67

W6

_3

09

9

Nu

ña

Man

i Ro

ja -

Pe

ru

PI_

31

60

21

Nu

ña

Aro

ma

Gre

at N

ort

he

rn

Pin

k R

oza

PI_

31

60

25

PI_

59

82

69

PI_

59

82

68

Nu

ña

Co

nd

orc

ita

Nu

ña

Fro

nti

na

Neg

ra

PI_

59

82

66

Yan

kee

Nav

y P

ea B

ean

Nu

ña

Plo

ma

Oth

ello

PI_

63

87

92

Nu

ña

Man

i Ro

ja -

Ne

b

PI_

66

16

12

PI_

60

87

07

PI_

66

16

13

Phytate (%)

Anti-oxidants

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Yan

kee

Nav

y P

ea

Be

an

PI_

31

60

25

Gre

at N

ort

he

rn

PI_

63

87

92

Nu

ña

Plo

ma

PI_

31

60

17

W6

_31

09

PI_

31

60

20

PI_

59

82

67

PI_

31

60

18

PI_

31

60

32

PI_

59

82

69

W6

_30

97

PI_

31

60

21

PI_

60

87

07

Nu

ña

Co

nd

orc

ita

PI_

31

60

31

PI_

31

60

19

PI_

66

16

12

PI_

29

88

22

Nu

ña

Fro

nti

na

Neg

ra

PI_

29

88

24

PI_

31

60

22

W6

_30

99

PI_

31

60

24

PI_

31

60

14

PI_

59

82

66

Nu

ña

Ma

ni R

oja

- P

eru

PI_

31

60

13

PI_

31

60

16

Ro

yal R

ed K

idn

ey

Nu

ña

Aro

ma

PI_

66

16

13

Dar

k R

ed

Kid

ne

y

PI_

59

82

68

PI 3

16

02

9

Nu

ña

Ma

ni R

oja

- N

eb

Oth

ello

PI_

31

60

23

Pin

k R

oza

Spec

kle

d C

ran

be

rry

Bla

ck m

agic

PI_

29

88

20

mg

TE/1

00

g

ABTS

Polyphenols

0

50

100

150

200

250

PI_

598

266

PI_

316

017

PI_

661

612

PI_

316

019

PI_

316

025

Nu

ña

Fro

nti

na

Neg

ra

Gre

at N

ort

he

rn

PI_

316

023

PI_

316

016

PI_

316

018

W6

_30

99

Nu

ña

Co

nd

orc

ita

PI_

638

792

PI_

316

024

PI_

598

268

PI_

598

267

Ro

yal R

ed K

idn

ey

PI 3

16

029

PI_

316

014

PI_

316

021

PI_

316

020

W6

_31

09

PI_

298

820

Yan

kee

Nav

y P

ea

Be

an

Nu

ña

Man

i Ro

ja -

Neb

PI_

316

031

PI_

316

032

Nu

ña

Plo

ma

PI_

598

269

PI_

316

022

PI_

608

707

PI_

298

822

Oth

ello

Dar

k R

ed

Kid

ne

y

PI_

661

613

Spe

ckle

d C

ran

be

rry

Nu

ña

Aro

ma

Nu

ña

Man

i Ro

ja -

Pe

ru

PI_

316

013

W6

_30

97

Bla

ck m

agic

Pin

k R

oza

PI_

298

824

mg GAE/100 g Non extractable

Architecture – Type IV

Architecture

Kelly, J.D. 2000. Remaking bean plant architecture for efficient production. Advances in Agronomy 71:109-143.

Architecture

X-Ray mutagenesis used to develop black, navy, pinto, pink and small red bean varieties for production in the Midwest

Diseases of Beans

D.J. Hagedorn D.A. Inglis 1986 Madison, Wisconsin

Bacterial Diseases

Bacterial Brown Spot Pseudomonas syringae pv.syringae

Most economically significant disease of NC US Weed host or debris Copper chemicals Rotation Genetic Resistance

Bacterial Wilt Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens

Seed borne, plant debris, surface irrigation Disease free seed Genetic Resistance - PI 325691 is a wild common bean (P. vulgaris) collected 8 miles South of Tzitzio, Michoacán, Mexico

Common Blight Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli

Seed borne, plant debris, wind, rain, insects, people Clean, certified seed, rotation Genetic Resistance

Halo Blight Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola

Seed borne, plant debris, rain, irrigation Clean, certified seed, rotation, deep plowing Genetic Resistance

Fungal Diseases

White Mold Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Infects darn near EVERYTHING!!! Seed borne Airborne ascospores Overwintering sclerotia Clean, certified seed, rotation with corn or wheat Some Genetic Resistance Type I, II Growth habit

Anthracnose Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

Seed borne, debris Rain, irrigation Clean, certified seed, Genetic Resistance

Rust Uromyces phaseoli

Wind, insects, animals, and farm implements Genetic Resistance

Root Rots

Fusarium Root Rot Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli Pythium Root Rot Pythium spp. Rhizoctonia Root Rot Thanatephorus cucumeris (Rhizoctonia solani)

Virus Diseases

Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) Marmor phaseoli

Seed borne, weeds, aphids Clean, certified seed, Genetic Resistance

GoldenMosaic Virus (BGMV) Marmor phaseoli

White Flies Moderate Genetic Resistance Control the White Flies

Curly Top Ruga verrucosous

Western States and BC Beet Leafhopper (Russian Thistle, Mustard) Genetic Resistance

Cornell University Vegetable MD Online

http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/Tables/Bean_GreenTable.html

A table of snap bean cultivars with resistance to various pathogens

Planting

• Trellis Type IV Beans – Leave enough room to walk in between

• Bush types (Type I&II) – 30” row spacing

• Soil temp – 55°F

• 3-4 seeds per ft

• Inoculate??

• 50 – 60 Days to maturity (Fresh) http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/landing-pages/crops/dry-bean-production-guide-a-1133

Fertility

• N 40 lbs/acre Inoculated

• N 70 ibs.acre Uninoculated

• P 40 to O lbs P2O5/acre depending on soil test

• K 50 to O lbs/acre depending on soil test

• Zinc, Iron

Mechanical harvest of snap beans Sweere - One row bean harvester - Oxbo Pixall BH100

Hand Harvesting

Keep your hands clean. Remember that you are handling a food product. The law requires you to wash your hands after each visit to the rest station. Pick all mature pods on the bush before moving on to the next bush. Harvest only those pods that are ready. Leave immature pods for the next harvest. Avoid overfilling your hands; do not squeeze or roll the pods. Do not put trash or cull pods into the container. Never allow harvested pods to remain in the sun.

Post-Harvest Handling http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/publicat/postharv/ag-413-8/

Begin harvesting when moisture has evaporated. Prevents the spread of postharvest diseases Protect from direct sunlight Cool within 1-2 hours Delay Time (hours) Weight Loss (%) 1 2.2 3 2.8 5 10.0

Post-Harvest Handling

Preferred cooling method: .............. Hydrocooling Alternative cooling method: ........... Forced-air cooling Optimum temperature: .................. 37 to 45 F Freezing temperature: .................... 31 F Optimum humidity: ........................ 95% Storage life: ..................................... 5 to 10 days

Grade Standards

Standardization Section AMS, F&VD, Fresh Products Branch U.S. Department of Agriculture P.O. Box 96456, Room 2056-South Washington, DC 20090-6456

Most buyers will only accept US No. 1 or better!

Washington Beans Niche market for fresh shell beans for the Portland area ($6/lb) Growing consumer awareness of health benefits will likely increase demand.

The FAO of the United Nations has declared 2016 as the International

Year of the Pulse!!!!!

Pulse Health Initiative

• $25 Million per year

• Five years

Recipes

http://bean.idaho.gov/recipes/recipes.cfm

Refried beans Baked beans Black bean soup

Black beans Navy Bean Soup

Moroccan Bean and Pepper Stew Feijoada – Brazilian Black Bean Stew

Bean Burritos

Pinto beans Cranberry beans

The Nuña Bean!!!! Washington’s New Snack Food?