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#15-CaseStudiesofVolcanoesI

Kilauea, Hawaii

Black smoker, NE Pacific

Mt. Vesuvius, Italy, 79 AD

VolcanoCaseStudies-SubmarineErup;onsMostlavaerup2onsoccurunderocean(atdivergentplateboundaries),wherethereisveryfastcoolingandforma2onofsphericalshapescalledpillowbasalt

VolcanoCaseStudies-SubmarineErup;onsPillow Lava

Op2onalVideoofPillowlava:hEp://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explora2ons/04fire/background/volcanism/media/pillow_lava_video.html(NOAA,0-0:48)

VolcanoCaseStudies-SubmarineErup;onsBlacksmokers=veryhot,underseageysers

VolcanoCaseStudies-SubmarineErup;onsBlacksmokers=seawatersinksthroughcracksinoceaniccrust,superheatedandrisesproducingjet-streamofveryhotwater;blackfromsulfideminerals

Personalvideoofpillowlavaandblacksmokers(Volcano,Nat.Geog.,11:30-12:20)Op2onalpersonalvideo(VolcanoesoftheDeep,NOVA/PBS,0-0:40)

VolcanoCaseStudies-SubmarineErup;onsBlacksmokers=abundantlifedeepinoceanduetochemosynthe2cbacteria(energyfromchangingchemicaloxida2onstate)

giant tube worms

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VolcanoCaseStudies:ShieldVolcanoes-HawaiiShieldvolcanoesinvolvenon-explosiveerup2onofmaficlavaflows;mostfamousshieldvolcanoesatHawaii.Theseareintraplate("hotspot")typeofvolcano.

ShieldVolcanoes-HawaiiHawaiiischainofislandsthatextendstoEmperorislands,allformedbybasaltlavaflows

ShieldVolcanoes-HawaiiHawaii(MaunaKea)islargestmountaininworld;rises6kmfromoceanboEom

ShieldVolcanoes-Hawaii(Kilauea)Kilauea=oneofmostthoroughlystudiedvolcanoes;extremelyac2ve,manyUSvolcanologists,almostalwayslavaflows,canbedestruc2vebutnotlethal Personal video – Kilauea (0:24 - 1:24)

ShieldVolcanoes-Hawaii(Kilauea)Kilauea=erup2onof1990,overranKalapanaGardens

ShieldVolcanoes-Hawaii(Kilauea)Kilauea=erup2onof1990,overranKalapanaGardens

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April, 1990

ShieldVolcanoes-Hawaii(Kilauea)Kilauea=erup2onof1990,overranKalapanaGardens

May, 1990

ShieldVolcanoes-Hawaii(Kilauea)Kilauea=erup2onof1990,overranKalapanaGardens

June, 1990

ShieldVolcanoes-Hawaii(Kilauea)Kilauea=erup2onof1990,overranKalapanaGardens

April, 1990

ShieldVolcanoes-Hawaii(Kilauea)Kilauea=erup2onof1990,overranKalapanaGardens

May, 1990

ShieldVolcanoes-Hawaii(Kilauea)Kilauea=erup2onof1990,overranKalapanaGardens

June, 1990 Savage Earth video – Kilauea and Kalapana Gardens

ShieldVolcanoes-Hawaii(Kilauea)Kilauea=erup2onof1990,overranKalapanaGardens

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MaunaUlu,Hawaii

Non-Explosive Volcanic Features - Lava Fountain

Kilauea,Hawaii

Non-Explosive Volcanic Features - Fissure Eruption

MaunaLoa(andMaunaKea),Hawaii

Non-Explosive Volcanic Features - Shield Volcano Non-Explosive Volcanic Features - Lava Tube

Non-Explosive Volcanic Features - Pahoehoe Lava Flow Non-Explosive Volcanic Features - Aa Lava Flow

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Non-Explosive Volcanic Features - Pahoehoe + Aa Lava Flows

Pahoehoe+AaLavaFlows

Non-Explosive Volcanic Features - Pahoehoe + Aa Lava Flows

Lavafountain-geyserduetobuild-upofgaspressureFissureerup2on-longcrackthatformsawayfromcentralcraterLavatube-undergroundriveroflava,allowslavatotravelmuchgreaterdistancesbeforecooling;eventuallytheycanempty,crea2ngundergroundcavity

Pahoehoelavaflow-smooth,ropeysurfaceduetolowviscosityfromhightemperature,highgascontent

Aalavaflow-veryrough,jaggedsurfaceduetohigherviscosityfromlowertemperature,lowergascontent;movesveryslowly

Non-ExplosiveVolcanicFeatures-Photos

Cangetbothpahoehoeandaalavatextureinsingleflow.

pahoehoe aa

Non-ExplosiveVolcano-Mt.Nyiragongo

Amazingphotosofworld'slargestlavalakeincraterofMt.Nyiragongo,ac2vevolcanoinGreatRihValleyofCongo,Africa:hEp://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2011/02/nyiragongo_crater_journey_to_t.html

VolcanoCaseStudies:StratovolcanoesStratovolcanoesinvolveexplosiveerup2onsofvolcanicash,ashfallerup2ons

Eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat

Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico

Stratovolcanoes:Mt.VesuviusMt.Vesuvius-ac2ve(subduc2onzone)volcanonexttoNaples,Italy(denselypopulatedcityof~2million)

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Stratovolcanoes:Mt.VesuviusIn79ADfamouserup2onburiedPompeii(ancientRomancity).Importantforhistorians-instantburial,preserva2onoftypicalRomancity.

AnyonevisitedVesuviusorPompeii?

Stratovolcanoes:Mt.Vesuvius

Ashfallkilledmanypeople.Duringlate1700sarcheologistsdiscoveredPompeii,begantoexcavateit,foundholesinvolcanicash.Theyfilledholeswithplaster,foundshapesofbodiesofpeople.

Stratovolcanoes:Mt.VesuviusPersonalVideo:VesuviusandPompeii(1:23-4:07)

Stratovolcanoes:Mt.VesuviusVesuvius=possiblefuturemajordisastertoNaples(50,000people/mi2)

Stratovolcanoes:Mt.VesuviusPersonalVideo:DeadlyShadowofVesuvius(NOVA/PBS42:30-44:00)OR

DeadliestVolcanoesvideo(NOVA/PBS21:12-23:00)hEps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-H9cp-wQjc

Stratovolcanoes:PhlegreanFields

IntheShadowofVesuviusvideo(Nat.Geog.,28:50-30:03)hEps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-WLFNO71gJk

PhlegreanFields=anothervolcanichazardjustwestofNaples!