Pd09_Grp04-Pr09 Foreign Policy 1968-Present

8/21/2019 Pd09_Grp04-Pr09 Foreign Policy 1968-Present

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Foreign Policy

Alice Rabkin, Lee Michaeli, Emily Medrano, Emily Mai, Thomas WongBei Xin Zhong


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Richard Nixon (1969 - 1974)

! Nixon Doctrine: plans to replace Amer-ican troops with Vietnamese troops to

reduce American casualties! 1972: Nixon visits China, ending 25

years of separation between the USand China

! Vietnam War: he realized that the war

could not be won and was determinedto end ito “Madman Theory”


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Ronald Reagan (1981 - 1989)

! "Peace through strength" strategyo Strength of arms is a necessary

component of peace

! Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI): Reaganproposed this defense as a possibility tomake nuclear war impossible

! Berlin Wall: "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this

wall"


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Russia

! 1972-Nixon and Brezhnev discussed arms

control and international and bilateral issues.They also had agreed to explore the possibilityof a ten year time period of a SALT treaty

! From 1972-1979 Carter and Brezhnev

negotiated the second SALT treaty which wassigned in 1979


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Russia Cont.

! The premiers of Russia that were being elected wereknown to be elders which had caused the last threebefore Gorbachev to all die in office.

! The representatives from 11 Soviet republics mettogether and announced that they would no longer bepart of the Soviet Union.

! The tension between Russia and the U.S. relaxed dueto SALT Treaties and joint space efforts.


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Iran

! Source of tension: conflict over oil reserveso The US and Britain controlled the bulk of Iran’s petroleum reserves.o Newly elected prime minister Mossadegh planned to nationalize the country’s oil in 1951.

! Operation TP-Ajaxo A coup secretly devised by the American CIA and British intelligence to overthrow

Mossadegh


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Iran

! New government: led by Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavio Iranians are fed up with the Shah's government, and turn to radical cleric Ayatollah

Khomeini

! July 1979: Revolutionaries forced the Shah to disband his government and flee to Egypt


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Iran

! President Carter allows the exiled Pahlavi into the US for cancer treatment, an immediate causeof the hostage crisis

! Iran Hostage Crisiso A group of Iranian students storm the US Embassy, taking 66 American hostages for 444

days


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China: Context

Korean War! Joined North Korea when US armed forces pushed the battle front near the

Chinese-Korean border.Vietnam War! Supported Communist North Vietnam, against US-backed South.

Soviet Union! Tensions mounted on the Chinese-Soviet border.! The US reconsiders Chinese relations to put more pressure on Soviet Union.

Taiwan! Taiwan Strait Crises (1954, 1958)

o The US Navy intervenes when China tries to retake Taiwan.


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China and the US

Nixon Doctrine (1969)! Nixon restarts diplomatic relations with China.! End of containment policy. Start of rapprochement.

Ping-pong diplomacy.PRC joins the UN (1971)Nixon visits China (12 February 1972)

Shanghai Communique: US acknowledges Taiwan as part of ChinaUS pledges to withdraw military from Taiwan

Jimmy Carter and Deng Xiaoping become new leaders, delaying normalization.Taiwan Relations Act (1979): US pledges to defend Taiwan if China attacks it.Temporary hiatus in wake of Tiananmen Square protests and massacre (1989).


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China-US Economic Ties

US grants China Most Favored Nation (MFN) trading statusto maintain good standing with China. Clinton tied this tohuman rights policies (1993), but then reversed that (1994).China seeks entry into WTO (1999).Permanent normal trade ties (2000) established.Legacy:

! China is now the largest creditor to the US.! Trade is crucial to both China and US economies.


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Vietnam

Context:! 1950s: The United States pursued diplomatic relations with Vietnam.! Vietnam War

o Nixon pushes for Vietnamization.o October 1972: Paris Peace Talks


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Carter Administration

! Continues to propose diplomatic relations.o 1978: Vietnam’s actions endanger US-Vietnam relations:

" Vietnam invades Cambodia.

" Forms an alliance with the USSR." Expels the Hoa people.


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Reagan & Bush Administrations! Reagan refused to pursue improved relations with Vietnam.

o Vietnam troops occupied Cambodia; POW/MIA issues.! July 18, 1990: Bush Administration seeks to reach a peace agreement with Vietnam.

o Improvement in POW/MIA issues


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Recent Developments

! 1995: Formal declaration of normalization relations

with Vietnam.! 2001: Bilateral Trade Agreement is signed byPresident George W. Bush.

! 2003-2004: Introduction of the Vietnam HumanRights Act.

! Legacy:o Increase in trade between both countries.o Problem of human rights in Vietnam.


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Panama Canal

! Hay Herran Treaty (1903): U.S. tookcontrol over the construction of the Panama

Canal & completed it 10 years later.! As the 20th century progressed: tensions

between the U.S. and Panama over controlof the Canal grewo Both sides wanted to negotiate a new

agreement regarding the Canalo However, negotiations suffered a major

setback due to political problems inPanama.


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Panama Canal (cont.)

! Panama’s leader General Omar Torrijos, and PresidentJimmy Carter were determined to conclude a treaty.

! Obstacle: Many Senators were opposed to giving Panamacontrol over the Canal

! The Carter administration & Torrijos formulated a strategy togain Senate ratification:o Held hundreds of forums where policymakers explained

the administration’s rationale for the treatyo Torrijos hosted U.S. Senators in Panama


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Panama Canal (cont.)

! The Senate finally approved the PanamaCanal Treaties

o by 68 votes to 32 (just 1 more votethan the two-thirds majority required)

! The Torrijos-Carter Treaties (1977)o Neutrality Treaty: the U.S. could

use its military to defend the Canalagainst any threat to its neutrality.

o Panama Canal Treaty: the Canalwould be turned over to thePanamanians.

President Carter and Torrijos at the September7th, 1977 signing ceremony.


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Significant Event: 9/11

On September 11th, 2001, two hijackedplanes crashed into the World Trade

Center in New York City, with another onecrashing into the Pentagon in Arlington. Itwas a day that cost nearly 3,000 peopletheir lives and changed the course ofhistory.- There was another plane involved in

the attack, but it crashed into a fieldwhen the crew stormed the cockpitand overpowered the hijackers.Everyone on board was killed.


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What changed after 9/11?

There was a huge emphasis on national security.

- Department of Homeland Security was formed.- Protects United States & its territories and deals with terrorist threats/attacks.

- Aviation and Transport Security Act was passed.- Airports conducted more rigorous security scans, checking luggage for

weapons and other threats.- Patriot Act is passed.- The TSA (Transport Security Administration) is formed.- Many Muslims found themselves under constant suspicion and victims of racial

profiling after the attacks.


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War on Terror: 9/11 and Afghanistan

Launched by the Bush Administration in response to theterrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001.! 9/11: 2 planes hijacked by members of al-Qaeda crash into the Twin

Towers & another crashes into the Pentagon, killing almost 3,000 people.! 9/12 : President George W. Bush declares war against the Taliban for

actively aiding the terrorist group responsible for the attacks.! 10/07 : U.S. begins airstrikes against Afghanistan.! 10/20/01: U.S. Special Forces arrive, and the ground war begins.For the next several months, the U.S. and its allies carry out strikes, raids

and bombings against the Taliban regime.


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War on Terror: Iraq

The War on Terror did not see its end in Afghanistan.

! The U.S. invades Iraq in March 2003, marking the beginningof a decade long war." Objective to overthrow dictator Saddam Hussein and establish

democracy. U.S. & its allies believed Iraq had weapons of mass destruction.No WMDs were found.

" Phase One: traditionally fought war from March to April, the Iraqi military isoverpowered by U.S. and, to a lesser degree, British troops.

" Phase Two: the United States occupation of Iraq is met with widespread

violence and rebellion.


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War on Terror: Lasting ImpactsBy December 2011, all troops were withdrawn from Iraq. Exactly 3

years later, the withdrawal was complete in Afghanistan. What werethe results?

- The Taliban is no longer a major threat to the U.S. and the world.- A combined $4 trillion was spent on the two wars.- The post-war political situations in Afghanistan and Iraq remain unstable. The

complete withdrawal of troops from the region has been criticised as a gateway for the

rise to power of a militant group similar to al-Qaeda (ISIS).

- Civilian casualties:

- As of 2014, 26,000 civilians were estimated to have been killed in the Afghanistanconflict. Since the invasion of Iraq, it is estimated that 133,000 civilians have been

killed.


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WORDL: Bush’s Address


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Analysis

Attack/Freedom/Citizens - People's freedom is under attack.United/People/Together/Come - Used to unite people to take

action and to show that the President's position is the same asthe people's.

Terrorists/War/Afghanistan - Used to identify al Qaeda and itscollaborators as the perpetrators of the attacks and targets of

retaliation.

America/Many/Country - to rally the spirit of the Americanpeople.


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Discussion

! How has September 11th impacted American culture, in terms of movies and TV programs? Doyou think entertainment should emphasize more patriotic themes?

! Were the actions that took place after September 11th justified (war, withdrawal of troops)?

Were they worth it?


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Sources

! http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/chronology.html ! https://history.state.gov/countries/issues/china-us-relations

!

http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1950_us_china.htm ! http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/18/

newsid_2525000/2525147.stm

! http://csusmhistory.org/orfila/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/cropped-Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_ Treaty2.jpg

!

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4130.htm ! https://www.apstudynotes.org/us-history/topics/nixon-and-foreign-policy/ ! http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/

nixon-foreign/


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Sources (cont.)

! https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IB98033.pdf ! https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40208.pdf

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Pd09_Grp04-Pr09 Foreign Policy 1968-Present