Pcast Sustaining Environmental Capital Report

8/6/2019 Pcast Sustaining Environmental Capital Report

1/145

GR I U >600

B|bhr}esb Achb a }lb V~bxembd}

V~bxembd}x Hardhei a @msexa~xad Xhebdhb `dm ]bhldaiaju

^BVA^] ]A ]LB V^BXEMBD]

XRX]@EDEDJ BDSE^ADOBD]@IH@VE]@I7 V^A]BH]EDJ XAHEB]U

@DM ]LB BHADAOU


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3/145

GR I U >600

^BVA^] ]A ]LB V^BXEMBD]

XRX]@EDEDJ BDSE^ADOBD]@IH@VE]@I7 V^A]BH]EDJ XAHEB]U

@DM ]LB BHADAOU

B|bhr}esb Achb a }lb V~bxembd}

V~bxembd}x Hardhei a @msexa~xad Xhebdhb `dm ]bhldaiaju


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@n} }b V~bxb}x Hh @x~x Xhbhb ` bh

]lb V~bxembd}x Hardhei a @msexa~x ad Xhebdhb `dm ]bhldaiaju ,VH@X]% ex `d `msexa~u j~arv a }lbd`}eadx ib`medj xhebd}ex}x dm bdjedbb~x vvaed}bm nu }lb V~bxembd} }a rjobd} }lb xhebdhb dm }bhl

daiaju `msehb `sèi`nib }a leo ~ao edxemb }lb Zle}b Larxb `dm ~ao h`nedb} mbv`~}obd}x `dm a}lb~

Cbmb~ì jbdhebx$ VH@X] ex hadxri}bm nar} dm a}bd o`kbx vaiehu ~bhaoobdm`}eadx hadhb~dedj }lb

rii ~`djb a exxrbx zlb~b rdmb~x}`dmedjx ~ao }lb maoèdx a xhebdhb }bhldaiaju `dm eddas`}ead

où nb`~ ad }lb vaiehu hlaehbx nba~b }lb V~bxembd}$ VH@X] ex moedex}b~bm nu }lb Zle}b Larxb Ahb

a Xhebdhb dm ]bhldaiaju Vaiehu ,AX]V%$

Ca~ oa~b eda~o`}ead nar} VH@X] xbb zzz$zle}blarxb$jas!ax}v!vh`x}$
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5/145

HaHlè~x

Gald V$ Laim~bd

@xxex}`d} }a }lb V~bxembd} a~

Xhebdhb dm ]bhldaiaju

Me~bh}a~ Ahb a Xhebdhb dm

]bhldaiaju Vaiehu

B~eh I`dmb~

V~bxembd}

N~a`m Edx}e}r}b a L`~s`~m `dm OE]

]b V~bxb}x Hh @x~x Xhbhb ` bh

SehbHlè~x

Zeiieò V~bxx^ùob~ V~abxxa~ ed Haovr}b~ Xhebdhb dm

Ed}bj~`}esb Neaiaju

Rdesb~xe}u a ]b|`x } @rx}ed

O`|edb X`se}wSehb V~bxembd}

D`}eadì @h`mbou a Bdjedbb~edj

Obonb~x

âxed` Neb~n`ro

Mb`d Xhlaai a D`}r~ì ^bxar~hbx `dm

Bdse~adobd}

Rdesb~xe}u a Oehlej`d

Hl~ex}edb H`xxbi

V~bxembd} dm HBA

@ob~eh`d Na`~m a Ed}b~dì Obmehedb

Hl~ex}avlb~ Hlun`

V~abxxa~ @x}~avluxehì Xhebdhbx `dm

Ed}b~d`}eadì @è~x

Me~bh}a~ V~aj~ o ad Xhebdhb `dm

Jianì Xbhr~e}u

V~edhb}ad Rdesb~xe}u

X$ Gòbx J`}bx) G~$

Gald X$ ]aii V~abxxa~ a Vluxehx

Me~bh}a~ Hbd}b~ a~ X}~edj dm

V`~}ehib ]lba~u

Rdesb~xe}u a O`~ui`dm Haiibjb V`~k

Xle~ibu @dd G`hkxad

V~bxembd}

^bdxxbi`b~ Vaiu}bhldeh Edx}e}r}b

êhl`~m H$ IbsedV~bxembd}

Uìb Rdesb~xe}u

Hl`m Oe~ked

^`}lo`dd V~abxxa~ Hlboex}~u

O`}b~eìx Xhebdhb `dm Bdjedbb~edj

Hlboehì `dm Neaiajehì Bdjedbb~edj

`dm Obmehedb

Me~bh}a~ Ed}b~d`}eadì Edx}e}r}b

a~ D`da}bhldaiaju

Da~}lzbx}b~d Rdesb~xe}u


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O`~ea Oaied`

V~abxxa~ Hlboex}~u `dm Neahlboex}~u

Rdesb~xe}u a Hìea~de` X`d Mebja

V~abxxa~ Hbd}b~ a~ @}oaxvlb~eh Xhebdhbx

Xh~evvx Edx}e}r}ead a Ahb`daj~`vlu

Me~bh}a~ O`~ea Oaied` Hbd}b~ a~ Bdb~ju

`dm Bdse~adobd} Ob|eha He}u

B~dbx} G$ Oadew

Hbhei dm Em` J~bbd V~abxxa~ a Vluxehx

`dm Bdjedbb~edj Xux}box

Me~bh}a~ OE]x Bdb~ju Ede}e`}esb

O`xx`hlrxb}}x Edx}e}r}b a ]bhldaiaju

H~èj Ordmeb

Hleb ^bxb`~hl `dm X}~`}bju Ahb~

Oeh~axa} Ha~va~`}ead

Bm Vbdlab}

Me~bh}a~ @i}` V`~}db~x

V~abxxa~ Bob~e}rx a Neahlboex}~u

`dm Vrnieh Lbì}l

Rdesb~xe}u a Hìea~de` Nb~kbibu

N`~n`~` Xhl`ì

O`~uMbii Hlei}ad Mex}edjrexlbm V~abxxa~ a

Neaiaju Z`xledj}ad Rdesb~xe}u X}$ Iarex

Sehb V~bxembd} D`}eadì @h`mbou a XhebdhbxB~eh Xhloem}

B|bhr}esb Hlè~o`d

Jaajib Edh$

M`debi Xhl~`j

X}r~jex Laavb~ V~abxxa~ a Jbaiaju

V~abxxa~ Bdse~adobd}ì Xhebdhb

`dm Bdjedbb~edjMe~bh}a~ L`~s`~m Rdesb~xe}u

zemb Hbd}b~ a~ Bdse~adobd}

L`~s`~m Rdesb~xe}u

M`sem B$ Xl`z

Hleb Xhebd}ex} M$B$ Xl`z bxb`~hl

Xbdea~ ^bxb`~hl Cbiiaz Hbd}b~ a~

Haovr}`}eadì Neaiaju dm Neaeda~o`}ehx

Hairone` Rdesb~xe}u

@lobm Wbzèi

Iedrx V`riedj V~abxxa~ a Hlboex}~u

`dm Vluxehx

Me~bh}a~ Vluxehì Neaiaju Hbd}b~Hìea~de` Edx}e}r}b a ]bhldaiaju

X}`

Mbna~`l M$ X}edb

B|bhr}esb Me~bh}a~

O`~u O`|ad

Mbvr}u B|bhr}esb Me~bh}a~

M`debiib Bsb~x

@@@X Xhebdhb dm ]bhldaiaju Vaiehu Cbiiaz

Jb~` Gahlro

Vaiehu @dìux}


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B\BHR]ESB ACCEHB AC ]LB V^BXEMBD]

V^BXEMBD]X HARDHEI AC @MSEXA^X AD XHEBDHB @DM ]BHLDAIAJU

Z@XLEDJ]AD) M$H$ >626>

V~bxembd} N`~`hk Anò`]lb Zle}b Larxb

Z`xledj}ad M$H$

Mb`~ O~$ V~bxembd}

Zb ~b vib`xbm }a }~`dxoe} }a uar }lb V~bxembd}x Hardhei a @msexa~x ad Xhebdhb dm ]bhldaiaju ,VH@X]%

~bva~} ad Xrx}èdedj Bdse~adobd}ì H`ve}ì7 V~a}bh}edj Xaheb}u `dm }lb Bhadaou$ E} hadxex}x a ` v`jb

B|bhr}esb ^bva~} v~bv`~bm nu }lb rii VH@X] virx }lb iadjb~ ~bva~} a }lb za~kedj j~arv ,ZJ% }l`}

VH@X] hadx}e}r}bm ad }lex }aveh$ ]lb za~kedj j~arv z`x hahlè~bm nu VH@X] obonb~x axed` Neb~n`ro

`dm N`~n`~` Xhl`ì `dm edhirmbm }l~bb a}lb~ VH@X] obonb~x ,O`~ea Oaied` Bm Vbdlab} `dm M`debiXhl~`j% ed `mme}ead }a a}lb~ b|vb~}x ~ao `h`mboeh ha~va~`}b vlei`d}l~aveh `dm dadjasb~dobd}ì

a~j`dew`}eadx$

]lb hbd}~ì obxx`jbx a }lex ~bva~} ~b }za$ Ce~x} }lb bhadaoeh dm bdse~adobd}ì meobdxeadx a xahe

b}ì zbiinbedj ~b na}l edmexvbdx`nib x zbii x }ejl}iu ed}b~}zedbm$ Xbhadm bsbd x }lb jasb~dobd}

ex ~ejl}iu ahrxbm ad }lb me~bh} }l~b`}x }a }lb bhadaoeh `xvbh}x a zbiinbedj ed }lb a~o a ~bhbxxead

rdboviauobd} dm }lb x}`jd`}ead a }lb x}`dm`~m a iesedj a }lb oemmib hi`xx e} orx} da} èi }a mm~bxx

}lb }l~b`}x }a na}l }lb bdse~adobd}ì `dm }lb bhadaoeh `xvbh}x a zbiinbedj }l`} mb~esb ~ao }lb

`hhbib~`}edj mbj~`m`}ead a }lb bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì}lb D`}eadx bhaxux}box `dm }lb neamesb~xe}u

}lbu had}èd~ao zlehl az bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx rdmb~veddedj orhl bhadaoeh `h}ese}u `x zbii `x

vrnieh lbì}l x`b}u dm bdse~adobd}ì prìe}u$

Ar~ x}rmu ex ` xbprbi }a }lb ~bva~} a V~bxembd} Hied}adx VH@X]]bòedj ze}l Ieb7 Edsbx}edj ed Xhebdhb

}a Rdmb~x}`dm dm Rxb @ob~eh`x Iesedj H`ve}ì$ N`xbm ad }lb ed}b~sbdedj ub`~x a ~`vem ms`dhb ed na}l

bdse~adobd}ì xhebdhb dm bdse~adobd}ì bhadaoehx }lex dbz za~k b|}bdxesbiu rvm`}bx dm b|v`dmx

}lb b`~ieb~ x}rmux xxbxxobd} a }lb x}`}b a }lb D`}eadx neamesb~xe}u dm a}lb~ bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì

}lb xb~sehbx mb~esbm ~ao }lex h`ve}ì }lb bxhì`}edj }l~b`}x ed }lex maoèd `dm }lb dbbmbm ~bobmebx$

@oadj o`du edh~b`xbx xedhb ed ar~ rdmb~x}`dmedj a }lbxb o`}}b~x e} ex daz orhl hib`~b~ }l`d

nba~b }l`} }lb lex}a~eh m~esb~x a mbj~`m`}ead a bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì~bvi`hbobd} a haovib| d`}r~ì

bhaxux}box ze}l xeovib~ o`do`mb adbx eds`xesb xvbhebx asb~b|viae}`}ead a haoob~heìiu sìr`nib

vi`d}x `dm `deoìx hlboehì vaiir}ead`~b nbedj haovardmbm `dm òviebm }a ` ~`vemiu j~azedj

mbj~bb nu jianì hieo`}b hl`djb$

]lb i`~jbx} v`~} a }lb dbz ~bva~} ex ahrxbm ad xair}eadxzlu jasb~dobd} l`x `d bxxbd}eì ~aib }a

viù ed }lb x}bz`~mxlev a bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì zl`} `vv~a`hlbx `~b oax} v~aoexedj a~ maedj xa

na}l iadb dm ed hadhb~} ze}l }lb v~es`}b xbh}a~ dm zl`} xvbheh ob`xr~bx }lex @moedex}~`}ead harim

bon~`hb }a oax} hax}bbh}esbiu eov~asb na}l }lb jasb~dobd}x dm }lb v~es`}b xbh}a~x vb~a~o`dhb

ed v~a}bh}edj }lbxb h~rheì `xxb}x$ ]lb ~bhaoobdmbm ob`xr~bx edhirmb zùx }a nb}}b~ ed}bj~`}b `dm


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r}eiewb b|ex}edj m`}` `dm oambix `h~axx }lb ~bibs`d} Cbmb~ì `jbdhebx `x zbii `x }a ii j`vx ed }lb m`}`

`dm eov~asb }lb oambix asb~ }eob; edh~b`xbm jbdhu rxb a ms`dhbx ed }lb sìr`}ead a bdse~adobd}ì

h`ve}ì dm bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx ed vi`ddedj dm o`d`jbobd} mbhexeadx; }`~jb}edj Cbmb~ì hadxb~s`}ead

edsbx}obd}x }a `hlebsb j~b`}b~ nbdb}x `} }lb xòb a~ iazb~ hax}x; `dm boviauedj }lb edh~b`xedjiu

xavlex}eh`}bm }aaix a bhaeda~o`}ehx }a eov~asb vrnieh `dm v~es`}b mbhexeado`kedj `nar} }lb o`d

`jbobd} a bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì $

]lb bxxbdhb a VH@X]x dmedjx ad }lex exxrb ex h`v}r~bm ed ar~ v`jb B|bhr}esb bva~} dm }lb v`jb

Xroo`~u } }lb nbjeddedj a }lb Za~kedj J~arvx ~bva~}$ E uar~ }eob dm ed}b~bx} iiaz zbm ~bhao

obdm }lb ed}~amrh}a~u hl`v}b~ a }lb ZJ ~bva~} Bdse~adobd}ì H`ve}ì Neamesb~xe}u `dm Lro`d

ZbiiNbedj x }lb db|} oax} eova~}`d} ahrx a uar~ }}bd}ead$

VH@X] sb~u orhl `vv~bhe`}bx }lb avva~}rde}u }a v~asemb uar ze}l }lex edvr} ad ` }aveh zb nbiebsb }a

nb a h~e}ehì eova~}`dhb }a }lb D`}eadx r}r~b `dm zb lavb uar dm e} rxbri$ @x ìzùx zb zarim

nb vib`xbm edmbbm }a l`sb }lb avva~}rde}u }a mexhrxx ar~ dmedjx `dm ~bhaoobdm`}eadx ze}l uar ed

vb~xad dm!a~ }a ~bxvadm ed z~e}edj }a prbx}eadx uar où l`sb$

Gald V$ Laim~bd

VH@X] HaHlè~

B~eh I`dmb~

VH@X] HaHlè~


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e


Bbh}b ^bv~}

Xrx}èdedj Bdse~adobd}ì H`ve}ì7V~a}bh}edj Xaheb}u `dm }lb Bhadaou

Bhaxux}box `dm }lb neamesb~xe}u }lbu bonamu hadx}e}r}b bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì ad zlehl lro`d

zbiinbedj lb`seiu mbvbdmx$ ]lb bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx }l`} az ~ao }lex h`ve}ì edhirmb a~o`}ead a xaei

`dm ~bdbzì a e}x b~}eie}u o`d`jbobd} a azx a ~bxl z`}b~ oèd}bd`dhb a }lb haovaxe}ead a }lb`}oaxvlb~b vaiied`}ead a azb~x `dm h~avx had}~ai a }lb mex}~enr}ead `dm `nrdm`dhb a vbx}x `dm

v`}lajbdx v~amrh}ead a xl dm jòb ed rdo`d`jbm dm iejl}iu o`d`jbm bhaxux}box bx}lb}eh dm

~bh~b`}eadì sìrbx ~ao v~ex}edb i`dmxh`vbx oèd}bd`dhb a }lb jbdb}eh ien~`~u a jianì neamesb~xe}u

`x ` xar~hb a r}r~b edxejl}x `dm eddas`}eadx nbdb}}edj lro`dkedm `dm eova~}`d} had}~enr}eadx }a

kbbvedj hieo`}eh hadme}eadx ed }lb ~`djb }a zlehl lro`d xaheb}u dm hr~~bd} bhaxux}box ~b m`v}bm$

E} l`x nbhaob edh~b`xedjiu hib`~ lazbsb~ }l`} neamesb~xe}u `dm a}lb~ eova~}`d} haovadbd}x a }lb

bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì v~amrhedj }lbxb xb~sehbx `~b nbedj mbj~`mbm nu lro`d `h}ese}ebx `dm }l`} }lb

mbj~`m`}ead a }lex h`ve}ì l`x ì~b`mu eovè~bm xaob a }lb `xxahe`}bm xb~sehbx ze}l xejdeh`d} `msb~xb

eov`h}x ad xaheb}u7 mò`jedj aamx `~exedj ~ao mba~bx}bm z`}b~xlbmx `dm lb`seb~ v~bheve}`}ead

bsbd}x; edh~b`xedj hax}x a ~bxl z`}b~ xrvviu; m~ò`}eh b|v`dxead a ddrì ~b`x nr~dbm dm v~avb~}umbx}~aubm ed zeim~bx; edh~b`xbx ed }lb ~bprbdhu dm mbx}~rh}esbdbxx a a~bx}vbx} ar}n~b`kx; edh~b`xbm

mbx}~rh}ead ~ao vazb~ri x}a~ox; `dm }lb vb`kedj `dm mbhiedb a }lb jianì ahb`d xl h`}hl mbxve}b

edh~b`xbm xledj ba~}$

]lb ~aa} h`rxbx a }lb mbj~`m`}ead a bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì ~b }lb haonedbm v~bxxr~bx a vavri`}ead

j~az}l ~exedj crbdhb dm ~bprbd} ~bie`dhb ad bdse~adobd}ìiu mex~rv}esb }bhldaiajebx }a obb} }lb

`xxahe`}bm o`}b~eì mbo`dmx$ @ii a }lbxb `h}a~x `~b haovardmbm nu n`m o`d`jbobd} }~`hb`nib ed

v`~} }a rdmb~`vv~bhe`}ead a }lb eova~}`dhb a bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì a~ lro`d zbiinbedj `dm }a

}lb b|hirxead a }lb sìrb a e}x xb~sehbx ~ao }lb bhadaoeh nì`dhb xlbb}x a v~amrhb~x `dm hadxro

b~x$ ]lb v~a|eo`}b h`rxbx a }lb mbj~`m`}ead edhirmb7 zembxv~b`m hadsb~xead a d`}r~ì bhaxux}box }a

lejled}bdxe}u lro`d rxbx; b|viae}`}ead nbuadm xrx}èd`nib uebim a haoob~heìiu sìr`nib zeim vi`d}x`dm `deoìx; ed}~amrh}ead a eds`xesb a~j`dexox }l`} h~azm ar} a~ a}lb~zexb keii a edmejbdarx adbx;

boexxeadx `dm xveiiasb~x a bhaiajehìiu l`~ori xrnx}`dhbx ~ao edmrx}~u `dm `j~ehri}r~b; `dm oax}

~bhbd}iu }lb j~azedj eov`h}x a jianì hieo`}b hl`djb ~bxri}edj ~ao lb`}}~`vvedj j`xbx `dm v`~}ehibx

`mmbm }a }lb `}oaxvlb~b nu lro`d `h}ese}ebx$


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X rX @ededj B ds eâdoB d @i H@Ve @i 7 Vâ B H edj X aHeB u @dm lB B Hadaou

ee

]lbxb `~b hlìibdjbx }l`} h`dda} nb ob} ze}lar} ` x}~adj lbivedj l`dm ~ao jasb~dobd}$ ]lb oèd

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}a bhaxux}box `dm bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx zlbd jasb~dobd} mabx da} ed}b~sbdb$ Ed }lb `nxbdhb a xrhl

ed}b~sbd}ead edmesemrìx `dm ~ox `~b `nib }a h`v}r~b }lb nbdb}x a `h}ese}ebx }l`} v~amrhb hieo`}b

hl`djb dm a}lb~ a~ox a bhaxux}bo mex~rv}ead nr} ~b nib }a saem oax} a }lb }}bdm`d} mò`jbx

zlehl `~b xv~b`m `h~axx xaheb}u$ Orhl a }lb za~imx bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì oa~basb~ hadxex}x a

haooadv~avb~}u ~bxar~hbx ~`}lb~ }l`d v~es`}biu lbim `xxb}x; ed v`~} nbh`rxb a ~bb~emb~ v~anibox

v~es`}b ~ox `dm edmesemrìx l`sb ie}}ib edhbd}esb `nxbd} ~bpre~bobd}x eovaxbm nu jasb~dobd} }a

edsbx} ed oèd}èdedj a~ j~azedj h`ve}ì a }lex kedm$

]lb }aaix `sèi`nib }a jasb~dobd}x a~ mbìedj ze}l }lex hlìibdjb `~b a }za kedmx7 ob`xr~bx }l`}

hl`djb }lb edhbd}esbx a v~es`}b `h}a~x ed ~bi`}ead }a }lbe~ rxb a a~ eov`h} rvad bdse~adobd}ì

~bxar~hbx; `dm me~bh} `h}ead nu jasb~dobd}x ed ~bi`}ead }a bhaxux}box rdmb~ }lbe~ had}~ai ,b$j$ v`~kx

d`}eadì a~bx}x a}lb~ vrnieh i`dmx }b~~e}a~eì z`}b~x% edhirmedj `hpre~edj `mme}eadì adbx ~bx}a~edj

mbj~`mbm adbx v~a}bh}edj v~ex}edb adbx dm o`d`jedj }laxb xrngbh} }a ori}evib rxbx xa x }a o`|eoewb

nbdb} azx hadxex}bd} ze}l xrx}èd`neie}u$ ]lb jasb~dobd}x h`v`he}u }a `vv~av~e`}biu edrbdhb }lbnbl`sea~ a v~es`}b h}a~x }az`~m bdse~adobd} i h`ve}ì x zbii x }a nb}}b~ o`d`jb }lb bdse~adobd} i

h`ve}ì }l`} ex me~bh}iu rdmb~ }lb jasb~dobd}x had}~ai h`d nb eov~asbm na}l nu nb}}b~ rxb a sèi`nib

rdmb~x}`dmedjx oambix `dm m`}` ad }lbxb o`}}b~x `dm nu ahrxbm ba~}x }a rvj~`mb }lb ~bibs`d}

rdmb~x}`dmedjx oambix dm m`}`n`xbx asb~ }eob$

Ed }lb ~bva~} zb }~`dxoe} lb~b VH@X]x Za~kedj J~arv ad Neamesb~xe}u V~bxb~s`}ead `dm Bhaxux}bo

Xrx}èd`neie}u `mm~bxxbm }lb dbbmx `dm avva~}rde}ebx ed ~bi`}ead }a na}l a }lbxb meobdxeadx a }lb

h`v`he}u a jasb~dobd}x`dm bxvbheìiu }lb R$X$ Cbmb~ì jasb~dobd}}a riii oa~b bbh}esbiu }lbe~

~bxvadxeneie}u ed ~bi`}ead }a }lb v~a}bh}ead a bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì dm bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx$ ]lb Za~kedj

J~arvx ~bhaoobdm`}eadx zlehl zb bdma~xb edsaisb ` }l~bbv~adjbm ba~} bdhaov`xxedj zùx }a

o`kb nb}}b~ rxb a b|ex}edj kdazibmjb }a xrvva~} }lb jbdb~`}ead a bxxbd}eì dbz kdazibmjb dm }ab|v`dm }lb rxb a eda~o`}ehx$ Zb lb~b naei mazd }laxb ~bhaoobdm`}eadx }a }lb aiiazedj xe| kbu vaed}x$

0$ ]lb R$X$ jasb~dobd} xlarim edx}e}r}b dm rdm Pr`m~bddeì Bhaxux}box Xb~sehbx ]~bdmx

,PrBX]% @xxbxxobd}$ PrBX] xlarim v~asemb d ed}bj~`}bm haov~blbdxesb xxbxxobd} a }lb

hadme}ead a R$X$ bhaxux}box; v~bmeh}eadx hadhb~dedj }~bdmx ed bhaxux}bo hl`djb; xud}lbxbx

a ~bxb`~hl dmedjx ad laz bhaxux}bo x}~rh}r~b `dm hadme}ead `~b iedkbm }a }lb bhaxux}bo

rdh}eadx }l`} had}~enr}b }a xaheb}ìiu eova~}`d} bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx; `dm hl`~`h}b~ew`}ead a

hlìibdjbx }a }lb xrx}èd`neie}u a nbdb} azx ~ao bhaxux}box }ajb}lb~ ze}l zùx }a o`kb

vaiehu ~bxvadxbx }a }lbxb hlìibdjbx oa~b bbh}esb$ ]lb PrBX] `xxbxxobd} xlarim m~`z `dm

nreim rvad }lb zemb s`~eb}u a adjaedj oade}a~edj v~aj~òx v~bsearxiu hadmrh}bm `dm adja

edj `xxbxxobd}x a d`~~azb~ xhavb `dm }lb b|v`dmbm oade}a~edj `dm xvbhebxmexhasb~u ba~}xa~ zlehl zb ixa hìi ed }lex bva~}$ @dm e} xlarim nb hiaxbiu haa~med`}bm ze}l }lb pr`m~bddeì

D`}eadì Hieo`}b @xxbxxobd} o`dm`}bm nu }lb Jianì Hl`djb ^bxb`~hl @h} a $


11/145


12/145


es

}l`} Cbmb~ì `jbdhu m`}` ~bibs`d} }a neamesb~xe}u `dm bhaxux}box `x zbii `x }lb xaheabhadaoeh

`dm jbavluxehì m`}` ~bpre~bm ed xrvva~} a bhaxux}bo sìr`}ead `dm mbhexeadxrvva~} `~b

vrniexlbm ed o`hledb~b`m`nib ed}b~avb~`nib a~o`} }a `heie}`}b ~bxb`~hl bdj`jbobd} nu

vrnieh v~es`}b h`mboeh dm a}lb~ x}`kblaimb~x dm }a xrvva~} vaiehu dm mbhexeado`kedj }

Cbmb~ì x}`}b `dm iahì ibsbix$ Ed xrvva~} a BhaEDCAÔ@ AON xlarim bda~hb b|ex}edj ~bpre~b

obd}x }l`} Cbmb~ì `jbdhebx vrniexl m`}` ~bi`}bm }a neamesb~xe}u v~bxb~s`}ead `dm bhaxux}bo

xb~sehbx ze}led adb ub`~ a haiibh}ead$ BhaEDCAÔ@ xlarim ed}b~`h} ze}l ed}b~d`}eadì neamesb~

xe}u dm bhaxux}bo eda~o`}ead xux}box ed }lb mbsbiavobd} a jianìiu hhbv}bm neamesb~xe}u

`dm bhaxux}bo eda~o`}ead x}`dm`~mx `dm xlarim xbbk ar} `dm bdhar~`jb v`~}db~xlevx ze}l

}lb v~es`}b `dm `h`mboeh xbh}a~x }a mbsbiav eddas`}esb }aaix a~ m`}` ed}bj~`}ead `dìuxex

sexrìew`}ead `dm mbhexead o`kedj$


13/145

s


Xrx}èdedj Bdse~adobd}ì H`ve}ì7

V~a}bh}edj Xaheb}u `dm }lb Bhadaou

Za~kedj J~arv ^bva~}


14/145


15/145

VH@X Nb~x} V~bxb~`} `Bhxx}b Xx}``n} Z~ j~v

HaHlè~x

âxed` Neb~n`ro'

Mb`d Xhlaai a D`}r~ì ^bxar~hbx `dm

Bdse~adobd}

Rdesb~xe}u a Oehlej`d

N`~n`~` Xhl`ì'

Hlei}ad V~abxxa~ a Neaiaju

Z`xledj}ad Rdesb~xe}u

X}$ Iarex Sehb V~bxembd}

D`}eadì @h`mbou a Xhebdhbx

Obonb~x

J~b}hlbd H$ Mèiu@xxahe`}b V~abxxa~ ,^bxb`~hl%

Me~bh}a~ ]~avehì bxb`~hl V~aj~ò

X~$ Cbiiaz Edx}e}r}b a~ Ed}b~d`}eadì X}rmebx

X}`da~m Rdesb~xe}u

ânb~} Jr~ìdehk

@xxahe`}b V~abxxa~ Bhaiaju `dm

Bsair}ead`~u Neaiaju

Hr~`}a~ Orxbro a D`}r~ì Lex}a~u

Rdesb~xe}u a Haia~`ma Narimb~

@iad Lìbsu

Lb`m

X}~rh}r~bm M`}` J~arv

Jaajib ^bxb`~hl

Vb}b~ K`~bes`

Hleb Xhebd}ex}

]lb D`}r~b Hadxb~s`dhu ,]DH%

Gaxl Kd`rb~

V~bxembd} dm HBA

^lew` I`nx IIH

@d}ladu ]adu Oehl`bix

O`d`jedj Me~bh}a~

V~a}brx Bdse~adobd}ì ]bhldaiajebx IIH

O`~ea Oaied`'V~abxxa~ Hlboex}~u `dm Neahlboex}~u

Rdesb~xe}u a Hìea~de` X`d Mebja

V~abxxa~ Hbd}b~ a~ @}oaxvlb~eh Xhebdhbx

Xh~evvx Edx}e}r}ead a Ahb`daj~`vlu

Me~bh}a~ O`~ea Oaied` Hbd}b~ a~ Bdb~ju dm

Bdse~adobd} Ob|eha He}u

Gad`}l`d V`}w

V~abxxa~ dm Me~bh}a~

Jianì Bdse~adobd}ì Lbì}l

Rdesb~xe}u a Zexhadxed O`mexad

Bm Vbdlab}'

Me~bh}a~ @i}` V`~}db~x

V~abxxa~ Bob~e}rx

Neahlboex}~u `dm Vrnieh Lbì}l

Rdesb~xe}u a Hìea~de` Nb~kbibu

Hl`~ibx Vb~~edjx

V~abxxa~

Xhlaai a Ieb Xhebdhbx

@~ewad` X}`}b Rdesb~xe}u

Vb}b~ L$ `sbd

V~bxembd} Bob~e}rx

Oexxar~e Na}`dehì J`~mbd


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Zì}b~ bem

Me~bh}a~

Hadxb~s`}ead dm Xhebdhb V~aj~ò

M`sem dm Irheib V`hk`~m Cardm`}ead

M`debi Xhl~`j'X}r~jex Laavb~ V~abxxa~ a Jbaiaju

Bdse~adobd}ì Xhebdhb `dm Bdjedbb~edj

Me~bh}a~ Hbd}b~ a~ Bdse~adobd}

L`~s`~m Rdesb~xe}u

X}`

Ob~bme}l @$ I`db

Vaiehu @dìux}

O`~u O`|adMbvr}u B|bhr}esb Me~bh}a~ VH@X]

Me`d` Zìi

Rdesb~xe}u Mex}edjrexlbm V~abxxa~

Me~bh}a~

Xhlaai a Jianì Bdse~adobd}ì Xrx}èd`neie}u

Haia~`ma X}`}b Rdesb~xe}u

' VH@X] obonb~


17/145

e|

`nb H}b}x

Xroo`~u 0

]lb Hl`~ h}b~ dm C`}b a Bdse~adobd} i H`ve} i $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 0

]lb âib a Jasb~dobd} $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ >

O`kedj Nb}}b~ Rxb a B|ex}edj Kdazibmjb $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 8

Jbdb~`}edj Bxxbd}eì Dbz Kdazibmjb $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 3

B|v`dmedj }lb Rxb a Bsaisedj Eda~o`}ehx ]bhldaiajebx $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Bdse~adobd}ì H`ve}ì ed Had}b|} $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 08

R$X$ dm Jian i Bdse~adobd} i H`ve}ì7 Meobdxeadx dm M`djb~x a Mbhiedb $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 0=

^`}eadìb a~ Jasb~dobd} Ib`mb~xlev ed }lb X}bz`~mxlev a Bdse~adobd}ì H`ve}ì $ $ $ $ >6

Sìr`}ead a Bhaxux}bo Xb~sehbx dm Iaxxbx $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ >0

]lb ^bx} a }lb ^bva~} $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ >8

EE Me~bh} Bbh}x a Bhaxux}bo Hl`djb ad Lro`d Lbì}l >2

Bhaxux}bo Hl`djbx }l`} Rdmb~ieb Mexb`xb Bob~jbdhb $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ >3

B|ex}edj Obhl`dexox `dm Edx}e}r}eadì C~òbza~kx $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ >:

]aaix `dm Ob}lamx a~ @xxbxxedj Bhaxux}bo Hl`djb Bbh}x ad Lro`d Lbì}l $ $ $ $ $ $ >5^bhaoobdm`}eadx$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 86

EEE Bhaxux}bo @xxbxxobd}x a~ V~bmeh}edj dm @m`v}edj }a Hl`djb 88

V~bsearx dm B|ex}edj D }ead i @xxbxxobd}x $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 88

^bhaoobdm`}eadx$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 8:

ES Ed}b~d`}eadì @xvbh}x a @xxbxxobd}x =0

B|ex}edj Ed}b~d`}eadì Ede}e`}esbx $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ =>

Ed}b~d`}eadì Eda~o`}ead Hlìibdjbx $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ==

^bhaoobdm`}eadx$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ =3

S Edh~b`xedj }lb Bbh}esbdbxx a Hadxb~s`}ead Edsbx}obd}x =:

Hr~~bd} Hadxb~s`}ead V~aj~òx Uebim Rdhb~}èd ^b}r~dx $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ =


18/145

Vb~a~o`dhb Bbh}esbdbxx $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 28

^bhaoobdm`}eadx$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2=

SE Ib`~dedj Oa~b7 Neamesb~xe}u dm A}lb~ Bhaxux}bo @}}~enr}bx 22

Eda~o`}ead Dbbmx 7 ]lb Xahe`i V~bhr~xa~x a Bhaxux}bo Hl`djb $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 23Eda~o`}ead Dbbmx 7 Oade}a~edj a I`dm Rxb L`ne}`}x `dm Bhaxux}bo V~ahbxxbx $ $ $ $ $ 2

^bhaoobdm`}eadx$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ :2

SEEE Rxedj Eda~o`}ehx }a Xrvva~} }lb Xrx}`ed`neie}u @jbdm` ::

M`}` @hhbxx dm V~bxb~s`}ead $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $


19/145

X`~

]lb Hl`~`h}b~ `dm C`}b a Bdse~adobd}ì H`ve}ì

Bhaxux}box `dm }lb neamesb~xe}u }lbu bonamu hadx}e}r}b bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì ad zlehl xaheb}u

mbvbdmx ed ori}e`hb}bm zùx$ ]lb bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx ed xrvva~} a lro`d zbiinbedj }l`} az ~ao

}lex h`ve}ì edhirmb a~o`}ead a xaei `dm ~bdbzì a e}x b~}eie}u o`d`jbobd} a azx a ~bxl z`}b~

oèd}bd`dhb a }lb haovaxe}ead a }lb `}oaxvlb~b vaiied`}ead a azb~x `dm h~avx had}~ai a }lb

mex}~enr}ead `dm `nrdm`dhb a vbx}x `dm v`}lajbdx v~amrh}ead a xl `dm jòb ed rdo`d`jbm `dm

iejl}iu o`d`jbm bhaxux}box bx}lb}eh dm ~bh~b`}eadì sìrbx ~ao v~ex}edb i`dmxh`vbx oèd}bd`dhb

a }lb jbdb}eh ien~`~u a jianì neamesb~xe}u `x ` xar~hb a r}r~b edxejl}x `dm eddas`}eadx nbdb}}edj

lro`dkedm `dm eova~}`d} had}~enr}eadx }a kbbvedj hieo`}eh hadme}eadx ed }lb ~`djb }a zlehl lro`d

xaheb}u dm hr~~bd} bhaxux}box ~b m`v}bm$

E} l`x nbbd edh~b`xedjiu zbii mahrobd}bm asb~ }lb har~xb a }lb i`x} bz mbh`mbx lazbsb~ }l`} neamesb~xe}u `dm a}lb~ eova~}`d} haovadbd}x a }lb bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì v~amrhedj }lbxb xb~sehbx `~b

nbedj v~aj~bxxesbiu mbj~`mbm nu lro`d h}ese}ebx$ E} ex nbhaoedj hib`~b~ x zbii }l`} }lb mbj~`m`}ead

a }lex h`ve}ì l`x ì~b`mu ~bmrhbm a~ ~bdmb~bm ibxx ~bie`nib xaob a }lb `xxahe`}bm xb~sehbx ze}l xej

deh`d} `msb~xb eov`h}x ad xaheb}u$ ]lbxb eov`h}x edhirmb7 mò`jedj aamx `~exedj ~ao mba~bx}bm

z`}b~xlbmx `dm lb`seb~ v~bheve}`}ead bsbd}x; edh~b`xedj hax}x a ~bxl z`}b~ xrvviu ,lejlb~ vrovedj

hax}x ~ao mbhiededj z`}b~ }`nibx edh~b`xbm }~b`}obd} hax}x nbh`rxb a vaiir}ead dm mbhiededj bh`hu

a d`}r~ì vr~eh`}ead%; m~ò`}eh b|v`dxead a ddrì ~b`x nr~dbm dm v~avb~}u mbx}~aubm ed zeim~bx;

edh~b`xbx ed }lb ~bprbdhu `dm mbx}~rh}esbdbxx a a~bx}vbx} ar}n~b`kx; mex`vvb`~`dhb a~ meoedr}ead

a bhadaoehìiu sìr`nib ~bxlz`}b~ xl vavri`}eadx ed z`}b~x bh}bm nu hemeh`}ead a}lb~ vaiir}ead

`dm z`~oedj; edh~b`xbm mbx}~rh}ead ~ao x}a~ox `dm }xrdòex nbh`rxb nrb~edj o`dj~asbx l`sbnbbd mbx}~aubm nu ha`x}ì mbsbiavobd}; }lb vaibz`~m xv~b`m a }~avehì mexb`xbx; `dm }lb vb`kedj

`dm mbhiedb a }lb jianì ahb`d xl h`}hl mbxve}b edh~b`xbm xledj ba~}$

]lb ~aa} h`rxbx a }lb mbj~`m`}ead a bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì dm }lb xxahe`}bm meoedr}ead a bhaxux}bo

xb~sehbx ~b }a nb ardm ed }lb haonedbm v~bxxr~bx a vavri`}ead j~az}l ~exedj crbdhb dm ~bprbd}

~bie`dhb ad bdse~adobd}ìiu mex~rv}esb }bhldaiajebx }a obb} }lb `xxahe`}bm o`}b~eì mbo`dmx ze}l }lb

mò`jbx ~bprbd}iu haovardmbm nu n`m o`d`jbobd}`}}~enr}`nib v`~}iu ed }r~d }a zembxv~b`m

rdmb~`vv~bhe`}ead a }lb eova~}`dhb a bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì a~ lro`d zbiinbedj dm }a }lb nxbdhb

a }lb sìrb a e}x xb~sehbx ~ao }lb bhadaoeh nì`dhb xlbb}x a v~amrhb~x `dm hadxrob~x$ ]lb v~a|e

o`}b h`rxbx a }lb mbj~`m`}ead edhirmb7 zembxv~b`m hadsb~xead a d`}r~ì bhaxux}box }a lejled}bdxe}u

lro`d rxbx; b|viae}`}ead nbuadm xrx}èd`nib uebim a haoob~heìiu sìr`nib zeim vi`d}x dm deoìx;ed}~amrh}ead a eds`xesb a~j`dexox }l`} h~azm ar} a~ a}lb~zexb keii a edmejbdarx adbx; boexxeadx dm

xveiiasb~x a bhaiajehìiu l`~ori xrnx}`dhbx ~ao edmrx}~u `dm `j~ehri}r~b; `dm oax} ~bhbd}iu }lb

j~azedj eov`h}x a jianì hieo`}b hl`djb ~bxri}edj ~ao lb`}}~`vvedj j`xbx `dm v`~}ehibx `mmbm }a

}lb `}oaxvlb~b nu lro`d `h}ese}ebx$

@ii a }lbxb v~a|eo`}b h`rxbx l`sb nbbd eova~}`d}ed s`~uedj haoned`}eadx vi`hbx `dm }eobxed

neamesb~xe}u iaxx dm a}lb~ a~ox a bhaxux}bo mbj~`m`}ead rv }a }lb v~bxbd} dm ii a }lbo zeii had


20/145


}edrb }a dbbm ~bobmeì }}bd}ead jaedj a~z`~m e r~}lb~ bhaxux}boxb~sehb iaxxbx `~b }a nb v~bsbd}bm

~ao h`rxedj l`~o ~`djedj ~ao hax}iu }a h`}`x}~avleh }a zemb s`~eb}u a bdse~adobd}iedkbm meobd

xeadx a lro`d zbiinbedj ed ` zemb s`~eb}u a vi`hbx$ Nr} }lb i`x}obd}eadbm h`rxb`d}l~avajbdeh

jianì hieo`}b hl`djbex hib`~iu bob~jedj `x }lb xedjib oax} m`djb~arx `dm vb~s`xesb }l~b`} a ìi

}a bhaxux}box `dm }lb azx a bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx `~ardm }lb za~im$ E hieo`}b hl`djb ex da} xiazbm

orhl a }lb nbdb} ~ao a}lb~ kedmx a ba~}x }a v~a}bh} bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì dm }lb xb~sehbx az

edj ~ao e} zeii nb iax}$

]lb âib a Jasb~dobd}

]lbxb `~b hlìibdjbx }l`} h`dda} nb ob} ze}lar} ` x}~adj lbivedj l`dm ~ao jasb~dobd}$ ]lb oèd

~b`xad ex }lb xb} a vb~sb~xb edhbd}esbx a~ v~es`}b mbhexeado`kb~x~ox dm edmesemrìxed ~bi`}ead

}a bhaxux}box `dm bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx zlbd jasb~dobd} mabx da} ed}b~sbdb$ Ed }lb `nxbdhb a xrhl

ed}b~sbd}ead Edmesemrìx `dm ~ox `~b `nib }a h`v}r~b }lb nbdb}x a `h}ese}ebx }l`} v~amrhb hieo`}b

hl`djb dm a}lb~ a~ox a bhaxux}bo mex~rv}ead nr} ~b nib }a saem oax} a }lb }}bdm`d} mò`jbx

zlehl `~b xv~b`m `h~axx xaheb}u$ Orhl a }lb za~imx bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì oa~basb~ hadxex}x ahaooadv~avb~}u ~bxar~hbx ~`}lb~ }l`d v~es`}biu lbim `xxb}x; ed v`~} nbh`rxb a ~bb~emb~ v~anibox

v~es`}b ~ox `dm edmesemrìx l`sb ie}}ib edhbd}esb `nxbd} ~bpre~bobd}x eovaxbm nu jasb~dobd} }a

edsbx} ed oèd}èdedj a~ j~azedj h`ve}ì a }lex kedm$

]lb ~bxri} a }lb i`~jbiu rdb}}b~bm avb~`}ead a }lex xb} a edhbd}esbx xlarim da} nb xr~v~exedj$ Asb~

}lb v`x} }za `dm ` lì hbd}r~ebx ed hadhb~} ze}l }lb ~exedj mbo`dmx a j~azedj bhadaoebx `dm }lb

edh~b`xedj vazb~ a }bhldaiaju }a l`~sbx} ~ao d`}r~b zl`} vbavib z`d} dm zeii vù a~ }lb v~amrh

}ead a aam nb~ rbi `dm vl`~o`hbr}ehìx ~ao bhaxux}box l`x jadb rv zleib oax} a}lb~ xb~sehbx

mb~esbm ~ao bhaxux}box l`sb jadb mazd ed v`~ìibi ze}l }lb pr`d}e}u `dm prìe}u a }lb bdse~adobd}ì

h`ve}ì ~ao zlehl }laxb nbdb}x az$ Xaheb}u l`x ja}}bd zl`} e} vèm a~$ Daz zl`} ex ~bpre~bm ex `d

edh~b`xb ed haiibh}esb `h}eadbdiejl}bdbm ed}b~sbd}ead nu jasb~dobd}x ad xaheb}ux nblìe e} ex }a`saem jb}}edj ibxx `dm ibxx a }lb bdse~adobd}ì vrnieh jaamx e} ìxa dbbmx$

]lb }aaix `sèi`nib }a jasb~dobd}x a~ }lex vr~vaxb `~b a }za kedmx$ ]lb ~x} hadxex}x a ob`xr~bx

}l`} hl`djb }lb edhbd}esbx a v~es`}b `h}a~x ed ~bi`}ead }a }lbe~ rxb a a~ eov`h} rvad bdse~adobd}ì

~bxar~hbx$ ]lbxb h`d edhirmb o`~kb}n`xbm ob`xr~bx }l`} o`kb }lb rxb~x a bdse~adobd}ì xb~sehbx vù

a~ }lbo dm b|`h} haovbdx`}ead ~ao }laxb zla hadxrob a~ mbj~`mb bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì$ ]lbu h`d

ìxa edhirmb x}`dm`~mx dm a}lb~ a~ox a ~bjri`}ead }a bh} }lb ~bibs`d} nbl`sea~ a ~ox dm edmesemr

ìx$ ,]lb o`~kb}n`xbm ob`xr~bx ~b zembiu j~bbm }a nb v~bb~`nib zlb~b }lbu ~b b`xenib ed`xorhl

`x }lbu }bdm }a v~amrhb }lb mbxe~bm ~bxri}x `} iazb~ hax} }l`d haoo`dm`dmhad}~ai `vv~a`hlbx$%

]lb xbhadm xb} a }aaix hadxex}x a me~bh} `h}ead nu jasb~dobd}x ed ~bi`}ead }a bhaxux}box rdmb~ }lbe~

had}~ai ,b$j$ v`~kx d`}eadì a~bx}x a}lb~ vrnieh i`dmx }b~~e}a~eì z`}b~x% edhirmedj hpre~edj mme}eadì

adbx ~bx}a~edj mbj~`mbm adbx v~a}bh}edj v~ex}edb adbx dm o`d`jedj }laxb xrngbh} }a ori}evib rxbx

xa x }a o`|eoewb nbdb} azx hadxex}bd} ze}l xrx}èd`neie}u$

]lb rxb nu jasb~dobd}x a }aaix ed na}l a }lbxb h`}bja~ebx zarim nb j~b`}iu `heie}`}bm nu }lb `sèi

`neie}u a haovib}b eda~o`}ead `nar} }lb ~bi`}eadxlev nb}zbbd bhaxux}bo hadme}ead ,edhirmedj nr} da}

ieoe}bm }a neamesb~xe}u% dm bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx x zbii x nar} meb~bd} ob`xr~bx a }lb sìrb a }laxb


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X r o o @ ^ u

xb~sehbx }a lro`d xaheb}u ,edhirmbm nr} da} ieoe}bm }a }lb hax} a ~bvi`hedj }lb xb~sehbx ze}l }bhldai

aju zlb~b }lex ex v~`h}eh`nib dm }lb mò`jbx hh~redj ~ao ~bmrh}eadx ed }lb xb~sehbx }l`} a~ i`hk a

`sèi`nib xrnx}e}r}bx a~ èir~b }a mbviau }lbo ma da} jb} ~bvi`hbm%$ A har~xb }lb eda~o`}ead h}rìiu

`sèi`nib ad }lbxb }avehx ex `~ ~ao haovib}b$ Nr} e} ex ixa `~ `~ oa~b }l`d dadb } ii$ ]lb jasb~dobd}x

h`v`he}u }a `vv~av~e`}biu edrbdhb }lb nbl`sea~ a v~es`}b h}a~x }az`~m bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì x zbii

`x }a nb}}b~ o`d`jb }lb bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì }l`} ex me~bh}iu rdmb~ }lb jasb~dobd}x had}~ai h`d nb

eov~asbm na}l nu nb}}b~ rxb a `sèi`nib rdmb~x}`dmedjx oambix `dm m`}` ad }lbxb o`}}b~x `dm nu

ahrxbm ba~}x }a rvj~`mb }lb ~bibs`d} rdmb~x}`dmedjx oambix dm m`}`n`xbx asb~ }eob$

VH@X]x Za~kedj J~arv ad Neamesb~xe}u V~bxb~s`}ead `dm Bhaxux}bo Xrx}èd`neie}u l`x `mm~bxxbm }lb

dbbmx dm avva~}rde}ebx ed ~bi`}ead }a na}l a }lbxb meobdxeadx a }lb h`v`he}u a jasb~dobd}x`dm

bxvbheìiu }lb R$X$ Cbmb~ì jasb~dobd}}a riii oa~b bbh}esbiu }lbe~ ~bxvadxeneie}u ed ~bi`}ead }a }lb

v~a}bh}ead a bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì dm bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx$ Zb da}b }l`} }lex ~bxvadxeneie}u z`x o`mb

v`~}ehri`~iu b|viehe} a~ R$X$ Cbmb~ì mbv`~}obd}x `dm `jbdhebx ed }lb Griu jrem`dhb ~ao }lb

Me~bh}a~x a AON `dm AX]V `nar} ~bbh}edj }lb V~bxembd}x v~ea~e}ebx ed }lbe~ CU nrmjb} xrnoex

xeadx zlehl hìibm a~ o`d`jedj }lb haovb}edj mbo`dmx ad i`dm ~bxl z`}b~ dm }lb ahb`dx a~ }lbv~amrh}ead a aam nb~ nearbix dm bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx n`xbm ad xrx}èd`neie}u `dm neamesb~xe}u$

]lb Za~kedj J~arvx ~bhaoobdm`}eadx ed xrvva~} a }lex eo ~b j~arvbm ed}a }l~bb hirx}b~x7 ,% o`kedj

nb}}b~ rxb a b|ex}edj kdazibmjb ,% jbdb~`}edj bxxbd}eì dbz kdazibmjb `dm ,% b|v`dmedj }lb rxb

a bsaisedj eda~o`}ehx }bhldaiajebx$

O`kedj Nb}}b~ Rxb a B|ex}edj Kdazibmjb

Orhl ex kdazd `nar} laz bhaxux}box rdh}ead laz }lbu h`d nb mbj~`mbm `dm laz }lbu h`d nb

~bx}a~bm$ O`du Cbmb~ì `jbdhebx xrhl `x }lb BV@ RXM@ DA@@ `dm }lb nr~b`rx a }lb MAE vb~a~o

bhaiajehì oade}a~edj dm xxbxxobd} a bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx dm }a ibxxb~ b|}bd} neamesb~xe}u edsbd}a~u$ Iekbzexb o`du rdesb~xe}ebx dadjasb~dobd}ì a~j`dew`}eadx orxbrox na}`dehì j`~mbdx `dm

a}lb~ da}a~v~a} edx}e}r}eadx l`sb vr} xrnx}`d}eì ba~} ed}a xvbhebx mexhasb~u neamesb~xe}u edsbd

}a~u bdse~adobd} i ob`xr~bobd} `dm edsbx}ej`}eadx ed}a }lb v~ahbxxbx }l`} jbdb~`}b `dm xrx}èd

bhaxux}box dm neamesb~xe}u$ Oax} a }lb m`}` haiibh}bm nu }lbxb ba~}x ~bxemb ed }lb haiibh}edj bd}e}ebx

lazbsb~ `dm `~b da} ~b`meiu `sèi`nib a~ `jj~bj`}bm `h~axx xbh}a~x `jbdhebx `dm ~bjeadx$ @dm zleib

}lb m`}` mahrobd} v`~}ehri`~ }~bdmx }lbu `~b da} ed}bj~`}bm ed zùx }l`} h`d v~asemb eda~o`}ead ad

}lb hadme}ead dm xrx}èd`neie}u a }lb D`}eadx neamesb~xe}u dm bhaxux}box x zlaib$

]a lbiv o`kb nb}}b~ rxb a }lb kdazibmjb }l`} b|ex}x }a eda~o `dm jremb d`}eadì ~bjeadì `dm xbh

}a~ì vaiehebx `dm o`d`jbobd} `dm }a had}~enr}b }a jianì rdmb~x}`dmedj a bhaxux}bo hl`djb zb

~bhaoobdm }lb aiiazedj7

]lb R$X$ jasb~dobd} xlarim edx}e}r}b dm rdm Pr`m~bddeì Bhaxux}box Xb~sehbx ]~bdmx

,PrBX]% @xxbxxobd}) }l`} zeii v~asemb7

Rv}am`}b xud}lbxbx a ~bxb`~hl dmedjx ad laz bhaxux}bo x}~rh}r~b `dm hadme}ead `~b

iedkbm }a }lb bhaxux}bo rdh}eadx }l`} had}~enr}b }a xaheb}ìiu eova~}`d} bhaxux}bo xb~

sehbx `x zbii `x ~bxb`~hl dmedjx ad }lb hl`~`h}b~ew`}ead `dm sìr`}ead a }laxb xb~sehbx;


22/145


Ed}bj~`}bm Eda~o`}ead ad }lb hadme}ead a R$X$ bhaxux}box edhirmedj nr} da} ieoe}bm }a

}lbe~ neamesb~xe}u x zbii x ad ob`xr~bx a bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx azedj ~ao }lbo dm }lb

had}~enr}eadx a }lbxb }a lro`d lbì}l bhadaoebx `dm a}lb~ `xvbh}x a zbiinbedj;

@xxbxxobd} a }~bdmx ed }lbxb `h}a~x dm xhbd`~eax a }lbe~ bsair}ead jaedj a~z`~m rdmb~

` ~`djb a xxrov}eadx nar} m~esedj a~hbx dm o`d`jbobd} x}~`}bjebx dm vaiehebx; dm @vvieh`}ead a }lb a~bjaedj eda~o`}ead }a embd}eu `dm hl`~`h}b~ewb hlìibdjbx }a }lb

xrx}èd`neie}u a }lb nbdb} azx ~ao R$X$ bhaxux}box }ajb}lb~ ze}l zùx }a o`kb }lb

vaiehu ~bxvadxbx }a }lbxb hlìibdjbx oa~b bbh}esb$

]lb PrBX] xxbxxobd} xlarim m~`z dm nreim rvad }lb zemb s`~eb}u a adjaedj oade}a~edj v~aj~òx

`x zbii `x ad }lb b|v`dmbm oade}a~edj `dm xvbhebxmexhasb~u ba~}x zb hìi a~ bixbzlb~b lb~b$ E}

xlarim m~`z x zbii ad v~bsearxiu hadmrh}bm dm adjaedj xxbxxobd}x a d`~~azb~ xhavb dm xlarim

nb hiaxbiu haa~med`}bm ze}l }lb pr`m~bddeì D`}eadì Hieo`}b @xxbxxobd} o`dm`}bm nu }lb Jianì

Hl`djb ^bxb`~hl @h} a $

Cbmb~ì `jbdhebx haiibh}esbiu hr~~bd}iu xvbdm oa~b }l`d - neiiead `ddrìiu ad ~bx}a~`}ead `h}ese}ebxi`dm `dm b`xbobd} vr~hl`xbx `dm edhbd}esb vùobd}x èobm v~eo`~eiu `} hadxb~sedj neamesb~xe}u a~

v~a}bh}edj `dm ~bx}a~edj bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx ze}led }lb Rde}bm X}`}bx$ Da}`nib b|òvibx a xrhl had

xb~s`}ead edsbx}obd}x ~b ddrì b|vbdme}r~bx a db`~iu - neiiead rdmb~ }lb C`~o Neii }a eov~asb z`}b~

prìe}u ~bmrhb xaei b~axead `dm v~a}bh} zeimieb l`ne}`}; -$ neiiead ed oe}ej`}ead hax}x rdmb~ o`ga~

bmb~ì ~bjri`}a~u v~aj~òx; db`~iu - neiiead a~ bdm`djb~bm xvbhebx ~bhasb~u; dm rv }a - oeiiead

rdmb~ }lb I`dm `dm Z`}b~ Hadxb~s`}ead Crdm }a `hpre~b i`dm `dm z`}b~ `dm hadxb~s`}ead b`xbobd}x

,ì}larjl }lex l`x nbbd rdmbm `} ibxx }l`d - oeiiead `ddrìiu ed ~bhbd} ub`~x%$

Zleib mme}eadì rdmedj a~ }lbxb hadxb~s`}ead edsbx}obd}x ex z`~~`d}bm oa~b h`~bri }`~jb}edj harim

`hlebsb j~b`}b~ bdse~adobd}ì nbdb}x } }lb xòb ibsbi a b|vbdme}r~bx$ ]lb iiah`}ead a orhl Cbmb~ì

hadxb~s`}ead rdmedj hr~~bd}iu ex n`xbm ad `h}a~x a}lb~ }l`d d b|vbh}bm hadxb~s`}ead nbdb}$ Ed o`duh`xbx ed `h} bmb~ì ibjexi`}ead b|viehe}iu o`dm`}bx mex}~enr}ead a hadxb~s`}ead rdmedj da} }a hlebsb

o`|eoro hadxb~s`}ead nbdb}x nr} ~`}lb~ nu xbh}a~ a~ jbaj~`vleh mex}~enr}ead$ Ed a}lb~ h`xbx jbdhebx

l`sb }lb mexh~b}ead }a }`~jb} ~bxar~hbx n`xbm ad b|vbh}bm bbh}esbdbxx a }lb edsbx}obd} nr} i`hk }lb

b|vb~}exb a~ }lb o`dm`}b }a ma xa$ @hha~medjiu zb ~bhaoobdm }l`}7

Cbmb~ì `jbdhebx }l`} eovibobd} neamesb~xe}u `dm bhaxux}bo hadxb~s`}ead v~aj~òx

xlarim v~ea~e}ewb b|vbdme}r~bx n`xbm ad hax} bhebdhu$ ]lb Hardhei ad Bdse~adobd}ì

Prìe}u xlarim xxex} ed }lex ba~} nu ~bsebzedj hadxb~s`}ead v~aj~òx dm embd}euedj }laxb }l`}

xlarim nb xrngbh} }a }lex ~bhaoobdm`}ead ,b$j$ ]e}ib C`~o Neii vùobd}x oe}ej`}ead vùobd}x

b}h$%$ ]lb `bh}bm `jbdhebx zarim ~bva~} `ddrìiu ad }lb ìejdobd} a b|vbdme}r~bx ed }lb

edmeh`}bm v~aj~òx ze}l }lex ob}~eh$ ]lbe~ ~bva~}x xlarim edmeh`}b7 ,% zlu }lbu rxb v`~}ehri`~

ob}lam a~ mb}b~oededj edsbx}obd} bbh}esbdbxx; ,% laz }lb ob}lamaiaju }`kbx hhard} a

`mme}eadìe}u ib`k`jb `dm va}bd}eìiu hard}b~sèiedj `h}eadx nu a}lb~ jasb~dobd} v~aj~òx;

,% }lb ~`}eadìb a~ zbejl}edjx rxbm ed jj~bj`}b edmehbx; dm ,% }lb x}`}rx dm ~bxri}x a }lbe~

oade}a~edj a }lbe~ prìeuedj v~aj~òx$


23/145

X r o o @ ^ u

]lb mbj~`m`}ead a bhaxux}box `dm ~bmrh}eadx ed }lb xb~sehbx }l`} az ~ao }lbo `~b xrn}~`h}edj

~ao lro`d zbiinbedj da} grx} ed }lb Rde}bm X}`}bx nr} ìi `h~axx }lb jianb `dm }lb rdesb~xìe}u a

hlìibdjbx a }lex hl`~`h}b~da}ze}lx}`dmedj meb~bdhbx ed }lb oe| a v~anibox `dm }lbe~ mbj~bb

v~asembx ~b`xad a~ xl`~edj eda~o`}ead `nar} }lbo `dm haov`~edj da}bx ad }lb `vv~a`hlbx nbedj

}~ebm a~ mbìedj ze}l }lbo$ Ed }lb h`xb a v~anibox ed zlehl h`rxbx ed adb hard}~u v~amrhb bbh}x ed

a}lb~x oa~basb~ }lb~b ex r~}lb~ ~b`xad a~ ed}b~d`}eadì haii`na~`}ead }a rdmb~x}`dm }lb mudòehx

`dm mbsbiav haavb~`}esb ~bobmebx$ V~anibox }l`} mbj~`mb bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì ed zlehl ìi d`}eadx

l`sb ` x}`kb}lb jianì hieo`}b }lb v~a}bh}esb iùb~ a awadb ed }lb x}~`}axvlb~b }lb }a}ìe}u a nea

mesb~xe}u ad }lb vi`db}`~b v`~}ehri`~iu mbo`dmedj a ed}b~d`}eadì haavb~`}ead dm haa~med`}ead ii

}lb oa~b xa nbh`rxb a~ oax} xrhl v~anibox }lb mex}~enr}ead a ~exk dm iaxx ex da} zbii ha~~bi`}bm ze}l

}lb mex}~enr}ead a }lb h`rxbx$

]lbxb ~b`xadx a~ haiibh}esb hadhb~d eda~o`}ead xl`~edj gaed} x}rmu `dm haavb~`}esb `h}ead l`sb

nbbd ~bbh}bm ed }lb h~b`}ead a drob~arx ed}b~d`}eadì a~j`dew`}eadx ,b$j$ }lb Rde}bm D`}eadx ,RD%

Bdse~adobd} V~aj~ò }lb J~arv ad B`~}l Anxb~s`}eadx }lb Za~im Ob}ba~aiajehì A~j`dew`}ead }lb

Ed}b~d`}eadì Rdead a~ }lb Hadxb~s`}ead a D`}r~b% dm j~bbobd}x ,}lb Neamesb~xe}u Hadsbd}ead }lbOad}~bì V~a}ahai }lb RD C~òbza~k Hadsbd}ead ad Hieo`}b Hl`djb% `x zbii `x jianì bhaiajehì

`xxbxxobd}x `dm ~bxb`~hl ede}e`}esbx ,b$j$ MESB^XE]@X }lb Oeiibddero Bhaxux}bo @xxbxxobd} `dm

aiiazrvx }a e} }lb Ed}b~d`}eadì Jbaxvlb~bNeaxvlb~b V~aj~ò }lb Ed}b~d`}eadì Lro`d Meobdxeadx

a Jianì Bdse~adobd}ì Hl`djb V~aj~ò }lb Ed}b~jasb~dobd}ì V`dbi ad Hieo`}b Hl`djb `dm }lb

~bhbd}iu v~avaxbm Ed}b~jasb~dobd}ì XhebdhbVaiehu Vi`}a~o ad Neamesb~xe}u dm Bhaxux}bo Xb~sehbx%$

]lb Rde}bm X}`}bx jasb~dobd} dbbmx }a rv e}x jòb ed xrvva~} a }lbxb ba~}x$ @hha~medjiu zb ~bhao

obdm }lb aiiazedj7

]lb R$X$ Mbv`~}obd} a X}`}b) ed haa~med`}ead ze}l }lb Ahb a Xhebdhb dm ]bhldaiaju

Vaiehu ,AX]V%) xlarim }`kb ` ib`medj ~aib ed }lb mbsbiavobd} a }lb Ed}b~jasb~dobd}ì

XhebdhbVaiehu Vi`}a~o ad Neamesb~xe}u `dm Bhaxux}bo Xb~sehbx ,EVNBX%) ze}l }lb èov~asemedj ~bjri`~ }lbo`}eh jianì `xxbxxobd}x a neaxvlb~b hl`djb `x zbii `x v~bieoed`~u

`xxbxxobd}x a bob~jedj exxrbx$ ]lb R$X$ had}~enr}ead }a EVNBX xlarim nb mb~esbm ~ao `dm

haa~med`}bm ze}l }lb R$X$ PrBX] @xxbxxobd} mbxh~enbm nasb$ Iadj}b~o asb~xejl} a }lex ba~}

harim nb xxejdbm }a }lb Haooe}}bb ad Ed}b~d`}eadì Xhebdhb Bdjedbb~edj dm ]bhldaiaju a

}lb D`}eadì Xhebdhb `dm ]bhldaiaju Hardhei ,DX]H%; }lb Xrx}èd`neie}u ] xk Ca~hb a }lb DX]Hx

Haooe}}bb ad Bdse~adobd} D`}r~ì ^bxar~hbx `dm Xrx}èd`neie}u ,HBD^X%; a~ ` za~kedj j~arv

h~b`}bm nb}zbbd }lb Mbv`~}obd} a X}`}b `dm HBD^X$

Rdmb~ }lb ib`mb~xlev a AX]V `dm }lb RX Jianì Hl`djb ^bxb`~hl V~aj~ò ,RXJH^V%)

}lb Cbmb~ì Jasb~dobd} xlarim za~k ze}l }lb Ed}b~d`}eadì Hardhei a~ Xhebdhb ,EHXR%

`dm a}lb~ v`~}db~x }a x}~bdj}lbd }lb haovadbd} a ed}b~d`}eadì jianìhl`djb ~bxb`~hlahrxbm ad bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx `dm }lbe~ xrx}èd`neie}u$ Ed }lex haddbh}ead }lb Rde}bm X}`}bx

xlarim had}edrb }a xrvva~} dm v~asemb m`}` dm b|vb~}exb }a }lb J~arv ad B`~}l Anxb~s`}eadx

,JBA% `dm e}x Neamesb~xe}u Anxb~s`}ead Db}za~k ,JBA NAD% }lb Jianì Ahb`d Anxb~sedj Xux}bo

,JAAX% `dm }lb Jianì Neamesb~xe}u Eda~o`}ead C`heie}u ,JNEC% òadj a}lb~ ede}e`}esbx$ E} zeii

ìxa nb eova~}`d} }a bx}`niexl nbdbheì bbmn`hk iaavx òadj }lbxb ed}b~d`}eadì ede}e`}esbx

`dm }lb D`}eadì Bhaxux}bo Xb~sehbx @xxbxxobd} `dm a}lb~ d`}eadì `h}ese}ebx; }lex ex oax} b`xeiu

`hhaoviexlbm }l~arjl }lb mav}ead a haooad eda~o`}ead x}`dm`~mx dm v~a}ahaix$


24/145


Jbdb~`}edj Bxxbd}eì Dbz Kdazibmjb

Eov~asedj rdmb~x}`dmedj a laz bhaxux}box rdh}ead `dm v~asemb nbdb}x zeii ~bpre~b had}edrbm

j~az}l ed kdazibmjb `nar} }lb xvbhebx edsaisbm ed }laxb rdh}eadx `dm nbdb}xzlehl xvbhebx `~b

v~bxbd} zlehl ~b bxxbd}eì dm zlehl ~b rdeprb$ ]lex kdazibmjb zeii xxex} da} adiu ze}l hadxb~sedj

`dm ~bx}a~edj bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx nr} ìxa ze}l `xxbxxedj }lb rxbx }lb jbdb}eh eda~o`}ead ed }lbxbxvbhebx où l`sb ed `~oedj obmehedb bdb~ju edmrx}~u dm a}lb~ vvieh`}eadx$ ]lb bovl`xex ed za~k

}a embd}eu oa~b xvbhebx `dm mb}b~oedb zl`} }lbu `dm }laxb ì~b`mu kdazd `h}rìiu ma ed ~bi`}ead }a

bhaxux}bo rdh}ead xlarim nb ad }lb j~arvx a a~j`dexox iekbiu }a nb oax} eova~}`d} ed bhaiajehì

}b~ox xrhl x xvbhebx }l`} mb}b~oedb xaei b~}eie}u v~aoa}b dr}~ebd} huhiedj a~ hadxrob z`x}bx$ Ed }b~

~bx}~eì bdse~adobd}x o`du xrhl a~j`dexox a lejl bhaiajehì `dm bhadaoeh eova~}`dhb `~b òadj

}lb ib`x} òeie`~ `dm ib`x} sexenibb$j$ rdje dbo`}ambx oe}bx edxbh}x `dm n`h}b~e`$ Vavri`}eadx a

bhaiajehìiu maoed`d} o`~edb a~j`dexox oax} a zlehl `~b be}lb~ edsb~}bn~`}bx a~ oeh~anbx `~b grx}

`x vaa~iu rdmb~x}aam$

Jesbd }lb v`hb `dm xhavb a bdse~adobd}ì hl`djb oade}a~edj a neamesb~xe}u `dm a}lb~ bhaiajehì

v`~òb}b~x orx} nb ~bprbd} dm haov~blbdxesb xv`ddedj xv`}eì xhìbx ~ao iahì }a jianì$ ]lb R$X$h`v`he}u a~ oade}a~edj `dm ~bva~}edj ad bdse~adobd}ì }~bdmx ex i`~jb ,ì}larjl ~bhbd} nrmjb} hr}x

`~b h`rxedj ~bmrh}eadx% `dm lejliu v~abxxeadì nr} e} ex ìxa mex}~enr}bm òadj `jbdhebx }a `d b|}bd}

}l`} ~bmrhbx e}x asb~ìi bbh}esbdbxx$ ]lex ~`jobd}bm xux}bo zb`kbdx }}bov}x }a eovibobd} d`}eadì

oade}a~edj v~ea~e}ebx$ ]lex i`hk iadj ze}l }lb ed`mbpr`}b xv`}eì ~bxair}ead dm edxrhebd}iu ~bprbd}

xòviedj ed o`du jbdhu v~aj~òx edlene}x }lb oade}a~edj a neamesb~xe}u dm a}lb~ bhaxux}bo }}~e

nr}bx }l`} ex dbbmbm }a mm~bxx exxrbx a haovie`dhb xxbxxobd} dm o`d`jbobd}$ Zb ~bhaoobdm7

Edmbv}l xòviedj `dm edsbd}a~u a h~e}ehìiu eova~}`d} j~arvx a a~j`dexox) edhirm

edj v`}lajbdx) `} Cbmb~ì`jbdhu `dm bmb~ìiu rdmbm ~bxb`~hl `dm oade}a~edj xe}bx

xlarim nb haooexxeadbm dm rdmbm } edh~b`xbm ibsbix nu DXC) BV@) D@X@) DA@@) MAE)

`dm RXM@) `x `vv~av~e`}b$ Nreimedj ad xr~sbux ì~b`mu h`~~ebm ar} nu MAE nr~b`rx DA@@

DXC edsbx}ej`}a~x }lb Xoe}lxade`d Edx}e}r}ead `dm vrnieh `dm v~es`}b a~j`dew`}eadx xrhl `x

D`}r~bXb~sb kbu j`vx ed xvbhebx edsbd}a~ebx xlarim nb embd}ebm nu }lb HBD^X dm x}~`}bju

mbsexbm }a ii }lbo$ ]lb `ddrì AONAX]V nrmjb} oboa harim hìi ar} }lbxb h~e}ehì j`vx `x

` v~ea~e}u a~ r}r~b rdmedj `dm me~bh} }l`} }lb `hhrori`}edj eda~o`}ead nb o`mb `sèi`nib

}l~arjl }lb eda~o`}ehx haa~med`}edj bd}e}u mbxh~enbm nbiaz$

]lb Haooe}}bb ad Bdse~adobd} dm D`}r~ì bxar~hbx bxb`~hl Xrx}èd`neie}u ,HBD^X%

a }lb DX]H xlarim embd}eu }lb oax} eova~}`d} m`}` j`vx ze}led b|ex}edj Cbmb~ì `dm

~bjeadì oade}a~edj xux}box a~ neamesb~xe}u dm a}lb~ bhaxux}bo }}~enr}bx dm hi`~eu

v~ea~e}ebx `dm `jbdhu ~aibx `dm rdmedj a~ iiedj }lbxb$ Cr~}lb~) AX]V `dm HBP ze}l}lb lbiv a }lb DX]H xlarim bdhar~`jb `dm haa~med`}b h~axxxhìb `dm h~axx`jbdhu

haii`na~`}ead ed oade}a~edj$ ]lb~b `~b ` dronb~ a kbu `~b`x ed zlehl xrhl haii`na~`}ead ed

oade}a~edj harim ~`vemiu eov~asb }lb eda~o`}ead n`xb sèi`nib a~ xxbxxobd} dm o`d`jb

obd}$ @oadj a}lb~ meobdxeadx a xrhl haii`na~`}ead ~bhaoobdm`}eadx xlarim nb mbsbiavbm

a~ ed}bj~`}edj }lb b|ex}edj oade}a~edj db}za~kx ze}l }lb lbiv a x}`}ba}lb `~} eda~o`}ehx

,xbb nbiaz a~ r~}lb~ eda~o`}ead%$


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X r o o @ ^ u

]lb h`v`he}u }a mbsbiav xhbd`~eax `dm }a o`kb v~bmeh}eadx a bhaxux}bo hl`djb ex dbhbxx`~u }a

mbsbiav x}~`}bjebx a~ }lb xrx}èd`nib o`d`jbobd} a haovib| xux}box$ Xhebd}ex}x l`sb mbsbiavbm

bsb~eov~asedj oambix a bhaxux}box a~ }lex vr~vaxb nbdb}}edj ~ao }lb jba dm neavluxehì m`}`

j`}lb~bm nu b`~}la~ne}edj x`}biie}bx `x zbii `x nu edxe}r ob`xr~bobd}x$ Oax} a }lbxb oambix lazbsb~

l`sb da} ub} riiu edha~va~`}bm m`}` ad lro`d nbl`sea~x }l`} `bh} bhaxux}box edhirmedj hl`djedj

mboaj~`vlehx xrnr~n`dew`}ead `dm hl`djedj `j~ehri}r~ì `dm a~bx}~u v~`h}ehbx$ Edx}b`m lro`d

nbl`sea~ ex }~b`}bm `x `d b|ajbdarx m~esb~ a bdse~adobd}ì hl`djb; dbe}lb~ }lb mbhexead v~ahbxx da~

}lb zù }l`} mbhexeadx hl`djb ed ~bxvadxb }a bbmn`hkx ~ao }lb vluxehì xux}bo ex `h}rìiu oambibm$

Had}edredj eov~asbobd} a bhaxux}bo o`d`jbobd} jaedj a~z`~m zeii ~bpre~b edh~b`xedjiu ed}bj~`}bm

oambix }l`} edhirmb eda~o`}ead ad bhadaoeh vaie}ehì xaheì dm bdse~adobd}ì mb}b~oed`d}x a xahe

b}ì h}ese}ebx dm }lb bbmn`hkx nb}zbbd }laxb h}ese}ebx dm bdse~adobd}ì hl`djb$ ]a m`}b ed}bj~`}bm

oambix l`sb nbbd rxbm }a bsìr`}b ~bjeadì bdse~adobd}ìo`d`jbobd} av}eadx ed xbsb~ì v`~}x a

}lb Rde}bm X}`}bx edhirmedj }lb Jri a Ob|eha Hlbx`vb`kb Nù Vrjb} Xardm dm J~b`} I`kbx nr} }lex

l`x da} nbbd madb `} }lb d`}eadì xhìb$ Zb ~bhaoobdm }lb aiiazedj7

HBP xlarim ~bpre~b Cbmb~ì `jbdhebx zlaxb oexxeadx edhirmb bhaxux}bo o`d`jbobd} a~~bjri`}ead }a embd}eu dm ~bva~} ad h`}bja~ebx a lro`d h}ese}ebx }l`} xejdeh`d}iu i}b~

bhaxux}bo x}~rh}r~b `dm rdh}ead `dm }lb~ba~b xb~sehbx$ Xrhl jbdhebx edhirmb }lb D`}r~ì

^bxar~hb Hadxb~s`}ead Xb~sehb }lb Ca~bx} Xb~sehb `dm a}lb~ xb~sehbx a }lb Mbv`~}obd} a

@j~ehri}r~b; }lb nr~b`rx a }lb Mbv`~}obd} a Ed}b~ea~; }lb @~ou Ha~vx a Bdjedbb~x ,MAM%; dm

DA@@ ,MAH%$ ]lb `jbdhebx xlarim nb bdhar~`jbm }a embd}eu `dm ~bva~} ad }~bdmx ed }lb `h}a~x

`dm m~esb~x ,`hhbxx ~ribx wadedj ~bx}~eh}eadx v~ehbx b}h$% xxahe`}bm ze}l }lb ~bva~}bm h}ese}ebx$

]lb eda~o`}ehx bd}e}u ,BhaEDCAÔ@% v~avaxbm ed }lb Za~kedj J~arv ~bva~} xlarim mbsbiav

ob`dx }a ed}bj~`}b }lb xaheabhadaoeh m`}` mbsbiavbm nu }lb `jbdhebx ze}l neaiajehì)

jbavluxehì) `dm B`~}l anxb~s`}ead m`}`$ J~ardmn`xbm xv`}eìiu b|viehe} anxb~s`}eadx a

xaheabhadaoeh h`rxbx `dm hadxbprbdhbx a bhaxux}bo hl`djb xlarim haovibobd} xv`hbn`xbmanxb~s`}eadx$ ]lbxb xlarim edhirmb eda~o`}ead `nar} }~bdmx ed mboaj~`vlu }~`mb bhadaoeh

edhbd}esbx xrnxemebx `dm ~bi`}bm bimx$ ]lb m`}` `dm }lb eda~o`}ead `~hle}bh}r~b mbsbiavbm

xlarim nb o`mb sèi`nib }a ed}b~d`}eadì db}za~kx ,xbb nbiaz% }a xxex} ed }lb mbsbiavobd} a

jianì xux}bo a xaheì o`~kb~x a bhaiajehì hl`djb a~ rxb ed bhaxux}bo oambiedj$

AX]V) za~kedj ze}l AON `dm }lb DX]H) xlarim v~aoa}b r~}lb~ mbsbiavobd} a }lb

h`v`he}u }a v~bmeh} bdse~adobd}ì eov`h}x a mbhexeadx nu x}~adjiu bdhar~`jedj ed}b~mex

hevied`~u ~bxb`~hl }l`} haonedbx bhadaoehx `dm xaheaiaju ze}l neaiaju `dm bhaiaju) `x

zbii `x mbsbiavedj ob`dx }a `dìuwb }~`mbax$ ]lb haovib| lro`dd`}r~ì bdse~adobd}ì

xux}box }l`} orx} nb o`d`jbm a~ xrx}èd`neie}u `dm zbiinbedj ~bpre~b n~b`m}l a rdmb~x}`dm

edj `dm ori}e`h}a~eì `vv~a`hlbx$

O`~kb} sìrb viùx ` o`ga~ ~aib ed }lb v~amrh}ead a hb~}èd }uvbx a bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx xrhl `x aam

,vi`d} h~avx `dm xlb~ebx% rbi ,zaam ieprem nearbix% `dm nb~ ,hia}ledj `dm nreimedj o`}b~eìx%$

]lb bhaxux}bo hax}x }l`} `~b `hh~rbm }l~arjl xrhl v~amrh}ead `~b rxrìiu edhaovib}biu hadxemb~bm

lazbsb~ a~ oa~b a}bd ejda~bm i}ajb}lb~$ A}lb~ bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx }l`} ~b bxxbd}eì vrnieh nbdb}x

xrhl `x }lb had}~enr}eadx a z`}b~xlbm sbjb}`}ead }a z`}b~ prìe}u `dm aam had}~ai `~b haovib}biu


26/145


ar}xemb o`~kb}x `dm }lb~ba~b `~b ìxa da} `hhard}bm a~ ed bhadaoeh }b~ox$ Xrhl rdmb~sìr`}ead a

bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx edbse}`niu ib`mx asb~ }eob }a mb}b~ea~`}ead a bhaxux}box dm }lbe~ xb~sehbx }l~arjl

b|viae}`}ead ze}lar} haovbdx`}a~u oèd}bd`dhb$

V~aj~bxx ed na}l bhaiaju dm bdse~adobd}ì bhadaoehx ed ~bhbd} mbh`mbx l`x hadxemb~`niu naix}b~bm

}lb d`}r~ìxhebdhb dm xaheìxhebdhb n`xex a~ sìr`}ead a bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx dm l`x ibm }a }lb bob~jbdhb a ~`djb a }bhldeprbx a~ maedj xa$ ]lbxb zeii dbsb~ nb haov~blbdxesb a~ haovib}biu hhr~`}b

nr} dbe}lb~ e} orx} nb xèm `~b }lb }aaix ed bsb~umù rxb a~ oade}a~edj `dm a~bh`x}edj }lb òeie`~

ob`xr~bx a bhadaoeh `h}ese}u xrhl `x }lb JMV a ` d`}ead a~ }lb nì`dhb xlbb} a ` ~o$ ]lb exxrb ex

da} vb~bh}ead nr} rxbridbxx; `dm had}edredj }a eov~asb }lb }bhldeprbx a~ sìr`}ead a bhaxux}bo

xb~sehbx `dm `vviuedj }laxb }bhldeprbx ed zùx }l`} edha~va~`}b }lb sìrbx mb~esbm ed}a vrnieh `dm

v~es`}b mbhexeado`kedj bh}edj bhaxux}box h`d nb sb~u rxbri edmbbm ed bdxr~edj }lb v~bxb~s`}ead a

}lex sìr`nib bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì `dm }lb xrx}èd`neie}u a }lb xb~sehbx azedj ~ao e}$ Zb ~bhaoobdm

Cbmb~ì `jbdhebx ze}l ~bxvadxeneie}ebx ~bi`}edj }a bhaxux}box `dm }lbe~ xb~sehbx ,b$j$) BV@)

DA@@) MAE) RXM@% xlarim nb }`xkbm ze}l rxedj nbx} `sèi`nib }bhldeprbx }a mbsbiav

sìr`}eadx a~ }lb bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx `bh}bm nu }lbe~ mbhexeado`kedj `dm `h}a~edj }lb~bxri}x ed}a `dìuxbx }l`} eda~o }lbe~ o`ga~ vi`ddedj `dm o`d`jbobd} mbhexeadx$ ]lex

zeii bd}èi b|v`dmedj hr~~bd} ba~}x ad bhaxux}boxb~sehb sìr`}ead ed BV@ RXM@ `dm a}lb~

`jbdhebx x zbii x jbdb~`}edj dbz kdazibmjb nar} }lb bhaxux}boxb~sehb eov`h}x ,ed na}l

vluxehì `dm sìrb }b~ox% a `h}ese}ebx }`kedj vi`hb ad na}l vrnieh `dm v~es`}b i`dmx$

]lb R$X$ Nr~b`r a Bhadaoeh @dìuxex xlarim ~bdbz ba~}x }a mbsbiav x`}biie}b ~bxar~hb

`hhard}x }a ~bha~m hl`djbx ed }lb pr`d}e}u dm sìrb a bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx v~asembm nu

}b~~bx}~eì `dm o`~edb bhaxux}box$ Maedj xa zeii ansearxiu bd}èi }lb ed}bj~`}ead a edvr}x

a~ejed`}edj ~ao o`du Cbmb~ì x zbii x x}`}b dm iahì jbdhebx dm xv`ddedj ori}evib mexhe

viedbx$ ]lb ba~} zeii nbdb} ~ao m~`zedj rvad }lb PrBX] `xxbxxobd}x hìibm a~ `nasb `dm

}lb eda~o`}ehx mbsbiavobd}x mbxh~enbm nbiaz$

B|v`dmedj }lb Rxb a Bsaisedj Eda~o`}ehx ]bhldaiajebx

]lb haiibh}ead a m`}` ex d bxxbd}eì ~x} x}bv ed }lb vazb~ri dm ~`vemiu mbsbiavedj dbz bim a eda~

o`}ehx ` }b~o }l`} ~bb~x n~a`miu }a }lb o`}lbo`}ehì `dm haovr}edj }bhldeprbx rxbm }a jib`d dbz

rdmb~x}`dmedj ~ao }lb edh~b`xedjiu o`xxesb sairob a m`}` `sèi`nib ed }lb d`}r~ì `dm xaheì xhebdhbx

lro`de}ebx obmehedb bdjedbb~edj nrxedbxx i`z `dm a}lb~ maoèdx$ ]lb vazb~ a }lbxb }bhldeprbx

a~ mb~esedj edxejl}x `nar} }lb ~bi`}eadxlevx oadj neamesb~xe}u a}lb~ bhaxux}bo }}~enr}bx bhaxux}bo

xb~sehbx `dm lro`d `h}ese}ebx ex va}bd}eìiu }~`dxa~o`}esb$

]lb hlìibdjbx ed mbsbiavedj dm vviuedj eda~o`}ehx }bhldaiajebx ed }lex maoèd ~b haoobdxr~`}b

ze}l }lb va}bd}eì$ ]lbu nbjed ze}l }lb b|}~bob lb}b~ajbdbe}u a }lb m`}` zlehl haob ~ao mexv`~`}b

mexheviedbx `dm ze}led bdse~adobd}ì xhebdhb ~ao ori}evib kedmx a oade}a~edj vi`}a~ox na}l

j~ardmn`xbm dm ~boa}b } o`du meb~bd} anxb~s`}eadì xhìbx dm a~ o`du meb~bd} }eob vb~eamx$

@d eda~o`}ehx ed~`x}~rh}r~b }a mbì ze}l ìi }lex orx} bonamu obhl`dexox a~ o`kedj m`}` avbdiu

`dm v~aov}iu sèi`nib ed a~o`}x hhbxxenib }a na}l lro`d dm o`hledb rxb~x; x}`dm`~mx }l`} vb~oe}

ed}b~avb~`neie}u zlehl orx} nb bon~`hbm nu ìi v`~}ehev`}edj xbh}a~x; `dm mbhexeadxrvva~} xa}z`~b


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edha~va~`}edj edxejl}x ~ao`dm ~bxvadxesb }a }lb dbbmx ajasb~dobd} edmrx}~u `dm `h`mboe`$

Zb ~bhaoobdm7

]lb AON xlarim bda~hb b|ex}edj ~bpre~bobd}x }l`} Cbmb~ì jbdhebx vrniexl m`} ~bi }bm }a

neamesb~xe}u v~bxb~s`}ead dm bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx ze}led adb ub`~ a haiibh}ead$Bda~hbobd}

zarim ~bpre~b da dbz x}`dm`~mx nr} h`d nb `hlebsbm }l~arjl `vvieh`}ead a i`djr`jb ì~b`muxvbhebm ed }lb @ob~eh` Haovb}bx @h} a `dm }lb Avbd Jasb~dobd} Me~bh}esb$

@ `heie}`}edj `dm haa~med`}edj bd}e}u a~ ede}e`}esb xlarim nb bx}`niexlbm nu AX]V `dm

DX]H }a mbsbiav eda~o`}ehx h`v`neie}ebx }l`} zeii xb~sb ìi neamesb~xe}u dm bhaxux}box

~bibs`d} `jbdhebx) d`}eadì `dm ~bjeadì `xxbxxobd}x) `dm a}lb~ ed}bj~`}esb `h}ese}ebx$

]lex ba~} zarim nb hìibm BhaEDCAÔ@ ,Bhaeda~o`}ehxn`xbm Avbd bxar~hbx dm O`hledb

@hhbxxeneie}u% dm zarim v~aoa}b }lb mbsbiavobd} a eda~o`}ehx h`v`neie}ebx }l`} bd`nib nea

iajehì bhaiajehì xaheabhadaoeh dm lbì}l m`}` }a nb rxbm }ajb}lb~ }a xxbxx eov`h}x dm

bsìr`}b o`d`jbobd} ~bxvadxbx$ ]lex `heie}`}edj bd}e}u zarim ìxa xb~sb ` n~emjedj rdh}ead

nb}zbbd }lb bmb~ì jasb~dobd} `dm a}lb~ xbh}a~x a }lb haoorde}u$ ]lex haii`na~`}ead zeii

ib`m }a }lb haooad x}`dm`~mx dm v~a}ahaix dbbmbm }a v~aoa}b mbsbiavobd} a dbz }aaix$

BhaEDCAÔ@ xlarim xbbk ar} dm bdhar~`jb v`~}db~xlevx ze}l }lb v~es`}b dm h`mboeh

xbh}a~x }a o`|eoewb d`dheì x`sedjx dm mbsbiav eddas`}esb }aaix a~ m`}` ed}bj~`}ead)

`dìuxex) sexrìew`}ead `dm mbhexead o`kedj$ ]larjl jasb~dobd} `jbdhebx l`sb }lb oax}

v~bxxedj dbbm a }lb mbhexeadxrvva~} }aaix mbxh~enbm nasb }lb h`mboeh dm v~es`}b xbh}a~x

`~b oax} iekbiu }a l`sb }lb eddas`}ead h`v`he}u dbbmbm a~ }aaix mbsbiavobd}$ ]lb }aaix }l`}

`~b dbbmbm zeii l`sb sa~`hearx `vvb}e}bx a~ m`}` zlehl }lb jasb~dobd} xbh}a~ ex nbx} `nib

}a v~asemb$ @x jbdhebx ~b edxve~bm }a haii`na~`}b nu }lb haovib| hlìibdjbx a ar~ }eob hax}

bhebdhebx ~b oax} iekbiu zlbd }za a~ oa~b jbdhebx v`~}db~ ze}l v~es`}b dm `h`mboeh bd}e

}ebx }a mbsbiav }aaix }l`} zeii xb~sb ìi v`~}db~x `x zbii `x }lb jbdb~ì vrnieh$


28/145


29/145

e$ e}~h}7 B~b}` H`v}`)Nb~x}) ` l` ZbNb

]lb }~bobdmarx d`}r~ì zbì}l ze}l zlehl }lb Rde}bm X}`}bx l`x nbbd bdmazbm had}~enr}bx

j~b`}iu }a e}x x}~bdj}l `dm v~axvb~e}u `dm ~boèdx }lb ardm`}ead a~ }lb zbii/nbedj a hr~~bd}

`dm r}r~b he}ewbdx$ ]lex zbì}l b|ex}x ed }lb a~o a b~}eib i`dm) `nrdm`d} ~bxl z`}b~) `

mesb~xe}u a neaiajehì xvbhebx `m`v}bm }a o`du meb~bd} bhaiajehì l`ne}`}x) v~amrh}esb

a~bx}x) xlb~ebx dm j~`xxi`dmx) dm `sa~`nib hieo`}eh hadme}eadx$ C~ao }lbxb) xaheb}u mb~esbx

`d `~~ù a eova~}`d} ieb xrvva~} jaamx `dm xb~sehbx) edhirmedj obmehedb) hia}ledj) xlbi}b~)

`j~ehri}r~ì v~amrh}x) xbàam) }eonb~) hib`d è~ `dm z`}b~) `dm aam had}~ai$ ]lb d`}r~ì

zbì}l ~ao zlehl }lbxb jaamx dm xb~sehbx `~exb ex h`ve}ì xxb} a bda~oarx o`jde}rmb$0

Ed }lb ~bva~} ]bòedj ze}l Ieb7 Edsbx}edj ed Xhebdhb }a Rdmb~x}`dm dm Rxb @ob~eh`x Iesedj H`ve}ì

V~bxembd} Hied}adx Hardhei a @msexa~x ad Xhebdhb `dm ]bhldaiaju ,VH@X]% xroo`~ewbm }lb h`xb }l`}bhaxux}box `dm }lb neamesb~xe}u }lbu bonamu hadx}e}r}b bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì ad zlehl }lb zbii

nbedj a xaheb}u mbvbdmx ed ori}e`hb}bm zùx$ ]lb ~bva~} da}bm r~}lb~ }l`} lejl ~`}bx a bhaxux}bo

mbx}~rh}ead dm neamesb~xe}u iaxx ed }lex hard}~u dm ~ardm }lb za~im zb~b i~b`mu eovb~eiedj lro`d

lbì}l `dm zbi`~b `dm zarim ri}eo`}biu rdmb~oedb d`}eadì bhadaoebx `dm ed}b~d`}eadì xbhr~e}u$ E}

`}}~enr}bm }lbxb lejl ~`}bx a mbx}~rh}ead dm iaxx }a }lb haonedbm v~bxxr~b a vavri`}ead j~az}l ~exedj

`crbdhb dm bdse~adobd}ìiu mex~rv}esb }bhldaiajebx haovardmbm nu n`m o`d`jbobd} }}~enr}`nib

ed xrnx}`d}eì v`~} }a ejda~`dhb a }lb eova~}`dhb a bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì a~ lro`d zbiinbedj `dm

}a e}x nxbdhb ~ao }lb bhadaoeh nì`dhb xlbb}x a v~amrhb~x dm hadxrob~x$

]lb ~bva~} zbd} ad }a ab~ ` pre}b haov~blbdxesb xb} a hadh~b}b ~bhaoobdm`}eadx a~ laz

}lb R$X$ jasb~dobd} harim ib`m }lex hard}~u }az`~m oa~b bbh}esbiu v~a}bh}edj `dm o`d`jedj e}xbhaiajehì `xxb}x$ ]lb ~bhaoobdm`}eadx zb~b mesembm ed}a sb n~a`m h`}bja~ebx7 ,% o`kedj nb}}b~

rxb ed bhaxux}bo `dm neamesb~xe}u o`d`jbobd} a b|ex}edj xhebd}eh rdmb~x}`dmedjx; ,% edh~b`xedj

edsbx}obd}x ed `xxbxxobd} oade}a~edj `dm ~bxb`~hl }a eov~asb }lb kdazibmjb n`xb a~ xrhl o`d`jb

obd} jaedj a~z`~m; ,% nreimedj ` db|}jbdb~`}ead eda~o`}ead ed~`x}~rh}r~b a~ R$X$ bhaiajehì m`}`;

,% b|v`dmedj dm mbbvbdedj ba~}x }a hl`~`h}b~ewb pr`d}eu dm zlb~b v~`h}ehì oadb}ewb }lb nbdb}

azx ~ao bhaxux}box }a xaheb}u }a eov~asb }lb n`xex a~ o`d`jbobd} mbhexeadx dm }a `heie}`}b }lb

mbsbiavobd} a o`~kb}x dm o`~kb}iekb obhl`dexox a~ edha~va~`}edj bhaxux}bo sìrbx ed}a bhadaoeh

mbhexeado`kedj zlb~b }lex h`d nb madb; `dm ,% x}~bdj}lbdedj ba~}x ed a~oì `dm eda~oì bmrh`}ead

`nar} bhaiaju neamesb~xe}u `dm bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx `x ` n`xex a~ }lb vrnieh rdmb~x}`dmedj `dm vaie}ehì

xrvva~} dbbmbm a~ `mbpr`}b `h}ead$

$ VH@X]$ ,%$ ]bòedj ze}l ie b7 Edsbx}edj ed xhebdhb }a rdmb~x}`dm dm rxb @ob~eh`x iesedj h`ve}ì$ ^b}~ebsbm ~aol}}v7!!zzz$zle}blarxb$jas!xe}bx!mb`ri}!ibx!oeh~axe}bx!ax}v!vh`x} }bòedjze}lieb$vm
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NA\ E/07 BHAIAJEH@I ]BÔEDAIAJU

@d bhaxux}bo ex ` hab|ex}edj xb} a xvbhebx `dm }lbe~ l`ne}`} jbdb~ìiu hl`~`h}b~ewbm nu ` v`~}ehri`~

hieo`}eh ~bjeob `dm a}lb~ vluxehì hadme}eadx ,b$j$ xaei }uvbx ad i`dm z`}b~ mbv}lx `dm xrnx}~`}bx ed

~bxlz`}b~ `dm o`~edb bdse~adobd}x% `x zbii `x nu }lb xb} a xvbhebx v~bxbd}$

Neamesb~xe}u ~bb~x }a ìi a~ox a s`~e`neie}u òadj iesedj a~j`dexox edhirmedj }lb dronb~ a xvbhebx

}lb jbdb}eh mesb~xe}u ardm ze}led xvbhebx `dm ed }lbe~ }a}ìe}u `dm }lb mesb~xe}u a }uvbx a bhaxux}box$

Mbveh}eadx a }lb mesb~xe}u òadj `dm ze}led xvbhebx où ~bb~ }a ` v`~}ehri`~ bhaxux}bo a~ xb} a bhaxux

}box ,xrhl `x ìi }lb o`~edb bhaxux}box }ajb}lb~ o`kedj rv }lb ahb`dx% a~ ` vluxehì xv`hb ~`djedj ed

xewb ~ao }lb namu a ` u }a }lb bd}e~b jianb$

Bhaxux}bo v~ahbxxbx `~b ed}b~`h}eadx òadj xvbhebx `dm nb}zbbd xvbhebx `dm }lb dadiesedj v`~}x a

}lbe~ bdse~adobd} }l`} bd}èi }~`dxb~x }~`dxa~o`}eadx `dm x}a~`jb a bdb~ju `dm o`}b~eìx$ Bhaxux}bo

v~ahbxxbx edhirmb vla}axud}lbxex `dm bs`va}~`dxve~`}ead nu vi`d}x lb~nesa~u `dm v~bm`}ead nu `deoìx

mbhaovaxe}ead nu n`h}b~e` `dm ` s`~eb}u a a}lb~ h~b`}r~bx ~bxve~`}ead nu a~j`dexox a ìi kedmx `dm o`du

a~ox a haovb}e}ead `dm or}rìexo$

Bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx `~b ~bxri}x a bhaxux}bo v~ahbxxbx }l`} hadb~ nbdb}x ad lro`d xaheb}u$ B|òvibx

edhirmb a~o`}ead a xaei `dm }lb oèd}bd`dhb a e}x b~}eie}u nu ob`dx a }lb ~bhuhiedj a hlboehì dr}~e

bd}x; o`d`jbobd} a azx a ~bxl z`}b~ ,edhirmedj }lb aamhad}~ai rdh}eadx a a~bx}x%; vr~eh`}ead a

è~ z`}b~ `dm xaei; vaiied`}ead a azb~x `dm h~avx; had}~aix ad }lb mex}~enr}ead `dm `nrdm`dhb a vbx}x

`dm v`}lajbdx; v~amrh}ead a xl `dm jòb; `dm had}~enr}eadx }a }lb oèd}bd`dhb a hieo`}eh hadme

}eadx ze}led ~`djbx }a zlehl b|ex}edj bhaxux}box `dm lro`d xaheb}ebx `~b `m`v}bm ,}l~arjl a~ b|òvib

bs`va}~`dxve~`}ead bbh}x ad xr~`hb ~bbh}ese}u `dm x}a~`jb a h`~nad }l`} a}lb~zexb zarim nb `mmedj

}a }lb HA

ia`m ed }lb `}oaxvlb~b%$

Daz oa~b }l`d ` mbh`mb i`}b~ }lb Za~kedj J~arv ad Neamesb~xe}u V~bxb~s`}ead `dm Bhaxux}bo

Xrx}èd`neie}u ,NVBX% hadx}e}r}bm rdmb~ V~bxembd} Anò`x VH@X] l`x hadxemb~bm zl`} ` mawbd oa~b

ub`~x a b|vb~ebdhb anxb~s`}ead dm ms`dhbx ed bhaxux}bo xhebdhb h`d }bii rx }amù nar} x}`}rx `dm

}~bdmx ed }lb hadme}ead a bhaxux}box `dm neamesb~xe}u lb~b `dm `n~a`m; `nar} xrhhbxxbx `dm èir~bx

ed }lb }}bov}x a }lb v`x} mbh`mb }a x}~bdj}lbd }lb obhl`dexox dm edx}e}r}eadx a neamesb~xe}u v~a}bh

}ead `dm bhaxux}bo o`d`jbobd}; `dm `nar} zl`} `d rvm`}bm xb} a ~bhaoobdm`}eadx a~ R$X$ jasb~d

obd} `h}ead xlarim had}èd$ Ed }lex ed}~amrh}a~u hl`v}b~ zb ed}~amrhb }lb bhaxux}bo hadhbv}x `dm

}b~oedaiaju }l`} zeii nb rxbm }l~arjlar} }lb ~bva~} vi`hb }lb hadhbv} a bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì ed

i`~jb~ had}b|} xroo`~ewb ~bhbd} xxbxxobd}x a }lb x}`}b a bhaxux}box ed }lb Rde}bm X}`}bx dm ~ardm

}lb za~im mexhrxx }lb ~aib a jasb~dobd} ed `mm~bxxedj }lb `xxahe`}bm hlìibdjbx `dm ~bsebz }lb

h`v`neie}ebx a~ sìr`}ead a bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx$ Zb hiaxb ze}l ~a`mo`v a }lb ~bx} a }lb ~bva~}$

Bhaxux}bo ]b~oedaiaju `dm Hadhbv}x

]lb }b~ox bhaxux}bo neamesb~xe}u bhaxux}bo v~ahbxxbx `dm bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx `~b hadhexbiu

mbdbm ed Na| E$ Zleib }lbxb mbde}eadx ~b ~b`xad`niu x}~èjl}a~z`~m }lb ~bi`}eadxlevx iedkedj }lb

neamesb~xe}u ed `d bhaxux}bo ze}l }lb v~ahbxxbx }l`} ja ad }lb~b `dm }lb xb~sehbx vb~a~obm a~ xahe


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e $ ed âm rH ead7 B ds eâdoB d @i H@Ve @i ) Neam es B ^X e u) @dm lro@d Z B i i /NB edj

b}u `~b da}7 }lbu `~b haovib| `dm da} haovib}biu rdmb~x}aam$ Ed v`~}ehri`~ da} ìi a }lb neamesb~xe}u

ed ` jesbd bhaxux}bo ex dbhbxx`~eiu bxxbd}eì }a }lb hr~~bd} bhaxux}bo v~ahbxxbx ~bxvadxenib a~ }l`}

bhaxux}box xb~sehbx$

C~ao }lb x}`dmvaed} a `d bhaxux}box rdh}eadedj xaob a }lb neamesb~xe}u v~bxbd} bsembd}iu xb~sbx

}a v~asemb ~bxeiebdhb a~ `d edlb~bd}iu rdhb~}èd r}r~b edxa`~ `x hl`~`h}b~ex}ehx ed }lb jbdb vaai }l`}`~b da} dbbmbm daz harim nbhaob sìr`nib a~ bsbd edmexvbdx`nib rdmb~ meb~bd} hadme}eadx$ E} ex

kdazd }l`} habsaisbm neamesb~xe}umesb~xe}u òadj `dm ze}led xvbhebx }l`} l`sb hab|ex}bm asb~ `

iadj }eobhadb~x ` mbj~bb a x}`neie}u ed bhaxux}bo haovaxe}ead `dm rdh}ead; hadsb~xbiu ed}~amrhbm

neamesb~xe}u ed }lb a~o a eds`xesb xvbhebx h`d nb lejliu mbx}`neiewedj ib`medj }a xl`~v ~bmrh}eadx ed

bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx asb~ }eob$

Ed v~edhevib }lb meobdxead a neamesb~xe}u }l`} ex b`xebx} }a pr`d}eu dm }a j~`xv ex }lb dronb~ a xvbhebx

v~bxbd} nr} bsbd }lex ex b|}~bobiu mehri} }a ved mazd ed v~`h}ehb$ bhbd} bx}eo`}bx a }lb dronb~ a

xvbhebx ad B`~}l ~`djb ~ao oeiiead }a oeiiead$ ]lb dronb~ xa `~ embd}ebm `dm dòbm ex `nar}

$ oeiiead}lrx xaobzlb~b nb}zbbd " dm " a }laxb }l`} où b|ex}$ A }lb dòbm adbx nar}

~b edxbh}x ~b vi`d}x ~b xl ~b ne~mx dm ~b oòoìx ,òadja}lb~ h`}bja~ebx%$ E} ex iekbiu }l`} }lb s`x} o`ga~e}u a }laxb da} ub} embd}ebm dm dòbm zeii v~asb }a nb

oeh~aa~j`dexox$ E} xlarim nb h`rxb a~ hadhb~d }l`} xhebd}eh kdazibmjb a zl`} oeh~aa~j`dexox b|ex}

`dm zl`} }lbu `~b maedj ex xa xv`~xb jesbd }l`} lro`d `h}ese}ebx `~b `bh}edj }bovb~`}r~b oaex}r~b

`dm }lb hlboehì bdse~adobd}hadme}eadx h`v`nib a `bh}edj }lb ~bi`}esb nrdm`dhbx dm rdh}eadx

a meb~bd} xvbhebx a oeh~anbxasb~ i`~jb xz`}lx a }lb vi`db}$

Hb~}èdiu }lb j`vx ed xhebd}eh rdmb~x}`dmedj a neamesb~xe}u `dm }lb ~aibx e} viùx ed bhaxux}bo v~a

hbxxbx dm xb~sehbx had}~enr}b }a }lb mehri}u a hl`~`h}b~ewedj dm pr`d}euedj }lb mò`jb }a lro`d

zbiinbedj ~ao v`x} v~bxbd} `dm r}r~b eov`h}x a lro`d `h}ese}u ad bhaxux}box$ Nr} }lex edhaovib}b

dbxx a rdmb~x}`dmedj zleib ovib h`rxb a~ edh~b`xbm edsbx}obd}x ed }lb ~bxb`~hl dbbmbm }a ~bmrhb

e} h`d l`~miu nb h`rxb a~ haovi`hbdhu nar} }laxb eov`h}x ed }lb ob`d}eob$ Ca~ adb }ledj x zeii nbda}bm nbiaz }lb~b ex i~b`mu oa~b }l`d bdarjl pr`d}e}`}esb eda~o`}ead nar} xaob a }lb mò`jbx

~ao b|}~bob bhaxux}bo mex~rv}eadb$j$ hib`~hr}}edj a a~bx}x iiedj a bx}r`~ebx asb~xledj hao

ob~heì xvbhebx }a db`~ b|}edh}ead }a|eh had}òed`}ead a i`kbx `dm x}~bòx}a nb h`rxb a~ ì`~o$

Ca~ `da}lb~ e} ex hib`~ bsbd ed }lb `nxbdhb a rdmb~x}`dmedj a }lb mb}èix }l`} ~boasedj neamesb~xe}u

~ao bhaxux}box ex edlb~bd}iu ` ~exku nrxedbxx `dm orx} bsbd}rìiu ib`m }a eovè~obd} a `xvbh}x a

bhaxux}bo hadme}ead dm vb~a~o`dhb }l`} o`}}b~ a~ bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx$

Bdse~adobd}ì H`ve}ì ed Had}b|}

Lro`d zbiinbedj mbvbdmx ad h`ve}ì a }l~bb kedmx dm }lb jaamx dm xb~sehbx }l`} az ~ao }lbxb7

Bhadaoeh h`ve}ì ~ao zlehl azx ganx edhaob mr~`nib `dm vb~exl`nib jaamx `dm ` zemb

s`~eb}u a vr~hl`xbm xb~sehbx;

Xaheavaie}ehì h`ve}ì zlehl v~amrhbx `dm ex xrx}èdbm nu bmrh`}bm `dm lbì}lu he}ewbdx

bdgauedj vaie}ehì ~bbmaox `dm v`~}ehev`}ead vb~xadì `dm d`}eadì xbhr~e}u ` xaheì x`b}u

db} rdh}eadì dm bpre}`nib xux}bo a grx}ehb ~b`xad`nib v~es`hu dm hhbxx }a hri}r~b dm

}lb `~}x; `dm


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Bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì ed }lb a~o a }lb bhaxux}box dm xrvva~}edj jbavluxehì hadme}eadx

`dm v~ahbxxbx }l`} oèd}èd }lb haovaxe}ead a }lb }oaxvlb~b dm ahb`dx kbbv }lb xr~`hb

}bovb~`}r~bx asb~ oax} a vi`db} a~ oax} a }lb }eob ze}led ~`djb hadmrhesb }a lro`d ieb

`dm v~amrh}esb h}ese}u dm v~asemb }lb a}lb~ bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx obd}eadbm nasb$

]lbxb }l~bb kedmx a h`ve}ìbhadaoeh xaheavaie}ehì dm bdse~adobd}ìh`dda} xbdxeniu nb ~`dkbmed eova~}`dhb nbh`rxb ìi }l~bb `~b `nxair}biu edmexvbdx`nib `dm }lbu `~b haovib}biu ed}b~mbvbd

mbd}$ Ca~ b|òvib bhadaoeh dm bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì za~k }ajb}lb~ ed aam v~amrh}ead; v~avb~iu

rdh}eadedj bhadaou ~bpre~bx o`du a~ox a xaheavaie}ehì `dm bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì; }lb h`v`he}u

}a edsbx} ed xaheavaie}ehì `dm bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì mbvbdmx ad }lb x}~bdj}l a }lb bhadaou; `dm

xaheavaie}ehì bhadaoeh `dm bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì }ajb}lb~ xl`vb lro`d lbì}l ar}haobx$ Bhadaoeh

`dm xaheavaie}ehì h`ve}ì ìekb `~b sridb~`nib }a mbx}~rh}ead nu bdse~adobd}ì mex`x}b~x ~`djedj ~ao

}lb iahì ,Lr~~eh`db K`}~ed` }lb Lè}e`d b`~}lpr`kb dm }lb G`v`dbxb }xrdòe dm b`~}lpr`kb% }a }lb

jianì ,b|}~bob hieo`}b mex~rv}ead%$

]lb }l~bb h`}bja~ebx a h`ve}ì `~b adiu v`~}eìiu xrnx}e}r}`nib$ Ed v`~}ehri`~ `dm oax} eova~}`d}iu a~ ar~

}aveh lb~b adiu ze}led hb~}èd he~hrox}`dhbx dm ieoe}x h`d `mme}eadx }a bhadaoeh h`ve}ì haovbdx`}ba~ iaxxbx ~ao }lb x}ahk a bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì$ Ubx edmrx}~eì b~}eiewb~x h`d v`~}iu axb} xla~}ìix ed

}lb d`}r~ì b~}eie}u a xaei; edmrx}~eì vbx}ehembx h`d v`~}iu axb} }lb iaxx a d`}r~ì had}~aix ad h~av vbx}x;

`dm mòx h`d v`~}iu axb} }lb iaxx a d`}r~ì aamhad}~ai nbdb}x ~ao v~bsearxiu a~bx}bm i`dmxh`vbx

}l`} l`sb nbbd mbdrmbm$ Nr} ieoe}x ad }bhldaiajehì ~bvi`hbobd}x a~ bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx `~exb ~ao

v~anibox a hax} xhìb dm rdz`d}bm xemb bbh}x x zbii x ed o`du h`xbx i`hk a be}lb~ }lb xhebd}eh

rdmb~x}`dmedj a~ }lb }bhldaiajehì h`v`neie}u }a ~bvi`hb zl`} bhaxux}box ma$

Jesbd }lb edmexvbdx`neie}u ed}b~mbvbdmbdhb dm ieoe}bm xrnx}e}r}`neie}u a }lb }l~bb a~ox a h`ve}ì e}

aiiazx }l`} xaheb}ì zbiinbedj h`dda} nb xrx}èd`niu `ms`dhbm }l~arjl x}~`}bjebx }l`} ma da} v~a}bh}

`dm bdl`dhb ii }l~bb ed nì`dhbm o`ddb~$ Vr} da}lb~ zù e} ex hard}b~v~amrh}esb }a vr~xrb eov~asb

obd} ed adb a~ }za a }lb }l~bb meobdxeadx a zbiinbedj ze}lar} vùedj `mbpr`}b `}}bd}ead }a }lbedmexvbdx`nib bibobd}x a adb a~ na}l a }lb a}lb~ meobdxeadx$ Oax} xvbhehìiu a~ ar~ vr~vaxbx lb~b

e eov~asbobd}x ed }lb bhadaoeh meobdxead a zbiinbedj ~ao bhadaoeh j~az}l `~b }a nb xrx}èd

`nib }lbu orx} da} nb `hlebsbm ed zùx }l`} xb~earxiu b~amb }lb xaheavaie}ehì `dm!a~ bdse~adobd}ì

meobdxeadx; edsbx}obd}x ,a vaiehu hadxemb~`}eadx dm ~bxb`~hl x zbii x oadbu% orx} nb o`mb ed }lb

xaheavaie}ehì dm bdse~adobd}ì meobdxeadx ed a~mb~ a~ }lb bhadaou }a }l~esb$

R$X$ `dm Jianì Bdse~adobd}ì H`ve}ì7 Meobdxeadx `dm M`djb~x a Mbhiedb

Nbuadm }lb a~bjaedj rdmòbd}ì rdmb~x}`dmedjx `nar} zl`} bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì ex `dm zl`} e}

had}~enr}bx }a lro`d zbiinbedj e}x eova~}`d} }a kdaz zl`} had}bova~`~u xhebdhb l`x }a xù `nar}}lb hadme}ead a }l`} h`ve}ì dm laz e} l`x hl`djbm dm had}edrbx }a hl`djb asb~ }eob x zbii x zlehl

xb~sehbx }l`} az ~ao e} ~b nbedj eov`h}bm dm }a zl`} mbj~bb$ ]lb Ed}~amrh}ead }a }lb VH@X]

~bva~}> xroo`~ewbm }lbxb o`}}b~x } }l`} }eob7

$ VH@X],%$ ]bòedj ze}l ieb7 Edsbx}edj ed xhebdhb }a rdmb~x}`dm dm rxb @ob~eh x iesedj h`ve}ì$ b}~ebsbm~ao l}}v7!!zzz$zle}blarxb$jas!xe}bx!mb`ri}!ibx!oeh~axe}bx!ax}v!vh`x}}bòedjze}lieb$vm
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Ze}l edmrx}~eìew`}ead dm }lb mbsbiavobd} a oamb~d }bhldaiajebx) }lb lro`d xvbhebx l`x

bob~jbm x }lb maoed`d} a~hb ad }lb vi`db}$ Zb l`sb z~arjl} o`xxesb hl`djbx }l`} ~esì

a~ b|hbbm }laxb h`rxbm nu d`}r~ì neaiajehì `dm jbaiajehì v~ahbxxbx$ Zleib lro`d eov`h}x

zb~b adhb iahì dm ~bsb~xenib) }lbu ~b edh~b`xedjiu nbhaoedj jianì `dm orhl ibxx ~bsb~xenib$

]lb haiibh}esb `h}ese}ebx a @ob~eh`d xaheb}u `~b hl`djedj }lb hlboex}~u a i`dm) z`}b~) `dm

`}oaxvlb~b `~ oa~b m~ò`}eh iiu }l`d `~b d`}r~ì v~ahbxxbx$ E} ex ì~b`mu `vv`~bd} }l`}

xaob a }lbxb hl`djbx ~b msb~xbiu bh}edj ar~ d`}r~ì h`ve}ì8 dm e}x neie}u }a xrvva~}

rx xrx}èd`niu$

Haiibh}esbiu) ìi lro`d nbedjx) edhirmedj @ob~eh`dx) `~b viùedj ` h~rheì ~aib ed }lb xe|}l

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`dm }lb ~x} ed }lb v`x} 32 oeiiead ub`~x$ Xvbhebx `~b nbedj m~esbd }a b|}edh}ead }larx`dmx a

}eobx `x}b~ }l`d dbz adbx h`d bsaisb$

V`x} `dm hr~~bd} rx`jb v~`h}ehbx l`sb mex}r~nbm bhaxux}box `dm }l~b`}bdbm bhaxux}bo

xb~sehbx$ Ca~ b|òvib) r~n`d `dm xrnr~n`d mbsbiavobd} a z`}b~xlbmx l`x nbbd mb}~eobd}ì

}a d`}r~ì z`}b~ vr~eeh`}ead nu bhaxux}box `} ` }eob zlbd lro`d vavri`}eadx `~bj~azedj `dm dbbmedj oa~b z`}b~$ Asb~rxb a `dm b|hbxx `vvieh`}ead a hlboehìx }a xaeix

l`sb mex~rv}bm d`}r~ì v~ahbxxbx$ L`ne}`} iaxx) è~ vaiir}ead `dm hlboehì vbx}ehembx l`sb

~bmrhbm vavri`}eadx a d`}r~ì vaiied`}a~x dm d`}r~ì had}~ai jbd}x a~ j~ehri}r~ì vbx}x$

Asb~xledj `dm `j~ehri}r~ì ~rda l`sb meoedexlbm o`~edb neamesb~xe}u `dm edh~b`xbm }lb

~bprbdhu a }a|eh ìjì niaaox }l`} h`rxb vaexadedj a bhadaoehìiu sìr`nib exl `dm

xlbiixl$ $ $ $

]lb m~ò`}eh mb}b~ea~`}ead a }lb d`}r~ì h`ve}ì a }lb Rde}bm X}`}bx ì~b`mu l`x l`m

o`ga~ bhadaoeh dm xaheì hadxbprbdhbx$ $ $ $ Ca~ b|òvib) i`dm/rxb hl`djbx l`sb xb~earxiu

haov~aoexbm }lb bbh}esbdbxx a d`}r~ì z`}b~ vr~eh`}ead v~ahbxxbx) zlehl ed }r~d l`x

eovaxbm o`xxesb h`ve}ì hax}x ad o`du haoorde}ebx$ Oa~b }l`d adb/}le~m a ar~ `j~ehri}r~ìxaeix l`sb nbbd iax} }a b~axead `dm rdxrx}èd`nib `j~ehri}r~ì v~`h}ehbx$ Mbheo`}ead a

vaiied`}edj edxbh}x l`x eovaxbm i`~jb hax}x ad j~ehri}r~b$ Mb}b~ea~`}ead a zb}i`dmx dm a}lb~

d`}r~ì `xvbh}x a m~èd`jbx l`x ib} haoorde}ebx sridb~`nib }a aamedj `dm orm xiembx

Vavri`}ead b|viaxeadx a l`~ori ìj`b l`sb mbx}~aubm a~ xb~earxiu eovè~bm xlb~ebx `dm

~bh~b`}eadì avva~}rde}ebx dm h~b`}bm lro`d lbì}l l`w`~mx$ $ $ $

]lb ]bòedj ze}l Ieb x}rmu z`x `~ ~ao }lb ~x} }a }`kb da}b a xrhl hl`djbx a har~xb$ @ hadhexb jremb

}a }lb hbd}r~u `dm ` lì a xhebd}eh ie}b~`}r~b v~ea~ }a ad }lb bbh}x a lro`d `h}ese}ebx ad bha

xux}box ex v~asembm ed Na| E$ ]lb VH@X] r}la~x }lrx l`m xrnx}`d}eì namu a m`}` dm dìuxex

ad zlehl }a n`xb }lbe~ hadhirxeadx nar} }lb hadme}ead a`dm lro`d edrbdhbx rvadbhaxux}box`dm neamesb~xe}u lex}a~ehìiu `dm rv }a }lb }eob a z~e}edj$ Nr} }lbu zb~b ìxa prehk }a vaed} ar} i`~jb

j`vx ed }lb sèi`nib m`}` dm rdmb~x}`dmedjx nar} neamesb~xe}u bhaxux}bo rdh}ead dm bhaxux}bo

xb~sehbx dm o`du a }lb ~bva~}x ~bhaoobdm`}eadx ahrxbm ad zùx }a xl~edk }laxb j`vx ed kdazibmjb$

$ Hìibm Bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì ed }lex ~bva~}$


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NA\ E/>7 ]LB V^B/055< IE]B^@]R^B AC BHAXUX]BO EOV@H]X

Ib`sedj `xemb J~bbk `dm âo`d z~e}b~x zla mahrobd}bm iahì hadxbprbdhbx a mba~bx}`}ead `dm asb~

j~`wedj }lb v~bhr~xa~x a oamb~d x}rmebx a lro`d eov`h}x `} had}edbd}ì `dm jianì xhìb zb~b Jba~jb

Vb~kedx O`~xlx O`d `dm D`}r~b ed `dm lex ]lb B`~}l `x Oamebm nu Lro`d @h}ead ` mbh`mb i`}b~$Xrnxbprbd} xhlai`~iu i`dmo`~kx }l`} jrembm VH@X]x v~amrh} edhirmbm }lb xuovaxero sairob

O`dx aib ed Hl`djedj }lb C`hb a }lb B`~}l; }lb ~bva~} a OE]x xroob~ x}rmu bd}e}ibm O`dx Eov`h} ad

}lb Jianì Bdse~adobd}; }lb o`xxesb haovbdmero bd}e}ibm ]lb B`~}l x ]~`dxa~obm nu Lro`d @h}ead7

Jianì dm bjeadì Hl`djbx ed }lb Neaxvlb~b asb~ }lb V`x} 866 Ub`~x; }lb RD Bdse~adobd} V~aj~òx

Jianì Neamesb~xe}u @xxbxxobd}; }lb Xbhadm @xxbxxobd} a }lb Ed}b~jasb~dobd}ì V`dbi ad Hieo`}b

Hl`djb; `dm }lb sairob D`}r~bx Xb~sehbx7 Xaheb}ì Mbvbdmbdhb ad D`}r~ì Bhaxux}box}lex ed `mme

}ead }a ` i`~jb `dm ~`vemiu j~azedj oard}èd a vbb~~bsebzbm `~}ehibx ad B`~}lxux}bo xhebdhb ,edhirmedj

jbaiaju jbaj~`vlu jbahlboex}~u hieo`}aiaju bhaiaju vavri`}ead jbdb}ehx `dm bhaiajehì bhadaoehx%$

Xar~hbx

O`~xl J$ V$ ,%$ O`d `dm d`}r~b$ Dbz Ua~k DU7 Hl`~ibx Xh~endb~$

O`~xl J$ V$ ,%$ ]lb B`~}l `x oamebm nu lro`d `h}ead$ Dbz Ua~k DU7 Xh~endb~ @~ox}~adj # Ha$]lao`x Z$ I$ ,Bm$%$ ,%$ O`dx ~aib ed hl`djedj }lb `hb a }lb B`~}l$ Hleh`ha EI7 Rdesb~xe}u a Hleh`ja V~bxx$

]lb X}rmu a H~e}ehì Bdse~adobd}ì V~anibox$ ,%$ O`dx eov`h} ad }lb jianì bdse~adobd}7 @xxbxxobd} `dm~bhaoobdm`}eadx a~ `h}ead$ Hòn~emjb O@7 OE] V~bxx$

]r~db~ EE N$ I$ Hi`~k Z$ H$ K`}bx $ Z$ ehl`~mx G$ C$ O`}lbzx G$ ]$ # Obub~ Z$ N$ ,Bmx$%$ ,%$ ]lb B`~}l `x }~`dxa~obmnu lro`d `h}ead7 Jianì `dm ~bjeadì hl`djbx ed }lb neaxvlb~b asb~ }lb v`x} 866 ub`~x$ Hòn~emjb7 Hòn~emjbRdesb~xe}u V~bxx$

RD Bdse~adobd} V~aj~òob$ ,%$ Jianì neamesb~xe}u `xxbxxobd}$ Hòn~emjb7 Hòn~emjb Rdesb~xe}u V~bxxEd}b~jasb~dobd}ì V`dbi ad Hieo`}b Hl`djb ,EVHH%$ ,%$ EVHH xbhadm `xxbxxobd}7 Hieo`}b hl`djb ,0552%$ ^b}~ebsbm ~ao l}}v7!!zzz$evhh$hl!vm!hieo`}bhl`djbx!evhhdm`xxbxxobd}!dm`xxbxxobd}bd$vm

Mèiu J$ H$ ,% D`}r~bx xb~sehbx7 Xaheb}ì mbvbdmbdhb ad d`}r~ì bhaxux}box$ Z`xledj}ad MH7 Exi`dm V~bxx$

@ lex}a~ehìiu rdv~bhbmbd}bm oard} a ba~}ed }lb Rde}bm X}`}bx ed a}lb~ hard}~ebx dm ed ed}b~d`}eadì v~agbh}xl`x nbbd mbsa}bm xedhb }a iiedj }laxb j`vx$ ]lb~b l`sb nbbd eova~}`d} ms`dhbx

ed se~}rìiu bsb~u n~`dhl a xhebdhb jb~o`db }a }lex xb} a exxrbx `xxex}bm nu bda~oarx v~aj~bxx ed }lb

h`v`neie}ebx a B`~}lanxb~s`}ead x`}biie}bx dm }lb eda~o`}ead }bhldaiaju a~ x}a~edj }~`dxoe}}edj dm

o`devri`}edj i`~jb bdse~adobd}ì m`}`xb}x$ Ed `mme}ead }lb mexheviedb a ed}b~mexhevied`~u `xxbxxobd}

a haovib| bdse~adobd}`dmxaheb}u exxrbx nu }bòx a xha~bx }a lrdm~bmx a b|vb~}x ~ao h~axx }lb

Rde}bm X}`}bx a~ `~ardm }lb jianb l`x `ms`dhbm }~bobdmarxiu$ @dm ub} adb a }lb oax} eova~}`d}

}ledjx }l`} l`x nbbd ib`~dbm ex laz orhl zb l`sb ub} }a ib`~d$

Dadb}lbibxx }lb oadrobd}ì Oeiibddero Bhaxux}bo @xxbxxobd} ,OB@% zlehl bdj`jbm asb~

b|vb~}x ~ao hard}~ebx ed }lb v~amrh}ead a o`ga~ sairobx rdmb~ }lb asb~ìi }e}ib Bhaxux}box dm

Lro`d Zbii/Nbedj= }biix rx ` j~b`} mbì }l`} h`d nb rxbm daz `dm }l`} h`d nb nrei} rvad$ @vvb`~edjnb}zbbd `dm }lbxb sairobx xud}lbxewb }lb }lbd`sèi`nib kdazibmjb `nar} }lb x}`}b a

}lb za~imx bhaxux}box }lb xb~sehbx }l`} az ~ao }lbo }lb b|}`d} `dm v~agbh}bm iaxxbx `}}~enr}`nib

}a bhaxux}bo mex~rv}ead nu lro`d `h}ese}u vaxxenib vaiehu ~bxvadxbx `dm `vv~a`hlbx a~ eov~asedj

}lb haov~blbdxesbdbxx `dm `hhr~`hu a xrhl `xxbxxobd}x ed }lb r}r~b$ ]lb OB@ mbsbiavbm ` a~oì

$ Oeiibddero Bhaxux}bo @xxbxxobd}$ ,%$ Bhaxux}box dm lro`d zbii/nbedj7 Jbdb~ì xud}lbxex$ Z`xledj}ad MH7Exi`dm V~bxx$
http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/climate-changes-1995/ipcc-2nd-assessment/2nd-assessment-en.pdfhttp://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/climate-changes-1995/ipcc-2nd-assessment/2nd-assessment-en.pdf


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~òbza~k a~ }ledkedj `nar} bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx }l`} l`x nbbd `mav}bm nu oax} x}rmebx xedhb `dm

hl`~`h}b~ewbm oa~b xux}bo`}ehìiu }l`d nba~b }lb s`~e`}eadx `h~axx bhaxux}box ed }lb ~bi`}esb eova~

}`dhb x zbii x }lb }bova~ì }~bdmx ed }lb sb v~edhevì v~a|eo`}b h`rxbx a neamesb~xe}u iaxxl`ne}`}

hl`djb eds`xesb xvbhebx asb~b|viae}`}ead vaiir}ead dm hieo`}b hl`djb$

Ed }lb oax} pr`d}e}`}esb mbveh}ead }a m`}b a }lb b|}bd} a bhaxux}bo mex~rv}ead jianìiu nu lro`d`h}ese}ebx }lb OB@ hadhirmbm }l`}7

Oa~b i`dm z`x hadsb~}bm }a h~avi`dm ed }lb ub`~x }b~ }l`d ed }lb ub`~x nb}zbbd

dm $ Hri}es`}bm xux}box daz hasb~ adb pr`~}b~ a B`~}lx }b~~bx}~eì xr~`hb$

Oa~b }l`d }za }le~mx a }lb `~b` a }za a }lb za~imx o`ga~ }b~~bx}~eì neaobx ,}uvbx a

bhaxux}box% dm oa~b }l`d lì a }lb ~b` a ar~ a}lb~ neaobx l`m nbbd hadsb~}bm nu

v~eo`~eiu }a j~ehri}r~b$

Xedhb azx a ~b`h}esb ,neaiajehìiu `sèi`nib% de}~ajbd ed }b~~bx}~eì bhaxux}box l`sb

marnibm dm azx a vlaxvla~rx l`sb }~evibm$

@vv~a|eo`}biu " a }lb za~imx ha~ì ~bbx zb~b iax} dm d `mme}eadì " mbj~`mbm ed }lbi`x} xbsb~ì mbh`mbx a }lb }zbd}eb}l hbd}r~u `dm `vv~a|eo`}biu " a o`dj~asb `~b` z`x

iax} mr~edj }lex }eob ,ed hard}~ebx a~ zlehl xrhebd} m`}` b|ex} zlehl bdhaov`xx `nar} lì

a }lb ~b` a o`dj~asbx%$

@vv~a|eo`}biu " a }lb bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx bsìr`}bm ed }lb OB@ `~b nbedj mbj~`mbm a~

rxbm rdxrx}èd`niu$ Bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx }l`} l`sb nbbd mbj~`mbm asb~ }lb v`x} ub`~x edhirmb

h`v}r~b xlb~ebx z`}b~ xrvviu z`x}b }~b`}obd} dm mb}a|eh`}ead z`}b~ vr~eh`}ead d`}r~ì

l`w`~m v~a}bh}ead ~bjri`}ead a e~ prìe}u ~bjri`}ead a ~bjeadì dm iahì hieo`}b ~bjri`}ead

a b~axead xve~e}rì riiiobd} dm bx}lb}eh bdgauobd}$

]lb rxb a }za bhaxux}bo xb~sehbxh`v}r~b xlb~ebx `dm ~bxl z`}b~ex daz zbii nbuadmibsbix }l`} h`d nb xrx}èdbm bsbd } hr~~bd} mbo`dmx orhl ibxx r}r~b adbx$ ]lb jianì o`~edb

xl h`}hl vb`kbm ed }lb i`}b x `dm l`x nbbd mbhiededj oa~b a~ ibxx x}b`meiu xedhb mbxve}b

edh~b`xbx ed xledj ba~}$

@h~axx ~`djb a }`|adaoeh j~arvx be}lb~ }lb vavri`}ead xewb a~ ~`djb a~ na}l a }lb o`ga~e}u

a xvbhebx ex hr~~bd}iu mbhiededj$

]lb ~`}b a kdazd b|}edh}eadx a xvbhebx ed }lb v`x} hbd}r~u ex ~arjliu }eobx j~b`}b~

}l`d }lb b|}edh}ead ~`}b hìhri`}bm ~ao }lb axxei ~bha~m a $ b|}edh}eadx vb~ xvbhebx

vb~ ub`~x$ Xaob " a oòoì ne~m dm ovlene`d xvbhebx ~b hr~~bd}iu }l~b`}bdbm

ze}l b|}edh}ead$2

Car~ prìe}`}esb hadhirxeadx a }lb OB@ `~b ìxa v`~}ehri`~iu za~}lu a da}b7

Ca~ bhaxux}bo rdh}eadx xrhl `x v~amrh}ese}u `dm dr}~ebd} huhiedj }lb ibsbi hadx}`dhu a }lb

xb~sehb `dm ~bxeiebdhb }a xlahkx ìi mbhiedb asb~ }lb iadj }b~o e neamesb~xe}u mbhiedbx$

$ Nriib}x `nx}~`h}bm ~ao Oeiibddero Bhaxux}bo @xxbxxobd}$ ,%$ Bhaxux}box dm lro`d zbii/nbedj7 Jbdb~ìxud}lbxex$ Z`xledj}ad MH7 Exi`dm V~bxx vv$ $


36/145


]lb v~bxb~s`}ead a jbdb}eh s`~e`}ead òadj h~av xvbhebx `dm }lbe~ zeim ~bi`}esbx `dm xv`}eì

lb}b~ajbdbe}u ed `j~ehri}r~ì i`dmxh`vbx `~b hadxemb~bm dbhbxx`~u a~ }lb iadj}b~o se`neie}u

a j~ehri}r~b$

]lb mbx}`neiewedj bbh}x a `d}l~avajbdeh bdse~adobd}ì hl`djb vaxb ori}evib xb~earx }l~b`}x

}a lro`d zbiinbedj edhirmedj lbì}l$ Nu }lb bdm a }lb hbd}r~u hieo`}b hl`djb dm e}x eov`h}x où nb }lb maoed`d} me~bh} m~esb~ a

neamesb~xe}u iaxx `dm hl`djbx ed bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx jianìiu$

]lb i`x} hadhirxead l`x adiu nbbd x}~bdj}lbdbm nu }lb bsbd oa~b ~bhbd} xhebd}eh ie}b~`}r~b ad }lb v`hb

a jianì hieo`}b hl`djb dm e}x eov`h} ad bhaxux}box v`~}ehri`~iu }lb ~bva~}x a Za~kedj J~arv E ,]lb

Vluxehì Xhebdhb N`xex3% dm Za~kedj J~arv EE ,Eov`h}x @m`v}`}ead dm Sridb~`neie}u:% a }lb Car~}l

@xxbxxobd} bva~} a }lb Ed}b~jasb~dobd}ì V`dbi ad Hieo`}b Hl`djb; }lb ori}e`r}la~ ori}ed`}eadì

Havbdl`jbd Me`jdaxex >665Rvm`}edj }lb Za~im ad }lb I`}bx} Hieo`}b Xhebdhb66:7 ]lb vluxehì xhebdhb n`xex$ Had}~enr}ead a za~kedj j~arv E }a }lb ar~}l`xxbxxobd} ~bva~} a }lb Ed}b~jasb~dobd} i V`dbi ad Hieo`}b Hl`djb$ Hòn~emjb7 Hòn~emjb Rdesb~xe}u V~bxx$ EVHH$ ,%$ Hieo`}b hl`djb >66:7 Eov`h}x) m`v}`}ead dm sridb~`neie}u$ Had}~enr}ead a za~kedj j~arv EE }a }lb

ar~}l xxbxxobd} ~bva~} a }lb Ed}b~jasb~dobd}ì V`dbi ad Hieo`}b Hl`djb$ Hòn~emjb7 Hòn~emjb Rdesb~xe}u V~bxx$$ @iiexad E$ Nedma D$ I$ Nedmxhl`mib~ ^$ @$ Ha| V$ O$ mb Danib} D$ Bdji`dm O$ L$ $ $ $ Zb`sb~ @$ G$ ,% ]lb

Havbdl`jbd me`jdaxex7 Rvm`}edj }lb za~im ad }lb i`}bx} hieo`}b xhebdhb$ Xumdbu @rx}~ìe`7 ]lb Rdesb~xe}u a Dbz Xar}lZìbx Hieo`}b Hl`djb ^bxb`~hl Hbd}~b$

$ D`}eadì ^bxb`~hl Hardhei Haooe}}bb ad X}`neiew`}ead ] ~jb}x a~ @}oaxvlb~eh J~bbdlarxb J`x Hadhbd}~`}eadx$,%$ Hieo`}b x}`neiew`}ead }`~jb}x7 Boexxeadx) Hadhbd}~`}eadx) dm eov`h}x asb~ mbh`mbx }a oeiibdde`$ Z`xledj}ad MH7 ]lbD`}eadì @h`mboebx V~bxx


37/145


D`}eadx Bhaxux}box >66 Kbu

dmedjx ~ao }lbxb ~bva~}x ad hr~~bd} `dm v~agbh}bm eov`h}x ad bhaxux}box `dm bhaxux}bo xb~sehbx

edhirmb7

Hieo`}b hl`djb l`x i~b`mu i}b~bm }lb z`}b~ huhib dm zeii had}edrb }a ma xa bh}edj zlb~b

zlbd dm laz orhl z`}b~ ex sèi`nib a~ ii rxbx$ V~bheve}`}ead dm ~rda ~b iekbiu }a edh~b`xbed }lb Da~}lb`x} `dm Oemzbx} ed zed}b~ `dm xv~edj `dm mbh~b`xb ed }lb Zbx} bxvbheìiu }lb

Xar}lzbx} ed xv~edj `dm xroob~$

Ciaamx `dm m~arjl}x `~b iekbiu }a nbhaob oa~b haooad `dm oa~b ed}bdxb `x ~bjeadì `dm

xb`xadì v~bheve}`}ead v`}}b~dx hl`djb `dm ~èdìi nbhaobx oa~b hadhbd}~`}bm ed}a lb`su

bsbd}x ,ze}l iadjb~ la}}b~ m~ub~ vb~eamx ed nb}zbbd%$ Lb`su mazdvar~x `dm m~arjl}x `~b

iekbiu }a ~bmrhb h~av uebimx$

Zbbmx mexb`xbx dm edxbh} vbx}x nbdb} ~ao z`~oedj dm zbbmx ixa nbdb} ~ao lejlb~

h`~nad mea|emb hadhbd}~`}ead edh~b`xedj x}~bxx ad h~av vi`d}x `dm ~bpre~edj oa~b `}}bd}ead

}a vbx} dm zbbm had}~ai$

$ ]lb L$ Gald Lbedw EEE Hbd}b~ a~ Xhebdhb Bhadaoehx `dm }lb Bdse~adobd}$ ,%$ ]lb x}`}b a }lb d`}eadxbhaxux}box ,>66


38/145


Mbxb~}x `dm m~u i`dmx `~b iekbiu }a nbhaob la}}b~ `dm m~eb~ bbmedj ` xbi~beda~hedj huhib a

eds`xesb vi`d}x ~b dm b~axead$

]lb ori}evib x}~bxxbx i~b`mu nbedj b|vb~ebdhbm nu ha`x}ì dm db`~xla~b bhaxux}box zeii nb

b|`hb~n`}bm nu hieo`}b hl`djb `dm ahb`d `hemeh`}ead nu HA

rv}`kb ~ao }lb }oaxvlb~b$

I`~jbxhìb xle}x l`sb ahhr~~bm ed }lb ~`djbx a xvbhebx `dm }lb }eoedj a }lb xb`xadx `dm`deoì oej~`}ead `dm }lbxb xle}x `~b sb~u iekbiu }a had}edrb$ ]lb l`ne}`}x a xaob oard}èd

xvbhebx `dm haimz`}b~ xl xrhl `x xìoad `dm }~ar} `~b sb~u iekbiu }a had}~`h} ed ~bxvadxb }a

z`~oedj$

^`}eadìb a~ Jasb~dobd} Ib`mb~xlev ed }lb X}bz`~mxlev a

Bdse~adobd}ì H`ve}ì

Ed b`~ieb~ }eobx e} oejl} l`sb nbbd `~jrbm }l`} bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì oèd}èdx e}xbi }l~arjl d`}r~ì

v~ahbxxbx ze}lar} dbbm a~ lbiv ~ao xaheb}u$ @}b~ ii e} mem xa asb~ hard}ibxx oeiibdde`$ Nr} }lb o`debx}

mbhiedbx ed }lb bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì x}ahk }l`} ~b daz rdmb~x}aam }a l`sb ahhr~~bm xedhb }lb Edmrx}~eì^bsair}ead`dm oax} ~`vemiu rdmb~ }lb bda~oarx j~az}l ed heseiew`}eadx bdse~adobd}ì eov`h}x asb~

}lb v`x} lrdm~bm ub`~xo`kb hib`~ }l`} }lex ex da iadjb~ }lb h`xb$ ]lb edsbx}obd}x ed ìi }l~bb a~ox

a h`ve}ì dbbmbm }a `} ib`x} xrx}èd `dm zlb~b vaxxenib }a edh~b`xb }lb azx a sìr`nib jaamx `dm

xb~sehbx }lbu v~asemb ed xrvva~} a lro`d zbiinbedj orx} }lb~ba~b haob ed xaob haoned`}ead ~ao

~ox a}lb~ dadjasb~dobd}ì a~j`dew`}eadx edmesemrìx dm jasb~dobd}x$

]lb edsbx}obd}x a ~ox `~b o`mb v~edhevìiu ed a~ox a bhadaoeh h`ve}ì ~ao zlehl }lb b|vbh}bm

azx a jaamx dm xb~sehbx `~b zbii hl`~`h}b~ewbm ~b`meiu pr`d}ebm dm v~bmeh}`niu hadsb~}enib ed}a

oadb}`~u azx }a }lb edsbx}a~x$ Edmesemrìx xeoei`~iu }bdm }a edsbx} ed bhadaoeh `dm xaheavaie}ehì

h`ve}ì ed a~ox ~ao zlehl }lbu b|vbh} }a ~bìewb me~bh} dm zbii hl`~`h}b~ewbm nbdb}x a~ }lboxbisbx

`dm }lbe~ òeiebx bsbd e }laxb nbdb}x ~b da} izùx b`xeiu pr`d}ebm a~ oadb}ewbm ,b$j$ }lb nbdb}x~ao edsbx}obd}x o`mb ed adbx hleim~bdx bmrh`}ead%$

E} ìix }lbd }a jasb~dobd}x`dm }a ` dbhbxx`~eiu ibxxb~ b|}bd} jesbd }lbe~ oa~b ieoe}bm ~bxar~hbx

}a }lb vlei`d}l~aveh DJAx}a o`kb }lb dbbmbm edsbx}obd}x ed }laxb a~ox a h`ve}ì i`~jbiu a }lb

xaheavaie}ehì `dm bdse~adobd}ì kedmx }l`} `~b bxxbd}eì a~ xaheb}ì zbiinbedj nr} `~b dbjibh}bm nu

v~es`}b edsbx}obd} nbh`rxb }lb `xxahe`}bm azx a nbdb}x l`sb da} nbbd riiu hl`~`h}b~ewbm a~ `~b

mehri} }a pr`d}eu a~ ~bxex} oadb}ew`}ead a~ hadxex} a vrnieh jaamx ,}laxb }l`} hh~rb }a ii da o`}}b~

zla o`kbx }lb edsbx}obd}x }l`} v~amrhb }lbo% a~ ` haoned`}ead a }lbxb ~b`xadx$

@ v~eob b|òvib hhbv}bm nu se~}rìiu ìi vaie}ehì vb~xr`xeadx ex }lb dbbm a~ }lb jasb~dobd} }a edsbx}

ed d`}eadì mbbdxb$ ]lex edsbx}obd} uebimx d ansearx vrnieh jaam }lb nbdb}x a zlehl ~b ~bi`}esbiub`xu }a hl`~`h}b~ewb ed }b~ox a }lb kedmx a l`~o }l`} `~b `saembm nr} sb~u ~bxex}`d} }a pr`d}eh`}ead

`dm oadb}ew`}ead$ ,Adb h`d bx}eo`}b `} `du jesbd }eob zl`} d`}eadì mbbdxb hax}x ed iesbx `dm ed

}~b`xr~b nr} da adb h`d vr} v~ehb ad e}x nbdb}xda~ bsbd vr} ob`dedjri jr~b }a }lb v~an`neie}u

a mex`x}b~ xlarim }lb edsbx}obd} ìi xla~}$%


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]lb d`}r~b a }lb dbbm a~ jasb~dobd} edsbx}obd} ed bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì ex xeoei`~ }a }lb d`}eadì

mbbdxb h`xb ed xaob ~bxvbh}x `dm meb~bd} ed a}lb~x$ Ed }lb zù a xeoei`~e}ebx7

]lb nbdb}x azedj ~ao bdse~adobd}ì h`ve}ì iekb d`}eadì mbbdxb ~b vrnieh jaamx;

Xaob a }lbxb nbdb}x ~b edmexvbdx`nib dm o`du mbu oadb}ew`}ead;

]lb }l~bxlaimx a xb~earx vb~ei ~ao rdmb~edsbx}obd} ~b a}bd lejliu rdhb~}èd; dm

]lb o`jde}rmb a }lb edsbx}obd}x dbbmbm }a xbhr~b bsb~umù nbdb}x x zbii x v~asemb edxr~

`dhb jèdx} ~bì h`}`x}~avlb vvb`~x }a nb e

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Pcast Sustaining Environmental Capital Report