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8/8/2019 Pb Kontaminasi in Water
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"Water pollution is the introduction of creatures life,matter, energy and / or other components into thewater by human activities so that water quality downto a certain level that causes the water does not workanymore in accordance with the designation
(PP. 20/1990 on the Control of Water Pollution Article 1, point 2).
DEFINITION OF WATER POLLUTION
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Fig. 21-10, p. 505
Healthy zoneClear, oxygen-richwaters promote growthof plankton and sea grasses,and support fish.
Oxygen-depleted zoneSedimentation and algaeovergrowth reduce sunlight,kill beneficial sea grasses, useup oxygen, and degrade habitat.
Red tidesExcess nitrogen causesexplosive growth oftoxicmicroscopic algae,
poisoning fish andmarine mammals.
FarmsRunoff of pesticides, manure, andfertilizers adds toxins and excessnitrogen and phosphorus.
Toxic sedimentsChemicals and toxicmetals contaminateshellfish beds, killspawning fish, andaccumulate in the tissuesof bottom feeders.
Construction sitesSediments are washed intowaterways, choking fish and plants,clouding waters, and blockingsunlight.
Urban sprawlBacteria and virusesfromsewers and septictanks contaminateshellfish beds
Oxygen-depletedzone
Closedbeach
CitiesToxic metalsand oil fromstreets andparking lotspollute waters;
IndustryNitrogen oxidesfrom autos andsmokestacks,toxic chemicals,and heavy metals ineffluents flow into
bays and estuaries.
Closedshellfish beds
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LEAD(Pb)
Lead is known as a metal element Pb in the composition is a heavy metal
found naturally in the earth's crust and spread into the wild in small numbers
through natural processes including volcanic eruptions and geochemical
processes
Pb is a soft metal is bluish or silvery gray with a melting point at 327.5 C and
boiling point 1740 C at atmospheric pressure
Lead has the largest atomic number of all stable elements, namely 82.
Lead is highly toxic metal. As with mercury which is also a heavy metal
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4
Lead PoisoningLead Poisoning Lead has no known biological function.Lead has no known biological function.
There is no proven safe lower limit for lead.There is no proven safe lower limit for lead.
LeadLead PbPb++++, competes with, competes with CaCa++++, Fe, Fe++++
It is cheap,It is cheap, useful,easyuseful,easy to mine, thereforeto mine, therefore
Lead is ubiquitousLead is ubiquitous-- in air, food, water, soil,in air, food, water, soil,
ceilings etc.ceilings etc.
Leaded petrol means that all environmentalLeaded petrol means that all environmentaldusts are high in leaddusts are high in lead-- contaminatingcontaminating
ceiling dust, topsoil, window wells etc.ceiling dust, topsoil, window wells etc.
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5
*
* Paint (until 1970)
* Petrol (tetraethyl lead)
* Household dust (via settlement of air pollution)
* Ceiling dust
* Occupational
*Solder
* Ceramic glazes
* Pesticides (lead arsenate)
* Cigarettes
* Mines, smelters
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6
*
* TV's, Computer monitors
* Batteries, Bullets Sinkers
* Aviation
* X-ray shields
* Crystal-ware (high levels in decanters)
* Explosives
* Non-stick linings of pots (in the past)
* Plastic colouring (wire, blinds)
* Pewter
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usefulness ofusefulness of leadlead
7
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presence of lead in the
environment
8
lead
water air soil
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THE SOURCE PB IN THE WATER
Naturally:
Pb can enter the water body through the
crystallization of Pb in the air with thehelp of rain water
The erosion of rock minerals that many
nearby waters
From human activity:
effluent (waste) of Pb-related industries,
wastewater from mining tin ore and
waste the rest of the battery industry.
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Figure 1 Shows the flow of lead exposure on humans
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The types of industrial waste
containing lead metal
11
No Limbah Logam Berat
1 Kertas Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni
2 Petro-chemical Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, Sn
3 Pengelantang Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, Sn
4 Pupuk Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu,Ni
5 Kilang Minyak Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu
6 Baja Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Sn
7 Logam Bukan Besi Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu
8 Kendaraan Bermotor, Pesawat Terbang Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Sn
9 Gelas, Semen, Keramik Cr
10 Tekstil Cr
11 Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap Cr, Zn
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GOVERNMENT REGULATION NUMBER 82
YEAR 2001 DATED 14 DECEMBER 2001
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GOVERNMENT REGULATION NUMBER 82 YEAR 2001 DATED 14
DECEMBER 2001
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Desa Kemaduh Kecamatan Baron Kabupaten Nganjuk Kali Klinter
The waters have been contaminated by
waste from PT Jaya Paper (Jaker) located at
Jalan Raya Surabaya-Madiun precisely in
the Village Nglawak Kertosono Waste disposed PT Jaker form sludge or
the fibers of the paper materials that
escaped from the screen and waste water
treatment unit that contains heavy metal
lead.
waste of time the water began to seepkesumur citizen-wells that cause heavy
metal contaminated wells earga.
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Desa Kemaduh Kecamatan Baron Kabupaten Nganjuk Kali Klinter
No Nama Pemilik Sumur Kandungan
Pb(Mg/L)
Acuan terhadap
Baku Mutu
Ibu Sumali 0,03 sesuaiKetentuan
Bapak Mulyadi 0,036 0,06 Melebihi
Ketentuan
Bapak Muharjo 0,03822 0,0822 Melebihi
KetentuanBapak Suwito < 0,0030 0,05 Dibawah
Ketentuan
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TELUK JAKARTA
The presence of pollution because in
general the rivers that flow into the bayinto a variety of industrial waste
disposal site and surrounding
residential content of heavy metals in sediment of
Jakarta Bay are very worrying. namelyHg (0.427 to 0.554 g / g), Cd (0.52 to 1.72
g / g), and Pb (27.8 to 104.9 g / g), whilethe results of research Diniyab (1995)
revealed the heavy metal content in thewaters of Jakarta Bay as follows, Hg (tid
- 0.0008 g/m1), Cd (0.084 to 0.096 g /ml), and Pb (1.570 to 1.750 g / m1)
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SIKLUS PERPUTARAN LOGAMPBSIKLUS PERPUTARAN LOGAMPB
SECARAALAMISECARAALAMI
KERAK
BUMI
1
LAPISANTANAH
2
MAHLUK HIDUP-MANUSIA-TANAMAN-HEWAN
3
KEDALAM AIR
(MENGENDAP)
4
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three metal removal processthree metal removal process
ofof PbPb from water into thefrom water into the
body of organismsbody of organisms
19
Precipitation
Adsorption
Absorpsion
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S:\Leadgpc\BB LeadPoisoning.ppt 20
AbsorptionAbsorption
of Leadof Lead Lead goes down iron or calcium absorptionLead goes down iron or calcium absorption
pathway in GIT.pathway in GIT.
Children absorb lead well orally (~50%) cfChildren absorb lead well orally (~50%) cfadults poorly (~10%). Children also haveadults poorly (~10%). Children also have
more hand to mouth activity.more hand to mouth activity.
Lead absorption is enhanced if diet is poorLead absorption is enhanced if diet is poor
in iron or calcium.in iron or calcium.
Pica is one of the worst risk factors.Pica is one of the worst risk factors.
Lead can be inhaled.Lead can be inhaled.
Tetraethyl lead can be absorbed via skin.Tetraethyl lead can be absorbed via skin.
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21
Absorption of LeadAbsorption of Lead
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Contribution ofContribution of
SourcesSources
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GEJALA KERACUNAN AKIBATGEJALA KERACUNAN AKIBAT
PAPARAN PBPAPARAN PB
1.1. GASTROENTERISTISGASTROENTERISTIS
DISEBABKAN OLEHREAKSI RANGSANG GARAMPBPADAMUKOSADISEBABKAN OLEHREAKSI RANGSANG GARAMPBPADAMUKOSASALURANPENCERNAAN SEHINGGAMENYEBABKANSALURANPENCERNAAN SEHINGGAMENYEBABKANPEMBENGKAKAN,DAN GERAK KONTRAKSI RUMENDAN USUSPEMBENGKAKAN,DAN GERAK KONTRAKSI RUMENDAN USUSBERHENTI ,PARISTALTIK USUS MENURUN SEGINGGA TERJADIBERHENTI ,PARISTALTIK USUS MENURUN SEGINGGA TERJADIKONSTIPASI DAN KADANGKONSTIPASI DAN KADANG--KADANG DIARE.KADANG DIARE.
2.2. ANEMIAANEMIA
TIMBAL (PB) TERBAWADALAMDARAH LEBIHDARI 95 %TIMBAL (PB) TERBAWADALAMDARAH LEBIHDARI 95 %BERIKATANDENGANERITROSIT SEHINGGAMENYEBABKANBERIKATANDENGANERITROSIT SEHINGGAMENYEBABKANMUDAHPECAHNYA SEL DARAHMERAHDANBERPENGARUHMUDAHPECAHNYA SEL DARAHMERAHDANBERPENGARUHTERHADAP SINTESAHB, SEHINGGAMENYEBABKANANEMIAYGTERHADAP SINTESAHB, SEHINGGAMENYEBABKANANEMIAYGDITANDAI DENGANANISOSITIS,POLIKOMRASIA.DITANDAI DENGANANISOSITIS,POLIKOMRASIA.
33 ENCELOPATIENCELOPATI
PBMENYEBABKAN KERUSAKAN SEL ENDOTEL DAN KAPILERPBMENYEBABKAN KERUSAKAN SEL ENDOTEL DAN KAPILERDARAHDI OTAK SEHINGGAMENGAKIBATKANBERBAGAIDARAHDI OTAK SEHINGGAMENGAKIBATKANBERBAGAIPERUBAHANANATOMI BAIKPADA SISTEM SARAFPUSAT MAUPUNPERUBAHANANATOMI BAIKPADA SISTEM SARAFPUSAT MAUPUNPERIFER.PERIFER.
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GEJALA KERACUNAN PBGEJALA KERACUNAN PB
PADA ANAKPADA ANAK --ANAKANAK
NAFSU MAKANBERKURANGNAFSU MAKANBERKURANG
SAKIT PERUT DANMUNTAHSAKIT PERUT DANMUNTAH--MUNTAHMUNTAH
BERGERAK TERASA KAKUBERGERAK TERASA KAKU
KE
LE
LAHAN
KE
LE
LAHAN
TIDAK INGINBERMAINTIDAK INGINBERMAIN
PEKA TERHADAPRANGSANGANPEKA TERHADAPRANGSANGAN
SEMPOYONGANBILABERGERAKSEMPOYONGANBILABERGERAK
SULIT BICARASULIT BICARA
HASIL TES PSIKOLOGIK TERLIHAT SANGAT RENDAHHASIL TES PSIKOLOGIK TERLIHAT SANGAT RENDAH
GANGGUANPERTUMBUHAN OTAKGANGGUANPERTUMBUHAN OTAK
KOMAKOMA
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GEJALA KERACUNAN PBGEJALA KERACUNAN PB
PADA ORANG DEWASAPADA ORANG DEWASA
SAKIT PERUTSAKIT PERUT
GANGGUAN SALURANPENCERNAAN(MUAL,GANGGUAN SALURANPENCERNAAN(MUAL,DIARE, KONSTIPASI).DIARE, KONSTIPASI).
NEUROPATI SARAFPERIFERNEUROPATI SARAFPERIFER
KELEMAHAN OTOT TERUTAMA TANGANDAN KAKIKELEMAHAN OTOT TERUTAMA TANGANDAN KAKI LESU DAN LEMAHLESU DAN LEMAH
SAKIT KEPALA.SAKIT KEPALA.
NAFSU MAKANHILANG,BERAT BADAN TURUNNAFSU MAKANHILANG,BERAT BADAN TURUN
ANEMIAANEMIA
HIPERIRITASIHIPERIRITASI
GANGGUAN TIDURGANGGUAN TIDUR
DEPRESI.DEPRESI.
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