Pavement Distresses 1

7/30/2019 Pavement Distresses 1

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1.Fati ue

Alli atorCrackin1.Fati ue

Alli ator

Crackin

Fatiguecrackingfromfrostaction

Badfatiguecracking

Fatiguecracking

from

edge

failure

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Fati ue

Alli atorCrackinFati ue

Alli ator

Crackin

Alligatorcracking

near

aparking

lot

drain. Thecrackingislikelyduetowaterinfiltratin avementcracksandrunningdowntothelowpointdrainunderneaththepavement,weakening

andremoving

material

from

under

the

a rea y n ayer. eremainingsupport,theHMAwillfailevenunderlightloading.

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Fati ue


Alli ator

Crackin

Alligatorcracking

on

apoorly

supportedroadwidening. Theroad

thesubgradeunderthewidened

portionwasnotadequately

compacted. Therefore,as

it

settled

over me, e ayerse e w

itandcracked.

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Fati ue


Alli ator

Crackin

AseriesofinterconnectedcrackscausedbyfatiguefailureoftheHMAsurfaceunderrepeatedtrafficloading. Asthenumberandmagnitudeofloadsbecomestoogreat,longitudinalcracks begintoform(usuallyinthewheelpaths). After

repeatedloading,

these

longitudinal

cracks

connect

forming

many

sided

sharp

angledpiecesthatdevelopintoapatternresemblingthebackofanalligatororcrocodile.

Inthinpavements,crackinginitiatesatthebottomoftheHMAlayerwherethetensilestressisthehighestthenpropagatestothesurfaceasoneormore

longitudinalcracks.

Thisiscommonlyreferredtoas"bottomup"or"classical"fatiguecracking.

Inthickpavements,thecracksmostlikelyinitiatefromthetopinareasofhigh

binderaging

(top

down

cracking).

Afterrepeatedloading,thelongitudinalcracksconnectformingmanysidedshar an led iecesthatdevelo intoa atternresemblin thebackofanalligatororcrocodile.

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ProblemProblem

Indicatorofstructuralfailure,cracksallowmoistureinfiltration,,

Roughness,indicator

of

structural

failure,

cracks

allow

moisture

infiltrationintothebase andsubgrade,eventuallyresultsinpotholes .

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PossiblecausesPossible

causes

Decreaseinpavementloadsupportingcharacteristics

osso ase,su aseorsu gra esuppor e.g.,poor ra nageor

springthaw

resulting

in

aless

stiff

base).

Stripping onthebottomoftheHMAlayer(thestrippedportion

con r u es e opavemen s reng so ee e c v ethicknessdecreases)

Increasein

loading

(e.g.,

more

or

heavier

loads

than

anticipated

in

es gn

Inadequatestructuralsupportforthegivenloading,whichcanbecausedbyamyriadofthings. Afewofthemorecommononesare:

Inadequatestructural

design

(i.e.,

the

pavement

was

designed

too

thinfortheanticipatedloads)

Poorconstruction i.e. inade uatecom action)

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Re air

Re air

Afatiguecrackedpavementshouldbeinvestigatedtodeterminethe.

orcoring

the

pavement

to

determine

the

pavement's

structural

makeupaswellasdeterminingwhetherornotsubsurfacemoistureisacontributin factor.

Oncethecharacteristicalligatorpatternisapparent,repairbycrack

sealingis

generally

ineffective.

Indicatorofstructuralfailure,cracksallowmoistureinfiltration,roughness,mayfurtherdeterioratetoapothole

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Re air

Re air

Fatiguecrackrepairgenerallyfallsintooneoftwocategories:

Small,localized

fatigue

cracking

indicative

of

a

loss

of

subgrade

support.

emovet ecrac e pavementareat en goutan rep acet eareaofpoorsubgradeandimprovethedrainageofthatareaif

necessary. Patch overthe

repaired

subgrade.

Largefatiguecrackedareasindicativeofgeneralstructuralfailure. PlaceanHMAoverlay overtheentirepavementsurface. This

over aymust

estrong

enoug

structura y

to

carry

t e

anticipatedloadingbecausetheunderlyingfatiguecracked

pavementmostlikelycontributeslittleornostrength(Roberts

. ., .

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2.Bleedin

2.Bleedin

BSTbleedinginwheelpaths

BSTbleedinginwheelpaths

HMAbleeding

from

over

asphalting

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Bleedin

Bleedin

showsup

as

ashiny

reflecting

surface

especiallyinthewheelpathswheretheaggregatevoidsareless.

,likely

the

result

of

mix

design

or

productionproblems.

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Definition

Definition

Afilmofasphaltbinderonthepavementsurface.

It

usually

creates

a

shiny,

glass

like

reflecting

surface

that

can

becomestickywhendryandslipperywhenwet.

thethirdphotoshowssurfacebecomequitesticky.

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ProblemProblem

Lossofskidresistance whenwet

Unsightly

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Possible

causes

Possible

causes

Bleedingoccurswhenasphaltbinderfillstheaggregatevoidsduring.

Sincebleedingisnotreversibleduringcoldweatherorperiodsoflowloading,asphaltbinderwillaccumulateonthepavementsurfaceovertime. Likelycausesare:

ExcessiveasphaltbinderintheHMA(eitherdueto apoormix

designor

manufacturing

problems)

ExcessiveapplicationofasphaltbinderduringBST application

LowHMAairvoid content(e.g.,notenoughvoidspacefortheas halttooccu likel amixdesi n roblem

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Re air

Re air

Thefollowingrepairmeasuresmayeliminateorreducetheasphaltbinderfilmonthe avement'ssurfacebutma notcorrecttheunderl in roblemthatcausedthebleeding:

Minorbleedin canoftenbecorrectedbyapplyin coarsesandtoblotuptheexcessasphaltbinder.

Majorbleeding

can

be

corrected

by

cutting

off

excess

asphalt

with

a

motorgraderorremovingitwithaheaterplaner. Iftheresultingsurfaceisexcessivelyrough,resurfacingmaybenecessary(APAI,nodategiven).

manufacturing)

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.Block

Crackin.

Block

Crackin

Interconnectedcracksthatdividethe

pavementup

into

rectangular

pieces.

Blocksrangeinsizefromapproximately

0.1m2 (1ft2)to9m2 (100ft2). Larger

blocksaregenerallyclassifiedas

.

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BlockCrackinBlockCrackin

Blockcrackinginparkinglotsis

commonbecausemanyparkinglot

pavementsexperienceonlylight

traffic(e. . noheav trucks).

Blocksrangeinsizefrom

approximately1ft2 to100ft2. Largerblocksaregenerally

c ass e

as

ong tu na an

transverse cracking.

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Descri tionDescri tionInterconnectedcracksthatdividethepavementupintorectangular

2

2. .

blocks

are

generally

classified

as

longitudinal and

transversecracking. Blockcrackingnormallyoccursoveralargeportionofavementareabutsometimeswilloccuronl innontrafficareas.

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Problem

Problem

Allowsmoistureinfiltration,roughness

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Possible

causesPossible

causesHMAshrinkageanddailytemperaturecycling. Typicallycausedbyan

cycles

because

of:

Asp a t in eraging

Poorchoice

of

as halt

binder

in

the

mix

desi n

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Re airRe airStrategiesdependupontheseverityandextentoftheblockcracking:

Lowseveritycracks(1/2inchwideandcrackswithravelededges). Removeandreplacethecrackedpavementlayerwithanoverlay.

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.

Corru ation

and

Shovin.

Corru ation

and

Shovin

Shovingatabusyintersection. Conditionsarebadenoughherethattheshovingoccursnotonlynear

rigidobjects

but

across

the

pavement

in

general.

Corrugationontheuphillsideofastreet. Corrugationswereprobablycaused

yve c ess ar ngon eup gra e.

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Descri tionDescri tion

ormo p ast cmovementtyp e yr pp es corrugat on oran

abruptwave

(shoving)

across

the

pavement

surface.

The

distortion

is

perpendiculartothetrafficdirection.Usuallyoccursatpointswhere

rigidobject(shoving).

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PProblemroblem

oug ness

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PossibleCausesPossibleCauses

sua ycause ytra cact on start ngan stopp ng com ne

with:

Anunstable(i.e.lowstiffness)HMAlayer(causedbymixcontamination,poormixdesign,poorHMAmanufacturing,or

lackof

aeration

of

liquid

asphalt

emulsions)

Excessivemoistureinthesubgrade

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Re airesRe aires

determinetherootcauseoffailure. Repairstrategiesgenerallyfallintoone

of

two

categories:

Small,localizedareasofcorrugationorshoving. Removethedistortedpavementandpatch.

LargecorrugatedorshovedareasindicativeofgeneralHMAfailure. Removethedamagedpavementandoverlay.

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.

De ression

.

De ression

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De ression

De ression

De ressioninanaccessroadwa

Depressioninparkinglotprobablycausedbysubgradesettlement. Again,thepavementhas

probablycaused

by

subgrade

settlement. Notethatthepavementhasfatiguecracked significantlyasit

acons era eamoun o a gue

cracking whereit

has

settled.

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assett e .


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surroundingpavement.

Depressionsareverynoticeableafterarainwhentheyfillwithwater.

determinetherootcauseoffailure.

Repairstrategiesgenerallyfallintooneoftwocategories:

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ProblemProblem

oug ness, epress ons e w t su stant a watercancause

vehiclehydroplaning

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compaction

during

construction.

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Re airRe air

, .

A

pavement

depression

should

be

investigated

to

determine

the

root

cause

offailure(i.e.,subgradesettlementorfrostheave).

epress onss ou erepa re yremov ng ea ec e pavemen en

diggingoutandreplacingtheareaofpoorsubgrade.

Patch over

the

repaired

subgrade.

:

rost eave orsu gra esett ementresu t ng rom na equatecompact onduringconstruction.

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6.

Joint

Reflection

Crackin

6.

Joint

Reflection

Crackin

Jointreflectioncrackingonanarterial

Jointreflectioncrackingonanarterial

Jointreflectioncrackingcloseup

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Joint

Reflection

Crackin

Joint

Reflection

Crackin

Jointreflectivecrackingonanurban

arterial. Somejointreflectivecrackson

theseareprobablytooadvancedand

toowide

to

be

crack

sealed.

Jointreflectivecrackin onalowuse

industrialroad. This

pavement

has

beencrackedformanyyearsandwillprobablynotgetmuchworse. Notice

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t egrassgrow ng nt ecrac s.


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rac s na ex eover ayo ar g pavement.

Thecracks

occur

directly

over

the

underlying

rigid

pavement

joints.

Jointreflectioncrackin doesnotincludereflectioncracksthatoccur

awayfromanunderlyingjointorfromanyothertypeofbase(e.g.,cementorlimestabilized).

B

definition

de ressionsare

small

localized

areas.

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ProblemProblem

: owsmo sture n trat on,roug ness

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ovemento t er g pavements a eneat t e sur ace

becauseof

thermal

and

moisture

changes.

Generallynotloadinitiated,howeverloadingcanhastendeterioration.

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Re airRe air

trateg es epen upont esever tyan extento t ecrac ng:

Lowseveritycracks(1/2inchwideandnumerouscracks). Remove

and

replace

the

cracked

pavement

layer

with

an

overlay.

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.

Lon itudinal

Crackin.

Lon itudinal

Crackin

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Lon itudinal

Crackin

Lon itudinal

Crackin

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Lon itudinal

Crackin

Lon itudinal

Crackin

ong tu na

crac ngon

arura

countyroad. Itslocationinthewheelpathindicatesthatisprobablytheonsetoffati uecrackinpossiblycausedbyathinpavement

structure.

Longitudinalcracking

on

acity

arterial. Itslocationinthe

wheelpathindicatesthatisprobably

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theonsetoffatiguecracking.


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rac spara e tot epavement scenter neor ay own

direction. Usuallyatype

of

fatigue

cracking.

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ProblemProblem

owsmo sture n trat on,roug ness, n catesposs eonseto

fatigue

cracking and

structural

failure.

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PossibleCausesPossibleCauses Poor ointconstructionorlocation. Jointsare enerall theleastdense

areasofapavement. Therefore,theyshouldbeconstructedoutsideof

thewheelpath

so

that

they

are

only

infrequently

loaded. Joints

in

the

wheelpathlikethoseshowninthirdthroughfifthfiguresabove,willeneralfail rematurel .

Areflectivecrackfromanunderlyinglayer(notincludingjointreflectioncracking)

HMA

fatigue

(indicates

the

onset

of

future

fatigue

cracking)

topdowncracking

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Re airsRe airs

Strategiesdependupontheseverityandextentofthecracking:

Lowseveritycracks(1/2inchwideandnumerouscracks). Removeandreplacethecrackedpavementlayerwithanover ay.

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8.

Patchin

8.

Patchin

Patchoverlocalizeddistress

Failingpatch

Utilitycutpatch46hra


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Patchin Patchin

Apatchonanurbanarterialusedtorepairaspalledjointreflectivecrack.

Twopatchesonanurbanarterial

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.


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Anareaofpavementthathasbeenreplacedwithnewmaterialto.

matterhowwellitperforms.

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ProblemProblem

Roughness

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PossibleCausesPossibleCauses Previouslocalizedpavementdeteriorationthathasbeenremoved

Utility

cuts

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.Potholes.Potholes

A pothole beginning to form from an area of

A pothole in the surface course of an urbanarterial. This pothole may have come aboutfrom fatigue cracking that started in an

excessively raveled area. Left untreated it

excess ve at gue crac ng. o ce ow us a ew

chunks of pavement are missing forming thegenesis of a pothole. Left untreated, adjacentpavement chunks will be dislodged by trafficmaking the pothole larger. Additionally, the

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may eventually spread to the underlyingpavement layers.

the underlying subgrade, further weakening it,and speeding up the deterioration process.


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Small,bowlshapeddepressionsinthepavementsurfacethat

course. Theygenerallyhavesharpedgesandverticalsidesnearthe

topof

the

hole. Potholes

are

most

likely

to

occur

on

roads

with

thin

HMAsurfaces 1to2inches andseldomoccuronroadswith inchordeeperHMAsurfaces(Robertsetal.,1996).

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ProblemProblem

Roughness (seriousvehiculardamagecanresultfromdrivingacross,

moistureinfiltration

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PossibleCausesPossibleCauses Generally,potholesaretheendresultoffatiguecracking.

s at guecrac ng ecomessevere,t e nterconnecte crac s

create

small

chunks

of

pavement,

which

can

be

dislodged

as

vehicles

driveoverthem.

T eremaining o ea tert epavementc un is is o ge isca e apothole.

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57/95

.

.

Thiscloseuppictureofaroadsurfaceshowsa re atewearafterabout ears

of

wear. Washington

generally

has

high

qualityaggregatethatrarelysuffersfromexcessivepolishing. Noticetheaggregate

TestTrack near

Auburn,

AL. The

pavement

ontherightusesriverrock,whichismoresusceptibletoabrasion,asitsaggregateand

.

57hra

polishing.


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AreasofHMApavementwheretheportionofaggregateextending

angularaggregateparticles.

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blbl


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ProblemProblem

:Decreasedskidresistance

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P ibl CP ibl C


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PossibleCausesPossibleCauses Repeatedtrafficapplications.

Generally,as

apavement

ages

the

protruding

rough,

angular

particlesbecomepolished.

Thiscanoccurquickeriftheaggregateissusceptibletoabrasionor

sub ectto

excessive

studded

tire

wear.

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R iR i


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Re airRe air

Applyaskidresistantslurryseal orBST oroverlay.

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. Ravelingthatislikelytheresultofsegregationand/orconstruction

relatedtem eraturedifferentials.

Ravelingpossiblyresultingfromsegregation,temperaturedifferentialsorinadequatecompaction.

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TheprogressivedisintegrationofanHMAlayerfromthesurface.

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ProblemsProblems


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ProblemsProblems

Loosedebrisonthepavement,

roug ness,

watercollecting

in

the

raveled

locations

resulting

in

vehicle

hydroplaning,

lossofskidresistance

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PossibleCausesPossibleCauses Lossofbondbetweenaggregateparticlesandtheasphaltbinderas

Adustcoatingontheaggregateparticlesthatforcestheasphaltbinder

to

bond

with

the

dust

rather

than

the

aggregate

ggrega esegrega on. nepar c esarem ss ng rom eaggregatematrix,thentheasphaltbinderisonlyabletobindtheremainingcoarseparticlesattheirrelativelyfewcontactpoints.

.

requiredtodevelopsufficientcohesionwithintheHMA.

Mechanicaldislodgingbycertaintypesoftraffic(studdedtires,snowp ow a esor rac e ve c es .

.

65hra

Re airRe air


66/95

Re airRe air

Araveledpavementshouldbeinvestigatedtodeterminetheroot.

categories:

ma , oca ze areaso rave ng. emovet erave e pavementandpatch.

LargeraveledareasindicativeofgeneralHMAfailure. Removethedamagedpavementandoverlay.Inaccordancewithpatchingtechniques.

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.

e t:

utt ng

na

usyarter a

nt e

GreenwoodareaofSeattle. Rutscan

evenbeseeninthetwowayleftturnlane

indicatin thattheruttin isnotduetoheavytraffic.

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Ruttingint epar ing ane. Li e y,anoverlayofthemainroadwasextended

beyond

the

original

roadwa outtothecurb. Extra

HMAwasusedtomakeupthedifferenceinheightbutwasnotadequatelycompactedbecausethero er

r ge

over

eru

area

one

sideofthedrumontheoriginal

pavementandtheotheronthenew

mixnearestthecurb). Subsequently,alargeloadortwo

(i.e.,

abus)

drove

over

the

poorlycompactedareaandcauseda

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.


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ProblemProblem


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ProblemProblem

Rutsfilledwithwatercancausevehiclehydroplaning,canbe

itissteeredacrosstherut.

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PossibleCausesPossibleCauses Permanentdeformationinanyofapavement'slayersorsubgradeusually

causedb consolidationorlateralmovementofthematerialsduetotraffic

loading. Specificcausesofruttingcanbe:

Insufficientcompaction

of

HMA

layers

during

construction. If

it

is

not

compactedenoughinitially,HMApavementmaycontinuetodensifyunder

trafficloads.

Subgraderutting(e.g.,asaresultofinadequatepavementstructure)

Improper

mix

design

or

manufacture

(e.g.,

excessively

high

asphalt

content,

excessivemineralfiller,insufficientamountofangularaggregateparticles)

Rutscausedbystuddedtirewearpresentthesameproblemastherutsdescribedhere,buttheyareactuallyaresultofmechanicaldislodgingdue

towearandnotpavementdeformation.

71hra

Re airRe air


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Re airRe air

Aheavilyruttedpavementshouldbeinvestigatedtodeterminethe. . , ,

poormixdesignorstuddedtirewear). Slightruts(


73/95

S ippagecrac atanintersection uetostopping. Thedirectionoftraffic

isfrom

top

to

bottom. Most

likely

causedb oorbondin withthe

underlyingpavement possiblyfromapoortackcoat.

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Thelossofbondbetweenaggregatesandasphaltbinderthat

upward. Whenstrippingbeginsatthesurfaceandprogresses

downwardit

is

usually

called

raveling.

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ProblemProblem


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Decreasedstructuralsupport,rutting,shoving/corrugations,,

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.

Another

transverse

crack

caused

by

thermalcontractionduringcoldweather. Thiscrackhasbeen

Left:A

large

transverse

crack

caused

bythepavement'scontractionincold

81hra

sealed..

beenpatchedasatemporaryfix.


82/95

Small

thermal

crack.

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Cracksperpendiculartothepavement'scenterlineorlaydown.

Usuallyatypeofthermalcracking.

83hra

ProblemProblem


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Allowsmoistureinfiltration,roughness

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ShrinkageoftheHMAsurfaceduetolowtemperaturesorasphalt.

ReflectivecrackcausedbycracksbeneaththesurfaceHMAlayer

topdowncracking

85hra

Re airRe air


86/95

Strategiesdependupontheseverityandextentofthecracking:

owsever tycrac s 1/2inchwideandnumerouscracks). Remove.

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.

Left:Waterbleedin throu ha

pavementsurfaceonaruralmountain

highway. Thesubgrade

around

the

pavementisstillwetfromarecent

87hra

ra n n ca ng a ewa er as

comeupthroughaporouspavement.



88/95

Waterbleeding(lefttwophotos)occurswhenwaterseepsoutof

layer. Pumping(rightmostphoto)occurswhenwaterandfine

materialis

ejected

from

underlying

layers

through

cracks

in

the

HMA

la eroroutthesidesoftheHMAla erundermovin loads.

88hra

ProblemProblem


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Decreasedskidresistance, anindicationofhighpavementporosity,

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Porouspavementasaresultofinadequatecompaction during

Highwatertable

Poordrainage

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.


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SlippagecracknearabusstopontheUniversityofWashingtonSeattle

ppagecrac a an n ersec on ue

to

stopping. The

direction

of

traffic

is

fromtoptobottom. Mostlikely

causedbypoorbondingwiththe

. flow,itappearstobecausedbytraffic

acceleratingfrom

astop. Since

this

area

of

campussuffersfromanumberofpoor

92hra

underlyingpavement possiblyfromapoortackcoat.

,likelycausedbypooroverlaybondingto

theunderlyingpavement.

Sli a eCrackinSli a eCrackin


93/95

Description:Crescentorhalfmoonshapedcracksgenerallyhaving.

Problem:Allows

moisture

infiltration,

roughness

surfacetoslideanddeform. Theresultingslidinganddeformationiscausedbyalowstrengthsurfacemixorpoorbondingbetweenthe

structure.

Repair:Removalandreplacementofaffectedarea.

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1. Allmaterialsgiveninthisslideswastakenfromseveralsources,

books,journal,andrelatedwebsite.

2. Tohaveabetterknowledgeandunderstandingitissuggestedtoobserveddirectlyfromthefield.

3. Literaturereviewwouldnotbeenoughtorealizetheproblems

encounteredinthefieldssince

therearesomeuncertainties

andvaries

depend

on

the

sites,

localcondition,trafficcondition.

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Documents

Pavement Distresses 1