PaulReedUniversityofSouthCarolina

19thColoquioUTFeb.26,2011

TheExisten+alVerbHayEn la clase,hay cuatro proyectos.In DEF.fclass thereare four projects‘Inclass,therearefourprojects’

Hay unamaneraderesolver elproblema.ThereisIND.fwayofsolve-ger. DEF.mproblem‘Thereisawaytosolvetheproblem’

UsualVerbalBehavior! Conjugationbasedonperson,number,andtense

!  E.g.hablo/hablas/hablaetc.! Whythedifference?

!  Itseemsthatthefinal–yisblockingtheusualconjugationendings.

! Aquestionarises:Wheredidthiscomefrom?

Theories! PrevailingtheoriesarethatitarosefromLatinhabere‘tohave’.(Penny2002,Lloyd1987,Molho1969)

! Usuallyoccurredinaphrasehabetibiorhabeoibi!  Ibiwasanadverbmeaning‘there/overthere’

! Corominas1954‘Amoreprobabletheoryisthattheelement–yrepresentstheancientadverby<ibi’(asquotedinLloyd1987:357)

ProcessofChange!  Howdowegetfromhabet/habeoibitohay?

!  Severalprocesses!  Phonologicalreduction!  Semanticshift(bleaching)!  Grammaticalization(whichincludestheaboveprocesses,ala

HopperandTraugott1993)

!  ‘ItisnotunknowninRomancefornon-verbalelementstobeusedsofrequentlywithcertainverbformsthateventuallytheybecomefusedwiththeverbitselfandtheoriginalnon-verbalmeaningiscompletelylost’(Lloyd1987:357)

Parallels! OtherRomanceLanguages:

!  French:ilya;Portuguese:ha

! Other Languages!  English: there is/are

!  So, this type of process from a locative phrase to a existential is reasonable.!  How exactly did it happen?

RemainderofTalk! OverviewofReductionandGrammaticalization

! Habet/habeoibi>hay

! CorpusInvestigations!  Variantsandtheirdiffusionfromthe12ththrough14thcentury(Lloyd1987statestheformwasstableafterthe13thcentury)

! Conclusion

PhonologicalReduc+ons!  2PrincipalChanges

!  Lossofvoicedintervocalicstops!  MainStages:merger,spirantization,loss

!  Vowelreduction!  Tonicreductions!  Atonic/finalreductions

! ThefollowingreliesheavilyonPenny2002andPharies2007

VoicedIntervocalicStops! Mergerwith/v/

!  Veryearlychange!  EvidencefromtheAppendixProbi!  braviumnonbrabium

!  Spirantization!  Commonforintervocalicstops(LadefogedandMaddieson1996amongmanyothers)

!  Loss!  Modernreflexes(río>rivus)

habēo>haβēo>*haēoorhabēt>haβet>haet>*haeibi>iβi>ii

VowelMergers! TonicVowels

! AtonicVowels

VowelMergersCon’t!  FinalVowels

ProgressionofChanges

! Thefinalresultwouldhavebeenunstable,andsubjecttofurthermerger.!  /a/ismoresonorous,andwouldhavesurvived,leadingtothemodernreflex/ai/

CorpusInves+ga+ons! CorpusdelEspanol

!  100millionwordcorpus,searchablebycentury(13th-15th)

! MarkDavies,BYU

! Note:therewerespellingvariantsoftheexistentialphrase:hy,hi,hay,yha!  Similarsemanticsandpragmatics!  Possiblepronunciation/dialecticaldifference?

HyandHi!  13thcentury

!  Hy-448,Hi-144.Manyindeterminatereadings.!  tanbienaloscauallerosffijosdalgocomoaloscaualleros

cibdadanosecomoalosotrosquehysonmoradores(DocumentoscastellanosdeAlfonsoX–Andalucía)

‘Alsotothoseknights,sonsofsomeoneastothegentlemanknightsandastotheothers,thattherearedwellers/aredwellersthere’

!  Ellogarperigroso,dosufrengrantlaçeriolaçeriolosmongesquehivivenenessiçimiterio(MilagrosdeNuestraSennora)

‘Thedangerousplace,wheretheysuffergreatpain/anguishpain/anguishthemonksthatarethere/thereliveinthatcemetery’

HyandHi!  14th–15thCentury

! Noexistentialorindeterminatereadingsforeitherform! Myhypothesisisthattheriseofthemodernspellingvarianthayeclipsedtheseforms

! Astheriseofhaybegan,theyretainformerlocativemeaningsandareusedinperfectconstructions.

HayandYHa!  13thCenturyExistentialOccurences

!  Hay:22,YHa:201!  Corrompidosson&fechossonaborrecederosensumaldat/nohayquifagabien(BibliaLatina)

‘Corruptaretheyandmadeabhorrentintheirevil,thereisnonethatdogood’

!  Leyprimera.comoelpueblodeueguardaralreyasumugerlareyna/Otrascosasyhasinlasquediximosenlasleyesdeltituloantedestequedeuenlosdelpueblo(SietePartidas)

‘FirstLaw.AsthepeopleshouldsavetheKingandhiswifetheQueen/thereareotherthingswithoutwhichwesayinthelawsofthetitlebeforethisthatsomeofthepeopleowe

HayandYHa!  14thCenturyExistentialOccurences

!  Hay:46;Yha:35!  esmuybuenatierra&demuybuenasementera&debuena

criança&esmuybuenatierradeColmenas&hayflores&muybuenas&muyprouechosasparalasabejas(Crónicade1344)

‘Itisverygoodland&goodforsowing&goodforraising&itisverygoodlandinColmenas&thereareflowers&verygood&veryproductiveforthebees

!  masenamaradiosssindubda/nonyhaauenturanjncaida.masquienlomasama&quienlomejorsierue(DeunasantaemperatrizquehuboenRoma)

‘MoreinlovingGodwithoutadoubt/thereisneitheradventurenorfall.Betterthemoreloveandbetterservice’

HayandYHa!  15thCentury

!  Hay:6;YHa:2!  loheentodaslascossasquehayentonçeveremossytebendiçiraentufaz(Tratadoendefensadevirtuosasmujeres)

‘ThatIhaveallthethingsthattherearethenwewillseeifhewillblessyoutoyourface

!  Eavnyhaotromalquenopodialanaturavençeralmorbonilocontrariar:&assyel morboseraelvencedor(Prognostica)

‘Andalthoughthereisotherevilthatnaturecouldnotvanquishovermorbidityorthecontrary,&somorbiditywillbethevanquisher

Hay!  13thCentury–None(onlymodernexamples)!  14thCentury–45! EnConstantinoplaeselpalaciodelemperadormuylindoynoble.ybienornado. Dentroelqualhayvnafermosaplaçaparajustar:yparaotrosexercicios(Librodemaravillasdelmundo)

‘InConstantinopleisthebeautifulandnoblepalaceoftheEmperor,veryornate,withinwhichthereisagorgeousplazaforjoustingandforotherexercises’

Hay!  15thCentury

!  1,963existentialoccurrences! Ondeelprophetadizia.quesuanimahauiaseddediosfuentebiua.canonhayotrodiosfueradety.ninhayfuertealgunocommoesdiosnuestro(Apologíasobreelsalmo‘JudicameDeus’)

‘WheretheprophetwassayingthathissoulhadthethirstforthefountoftheLivingGod,thatthereisnootherGodotherthanyou,andthereisnonestronglikeourGod

AllSpellingVariants

Conclusions! Theprocessofgrammaticalization,whichincludesthephonologicalreductions,actedupontheLatinverbphrasehabet/habeoibitoarriveatthemodernreflexhay.

! Theindeterminatestagewasstillinprogressintothe13thcentury.

! Thetrackoftheriseofthemodernform,ascomparedtootherorthographicvariants,clearlyshowsthedevelopmentofthemodernformoftheexistential.

ConclusionsCon’t! Thisstudyhassupportedthehypothesisthathabet/habeoibi>hay,andhasshownhowthemodernformcanbetrackedusingmoderncorpora.

! Thisstudydemonstratesthatusingmoderncorporacanallowthedemonstrationofthedevelopmentofvariouslanguagechangeprocesses,andallowsresearcherstotestandverifytheirhypothesesinaneasierfashionthanthepast.

InMemoriamThispresentationwasdoneinmemoryofmyfather,

PaulReedSr.,whopassedawayyesterday.

Atqueinperpetuum,pater,aveatquevale

References

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Madrid:Grecos.!  Corominas,Juan.1954.Diccionariocríticoetimológicadelalenguaespañola.4vols.Berne:Francke!  Hopper,PaulJ.andElizabethTraugott.1993.Grammaticalization.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity

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Blackwell.!  Lloyd,PaulM.1987.FromLatintoSpanish:historicalphonologyandmorphologyoftheSpanish

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!  Martinet,André.1974.Economíadeloscambiosfonéticos:tratadodelafonologíadiacrónica.Madrid:Grecos.

!  Molho,Maurice.1969.Essaidurlasémiologiedesverbesd’existenceenespagnol.Linguistiquesetlangage.Bordeaux:EditionsDucros,57-99.

!  Penny,Ralph.2002.AhistoryoftheSpanishlanguage.2nded.NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress.

!  Pharies,David.2007.AbriefhistoryoftheSpanishlanguage.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.!  Vivar,Francisco.2006.ClassnotesfromDonQuijotedelaMancha.UniversityofMemphis.!  Wanner,Dieter.2006.AnanalogicalsolutionforSpanishsoy,doy,voyandestoy.Probus18:267-308.