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Camelina Meal for Poultry Paul Patterson, Poultry Science
• Nutritional Profile
• Broiler Studies
• Hen Studies
• Value & Pricing
• Anti-nutritional Factors
Camelina
meal
Flaxseed
Nutrient composition1 (%)
DM 92.02 93.68
CP2 34.99 23.44
Ether extract 13.55 38.84
Fiber 9.90 6.00
Ash 5.67 3.48
Essential amino acids2 (%)
Arg 2.86 2.20
His 0.83 0.51
Ile 1.25 0.95
Leu 2.20 1.35
Lys 1.59 0.91
Met 0.59 0.43
Phe 1.44 1.08
Thr 1.34 0.85
Val 1.75 1.16
Nonessential amino acids2 (%)
Ala 1.52 1.05
Asp 2.83 2.18
Cys 0.74 0.41
Glu 5.74 4.46
Gly 1.77 1.38
Pro 1.77 0.84
Ser 1.51 1.06
1Analyses by Barrow-Agee laboratories, Memphis TN 38116-3507. 2Analysis by Evonik Degussa Corp., Kennesaw GA 30144.
Nutrients and Amino Acids in Camelina Meal and Flaxseed
Fatty acid Flaxseed Camelina meal Myristic (C14:0) 0.05 0.08
Palmitic (C16:0) 5.55 7.01
Palmitolaidic (C16:1n7t) 0.00 0.05
Palmitoleic (C16:1n7c) 0.07 0.18
Margaric (C17:0) 0.00 0.06
Stearic (C18:0) 4.71 2.57
Oleic (C18:1n9c) 24.66 20.37
Vaccenic (C18:1n7c) 0 1.15
Linoleic (C18:2n6c) 19.17 24.67
y-Linolenic (C18:3n6c) 0.21 0.12
Linolenic (C18:3n3c) 44.71 23.49
Arachidic (C20:0) 0.17 1.49
Eicosenoic (C20:1n12c) 0.00 11.64
Gadoleic (C20:1n9c) 0.24 0.70
Eicosadienoic (C20:2n6c) 0 1.29
Homo-y Linolenic (C20:3n6c) 0.11 0
Eicosatrienoic (C20:3n3c) 0 0.61
Behenic (C22:0) 0.15 0.37
Erucic (C22:1n9c) 0 2.70
Docosadienoic (C22:2n6c) 0 0.12
Docosatrienoic (C22:3n3c) 0 0.19
Lignoceric (C24:0) 0.12 0.30
Nervonic (C24:1n9c) 0 0.71
Total omega-3 fatty acids 44.71 24.10
Total omega-6 fatty acids 19.49 26.20
Total saturated fatty acids 10.75 11.88
Total unsaturated fatty acids 89.25 88.12
Fatty Acid Profile of Camelina Meal and Flaxseed (% of total fatty acids)
1Analyses by Barrow-Agee laboratories, Memphis TN 38116-3507
Camelina Meal Amino Acids Amino Acid Total % Digestible % Dig Coefficient
Lysine 1.53 1.40 91.67
Threonine 1.28 1.08 85.29
Methionine 0.61 0.58 94.86
Cysteine 0.65 0.54 84.18
Arginine 2.56 2.44 95.56
Isoleucine 1.16 1.05 90.58
Leucine 2.06 1.88 91.47
Valine 1.54 1.38 89.62
Histidine 0.74 0.68 93.60
Glycine 1.59 0.96 60.12
Phenylalanine 1.42 1.32 93.40
Tryptophan 0.37 0.34 92.99
Mean of two samples and 8 cecectomized roosters per sample (Amy Batal, Un GA)
Nutrient Composition of Camelina Meal
Amy Batal, UGA. Most meals cold pressed and thus will leave some of the oil in the meal.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Avg TME, kcal/kg 3,675 3,627 3,104 3,105 3,158 3,698 2,911 2,499 3,222 Protein, % 32.8 33.8 35.5 34.2 35.2 27.0 35.0 38.7 34.0 Fat, % 17.8 13.5 16.1 11.9 14.8 Fiber, % 11.5 8.95 10.2 Ash, % 5.70 5.54 5.62 Moisture, % 9.00 9.00 10.94 8.00 5.59 6.80 4.80 8.40 7.82 Gross energy, kcal/kg
4,988 4,955 4,632 5,143 6,110 4,606 4,726 5,023
Amino acid composition of Camelina Meal
1 2 3 4 Avg Lysine 1.49 (93) 1.57(89) 1.64(91) 1.56(85) 1.57 (89)
Threonine 1.26(88) 1.30(81) 1.38(84) 1.33(81) 1.32 (83)
Methionine 0.60(96) 0.62(93) 063(94) 0.61(90) 0.62 (93)
Cysteine 0.63(87) 0.67(81) 0.69(89) 0.70(85) 0.67 (85)
Arginine 2.47(96) 2.66(94) 2.73(95) 2.72(93) 2.65 (94)
Valine 1.51(92) 1.58(86) 1.72(88) -- 1.60 (88)
Tryptophan 0.37(94) 0.37(92) 0.32(87) -- 0.35 (91)
Amy Batal, UGA (amino acid digestibility coefficients)
Dietary Camelina Meal vs. Flaxseed With and Without Supplemental Copper for Broiler Chickens:
Live Performance and Processing Yield
• PROCEDURES:
– (3) diet types: Control, Camelina ml (10%), Flaxseed (10%)
– (2) copper levels: 0 ppm or 150 ppm
– Cobb x Avian-48 broilers
– 1-21 days in battery cage
• RESULTS:
– 150 ppm Cu improved BW of Control and Cam birds; not Flax birds
– FC was not different (except Con+Cu)
– FCR not different
– 150 ppm Cu improved carcass & breast yd of Control and Cam birds; not Flax birds
R. M. Hulet, P. H. Patterson, A. Pekel, and T. Cravener Pennsylvania State University
University Park, PA, USA
Ross x Cobb broilers – 864 straight run Pens - eight replicate pens per treatment Density - 14.4 birds/m2 (.75 ft2/bird) Birds given feed and water ad libitum Birds weighed at 0, 14, 28, and 35 d Dietary treatments: 0, 5, and 10 % Camelina
Diet No. Body Wt. 0 day (g)
Body Wt. day 14
(kg)
Body Wt. day 28
(kg)
Body Wt. day 35
(kg)
Control
8
42.7
0.750
1.464 A
2.172 A
Camelina Meal 5 %
8 42.6 0.760 1.476 A 2.196 A
Camelina Meal 10 %
8 42.5 0.714 1.379 B 2.052 B
P-value 0.8620 0.0609 0.0001 0.0001
A - B Means within a column with no common superscripts differ significantly P< 0.05
DIETARY CAMELINA MEAL FOR BROILER
CHICKENS 2. THIGH MEAT FATTY ACID
PROFILE AND SENSORY EVALUATION
P.H. Patterson†, R.M. Hulet†, T.L. Cravener†, A.Y. Pekel‡ and J.E. Hayes*
Penn State University †Poultry and *Food Science Departments,
University Park, PA and Istanbul University, ‡ Vet Faculty, Istanbul Turkey
Fatty Acid Profile of Finisher Diets
Analysis Control 5% Camelina 10% Camelina P-value
Crude fat % 11.71a 11.71a 11.37b 0.0108
Palmitic (16:0) 17.41a 16.65b 16.33b 0.0031
Oleic (18:1) 28.47 27.53 27.32 0.2384
Linoleic (18:2) 38.29a 35.40ab 34.43b 0.0013
Linolenic (18:3) 2.40c 4.01b 5.51a 0.0001
(18:4) 0.08 0.13 0.17 0.4416
(20:3) 0.00b 0.00b 0.25a 0.0001
Total Omega-3 2.53c 4.28b 6.14a 0.0001
Fatty Acid Profile of Thigh Meat
Analysis Control 5% Camelina 10% Camelina P-value
Crude fat % 2.64a 2.06b 2.73a 0.0144
Cholesterol 75.00 72.38 73.63 0.2571
Moisture 75.09b 76.11a 75.18b 0.0130
Palmitic (16:0) 20.32a 21.06a 19.32b 0.0005
Oleic (18:1) 32.24 31.81 30.47 0.2282
Linoleic (18:2) 21.95 21.08 22.77 0.0904
Linolenic (18:3) 1.84b 1.43b 3.31a 0.0001
(18:4) 0.09a 0.02b 0.10a 0.0006
(20:3) 0.02b 0.01b 0.11a 0.0001
EPA (20:5) 0.07b 0.07b 0.14a 0.0301
DPA (22:5) 0.24b 0.29b 0.44a 0.0123
DHA (22:6) 0.14b 0.17b 0.32a 0.0024
Total Omega-3 2.41b 1.98b 4.41a 0.0001
Sensory Testing Methods
Triangle Test Instructions: You are three samples.
Two of the three are the same, one is different. Taste the samples in the order indicated below and identify the DIFFERENT sample.
Balanced numbers of all six possible serving orders (ABB, BAA, AAB, BBA, ABA & ABA)
Analysis: compare number correct to chance (p=1/3) using binomial distribution
Preparation & Serving Thawed, skinned, deboned thighs
were vacuum packed in plastic bags 1 day before test
Day of test, bags were cooked to 165F in a temp controlled water bath (‘sous-vide’) No oil, fat, salt or other items that might
add or mask flavor were added prior to cooking or serving
15-20g meat cut into ~1cm squares were served warm in lidded Styrofoam cups
Red light was used to reduce any potential color differences
Panelists 59 regular chicken consumers:
Most (49 of 59) consumed chicken at least once a week
387 456 800
A B A
http://sensory.ag.psu.edu
Penn State Sensory Laboratory
Sensory Results
Consumers could discriminate 10% from control, but
did not discriminate between 5% and control
A. Y. Pekel*, P. H. Patterson*1, R. M. Hulet*, N. Acar†, T. L. Cravener*, D. B.
Dowler‡ , and J. M. Hunter‡
Leeson (2000) Leeson (2003) Scheideler (2001)
20% flax Not gradually
twelve 28-d
10%flax 10% flaxseed gradually 10
consecutive 28-d periods
10% flaxseed from 21 to 57
wk not gradually
Egg production DECREASED NS NS NS
Feed consumption INCREASED NS DECREASED INCREASED
Egg weight
NS NS NS NS (but at phase III heavier)
Egg shell weight - - NS NS (as dry shell percent)
Wet shell percentage - - - LOWER
Dry shell percentage - - - NS
Egg shell thickness - - NS -
Specific gravity - - - NS
Albumen height NS NS NS -
Albumen percentage - - - INCREASED
Yolk percentage
- - - DECREASED
(only at phase II)
Yolk weight - - DECREASED -
Yolk solids - - - DECREASED
Hen body weight LOWER LOWER LOWER LOWER
Liver hemorrhages - - HIGHER -
294 Hy-Line W-36
294 Hy-Line Brown
7 diets, 7 replications
22 to 66 wk old
Phase 1: 22 to 34 wk
Phase 2: 34 to 46 wk
Phase 3: 46 to 66 wk
Diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous
Diets based on digestible amino acid
Camelina meal was used 3
times more than the flaxseed diet
to achieve nearly the same
fat amount
Is there a difference
between brown and white layers
?
Gradual introduction of both flaxseed and camelina
meal to evaluate the both
performance and fatty acid accumulation.
What is the long term effect of
flaxseed and camelina meal
in layers ?
FLAXSEED (%) CAMELINA (%)
WEEK TRT-1 TRT-2 TRT-3 TRT-1 TRT-2 TRT-3
22-26 1 2 3 3 6 9
26-30 2 4 6 6 12 18
30-34 3 6 9 9 18 27
34-38 3 6 9 6 12 18
38-42 3 6 9 3 6 9
42-60 3 6 9 3 6 9
Feed Consumption (g/hen/d)
% Diet 22-26 wk 26-30 wk 30-34 wk
Diet
22-26
wk
26-30
wk
30-34
wk
Wh
ite
Bro
wn
Wh
ite
Bro
wn
Wh
ite
Bro
wn
Control 0 0 0 94.98abc 110.50 97.00a 111.48a 100.73ab 104.89ab
Flax 1 1 2 3 99.95a 109.74 100.24a 108.24a 103.25a 110.05a
Flax 2 2 4 6 94.98abc 106.59 97.24a 108.52a 102.93ab 104.38ab
Flax 3 3 6 9 94.04abc 110.54 93.62ab 106.33ab 94.50ab 99.83b
Cam 1 3 6 9 96.60ab 107.91 96.29a 104.62ab 93.31b 99.56b
Cam 2 6 12 18 91.79bc 106.12 84.86bc 99.48bc 81.27c 90.48c
Cam 3 9 18 27 88.52c 105.74 79.76c 93.48c 67.12d 75.23d
a-eMeans in columns with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05).
1Data are means of seven replications of six birds per strain and fourteen replications of six birds overall.
Feed Consumption (g/hen/d)
% Diet 34-38 wk 38-42 wk 42-46 wk
Diet
34-38
wk
38-42
wk
42-46
wk
Wh
ite
Bro
wn
Wh
ite
Bro
wn
Wh
ite
Bro
wn
Control 0 0 0 97.57a 101.81a 93.78 97.93a 98.77 97.93a
Flax 1 3 3 3 96.91a 96.56ab 93.61 93.25ab 99.74 93.96a
Flax 2 6 6 6 96.47a 92.11bc 96.87 90.52ab 99.21 92.77ab
Flax 3 9 9 9 92.20ab 86.24c 90.32 83.78b 94.29 83.99b
Cam 1 6 3 3 91.49b 93.12abc 94.64 93.40ab 102.12 97.22a
Cam 2 12 6 6 86.82bc 94.93abc 90.72 94.00ab 98.28 99.96a
Cam 3 18 9 9 81.61c 91.18bc 88.99 92.86ab 98.32 96.83a
a-eMeans in columns with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05).
1Data are means of seven replications of six birds per strain and fourteen replications of six birds overall.
Egg production (%)
% Diet 22-26 wk 26-30 wk 30-34 wk
Diet
22-26
wk
26-30
wk
30-34
wk
Wh
ite
Bro
wn
Wh
ite
Bro
wn
Wh
ite
Bro
wn
Control 0 0 0 88.52 90.99 90.14ab 92.18a 93.62a 89.23a
Flax 1 1 2 3 90.31 92.35 90.82a 88.95ab 93.62a 90.22a
Flax 2 2 4 6 87.07 86.57 89.29ab 88.44ab 92.52a 85.72a
Flax 3 3 6 9 91.58 94.73 86.74abc 91.33ab 93.98a 87.67a
Cam 1 3 6 9 90.56 90.30 90.65ab 90.82ab 88.01a 88.27a
Cam 2 6 12 18 86.57 88.78 80.78bc 85.46b 72.36b 76.62b
Cam 3 9 18 27 84.78 90.05 77.89c 85.63b 43.71c 55.61c
a-eMeans in columns with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05).
1Data are means of seven replications of six birds per strain and fourteen replications of six birds overall.
Egg production (%)
% Diet 34-38 wk 38-42 wk 42-46 wk
Diet
34-38
wk
38-42
wk
42-46
wk
Wh
ite
Bro
wn
Wh
ite
Bro
wn
Wh
ite
Bro
wn
Control 0 0 0 89.24a 87.13a 86.51ab 86.24a 84.13 78.31a
Flax 1 3 3 3 88.45a 83.60ab 89.59a 81.31a 86.86 75.75a
Flax 2 6 6 6 88.45a 79.10ab 86.95ab 75.40ab 84.48 67.37ab
Flax 3 9 9 9 79.89ab 76.10b 87.04ab 63.05b 80.42 56.44b
Cam 1 6 3 3 81.48ab 84.13ab 86.86ab 81.13a 85.80 79.54a
Cam 2 12 6 6 71.69b 75.31b 79.91bc 76.19ab 83.40 74.60a
Cam 3 18 9 9 54.94c 64.55c 72.66c 66.84b 82.63 73.90a
a-eMeans in columns with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05).
1Data are means of seven replications of six birds per strain and fourteen replications of six birds overall.
Egg weight (g)
% Diet 26 wk 30 wk 34 wk
Diet
22-26
wk
26-30
wk
30-34
wk
Wh
ite
Bro
wn
Wh
ite
Bro
wn
Wh
ite
Bro
wn
Control 0 0 0 53.39b 58.87a 55.63ab 56.98 57.07a 58.77
Flax 1 1 2 3 51.44c 57.58ab 55.31ab 57.53 55.93a 60.17
Flax 2 2 4 6 51.96bc 55.24cd 56.02ab 55.91 58.41a 59.03
Flax 3 3 6 9 51.91bc 57.49abc 53.02b 56.58 56.58a 59.10
Cam 1 3 6 9 55.67a 56.54bcd 56.69a 55.45 57.43a 57.90
Cam 2 6 12 18 50.78c 54.79d 54.59ab 58.03 57.74a 59.52
Cam 3 9 18 27 51.83bc 57.96ab 53.87ab 57.20 50.89b 55.20
a-eMeans in columns with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05).
1Data are means of seven replications of six birds per strain and fourteen replications of six birds overall.
W-36 Brown
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
26 30 34 38
control
FS3
CM3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
26 30 34 38
control
FS3
CM3
week week
%
W-36 Brown
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
26 30 34 38
control
FS3
CM3
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
26 30 34 38
control
FS3
CM3
%
week week
W-36 Brown
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
26 30 34 38
control
FS3
CM3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
26 30 34 38
control
FS3
CM3
%
week week
No difference in body weight at the end of
the study (66wk)
Camelina meal up to 9% - good performance
Flaxseed superior to camelina for omega-3
egg enrichment
Camelina equivalent to flaxseed for DHA and
DPA egg enhancement
Long term effect (>38wk) of 9% flaxseed on
brown hens – reduced feed consumption and
egg production
29
Valuing Camelina Meal
• For Crude Protein
– SBM 48%CP, $379/t
– Camelina 35%CP
– CP ratio: 35%/48%=.729x$379= $276.40/t
• Total Value
(276.40+544.20)= $820.60/t (276.40+441.98)= $718.40/t
• For Omega-3 Fatty Acids
– Flaxseed 44.7% omega-3, and $1009.40/t
– Camelina 24.1% omega-3
– Omega-3 ratio: 24.1%/44.7%=.539x$1009.40= $544.20/t
– Flaxseed at $820/t x .539 = $441.98/t
Name GLS (means) Unit Reference
Radish 82.6-332.8 (183.7) mg/100 g fw Ciska et al. (2000)
White cabbage 39.9-89.9 (65.4) mg/100 g fw Ciska et al. (2000)
Red cabbage 30.1-98.3 (64.2) mg/100 g fw Ciska et al. (2000)
Brussels sprouts 16.6-36.9 (24.1) µ mol/g dw Kushad et al. (1999)
Mustard spinach 4.7-32.3 (18.3) mg/100 g fw Krumbein et al. (2005)
Mustard green 25.7-112.6 (53.3) mg/100 g fw Krumbein et al. (2005)
Purple broccoli 26.3 mg/100 g fw Schonhof et al. (2004)
Green broccoli 24.2-56.1 (40.15) µ mol/g dw Aires et al. (2006)
Canola meal 7.4-25.3 µ mol/g dw Mullan et al. (2000)
Rapeseed meal 116 µ mol/g dw Huang et al. (1995)
Camelina seed 13.2-36.2 µ mol/g dw Schuster and Friedt (1998)
Camelina meal 22.9 µ mol/g dw Ryhanen et al. (2007)
31
Glucosinolate Content of Different Plants and Seeds
GLUCOSINOLATES IN
POULTRY
NUTRITION
DEGREDATION PRODUCTS (DETRIMENTAL)
> 5.4 mmol/kg diet
INTACT GLS IN THE PLANT (NOT DETRIMENTAL)
PLANT MYROSINASE BACTERIA IN THE BIRD GUT
FOUND IN Brassicas
BROCCOLI, CAULIFLOWER, BRUSSEL SPROUTS, RAPESEED, CANOLA, CAMELINA SATIVA
MYROSINASE (Endogen + Gut)
ISOTHIOCYANATE
IODINE AVAILABILITY
LIVER, KIDNEY FUNCTIONS + THYROID
DISFUNCTION
PUNGENT FLAVOUR +
BITTER TASTE
MORPHOLOGIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC
CHANGE OF THYROID
IMPAIR PALATABILITY
33
GLS
PROGOITRIN VOT NITRILES THIOCYANATES
5-vinyloxazolidine-2-thione
Camelina Meal for Hens Post-Molt
Camelina Laying Hens II
• Exp Design: 4 diets and 2 hen strains, two 4-wk periods
• Diets: Control, 5%, 10%, 15% Camelina meal, (2900kcal ME, 16.50CP, Lys 0.81, Met 0.37 Ca 4.2, AvP 0.40)
• Hens: Hy-line W-36 and Brown, 102 wks old (14 rep cages/diet and 28 rep cages/strain, 3 hens/cage)
• Parameters: body wt, egg production, livability, feed intake, egg & yolk wt, glucosinolates & degradation product in meal, feed, and eggs at 3, 5, 7 wk
Egg Production
Diet Period 1 Period 2
Control 60.93a 73.04a
5% Cam 58.20ab 69.69a
10% Cam 51.86bc 43.66c
15% Cam 47.32c 58.44b
Strain
Brown 54.29 61.21
SCWL 54.86 61.21
P-value Diet x Strain 0.0042 0.0001
Feed Intake (g/hen/d)
Diet Period 1 Period 2
Control 97.73a 103.81a
5% Cam 95.70a 97.45ab
10% Cam 85.52b 93.48b
15% Cam 79.57b 78.95c
Strain
Brown 96.69a 94.83
SCWL 82.57b 91.86
P-value Diet x Strain 0.0001 0.0001
Egg and Yolk Weight
Diet Egg wt (g) Yolk wt (g) Yolk %
Control 67.22 16.98 25.48
5% Cam 65.93 16.82 25.69
10% Cam 65.21 16.88 25.97
15% Cam 65.90 16.74 25.49
Strain
Brown 66.71 15.71b 23.68b
SCWL 65.48 17.97a 27.57a
P-value Diet x Strain 0.1466 0.0001 0.0001
Body Weight
Diet Initial wt (g) End wt (g) Gain (g)
Control 1454 1817a 363a
5% Cam 1460 1786a 330a
10% Cam 1448 1692b 233b
15% Cam 1457 1655b 202b
Strain
Brown 1546a 1912a 367a
SCWL 1368b 1573b 205b
P-value Diet x Strain 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
Glucosinolates 9, 10, 11 (defatted meal)
Sample mg/g, 9 mg/g, 10 mg/g, 11 Total mg/g
Camelina meal 1.969 9.741 0.783 12.494
Control 0 0 0 0
Camelina 5% 0.234 0.500 0.000 0.734
Camelina 10% 0.429 0.890 0.000 1.319
Camelina 15% 0.617 1.342 0.000 1.959*
•The camelina meal, camelina meal diets and control diets had no detectable isothiocyanates. •There were no detectable levels of ay intact glucosinolates or isothiocyante degradation products in the eggs from hens fed any of the diets. *Same level as in average radish,
