Upload
connor-mandery
View
217
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Paul Lagasse
Dept. of Information TechnologyGhent University
OPTICAL NETWORK EVOLUTION
IST May 2001
MJO’Mahony, Univ. of Essex
Technology DriversGlobal Area Network
Wide Area Network
Metropolitan/Regional Area Optical Network
Corporate/Enterprise Clients
GAN• Capacity 10 Tb/s/fibre (2015)• Max transmission speed 100 Gb/s• Unregenerated distance > 10,000 km
WAN• Capacity 2.5-40 Tb/s/fibre• Max transmission speed, 40 Gb/s• Unregenerated distance 3000 km• OXC: >5000 x 5000
MA(O)N• Capacity: ?• Distance: 20-200 km• OADM Dimensions:?
Client/Access
• Integrating IP&Backbone (control)• Gigabit Ethernet:
• low cost WDMServices• Fast provisioning
Cable modemNetworks
Client/Access Networks
FTTH
Mobile
SDH/SONET
ATM
PSTN/IP
ISPGigabit Ethernet
Cable
FTTB
ATM
WDM / OTN
SDH
ATM
IP
Pt to Pt WDM
FRAMING
IPMPLS
-networking
Network Evolution
Telscom Consulting, Switzerland
IP over Intelligent Optical Networks
Establish high-speed optical layer connections (lightpaths)
IP routers connected through lightpaths rather than fiber
Switching (WDM crossconnects) add flexibility to the optical layer
Flexible, potentially rich, topology at IP layer
A
B C
D
E W a v e le n g thc ro s s co n n e c t
L ig h tp a th s
IP ro u te r
MJO’Mahony, Univ. of Essex
Global Area Network
• Capacity 10 Tb/s/fibre (2015)• Max transmission speed 100 Gb/s• Unregenerated distance > 10,000 km
Technology Issues:
Transmission options: OTDM+WDM100 nm amplification band Raman +C (1540 nm) +L (1580) bands
128 channels (100 Ghz spacing)100 Gb/s per channel
Key Component & Subsystems: Optical amplifiersDispersion compensation (over 100 nm)
Other issues: Trade off between channel speed and wavelength numberLinear/Non-linear transmission
MJO’Mahony, Univ. of Essex
WAN Network
OXC• Capacity 2.5-40 Tb/s/fibre• Max transmission speed, 40 -? Gb/s• Unregenerated distance 3000 km• OXC: >5000 x 5000
Technology Issues:
Network level: Optical circuit switching (wavelength routing)Optical packet switching
Transmission options: OTDM+WDM40 Gb/s per channel1000 channels
-400 nm amplification band 1250-1650 nm 1000 channels (50 GHz spacing)
NB: for WAN more channels at lower bit rate gives greater flexibility
Key Component & Subsystems: Optical amplifier configurations for 400 nmOXC: 1000 wavelengths x 30 (?) fibres = 30000x30000
-thus new multilevel architecture necessaryMulitplexers/demultiplexers (for 1000 channels)Wavelength convertersTuneable lasers
MJO’Mahony, Univ. of Essex
Metropolitan Area Optical Network
WAN
Client/Access
Network level: wavelength division multiplexing/wavelength accessaccess protocol?
Transmission options: WDM2.5-10 Gb/s per channel1000 channels
-400 nm amplification band 1250-1650 nm 1000 channels (50 GHz spacing)
NB: for WAN more channels at lower bit rate gives greater flexibility
Key Component & Subsystems: Low cost componentsOADM
MA(O)N• Capacity: ?• Distance: 20-200 km• OADM Dimensions:?
Telscom Consulting, Switzerland
Evolution: Copper TPs
WAN
SN
SN
SNSTM-4/16 speed level
ADM Add Drop MultiplexerADSL Asymmetric digital subscriber LineISDN Integrated Services Digital NetworkOADM Optical access multiplexerOANT Optical Access Network TerminationOXC Optical Cross ConnectSN Service NodeSOHO Small Office, Home OfficeVDSL Very High Speed Digital Subscriber LineWAN Wide Area Network (all fiber)
STM-64+ speed levelDWDM
Optical AccessNetwork
OANTFTTB/H
GatewayRouter
Regional / Metro
LargeEnterprises
Service InterfacesHouse WiringLANs
Medium BusinessesSOHOResidential
OADM
OXC
OADM
OADMOANTFTTC
GatewayRouter
VDSLPOTS, ISDN
UTP-Cable
UTP-Cable
Telscom Consulting, Switzerland
Coax Cell
Evolution: Coax Cable, HFC
OpticalAccess Network
CATVBack Bone
WAN
Regional / Metro(Data Back Bone)
Digital&
AnalogHFC
Head-end
STM-4/16 speed level
CATV Cable TelevisionCGW Coax Gate WayCM Cable ModemCMT Cable Modem TerminationHFC Hybrid Fiber CoaxOADM Optical Add Drop MultiplexerOANT Optical Access Network TerminationOXC Optical Cross ConnectSN Service NodeSOHO Small Offices, Home OfficesWAN Wide Area Network (all fiber)
STM-16/64 speed levelDWDM
Coax Cell
CGW
CM
LargeEnterprises SN
SN
SN
Coax Cell
Digital&
AnalogOANT
Digital&
AnalogOANT
Digital&
AnalogOANT
CGW
CGW
CGW
CGWCGW
Coax5 to 1000MHzDownstream:FDM (AM VSB, QAM)Upstream:FDMA/TDMA (QAM)
ServiceInterfacesHouse WiringLANsB
road
cast
Ser
vice
s
CGW
Residential
Medium BusinessesSOHO
Residential
Data Modems (CMTs) moving to the OANTsFrequency Reuse in the Coax Distribution Cells
OXCRouter
OADMRouter
OADMRouter
OADMRouter
Telscom Consulting, Switzerland
Passive Optical Network PON
ODNd1, d2,... dNd1, d2,... dN
u1, u2,... uMu1, u2,... uM
di, uk fixed/config.
dq, ur fixed/configurable
d, u variableRegional
Metro
OLTRXRXRXRXRX
TXTXTX 4
TXTX
RX1
TX1
Demux
Mux
TX
RX OANTMux
Router
TX
RX OANTMux
RouterTP-Cable
VDSLPOTS, ISDN
FTTBuildingIn_House Network / LAN• Medium Businesses• SOHO• Residential
FTTCurb• SOHO• Residential
FTTBuilding/DesqueIn-House Network / LAN• Enterprises• Big Businesses
ADM Add Drop MultiplexerADSL Asymmetric digital subscriber LineISDN Integrated Services Digital NetworkNTU Network Termination UnitOANT Optical Access Network TerminationODN Optical Distribution NetworkOLT Optical Line TerminationSOHO Small Offices, Home Offices
OANTMux
RouterTX
RX
Downstream: TDM / (D)WDM
Upstream: TDMA / (D)WDM
In-HouseNetwork
NTU
Layer 1, 2 and 3
Telscom Consulting, Switzerland
ActiveStar Coupler
Passive Optical Star Network (LAN)
TXsd
RXsu
ControlNode
OpticalTerminal
1
OpticalTerminal
2
OpticalTerminal
n
RX
(i=1,...n)
su + 2
passive optical Combiner
passive optical Splitter
optical amplifier3R-Regeneration
RX
TX1
TX2
TXn
RX
su + 1
su + n
1000BaseLX/SX/CX10’000BaseLXIPLayer 1, 2 and 3
ControlChannels
su
sd
sd + i
sd + i
sd + iRegional / Metro
OSI Model Layers:1 Physical2 Data Link (Including Medium Access Control) 3 Network (e.g. IP Address Resolution Protocol
ARP, Routing, “Distributed Ultra High Speed Router”)
Telscom Consulting, Switzerland
Optical Ring / Star Network
I/O1
Mutliplexer
RX
TX RX
TX
I/O2
I/ON
AccessInterfaces
1
2
3 45 6
7 8
1, 2 Transfer3, 4 Drop5, 6 Add7, 8 Loop Back (Restoration)
AN
AN AN
AN
AN
AN
Access Network
Regional / Metro
UT
P-C
ableAN to the Building
• Enterprises• Big Businesses
FTTBuilding / Active Star:
FTTCurb / DSL• SOHO• Residential
UT
P-C
able
• Medium Businesses• SOHO• Residential
Fiber or Copper
Ultra high bit rate transmission experiments
1010
20
20
50
50
100
100
Single Channel B it Rate (Gbit/s)
200
200
500
500
1000
1000 2000
2000
5000
10000
20000
Tota
l Bit
Rat
e (G
bit
/s)
TDM
W DM
20G x 5
10G x 25
11G x 1610G x 16
10G x 8410G x 50
10G x 73
10G x 100
20G x 32 100G x 10
80G x 13200G x 7
640G
1280G
32G40G
80G100G
200G
160G
400G
160G x 1940G x 82
40G x 160
20G x 132
20G x 16011.6G x300
42 .7G x25640G x273
20G x 55
100G x 4
40G x 30
20G x 50
20G x 17
40G x 4
20G x 11
1 Tbit/s
Up to 199 9O FC ’ 200 0EC O C ’20 00O FC ’2001
Source: LEOS Newsletter 10/99, OFC‘2000, ECOC‘2000, OFC‘2001
Component technologies and trends
Emerging componenttechnologies
Packet switched optical networks
Point-to-point systems
Wavelength converters
Routers
Switches
3R repeaters
Dispersion compensators
Receivers
Light sources
Fibers
Amplifiers
Optical buffers
Circuit switched optical networks
Wavelength conversion and regeneration - example
Input signal
SOA
SOA
CW
Output signal
Regeneration and wavelength conversion obtained - conversion over 80 nm possible
Regeneration and wavelength conversion @ 40 Gbit/s
Emerging component technologies
Emerging component technologies
Microoptics andNanoelectronics• MOEMS• Photonic bandgap devices• Quantum dot devices• Carbon nanotubes
Polymeroptoelectronics
Quantum Communication• Cryptography• Computing• Teleportation
MicroOptoElectroMechanical Systems (MOEMS)
Characteristics of MOEMS
Size: microns to mm scale
Speed: 100 ’s of nanoseconds to 1s
Scalability: 1 to 106 components
What is the MOEMS ?
Cost: cost of chip + assembly/package
Optical
Electrical Mechanical
Electro-Optical
Opto-Mechanical
Electro-Mechanical
MOEMS
Actuation energy: CV2/2(electrostatic)
k
Normalised wavevector k/20.5
Bandgap
Nor
mal
ised
fre
quen
cy
c1-D periodic structure
Band diagram
Waves in periodic structures
Photonic bandgap structuresfor compact photonic ICs
Schematic diagram of a photonic bandgapwaveguide
SEM picture of a PBG waveguide in silicon-on-isolator
From IST project PICCO
PBG-waveguides
Numerical calculation of anelectromagnetic field propagating in a T-shaped PBG waveguide
T. Sondergaard and K. Dridi, Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 61, p. 15688, 2000