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Paul B. Diederich's Basic Vocabulary of Ancient and Medieval Latin

Scope: In 1939 Paul B. Diederich published a paper titled "The frequency of Latin words and their endings". In this paper Diederich listed the frequency of Latin words in three anthologies covering ancient Latin prose and poetry and medieval Latin. From these words he chose the most frequent ones, i.e. those used more than twenty times, to create a "basic vocabulary" divided into various categories for easier memorization. According to him, this basic vocabulary enables the reader to recognize 83.6 percent of the vocabulary of these anthologies (excluding proper names and certain words important almost entirely in medieval literature). Note: Words which must be distinguished are marked by the abbreviation "d."

IndexI. Nouns and Related Words .................................................................................. 2 II. Pronouns ....................................................................................................... 12 III. Verbs and Related Words ............................................................................... 13 IV. Adjectives and Related Words ......................................................................... 25 V. Adverbs .......................................................................................................... 30 VI. Interjections .................................................................................................. 32 VII. Conjunctions ................................................................................................ 32 VIII. Prepositions and Prefixes ............................................................................. 33 

19 December 2011 (2nd edition) Carolus Raeticus

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I. Nouns and Related Words

1. Gods

deus, -ī, m. god

- dea, -ae, f. - goddess

- dīvīnus, -a, -um - divine

- dīvus, -a, -um - divine

- dīves, -itis [d.] - rich [d.]

nympha, -ae, f. Nymph

religiō, -ōnis, f. religion

templum, -ī, n. temple

āra, -ae, f. altar

vātēs, -is, mf. prophet, soothsayer, poet

vōtum, -ī, n. vow, prayer

- dēvoveō, -ēre, -vōvī, -vōtum - to devote

nūmen, -inis, n. divine will or power, divinity

fātum, -ī, n. fate

- fortūna, -ae, f. - fortune

- sors, sortis, f. - lot, luck

2. Time

tempus, -oris, n. time

aetās, -ātis, f. age

- aevum, -ī, n. - age

- saeculum, -ī, n. - age; century

aestās, -ātis, f. summer

- aestus, -ūs, m. [d.] - heat, tide, wave, storm [d.]

vēr, vēris, n. spring

- vernus, -a, -um - spring-like, vernal

hiem(p)s, hiemis, f. winter, storm

annus, -ī, m. year

mēnsis, -is, m. month

- mēnsa, -ae, f. [d.] - table [d.]

diēs, -ēī, m. day

nox, noctis, f. night

- nocturnus, -a, -um - nightly

- tenebrae, -ārum, f. (pl.) - darkness

- umbra, -ae, f. - shade, shadow

- somnus, -ī, m. - sleep

- somnium, -ī, n. - dream

hōra, -ae, f. hour

mora, -ae, f. delay

- moror, -āri, -ātus sum - (dep.) to delay, linger

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3. Sky

mundus, -ī, m. world, universe, heavenly body

- mundus, -a, -um [d.] - neat, clean [d.]

- orbis, -is, m. - circle, world

- caelum, -ī, n. - sky

caelestis, -e heavenly

- caeruleus, -a, -um - blue

- polus, -ī, m. - pole of the earth, sky

sīdus, -eris, n. star, constellation, season

- stēlla, -ae, f. - star, planet

- astrum, -ī, n. - star

sōl, sōlis m. sun

āēr, āeris, m. air

- aes, aeris, n. [d.] - copper, brass, money [d.]

aethēr, -eris, m. upper air, heaven

aura, -ae, f. air, breeze

- auris, -is, f. [d.] - ear [d.]

- aurum, -ī, n. [d.] - gold [d.]

ventus, -ī, m. wind

nūbēs, -is, f. cloud

tempestās, -ātis, f. season, weather, tempest

- imber, -bris, m. (gen. pl. -ium) - shower, storm

nix, nivis, f. (gen. pl. -ium) snow

- niveus, -a, -um - snowy

4. Fire

ignis, -is, m. fire

incendium, -ī, n. big fire

- accendō, -ere, -cendī, -cēnsum - to light a fire, kindle

flamma, -ae, f. flame

cinis, -eris, m. ashes

fax, facis, f. fire-brand, torch

focus, -ī, m. hearth, fireplace

5. Water

aqua, -ae, f. water

- aequor, -oris, n. - water, sea

mare, -is, n. sea

- pontus, -ī, m. - the deep, sea

- pōns, pontis, m. [d.] - bridge [d.]

- pelagus, -ī, n. - sea, ocean

ōra, -ae, f. shore

- rīpa, -ae, f. - bank (of river)

- lītus, -oris, n. - shore, beach

aestus, -ūs, m. tide, wave, storm, heat

- aestās, -ātis, f. [d.] - summer [d.]

- unda, -ae, f. - wave

sinus, -ūs, m. bay, gulf, curve, fold

fretum, -ī, n. strait

gurges, -itis, m. whirlpool

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rīvus, -ī, m. stream

- amnis, -is, m. - stream

lacus, -ūs, -m. (dat./abl. pl. -ubus) lake

fōns, fontis, m. spring, fountain

pōns, pontis, m. bridge

- pontus, -ī, m. [d.] - sea [d.]

nāvis, -is, f. ship, boat

- ratis, -is, f. - raft, boat

- classis, -is, f. - fleet, class

- vēlum, -ī, n. - sail

6. Earth

terra, -ae, .f earth, land

- tellūs, -ūris, f. - earth, soil

- humus, -ī, f. - ground, soil

rūs, rūris, n. the country(side)

- rūsticus, -a, -um - rural, rustic

ager, agrī, m. field, land

- agricola, -ae, m. - farmer

- arvum, -ī, n. - ploughed or sown field

- campus, -ī, m. - plain, field

prātum, -ī, n. meadow

mōns, montis, m. mountain

rūpēs, -is, f. cliff, rock

collis, -is, m. hill

vallēs, -is, f. valley

- saltus, -ūs, m. - dale, ravine, glade

- antrum, -ī, n. - cave

saxum, -ī, n. stone, rock

- lapis, -idis, m. - stone, jewel

- marmor, -oris, n. - marble

aes, aeris, n. copper, brass, money

- āēr, āeris, m. [d.] - air [d.]

aurum, -ī, n. gold

- aura, -ae, f. [d.] - air, breeze [d.]

- auris, -is, f. [d.] - ear [d.]

- aureus, -a, -um - golden

- ferrum, -ī, n. - iron

7. Plants

silva, -ae, f. forest

- nemus, -oris, n. - wood, grove

- lūcus, -ī, m. - sacred grove

- lūctus, -ūs, m. [d.] - grief [d.]

arbor, -oris, f. tree

frōns, frondis, f. foliage

- frōns, frontis, f. [d.] - forehead [d.]

- folium, -ī, n. - leaf

rāmus, -ī, m. branch

rōbur, -oris, n. oak, strength

palma, -ae, f. palm (tree and hand)

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grāmen, -inis, n. grass

- herba, -ae, f. - grass, plant, herb

hortus, -ī, m. garden

sēmen, -inis, n. seed

seges, -etis, f. crop, hedge

messis, -is, f. harvest, crop

- mēnsis, -is, m. [d.] - month [d.]

- mēnsa, -ae, f. [d.] - table [d.]

flōs, -ōris, m. flower

- flōreō, -ēre, -uī, -- - to flower

- sertum, -ī, n. - garland of flowers, wreath

rosa, -ae, f. rose

laurus, -ī (or -ūs), f. laurel

līlium, -ī, n. lily

8. Food

cibus, -ī, m. food

epulae, -ārum, f. (pl.) banquet, feast

famēs, -is, f. hunger

- fāma, -ae, f. [d.] - report, rumor, fame [d.]

mēnsa, -ae, f. table

- mēnsis, -is, m. [d.] - month [d.]

- messis, -is, f. [d.] - harvest [d.]

pōculum, -ī, n. cup

vīnum, -ī, n. wine

pōmum, -ī, n. fruit

mel, mellis, n. honey

9. Animals

animal, -ālis, n. animal

grex, gregis, m. flock, herd

- ēgregius, -a, -um - outstanding

- pecus, -oris, n. - cattle

- pecus, -udis, f. - one head of cattle, beast

- pecūnia, -ae, f. - money

equus, -ī, m. horse

- eques, -itis, m. - horseman, man of the middle class

bōs, bovis, mf. (gen. pl. boum; dat/abl. pl. bōbus/būbus) cow

taurus, -ī, m. bull

iuvencus, -ī, m. young bull or cow, ox

ovis, -is, f. sheep

cornū, -ūs, n. horn, wing of an army

canis, -is, mf. (abl. sg. -e, gen. pl. canum) dog

lupus, -ī, m. wolf

leō, -ōnis, m. lion

avis, -is, f. bird

- āles, -itis, m. - winged thing, bird

- penna, -ae, f. - feather

serpēns, -entis, mf. snake

- anguis, -is, mf. - snake

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piscis, -is, m. fish

10. People

populus, -ī, m. people

- plēbs, -is, f. - common people, lowest class of free men in Rome

- vulgus, -ī, n. - the crowd, common herd

- vulgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to publish, announce, make public

- turba, -ae, f. - mob, throng, tumult

- turbō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to disturb, throw into confusion, rout

gēns, gentis, f. clan, breed, class

- genus, -eris, n. - race, birth, kind

- gignō, -ere, genuī, genitum - give birth to

homō, -inis, m. man as opp. to animal

- hūmānus, -a, -um - human

vir, virī, m. man as opp. to woman

- virtūs, -ūtis, f. - courage

- vīs (sg. only acc. vim, abl. vī; pl. vīrēs, -ium), f. [d.] - violence, force [d.]

mulier, -eris, f. woman

- fēmina, -ae, f. - woman, female

puer, puerī, m. boy

- puella, -ae, f. - girl

adulēscēns, -entis, mf. young man/woman

virgō, -inis, f. virgin, maiden

senex, -is, mf. old man

- senectūs, -ūtis, f. - old age

- senātus, -ūs, m. - senate

familia, -ae, f. family

parēns, -entis, mf. parent

- pariō, -ere, peperī, partum (paritūrus) - to give birth

- parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum [d.] - to prepare [d.]

- pāreō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrus (with dat.) [d.] - to obey, appear [d.]

pater, -tris, m. father

- patria, -ae, f. - fatherland

māter, -tris, f. mother

frāter, -tris, m. brother

soror, -ōris, f. sister

prōlēs, -is, f. offspring

fīlius, -ī, m. son

- fīlia, -ae, f. (dat./abl. pl. fīliābus) - daughter

gener, -erī, m. son-in-law

nepōs, -ōtis, m. nephew, descendant

dominus, -ī, m. master

- domina, -ae, f. - mistress

prīnceps, -ipis, m. a chief

- prīncipium, -ī, n. - origin, beginning

socius, -ī, m. ally, friend

- comes, -itis, mf. - comrade, companion

vīcīnus, -ī, m. neighbor

- hospes, -itis, m. - stranger, guest

hērēs, -ēdis, mf. heir

minister, -trī, m. servant

- famulus, -ī, m. - servant, slave

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barbarus, -ī, m. foreigner, barbarian

pauper, -eris, m. poor man, pauper

11. Body

corpus, -oris, n. body

caput, -itis, n. head

coma, -ae, f. hair

- capillus, -ī, m. - a hair

- crīnis, -is, m. - hair, looks

faciēs, -ēī, f. form, figure, face, manner

- vultus, -ūs, m. - face, expression, look

frōns, frontis, f. forehead

- frōns, frondis, f. [d.] - foliage [d.]

oculus, -ī, m. eye

ōs, ōris, n. mouth

- os, ossis, n. [d.] - bone [d.]

- ōsculum, -ī, n. - a kiss

dēns, dentis, m. tooth

lingua, -ae, f. tongue

gena, -ae, f. cheek

cervīx, -īcis, f. neck

- collum, -ī, n. - neck

pectus, -oris, n. chest

cor, cordis, n. heart

sanguis, -inis, m. blood

tergum, -ī, n. the back

bracchium, -ī, n. arm

gremium, -ī, n. lap, embrace

manus, -ūs, f. hand

- dexter, -t(e)ra, -t(e)rum - right hand

- sinister, -tra, -trum - left hand

- laevus, -a, -um - left

- palma, -ae, f. - palm (hand and tree)

- digitus, -ī, m. - finger

pēs, pedis, m. foot

- impediō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum - to hinder

- expediō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum - to set free, set forth, explain, be useful to

- pedes, -itis, m. - foot soldier

- passus, -ūs, m. - pace

- vestīgium, -ī, n. - footstep, trace

membrum, -ī, n. limb, member

- fōrma, -ae, f. - form, face, manner

- fōrmōsus, -a, -um - beautiful

- figūra, -ae, f. - form, shape, figure

- speciēs, -ēī, f. - appearance, idea, kind

- imāgō, -inis, f. - image, idea, ghost

- habitus, -ūs, m. - condition or appearance of the body, dress

- vestis, -is, f. - clothing

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12. Mind

animus, -ī, m. mind, soul, courage, will

- anima, -ae, f. - breath, life, soul

- mēns, mentis, f. - mind, intellect

- ratiō, -ōnis, f. - reason, theory

- ingenium, -ī, n. - genius, talent, nature

memoria, -ae, f. memory

- memor, -is - mindful

- memorō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to remind, mention

- meminī, -isse - to remember

- oblīvīscor, -ī, oblītus sum - (dep.) to forget

sponte (abl., gen. spontis very rare), f. of one's free will

13. Feelings

īra, -ae, f. anger

- īrāscor, -ī, -- - to become angry

- furor, -ōris, m. - anger, madness

- odium, -ī, n. - hatred

fidēs, -eī, f. faith, trust

- fidēlis, -e - faithful

- fīdus, -a, -um - faithful

- cōnfīdō, -ere, -fīsus sum - trust, confide

spēs, -eī, f. hope

- spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to hope

- dēspērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to despair

clēmentia, -ae, f. mercy, clemency

dēliciae, -ārum, f. (pl.) pleasure, pet, darling

14. Talk

sermō, -ōnis, m. a talk

clāmor, -ōris, m. outcry, clamor, shout

- clāmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to cry out

tumultus, -ūs, m. tumult

- tumulus, -ī, m. [d.] - mound [d.]

murmur, -uris, n. a murmur

rūmor, -ōris, m. a rumor

iocus, -ī, m. a joke

15. Writing

verbum, -ī, n. word

littera, -ae, f. letter (of alphabet)

- litterae, -ārum, f. (pl.) - writing; letter

epistula, -ae, f. letter

versus, -ūs, m. verse, line of poetry

fābula, -ae, f. story

historia, -ae, f. history

c(h)arta, -ae, f. sheet of papyrus

titulus, -ī, m. title, inscription

lyra, -ae, f. lyre

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chorus, -ī, m. chorus, dance

poēta, -ae, m. poet

auctor, -ōris, mf. author

ars, artis, f. art

16. Work and Play

labor, -ōris, m. labor, work

- lābor, lābī, lāpsus sum [d.] - (dep.) to fall [d.]

- labōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to work

- opus, -eris, n. - a work

negōtium, -ī, n. business

- merx, -cis, f. - merchandise, wares

- pretium, -ī, n. - price

- ops, opis, f. - resources, power, help

ōtium, -ī, n. leisure, rest

- quiēs, -ētis, f. - rest, quiet

- quiēscō, -ere, -ēvī, -ētum - to rest, be quiet

17. City and Buildings

urbs, urbis, f. city

via, -ae, f. street

- obvius, -a, -um - in the way of

- iter, itineris, n. - road, journey

mūrus, -ī, m. wall

turris, -is, f. (acc. sg. -im, abl. sg. -i) tower

domus, -ūs, f. home

- vīlla, -ae, f. - country house, estate

līmen, -inis, n. threshold

iānua, -ae, f. door

aula, -ae, f. hall, palace

columna, -ae, f. column

thalamus, -ī, m. bedroom

- torus, -ī, m. - couch, knot

18. Military

mīles, -itis, m. soldier

- mīlitāris, -e - military, of a soldier

- mīlitia, -ae, f. - military service

cohors, -tis, f. cohort, company of soldiers

legiō, -ōnis, f. legion, regiment

- lēgātus, -ī, m. - commander of a legion, military officer, ambassador

arma, -ōrum, n. (pl.) arms

- armō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to arm

- tēlum, -ī, n. - weapon

gladius, -ī, m. sword

- ēnsis, -is, m. - sword

arcus, -ūs, m. a bow

- sagitta, -ae, f. - arrow

arx, arcis, f. citadel, high fortified part of a city

moenia, -ium, n. (pl.) walls, ramparts

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castra, -ōrum, n. (pl.) camp

- castellum, -ī, m. - fortress

bellum, -ī, n. war

- proelium, -ī, n. - battle

- impetus, -ūs, m. - attack

pāx, pācis, f. peace

sīgnum, -ī, n. sign, standard, banner

- sīgnificō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - indicate

victor, -ōris, m. victor

- victōria, -ae, f. - victory

- vincō, -ere, vīcī, victum - to conquer

- vinciō, -īre, vinxī, vinctum [d.] - to bind [d.]

triumphus, -ī, m. triumph

praeda, -ae, f. booty

hostis, -is, mf. enemy

custōs, -ōdis, mf. guardian, sentinel

- custōdia, -ae, f. - care, custody

praesidium, -ī, n. a guard, garrison, help

perīculum, -ī, n. peril, danger

auxilium, -ī, n. help

19. Government

cīvis, -is, mf. citizen

- cīvīlis, -e - civil, civic

- cīvitās, -ātis, f. - state

iūs, iūris, n. right, law

- iūstitia, -ae, f. - justice

- iūstus, -a, -um - just

- iniūria, -ae, f. - injustice, injury

- iūdex, -icis, m. - judge

- iūdicium, -ī, n. - trial, judgment

- līs, lītis, f. (gen. pl. -ium) - contention, controversy, suit

- lēx, lēgis, f. - law

carcer, -eris, m. prison

forum, -ī, n. forum, public square

cūria, -ae, f. senate house, court, curia

prōvincia, -ae, f. province

corōna, -ae, f. crown

20. Social Approval

fās, n. (indecl.) (what is) right, lawful

- nefās, n. (indecl.) - (what is) wrong, unlawful

mōs, mōris, m. custom

decus, -oris, n. honor, ornament

mūnus, -eris, n. duty, office, favor, reward

praemium, -ī, n. reward

honor (or honōs), -ōris, m. distinction, honor

- honestus, -a, -um - honorable, distinguished

laus, -dis, f. praise, esteem

- laudō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to praise

fāma, -ae, f. report, rumor, fame

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- famēs, -is, f. [d.] - hunger [d.]

- glōria, -ae, f. - fame, renown, glory

grātia, -ae, f. charm, grace, favor, thanks, for the sake of

- grātus, -a, -um - pleasing

- ingrātus, -a, -um - not pleasing

21. Evil

clādēs, -is, f. destruction

lūctus, -ūs, m. grief

- lūcus, -ī, m. [d.] - grove [d.]

lacrima, -ae, f. a tear

scelus, -eris, n. crime

fraus, -dis, f. fraud, deceit

culpa, -ae, f. fault, blame

fūrtum, -ī, n. theft

īnsidiae, -ārum, f. (pl.) ambush, treachery

venēnum, -ī, n. poison

error, -ōris, m. error, mistake

- errō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to wander, stray

crīmen, -inis, n. accusation, charge

poena, -ae, f. punishment, penalty

vulnus, -eris, n. wound

- vultus, -ūs, m. [d.] - face, expression [d.]

verber, -eris, n. lash, blow

- verberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to lash

22. Death

mors, -tis, f. death

- mortuus, -a, -um - dead

- mortālis, -e - mortal

- morior, morī, mortuus sum - (dep.) to die

- morbus, -ī, m. - disease

lētum, -ī, n. death, destruction

- nex, necis, f. - slaughter

fūnus, -eris, n. funeral, ruin

- rogus, -ī, m. - funeral pyre

- sepulcrum, -ī, n. - tomb, sepulchre

- sepeliō, -īre, -pelīvī, -pultum - to bury

- tumulus, -ī, m. - mound, grave

- tumultus, -ūs, m. [d.] - tumult [d.]

- monumentum, -ī, n. - monument

mānēs, -ium, m. (pl.) shades, spirits of the dead

23. Abstractions and Unclassified

nātūra, -ae, f. nature

causa, -ae, f. cause

māteria, -ae, f. material

rēs, reī, f. thing, affair, matter

pondus, -eris, n. weight

- mōlēs, -is, f. - mass, heap

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onus, -eris, n. burden

- onerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to load, burden

cōpia, -ae, f. supply, stores

locus, -ī, m. (pl. -a, -ōrum, n.) place

- locō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to place

- situs, -ūs, m. - site

spatium, -ī, n. space

vīta, -ae, f. life

vīs (sg. only acc. vim, abl. vī; pl. vīrēs, -ium), f. force, violence, strength

- vir, virī, m. [d.] - man [d.]

vicis (gen. sg.), vicem (acc. sg.), vice (abl. sg.) change, in turn

fīnis, -is, m. end, finish; (pl.) territory

- fīniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum - to end, finish

- initium, -ī, n. - a beginning

modus, -ī, m. manner, way

quōmodo in what way, how?

exemplum, -ī, n. example

ōrdō, -inis, m. order, class in society

condiciō, -ōnis, f. condition

discrīmen, -inis, n. turning point, crisis, dividing line

pars, partis, f. a part

nēmō (nūllīus, nēminī, nēminem, nūllō) no one

nihil or nīl (indecl.) nothing

numerus, -ī, m. number

- numerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to number, count

nōmen, -inis, n. name

- nōminō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to name

color, -ōris, m. color

odor, -ōris, m. odor

rota, -ae, f. wheel

II. Pronouns

egō (ego) I

- mē - me

- mēcum - with me

- meus, -a, -um - my

- mihi - to me

nōs we, us

- nōbīs - us, to us

- noster, -tra, -trum - our

tū you (singular)

- tē - you (acc. sg.)

- tēcum - with you (sg.)

- tuus, -a, -um - your (sg.)

- tibi - to you (sg.)

vōs you (plural)

- vōbīs - you, to you (pl.)

- vester, -tra, -trum - your (pl.)

sē or sēsē himself, herself, itself, themselves (refers to subject)

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- sēcum - with him, her, it, them

- sibi - to him, her, it, them

- suus, -a, -um - his, her, its, their

alius, -a, -ud (gen. alterīus, dat. aliī/alterī) other, another

- aliēnus, -a, -um - stranger, foreigner

- aliter - otherwise

- alter, -era, -erum (gen. alterīus, dat. alterī) - the other

- alternus, -a, -um - alternate

- cēterus, -a, -um - the rest (pl.) others

hic, haec, hoc this, he, she, it

ille, illa, illud that, he, she, it

is, ea, id this or that (not so definite as <hic> or <ille>, and used chiefly to refer to something or someone already mentioned); he, she, it

īdem, eadem, idem same

iste, ista, istud your, this or that of yours

ipse, ipsa, ipsum himself, herself, itself, themselves, that very (for emphasis)

uter, utra, utrum which, which of two, one of two

- uterque, utraque, utrumque - each of two, both

quī, quis who, which

- cui - to whom, to which

aliquis, aliquid someone, something

quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque whoever, whatever

quīdam, quaedam, quiddam (subst., quoddam, adj.) a certain one or thing

quīlibet, quaelibet, quidlibet (subst., quodlibet, adj.) anyone or thing you please

quisnam, quidnam who then? what then?

quisquam, quidquam/quicquam anybody, anything

quisque, quaeque, quidque (subst., quodque, adj.) everyone, everything, each

quisquis, quidquid/quicquid (subst., quodquod, adj.) whoever, whatever

III. Verbs and Related Words

1. Verbs Which Express or Affect the Location of the Subject

eō, īre, iī (īvī), itum to go

- abeō, -īre, -iī, -itum - to go away

- adeō, -īre, -iī, -itum - to go toward, approach

- circumeō, -īre, -iī, -itum - to go around

- exeō, -īre, -iī, -itum - to go out, leave

- ineō, -īre, -iī, -itum - to go into, enter upon

- obeō, -īre, -iī (-īvī), -itum - to go against, die

- pereō, -īre, -iī, -itum - to perish

- praetereō, -īre, -iī, -itum - to pass over, omit

- redeō, -īre, -iī, -itum - to return

- subeō, -īre, -iī, -itum - to go under, approach, follow

- trānseō, -īre, -iī, -itum - to go through

petō, -ere, -īvī (-iī), -ītum to go after, seek, ask

- repeto, -ere, -īvī (-iī), -ītum - to seek again, repeat

pergō, -ere, perrēxī, perrēctum to go on, continue, proceed

properō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to hasten, hurry

currō, -ere, cucurrī, cursum to run

- concurrō, -ere, -(cu)currī, -cursum - to run together

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- occurrō, -ere, -(cu)currī, -cursum - to run against, occur

- cursus, -ūs, m. - course, race

- currus, -ūs, m. - chariot

fluō, -ere, flūxī, flūxum to flow

- flūmen, -inis, n. - river

- fluvius, -ī, m. - river

- flūctus, -ūs, m. - wave

veniō, -īre, vēnī, ventum to come

- adveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum - to come toward

- adventus, -ūs, m. - arrival

- conveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum - to come together

- ēveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum - to come out, happen

- inveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum - to come upon, find

- perveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum - to come through, arrive

cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessum to go, yield, give up

- accēdō, -ēre, -cessī, -cessum - to approach

- concēdō, -ēre, -cessī, -cessum - to go away, withdraw

- dēcēdō, -ēre, -cessī, -cessum - to depart, die

- discēdō, -ēre, -cessī, -cessum - to depart

- excēdō, -ēre, -cessī, -cessum - to go away, go beyond, exceed

- incēdō, -ēre, -cessī, -cessum - to advance, enter

- prōcēdō, -ēre, -cessī, -cessum - to go forward, proceed

- recēdō, -ēre, -cessī, -cessum - to go back recede

vādō, -ere, --, -- to go, walk, hasten

ēvādō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsum to go out, escape, result

vadum, -ī, n. shallow, shoal, ford, bottom

vagus, -a, -um wandering, unsettled

fugiō, -ere, fūgī, fugitūrus to flee

- fuga, -ae, f. - flight, fleeing, escape

vītō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to avoid, shun

- vitium, -ī, n. - vice

appāreō, -ēre, -uī, (-itūrus) to appear

lateō, -ēre, -uī, -- to be hidden, escape notice

iaceō, -ēre, -uī, -- to lie (e.g. on ground)

- iaciō, -ere, iēcī, iactum [d.] - to throw [d.]

incumbō, -ere, -cubuī, -cubitum to lie upon, apply to

- cubīle, -is, n. - bed, lair

cadō, -ere, cecidī, cāsūrus to fall

- accidō, -ere, -cidī, -- - to happen

- incidō, -ere, -cidī, -- - to fall on, meet

- cāsus, -ūs, m. - fall

lābor, lābī, lāpsus sum (dep.) to fall, slip

labor, -ōris, m. [d.] labor [d.]

ruō, -ere, ruī, rutum (ruitūrus) to fall, be ruined, rush

- ruīna, -ae, f. - ruin, fall

surgō, -ere, surrēxī, surrēctum rise

orior, orīrī, ortus sum (dep.) to rise, begin

- exorior, -orīrī, -ortus sum - to rise up, rise from

ascendō, -ere, -endī, -ēnsum to ascend

dēscendō, -ere, -scendī, -scēnsum to descend

stō, stāre, stetī, statum (statūrus) to stand

- astō, astāre, astitī, -- - to stand by, assist

- cōnstō, -stāre, -stitī, -stātūrus - to exist, consist, continue, be certain

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- īnstō, -stāre, -stitī, -stātūrus - to stand on, follow closely, press

- obstō, -stāre, -stitī, -stātūrus - to stand in the way of, block

- praestō, -stāre, -stitī, -stitum (-stātūrus) - to stand before, show

sedeō, -ēre, sēdī, sessum to sit

- resīdō, -ere, -sēdī, -sessum - to sit down, sink down

- sēdēs, -is, f. (gen. pl. -um) - seat

maneō, -ēre, mānsī, mānsum to remain

habitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to live in, inhabit

occupō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to seize, occupy

intrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to enter

- intrā - inside of, within

ēgredior, -ī, ēgressus sum (dep.) to go out

- ingredior, -ī, ingressus sum - (dep.) to go in, enter, begin

penetrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to penetrate, enter

tangō, -ere, tetigī, tāctum to touch

- contingō, -ere, -tigī, -tāctum - to touch, concern, happen

haereō, -ēre, haesī, haesum to stick, cling to, stand still

sequor, -ī, secūtus sum (dep.) to follow

- cōnsequor, -ī, -secūtus sum - (dep.) to follow, obtain

- persequor, -ī, -secūtus sum - (dep.) to follow, pursue, punish

- secundus, -a, -um - following, second, favorable

comitor, -arī, -ātus sum (dep.) to accompany, follow

2. Verbs Which Affect the Location of the Object

moveō, -ēre, mōvī, mōtum to move

- removeō, -ēre, -mōvī, -mōtum - to remove

ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum to bring, carry

- afferō, afferre, attulī, allātum - to bring to

- auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum - to carry away

- cōnferō, cōnferre, contulī, collātum - to bring together

- dēferō, dēferre, dētulī, dēlātum - to carry down, report

- differō, differre, distulī, dīlātum - to scatter

- efferō, efferre, extulī, ēlātum - to bring out, utter

- īnferō, īnferre, intulī, illātum - to bring on, attack

- offerō, offerre, obtulī, oblātum - to offer, place before

- perferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum - to carry through

- praeferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum - to carry before, show, prefer

- prōferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum - to bring forth, advance

- referō, referre, rettulī, relātum - to bring back, report, it matters, it is important

trānsferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum to transfer, convey, change

portō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to carry

- portus, -ūs, m. - port

- porta, -ae, f. - gate

vehō, -ere, vēxī, vectum to carry, bear

gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum to carry, carry on

tollō, -ere, sustulī, sublātum to lift, remove

trahō, -ere, trāxī, tractum to drag, draw, take

- dētrahō, -ere, -trāxī, -tractum - to take down or away, lower, humiliate

- tractō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to drag, handle, manage

dūco, -ere, dūxī, ductum to lead, draw

- addūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum - to lead towards

- dēdūco, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum - to lead down, accompany

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- ēdūco, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum - to lead out, raise up

- redūco, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum - to lead back, reduce

- dux, ducis, m. - leader

mittō, -ere, mīsī, missum to send, send forth or away, throw

- admittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum - to send to, let go, admit

- āmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum - to send away, lose

- committō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum - to begin, entrust to

- dīmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum - to send away, stop

- permittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum - to permit, give up, throw

- prōmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum - to promise, send forward

- remittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum - to send back, concede, grant

mandō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to entrust to, command

- commendō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to entrust to, recommend

pellō, -ere, pepulī, pulsum to drive, strike

- expellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsum - to drive out, expel

- impellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsum - to drive upon, push forward

- pulsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to strike, beat, knock

agō, -ere, ēgī, āctum to do, drive, act

- agitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to drive about, vex, consider, observe

- agmen, -inis, n. - column of soldiers, band

cōgō, -ere, coēgī, coāctum to force

- exigō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctum - to demand, require, exact

- peragō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctum - to finish, relate, go through

- urgeō, -ēre, ursī, -- - to urge, drive on, press

iaciō, -ere, iēcī, iactum to throw

- adiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum - to throw at

- dēiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum - to throw down

- iniciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum - to throw into or on

- obiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum - to throw against, oppose, expose

- prōiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum - to throw forward

- subiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum - to throw under, place under, subdue

- trāiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum - to throw across, bring across

- iactō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to throw about, boast, discuss

- ictus, -ūs, m. - blow, stroke, accent (of verse)

- iaceō, -ēre, -uī, -- [d.] - to lie (e.g. on ground), recline [d.]

dō, dare, dedī, datum to give, offer, put

- addō, -ere, -didī, -ditum - to add, give to, place

- circumdō, -dare, -dedī, -datum - to surround, put around

- prōdō, -ere, -didī, -ditum - to bring forth, betray

- reddō, -ere, -didī, -ditum - to give back, return

- subdō, -ere, -didī, -ditum - to put under, subdue, substitute

- trādō, -ere, -didī, -ditum - to give up, hand over, communicate

- dōnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to (give as) present

- dōnum, -ī, n. - gift, present

praebeō, -ēre, -buī, -bitum to offer, furnish, give

tribuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum to give as a share, attribute

pōnō, -ere, posuī, positum to place, put, lay

- appōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum - to pleace near, put to

- compōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum - to put together, compose, arrange

- dēpōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum - to put down, put aside

- impōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum - to put upon or in

- prōpōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum - to put forward, propose

iungō, -ere, iūnxī, iūnctum to join, unite, connect

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- iugum, -ī, n. - yoke

- coniungō, -ere, -iūnxī, -iūnctum - to join together

- coniūnx (coniux), -iugis, mf. - mate, wife, husband

- marītus, -ī, m. - husband

- uxor, -ōris, f. - wife

nectō, -ere, nex(u)ī, nexum to tie, fasten, connect

fīgō, -ere, fīxī, fīxum to fix, fasten, attach, transfix

misceō, -ēre, miscuī, mixtum to mix, mingle

mergō, -ere, mersī, mersum to dip, immerse, sink

pendō, -ere, pependī, pēnsum to hang, weigh, consider, pay

- suspendō, -ere, -pendī, -pēnsum - to suspend, hang up

- pendeō, -ēre, pependī, -- - to hang, depend on

- impendeō, -ēre, --, -- - to overhang

induō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum to put on, assume

edō, -ere (or ēsse), ēdī, ēsum to eat

- ēdō, -ere, -didī, -ditum [d.] - to give out, publish [d.]

bibō, -ere, bibī, -- to drink

hauriō, -īre, hausī, haustum to empty, draw out

fundō, -ere, fūdī, fūsum to pour, scatter

- effundō, -ere, -fūdī, -fūsum - to pour out

lībō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to pour a libation, sacrifice, touch, take from

capiō, -ere, cēpī, captum to get, take

- accipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum - to accept

- concipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum - to conceive, catch, receive

- dēcipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum - to deceive

- excipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum - to except, take out, take up

- incipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum - to begin

- percipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum - to perceive

- recipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum - to take back, recover, receive

- suscipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum - to undertake

- captīvus, -a, -um - captive

rapiō, -ere, rapuī, raptum to seize, snatch, grab

- corripiō, -ere, -ripuī, -reptum - to seize, lay hold of

- ēripiō, -ere, -ripuī, -reptum - to snatch away, rescue

carpō, -ere, carpsī, carptum to pluck

dēprehendō, -ere, -endī, -ēnsum to catch, perceive

sūmō, -ere, sūmpsī, sūmptum to take, select, assume

- cōnsūmō, -ere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptum - to consume, spend

emō, emere, ēmī, ēmptum to buy

habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itum to have, hold

- adhibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itum - to apply

- prohibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itum - to prohibit

possideō, -ēre, -sēdī, -sessum to possess

teneō, -ēre, tenuī, tentum to hold

- contineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -tentum - to hold together, contain

- obtineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -tentum - to obtain

- pertineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -- - to pertain

- retineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -tentum - to retain

- sustineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -tentum - to sustain

relinquō, -ere, -līquī, -lictum to leave, abandon

- reliquus, -a, -um - remaining

- linquō, -ere, līquī, -- - to leave, depart

dēserō, -ere, -seruī, -sertum to desert, forsake

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vendō, -ere, -didī, -ditum to sell

pandō, -ere, pandī, passum (pānsum) to spread out, expand, explain

īnstruō, -ere, -strūxī, -strūctum to arrange, furnish, draw up in order of battle, instruct

sternō, -ere, strāvī, strātum to strew, lay low, cover

spargō, -ere, -rsī, -rsum scatter

quatiō, -ere, --, quassum (perf. -cussī only in composita) to shake

vertō, -ere, -rtī, -rsum to turn, change, overthrow

- āvertō, -ere, -vertī, -versum - to turn away, avert

- adversus, -a, -um - turned away, adverse, hostile

- convertō, -ere, vertī, -versum - to convert, turn towards

- dīversus, -a, -um - turned apart, different, diverse

- revertor, -ī, reversus sum (or revertō, -ere, -vertī) - to turn back, return

- vertex (or vortex), -icis, m. - the top

- versō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to turn around, be engaged in

volvō, -ere, volvī, volūtum to roll, revolve, ponder

aperiō, -īre, -ruī, -rtum open

- comperiō, -īre, -perī, -pertum - to find out

- experior, -īrī, expertus sum - to try

- operiō, -īre, -eruī, -ertum - to cover

- reperiō, -īre, repperī, repertum - to find out

claudō, -ere, clausī, clausum to close

3. Verbs Which Express or Affect the State of the Subject

sum, esse, fuī, futūrum to be

absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus to be away, be absent

adsum (assum), adesse, -fuī (affuī), -futūrus (affutūrus) to be present

dēsum, deesse, dēfuī to be lacking

prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī to be useful or advantageous to, profit

supersum, superesse, superfuī to be over and above, survive, remain

futūrus, -a, -um about to be, the future

possum, posse, potuī to be able, can

potēns, potentis powerful

potentia, -ae, f. power

potestās, -ātis, f. power

potis, -e able

potior, -ius preferable, rather

potissimum chiefly, above all

mereō, -ēre, -uī, -itum to merit, deserve

nāscor, -ī, nātus sum (dep.) to be born, spring from, arise

- nātus, -ī, m. (nāta, -ae, f.) - offspring, child

vīvō, -ere, vīxī, vīctūrus to live, be alive

- vivus, -a, -um - alive, lively

- convīvium, -ī, n. - banquet, feast

spīrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to breathe, blow, inspire

- spīritus, -ūs, m. - spirit, breath

exsistō (existō), -ere, -stitī, -stitum to arise, come into existence

crēscō, -ere, crēvī, crētum to increase, grow

- augeō, -ēre, auxī, auctum - to cause to increase, strengthen

abundō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to abound, overflow

pateō, -ēre, -uī, -- to be open, be clear, extend

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vireō, -ēre, -uī, -- to be green, vigorous, youthful

- viridis, -e - green

palleō, -ēre, -uī, -- to be pale

rubeō, -ēre, -uī, -- to be red, blush

ārdeō, -ēre, ārsī, ārsum to burn, glow, desire, be in love

- ārdor, -ōris, m. - heat, ardor

- arduus, -a, -um - steep, difficult

ūrō, -ere, ussī, ustum to burn up

fulgeō, -ēre, fulsī, -- to shine

- fulmen, -inis, n. - thunderbolt

lūceō, -ēre, lūxī, -- to be bright, be daylight, be clear or evident

- lūcidus, -a, -um - bright, clear, lucid

- lūmen, -inis, n. - light

- lūna, -ae, f. - moon

- lūx, lūcis, f. - light

micō, -āre, -uī, -- to shine, sparkle, vibrate

niteō, -ēre, -uī, -- to shine, be brilliant, be sleek

- nitidus, -a, -um - shining, handsome, polished

careō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrus to be without, lack, miss, want

- egeō, -ēre, -uī, -- - to be without, be in need, be destitute, be poor

parcō, -ere, pepercī (parsī), parsūrus to spare, be moderate or frugal, refrain from

vacō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to be empty, be free of, be at leisure

- vacuus, -a, -um - empty, free from, unoccupied

dormiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum to sleep

imitor, -ārī, -ātus sum (dep.) to imitate, copy

- simulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to make like, represent, feign, simulate

- simulācrum, -ī, n. - likeness, portrait, statue

4. Verbs Which Affect the State of the Object

mūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to change

flectō, -ere, flexī, flexum to bend

torqueō, -ēre, torsī, tortum to twist, torture

tendō, -ere, tetendī, tentum (tēnsum) to stretch, tend, contend

- intendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentum - to aim, intend, direct, be intent on

- ostendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentum (-tēnsum) - to show

terō, -ere, trīvī, trītum to rub, wear

percutiō, -ere, -cussī, -cussum to strike

premō, -ere, pressī, pressum press, pursue

- opprimō, -ere, -pressī, -pressum - to oppress, press down, crush

regō, -ere, rēxī, rēctum to rule, direct, govern

- dīrigō, -ere, -rēxī, -rēctum - to direct, guide

- ērigō, -ere, -rēxī, -rēctum - to erect, raise, lift

- porrigō, -ere, -rēxī, -rēctum - to extend, stretch out

- rēctus, -a, -um - straight, right

- rēx, rēgis, m. - king

- rēgīnā, -ae, f. - queen

- rēgius, -a, -um - royal

- regiō, -ōnis, f. - region

- rēgnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to reign, rule

- rēgnum, -ī, n. - kingdom

vinciō, -īre, vinxī, vinctum to bind

- vinculum, -ī, n. - bond, fastening, chain

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cingō, -ere, cinxī, cinctum to gird, surround

solvō, -ere, solvī, solūtum to loosen, untie

- absolvō, -ere, -solvī, -solūtum - to absolve, acquit, free

dīvidō, -ere, -vīsī, -vīsum to divide, separate, distinguish

tegō, -ere, tēxī, tēctum to cover

- tēctum, -ī, n. - roof, dwelling

pingō, -ere, pīnxī, pictum to paint, stain, dye, color

temperō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to be temperate, refrain from, temper

ex(s)tinguō, -ere, -īnxī, -īnctum extinguish

torreō, -ēre, torruī, tostum to heat, parch, burn

excitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum excite, arouse

- citus, -a, -um - quick

exerceō, -ēre, -uī, -itum to exercise, train, use, practice

- exercitus, -ūs, m. - army

parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to prepare

- comparō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to prepare, compare

- pāreō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrus [d.] - to obey [d.]

- pariō, -ere, peperī, partum (paritūrus) [d.] - to give birth [d.]

5. Constructive Activities

faciō, -ere, fēcī, factum to make, do

- afficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum - to affect, influence

- cōnficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum - to finish, get, weaken, destroy

- dēficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum - to fail, revolt

- efficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum - to bring about, effect

- interficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum - to kill

- perficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum - to accomplish, complete

- praeficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum - to put in charge of

- prōficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum - to make progress, help

- reficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum - to make again, restore

- sufficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum - to suffice, put under, supply

- fīō, fierī (fīerī), factus sum - to be made, become

- facilis, -e - easy

- officium, -ī, n. - office, duty

fingō, -ere, fīnxī, fictum to conceive, fashion, make, feign

condō, -ere, -didī, -ditum to build, found, keep, conceal

creō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to create

ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum (dep.) to use

- ūsus, -ūs, m. - use, experience

- ūsus est - it is necessary

- ūtilis, -e - useful

- ūtilitās, -ātis, f. - usefulness

ōrnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to ornament, honor, equip

lavō, -āre, lāvī, lautum (lavātum) to wash, bathe

pāscō, -āre, pāvī, pāstum to feed, eat, graze

- pāstor, -ōris, m. - shepherd

alō, -ere, aluī, altum (alitum) to nourish, support

- almus, -a, -um - foster, kind

- altus, -a, -um - tall, deep

colō, -ere, coluī, cultum to cultivate, live in, study, pay attention or respect to

cultus, -ūs, m. cultivation, worship

mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum to fortify, build, protect, strengthen

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dēfendō, -ere, -endī, -ēnsum to defend

serviō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum to serve, be a slave to

- servitium, -ī, n. - slavery, service

- servus, -ī, m. - slave

- servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to save

6. Destructive Activities

noceō, -ēre, -uī, -itum to harm, injure

caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesum to kill, cut

- caedēs, -is, f. - slaughter

occīdō, -ere, -cīdī, -cīsum to kill, die

laedō, -ere, laesī, laesum to injure

lacerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to lacerate, wound

feriō, -īre, --, -- (as perfect use īcō or percūtiō) to strike

- ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum [d.] - to bear [d.]

pūgnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to fight

- corrumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptum - to corrupt, destroy

frangō, -ere, frēgī, frāctum to break

neglegō, -ere, -lēxī, lēctum to neglect, disregard

perdō, -ere, -didī, -ditum to ruin, destroy, lose

peccō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to sin, err, commit a crime

damnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to condemn, sentence

- damnum, -ī, n. - damage, injury

7. Verbs Affecting Other Verbs

oportet, -ēre, -uit to must, ought

dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itum to be obliged, owe, ought

decet, -ēre, decuit it is fitting, proper

licet, -ēre, -uit (licitum est) it is permitted, may

cōnor, -ārī, -ātus sum (dep.) to try

temptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to try, attempt

coepī, coepisse, coeptum to begin

cessō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to stop, cease, be idle

8. Vocal Activities

dīcō, -ere, dīxī, dictum to say, tell

- indicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to indicate, make known

āiō, ais, ait, aiunt to say

inquam, inquis, inquit, inquiunt to say (few other forms)

loquor, -ī, locūtus sum (dep.) to talk, speak, say

- ēloquentia, -ae, f. - eloquence

fateor, -ērī, fassus sum (dep.) to confess, admit

- cōnfiteor, -ērī, -fessus sum - (dep.) to confess, acknowledge

narrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to tell, relate

nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to announce

- nūntius, -ī, m. - messenger

respondeō, -ēre, -spondī, -spōnsum to respond, answer

quaerō, -ere, -sīvī, -sītum to ask, inquire, beg, try to get

- queror, -ī, questus sum - (dep.) to complain, bewail

- requīrō, -ere, -sīvī, -sītum - to ask for, need

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rogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to demand, entreat

ōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to speak, pray, beg

- ōrātiō, -ōnis, f. - oration, speech

- ōrātor, -ōris, m. - orator, speaker

precor, -ārī, -ātus sum (dep.) to pray, beg, curse

- prex, precis, f. (mostly used in pl., in sg. only. dat., acc., abl.)

- prayers, curse

cōnsulō, -ere, -luī, -ltum to consult, consider

- cōnsilium, -ī, n. - plan, consultation, wisdom

- cōnsul, -is, m. - consul (head of Roman government)

moneō, -ēre, -uī, -itum to advise, warn

hortor, -āri, -ātus sum (dep.) to urge, exhort, encourage

iubeō, -ēre, iussī, iussum to order, command

imperō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to order, command

- imperātor, -ōris, m. - commander, emperor

- imperium, -ī, n. - an order, right to command

vetō, -āre, -uī, -itum to forbid, prevent

negō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to deny, say no

iūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to swear

canō, -ere, cecinī, cantum to sing, play a musical instrument, prophesy

- cantō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to sing, play

- cantus, -ūs, m. - song, poetry

- carmen, -inis, n. - poem

sonō, -āre, -nuī, -nitum to sound, resound, shout

- sonus, -ī, m. - sound, noise

- sonitus, -ūs, m. - sound, noise

vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to call

- revocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to call back

- vōx, vōcis, f. - voice

appellō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to name, call by name

sileō, -ēre, -uī, -- to be silent

- silentium, -ī, n. - silence

taceō, -ēre, -uī, -itum to be silent

- tacitus, -a, -um - silent, secret

9. Mental and Sensory Operations

videō, -ēre, vīdī, vīsum to see

- invideō, -ēre, -vīdī, -vīsum - to envy

- invidia, -ae, f. - envy

- vīsō, -ere, vīsi, -- - to look at, come to see, call upon

cernō, -ere, crēvī, crētum to distinguish, decide

- dēcernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētum - to decree, resolve

tueor, -ērī, tuitus sum (tūtus sum) (dep.) to look at, look after, guard

- intueor, -ērī, -tuitus sum - to gaze at

- tūtus, -a, -um - safe

spectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to look at

- exspectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to wait for, expect

- aspiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectum - to look at

- cōnspiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectum - to catch sight of, perceive

- dēspiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectum - to look down on, despise

- respiciō, -ere, -exī, -ectum - to look back, reflect

- suscipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum - to look up to, look upwards, suspect

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audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum to hear

- auris, -is, f. - ear

- aura, -ae, f. [d.] - air, breeze [d.]

- aurum, -ī, n. [d.] - gold [d.]

vigilō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to watch, be awake

sentiō, -īre, sēnsī, sēnsum to feel, perceive, think

- sēnsus, -ūs, m. - sense, feeling

- sententia, -ae, f. - opinion, thought, sentence

intellegō, -ere, -lēxī, lēctum to understand, know

sciō, scīre, scīvī (sciī), scītum to know

nesciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum to not know, be ignorant of

nōscō, -ere, nōvī, nōtum to become aquainted with, recognize, know

- agnōscō, -ere, agnōvī, agnitum - to perceive, recognize, acknowledge

- cognōscō, -ere, -gnōvī, -gnitum - to become aquainted with, perceive, recognize, know

cēnseō, -ēre, -suī, -sum to give an opinion, think, vote, take a census, estimate, censor

reor, rērī, ratus sum (dep.) to think, suppose, judge

- reus, -ī, m. - accused person, defendant in a trial

crēdō, -ere, -didī, -ditum to believe, think

cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to consider, reflect, think

- cōgitātiō, -ōnis, f. - cogitation, reflection

putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to think, suppose, reckon

- arbitror, -ārī, -ātus sum - (dep.) to think, judge

- exīstimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to think, judge, decide

statuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum to decide, think, stand, set up

- cōnstituō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum - to establish, determine, appoint

- īnstituō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum - to establish, arrange, decide, introduce

dēstinō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to settle, resolve, aim, make fast

sinō, -ere, sīvī, situm to permit, allow

dēsinō, -ere, siī, situm to stop, cease

volō, velle, voluī, -- to wish, be willing

- nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, -- - to be unwilling, not wish

- mālō, mālle, māluī, -- - to prefer

- voluntās, -ātis, f. - wish, consent

- voluptās, -ātis, f. - pleasure

- volō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum [d.] - to fly [d.]

- volucer, -cris, -cre; (as subst.) volucris, -is, f. - flying, a bird

cōnsuēscō, -ere, -suēvī, -suētum to be used to, accustomed to

- assuēscō, -ere, -suēvī, -suētum - accustomed to

- cōnsuētūdō, -inis, f. - custom

soleō, -ēre, solitus sum to be accustomed to

discō, -ere, didicī, -- to learn

- disciplīna, -ae, f. - training, discipline

doceō, -ēre, docuī, doctum to teach

legō, -ere, lēgī, lēctum to read, select

- colligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctum - to collect

- ēligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctum - to elect, select

scrībō, -ere, scrīpsī, scrīptum to write

īgnōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to not know, be ignorant of

fallō, -ere, fefellī, -- (falsus mostly only used as adj.; dēceptus serves as PPP)

to fool, deceive, escape notice, be mistaken

- fallāx, -ācis - deceitful, false

- falsus, -a, -um - false

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dubitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to doubt, hesitate

- dubius, -a, -um - doubtful, hesitant

10. Favor

amō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to love

- amor, -ōris, m. - love

- amīcitia, -ae, f. - friendship

- amīcus, -ī, m. - friend

- inimīcus, -a, -um - enemy, unfriendly

foveō, -ēre, fōvī, fōtum to cherish, keep warm

complector, -ī, complexus sum (dep.) to embrace, surround, grasp

nūbō, -ere, nūpsī, nuptum to marry

cūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to care for, take care of, cure

- cūra, -ae, f. - care, anxiety

- sēcūrus, -a, -um - free from care, secure

dīligō, -ere, -lēxī, -lēctum to love, like, esteem

- dīligēns, -entis - diligent

- dīlēctus, -a, -um - beloved, dear

probō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to approve, prove, show

plaudō, -ere, plausī, plausum to applaud

faveō, -ēre, fāvī, fautum to favor, help

mīror, -ārī, -ātus sum (dep.) to wonder, be astonished, admire

- mīrus, -a, -um - wonderful, astonishing

celebrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to celebrate, visit frequently or in large numbers, throng, honor, make known

veneror, -āri, -ātus sum (dep.) to venerate, worship

libet, -ēre, libuit (libitum est) it pleases, is agreeable

- libēns, -entis - willing

- libīdō, -inis, f. - desire, lust

placeō, -ēre, -uī, -itum to please, be agreeable

- placidus, -a, -um - placid, gentle

iuvō, -āre, iūvī, iūtum to please, delight, help

- iuvenis, -is, mf. (gen. pl. -um) - youth, young man or woman

- iuventa, -ae, f. - youth

- iuventūs, -ūtis, f. - youth

fruor, fruī, frūctus sum (fruitus sum) (dep.) to enjoy

- frūctus, -ūs, m. - fruit, enjoyment, profit

- frūx, frūgis, f. (mostly pl.) - fruit, produce

gaudeō, -ēre, gāvīsus sum to rejoice

- gaudium, -ī, n. - joy

rīdeō, -ēre, rīsī, rīsum to laugh

lūdō, -ere, lūsī, lūsum to play

- lūdus, -ī, m. - game, school

salveō, -ēre, --, -- to be well (used chiefly in greeting)

- salvē (sg.), salvēte (pl.) - like our „hello!“

- salūs, -ūtis, f. - safety, health

- salvus, -a, -um - safe, sound

valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrus to be strong, prevail, goodbye

- validus, -a, -um - strong

dēsīderō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to desire, long for, miss, lose

- dēsīderium, -ī, n. - a desire

optō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to desire

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cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītum to desire, yearn

- cupīdō, -inis, f. - a desire

- cupidus, -a, -um - eager, fond, greedy

studeō, -ēre, -uī, -- to be eager, zealous, strive for, want

- studium, -ī, n. - study, zeal, fondness

- studiōsus, -a, -um - eager, diligent, studious

audeō, -ēre, ausus sum to dare

- audāx, -ācis - daring, bold

certō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum to struggle, contend

- certāmen, -inis, n. - a struggle, contest

11. Disfavor

caveō, -ēre, cāvī, cautum to beware, watch out for

timeō, -ēre, -uī, -- to be afraid

- timor, -ōris, m. - fear

vereor, -ērī, veritus sum (dep.) to fear, revere

metuō, -ere, -uī, (-ūtum) to fear

- metus, -ūs, m. - fear, dread

horreō, -ēre, -uī, -- to shudder, bristle

- horridus, -a, -um - rough, shuddering, horrible

terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itum to frighten, terrify

- terror, -ōris, m. - terror, fear

patior, -ī, passus sum (dep.) to suffer, endure

doleō, -ēre, doluī, dolitūrus to suffer pain, grieve

- dolor, -ōris, m. - grief, pain

maereō, -ēre, -uī, -- to be sad, mourn

- maestus, -a, -um - sad

fleō, -ēre, -ēvī, -ētum to weep, cry

pudeō, -ēre, -uī, -- to be ashamed, cause shame, disgrace

- pudor, -ōris, m. - shame

resistō, -ere, -stitī, -- to resist, oppose, stand

spernō, -ere, sprēvī, sprētum to spurn, despise

contemnō, -ere, -psī, -ptum to despise, hold in contempt

IV. Adjectives and Related Words

1. Size

magnus, -a, -um big, great, large

- māior, māius - bigger, greater

- maximus, -a, -um - biggest, greatest

- magis - more, rather

- magnitūdō, -īnis, f. - greatness, magnitude

- magister, -trī, m. - master, teacher

largus, -a, -um plentiful, liberal, generous

grandis, -e great, large, grand

immēnsus, -a, -um immense

ingēns, -gentis huge, vast

tantus, -a, -um so great, so much

quantus, -a, -um how great, how much (following <tantus>, as)

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altus, -a, -um tall, high, deep

lātus, -a, -um broad, wide

- latus, -eris, n. [d.] - side [d.]

parvus, -a, -um (comp. minor, superl. minimus) little, small

- minor, minus - smaller, less

- minimus, -a, -um - smallest, least

- parum - too little, less

exiguus, -a, -um very little, tiny

tenuis, -e thin, weak

longus, -a, -um long

brevis, -e short

gravis, -e heavy, serious

levis, -e light

- levō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to raise

amplus, -a, -um ample, large

modicus, -a, -um moderate

2. Number

aequus, -a, -um equal, fair, just

pār, paris equal, like

- pariter - in like manner, alike

quot (indecl.) how many?

omnis, -e all

- cūnctus, -a, -um - all, the whole

- tōtus, -a, -um - whole, entire, all

- tot (indecl.) - so many

- ūniversus, -a, -um - whole (lit. turned into one)

multus, -a, -um much, many

- plūs, plūris - more

- plūrimus, -a, -um - most

- multitūdō, -inis, f. - multitude, large number

paucus, -a, -um (class. only pl. paucī, -ae, -a) few, scarce

- paulus, -a, -um - little, small

rārus, -a, -um rare, few, scattered

nūllus, -a, -um none, no

- ūllus, -a, -um - any

ūnus, -a, -um one

- ūnicus, -a, -um - only, sole, unique

- singulī, -ae, -a - single, one at a time

- sōlus, -a, -um - only, alone, sole

- sōlitūdō, -inis, f. - solitude

- prīmus, -a, -um - first

- prior, prius - former, prior

duo, duae, duo two

- geminus, -a, -um - double, twin

trēs, trēs, tria three

- ter - three times

- tertius, -a, -um - third

quārtus, -a, -um fourth

quīnque (indecl.) five

sex (indecl.) six

septem (indecl.) seven

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octō (indecl.) eight

novem (indecl.) nine

decem (indecl.) ten

centum (indecl.) hundred

mīlle (sg. indecl., pl. mīlia, -ium n.) thousand

3. Texture – Density

ācer, ācris, ācre sharp, keen, brave

- aciēs, -ēī, f. - line of battle

firmus, -a, -um firm, strong

- firmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to strengthen

mollis, -e soft

- lēnis, -e - gentle

- lentus, -a,- um - slow

- mītis, -e - mild

- tener, -era, -erum - tender

plēnus, -a, -um full

- compleō, -ēre, -ēvī, -ētum - to fill up

- expleō, -ēre, -ēvī, -ētum - to fill up

- impleō, -ēre, -ēvī, -ētum - to fill up

inānis, -e empty

- vānus, -a, -um - empty, void, vain

- cavus, -a, -um - hollow

dēnsus, -a, -um dense, thick

- crēber, -bra, -brum - thick, frequent

- frequēns, -entis - crowded, numerous

liquidus, -a, -um liquid

4. Appearance

albus, -a, -um white

- candidus, -a, -um - shining white

niger, -gra, -grum black

- āter, ātra, ātrum - black, dark

obscūrus, -a, -um dark, obscure

purpureus, -a, -um purple

pulcher, -chra, -chrum beautiful

pinguis, -e rich, fat

nūdus, -a, -um bare, nude

5. Position

celsus, -a, -um lofty, high

- sublīmis, -e - high, exalted, sublime

medius, -a, -um in the middle of

plānus, -a, -um plain, level, flat

īnferus, -a, -um lower, lower world, dead

- īnfernus, -a, -um - lower, lower world

humilis, -e low, humble

profundus, -a, -um deep, profound

extrēmus, -a, -um last, extreme, end

sēcrētus, -a, -um secret

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prīvātus, -a, -um private

- pūblicus, -a, -um - public

- rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae, etc. - the state

- commūnis, -e - common

- proprius, -a, -um - one's own, special

6. Time

aeternus, -a, -um eternal

- immortālis, -e - immortal

- perpetuus, -a, -um - perpetual

vetus, -eris old

- vetustās, -ātis, f. - age, antiquity

- antīquus, -a, -um - ancient, old

- prīscus, -a, -um - former, ancient

- mātūrus, -a, -um - mature, ripe

novus, -a, -um new

- recēns, -entis - recent

- praesēns, -entis - present

- assiduus, -a, -um - constant, steady

celer, -eris, -ere swift

- vēlōx, -ōcis - swift, rapid

- rapidus, -a, -um - rapid, violent, devouring

- citus, -a, -um - quick

tardus, -a, -um slow, late

7. Favorable

bonus, -a, -um good

- bene - well

- benīgnus, -a, -um - kind

- melior, -ius - better

- optimus, -a, -um - best

pius, -a, -um dutiful, God-fearing, pious

- pietās, -ātis, f. - virtue, piety, devotion

- impius, -a, -um - impious, godless

fortis, -e brave, strong

nōbilis, -e noble

līber, -era, -erum free

- līberālis, -e - suitable to a freeman, generous, noble

- līberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to set free

- lībertās, -ātis, f. - liberty

- liber, -brī, m. [d.] - book [d.]

- libellus, -ī, m. - little book

sapiēns, -entis wise

- sapientia, -ae, f. - wisdom

- sānus, -a, -um - sane, healthy

nōtus, -a, -um noted, known

- notō, -āre, -āvī, notātum - to mark, note

- īgnōtus, -a, -um - unknown

- clārus, -a, -um - famous

- praecipuus, -a, -um - special, distinguished

- īnsīgnis, -e - distinguished, outstanding

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dīgnus, -a, -um worthy

- dīgnitās, -ātis, f. - dignity

- dīgnor, -ārī, -ātus sum - (dep.) to consider worthy

- indīgnus, -a, -um - unworthy

vērus, -a, -um WAHR

- vērō - in truth, really

fēlīx, -īcis happy, fortunate

- īnfēlīx, -īcis - unhappy, unfortunate

- beātus, -a, -um - blessed

- laetus, -a, -um - joyful

- serēnus, -a, -um - serene, fair weather

- contentus, -a, -um - contented

prosper(us), -era, -erum prosperous, fortunate

- dīves, -itis (gen. pl. -um) - rich

- dīvitiae, -ārum, f. (pl.) - wealth

- dīs, dītis - rich

- ūber, -eris - rich, abundant; (as noun) udder

dulcis, -e sweet

- suāvis, -e - sweet, pleasant

- blandus, -a, -um - flattering, tempting

- cārus, -a, -um - dear

- iūcundus, -a, -um - joyful, jolly

- commodus, -a, -um - easy, convenient, obliging, fit

pūrus, -a, -um pure

- merus, -a, -um - pure, unmixed

- integer, -gra, -grum - whole, upright

- castus, -a, -um - chaste

sacer, -cra, -crum sacred, holy

- sacerdōs, -ōtis, mf. - priest

- sānctus, -a, -um - holy, sacred, saint

- sollemnis, -e - solemn

- fēstus, -a, -um - sacred, festive

8. Unfavorable

malus, -a, -um bad

- vīlis, -e - vile, common, worthless

- foedus, -a, -um - foul, filthy

- turpis, -e - disgraceful, base

- improbus, -a, -um - bad, wicked

crūdēlis, -e cruel

- ferus, -a, -um - fierce, wild, savage

- ferē [d.] - almost [d.]

- saevus, -a, -um - raging, violent

- dīrus, -a, -um - dire, horrible

- sevērus, -a, -um - severe, strict

- asper, -era, -erum - rough, harsh

- dūrus, -a, -um - hard, harsh, enduring

- vāstus, -a, -um - ruined, laid waste

miser, -era, -erum poor, wretched

- miseror, -ārī, -ātus sum - (dep.) to pity

- trīstis, -e - sad

- anxius, -a, -um - anxious

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- sollicitus, -a, -um - worried, agitated

aeger, -gra, -grum sick

- fessus, -a, -um - tired, exhausted

- lassus, -a, -um - weary, languid

caecus, -a, -um blind

- stultus, -a, -um - stupid

- rudis, -e - rude, rough, uncultivated

avidus, -a, -um greedy, eager, avid

- invītus, -a, -um - unwilling

9. Unclassified

tālis, -e such

- quālis, -e - as, what sort of

necesse (only used with „esse) necessary

- necessitās, -ātis, f. - necessity, need, relationship

similis, -e like, similar

simplex, -icis simple

varius, -a, -um varied

aptus, -a, -um apt, fitting, fastened to

certus, -a, -um certain

- incertus, -a, -um - uncertain

vehemēns, -entis vehement, violent

frīgidus, -a, -um cold, frigid

- frīgus, -oris, n. - cold (noun)

V. Adverbs

1. Time

ōlim once, formerly

quondam once, sometime

nūper (superl. nūperrimē) recently

simul at the same time

iam now, already

nunc now, already

prōtinus (prōtenus) immediately

statim immediately, on the spot

subitō suddenly

repente suddenly

mox soon

māne early, in the morning

crās tomorrow

tandem finally, at last

dēnique finally, at last

numquam never

- umquam (unquam) - ever

quotiē(n)s how many times

semel once

iterum again

rūrsus (rūrsum) back, again

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bis twice

saepe often

diū for a long time

semper always

ūsque even, up to, continuously

interim meanwhile

- intereā - meanwhile

- interdum - meanwhile

quandō when

- aliquandō - sometimes, at some time

tum then

- tunc - then

2. Place

hīc here

- hinc - from here, hence

- hūc - to this place, hither

- adhūc - up to this time

ibī (ibi) there

- ibīdem (ibidem) - in the same place

illīc there, at that place

- illūc - thither, to that place

inde thence, from that place

- deinde - thereupon, then, next

penitus deeply

forīs outdoors, not at home

passim everywhere, here and there

procul far off, at a distance

ubī (ubi) where (in)

quō where (to)

unde whence, from where

- undique - everywhere, on all sides

3. Cause – Manner

cūr why

- quārē (quā rē) - why, wherefore, on what account

ergō therefore, then, so

- igitur - therefore, then, so

- ideō - therefore, then, so

sīc thus, so, in this manner

- sīcut (sīcutī) - as, just as

ita so, thus

- itaque - and so, therefore

- item - also, likewise, in like manner

tam so, so far, so much, to such a degree

- tamquam - as, as if, just as

quam how, in what way, how much, than, as

- quamvīs - as much as you please, ever so much, exceedingly, however much

satis enough

nimis too much

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- nimius, -a, -um - too much, too great, too long

plērumque for the most part, generally

frūstrā in vain

4. Adversative

nōn not

- haud - not at all

- nōndum - not yet

nēve (neu) and not, nor

- nēve ... nēve (neu ... neu) - neither, nor

forsitan perhaps

paene almost

- ferē - almost

- ferus, -a, -um [d.] - wild [d.]

vix hardly, scarcely

modo only, sometimes

saltem at least

īmmō rather (contradicting a previous statement as not being strong enough)

tamen nevertheless, however, yet

VI. Interjections

ecce look! see!

heu (ēheu or eheu) alas! too bad!

iō hurrah!

ō O

scīlicet of course, to be sure

quippe certainly, by all means

VII. Conjunctions

et and

- -que - (attached to a word) and

etiam even, also, yet, again

quoque also

atque (ac) and, and also

at but

sed but

aut or

autem however, on the contrary

vel or

- vel ... vel - either ... or

- -ve - (attached to a word) or

- velut (velutī) - as, just as

nam (or namque as a stronger variant) for a long time

enim for, indeed

quidem indeed, at least

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- quīdam, quaedam, quiddam (subst., quoddam, adj.) [d.] - someone [d.]

an whether, or

nec (neque) and nor, nor

nē lest, that...not, not

- -ne - (attached to a word) sign of a question, translated only by changing the English word-order to question form

ut (utī) that, in order that

- utinam - O that! would that!

cum when, since, although (as prep., with)

dum while

dōnec until

quoniam since

quia because

quod because

quamquam although

sī if

- sīve (seu) - or if

- sīve ... sīve - whether ... or

- quasi - as if

- nisī (nisi) - unless

- etsī - although

quīn lest, that ... not, rather

VIII. Prepositions and Prefixes

ante before (in time)

- anteā - before

prae before, in front of, on account of

- praeter - besides, beyond, more than, except

- praetereā - besides, further

prō for, before, in place of, in proportion to

- prope - near

- proximus, -a, -um - nearest

- propinquus, -a, -um - near, neighboring

propter near, on account of

- ob - on account of, towards, at, in the way of

ad to, toward

in in, at, on (as prefix somtimes means not)

inter (prep. with acc.) between, among, amid

apud at, near, at the house of, in the words of

circum around

- circā - about, in the neighborhood of

contrā against, opposite

super over, above, more than

- suprā - over, above, more than

- superior, -ius - higher, upper, former

- suprēmus, -a, -um - highest, last

- superō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum - to overcome, conquer

- superbus, -a, -um - proud, arrogant

sub below, under, (of time), about, just before

- īnfrā - below, beneath

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per through

extrā outside of

sine without

ā (ab) from, away from

dē from, down from, concerning

ultrā beyond, on the other side of

- ulterior, -ius - farther, beyond

- ultimus, -a, -um - farthest, last

ē (ex) out of, from

post after

- posteā - afterwards

- postquam - after

- posterus, -a, -um - later, the following, the future

- postrēmus, -a, -um - last

con- (com-) (prefix) together

dis- (prefix) apart, not

re- (red-) (prefix) back, again

trāns- (trā-) (prefix) across