Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL. 67, NO. 1, FEB. 2020, PP. 55-77
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, CAIRO UNIVERSITY
PATTERN LANGUAGE AS A TOOL OF UNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL
NUBIAN VILLAGES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GARB SOHIL VILLAGE
M. Y. SHEDID1
ABSTRACT
The urban spaces of any city are a process of social, cultural and natural aspects
which interact with each other. These aspects of urban spaces are critical to producing
social and cultural arrangements. Elements of urban form tend to mediate physically
with its social, cultural and natural setting. This means that urban spaces can‟t be
defined by its physical components but requires a deep understanding of its interaction
of its social and cultural aspects and natural context. Urban design of old traditional
communities is an expressive of shaping the urban space according to several personal
and impersonal processes such as sociocultural aspects and natural context. The paper
aims to analyze the urban spaces of the old Nubian communities through studying the
interaction between the elements of old traditional Nubian village with its natural
context and social and cultural dimensions and to link these elements with the fifteen
fundamentals of pattern languages by Christopher Alexander to develop a prospected
template, which include and analyses the various indicators and dimensions for old
Nubian communities and its relation with the settlement of these communities and the
fundamentals of pattern language. Then the paper will study how much these elements
are in common with the natural context and social and cultural dimensions and with
the fifteen fundamentals of pattern language.
KEYWORDS: Old traditional communities, sociocultural dimensions, old Nubian
communities, pattern language
1. INTRODUCTION
Architecture is the reflection of the social and cultural life of the people,
fulfilling physical and psychological needs. So, any design must provid a set of human
needs and the sucess of any architectural product is related to the degree of satisfaction
of its users‟ basic needs [1].
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering-Benha, Benha University
M. Y. SHEDID
56
These social lives appear in urban spaces, which refer to how cities are
structured through its social relations and practice. As a result, studying urban spaces
are not through its components such as buildings, streets and open spaces and
interaction between them but also about the densities and distribution of the users and
the spatial relationship between social groups, natural context, social and cultural
aspects that shape them. The scales at which urban space can be considered include
the building, street and urban block. These levels of spatial disaggregation influence
how urban spaces are understood in terms of its various aspects [2].
A researcher identified urban elements according to its complex urban pattern
and form. These urban patterns can be grouped together conceptually to form a set of
different concepts. The urban spaces of traditional settlements are termed as a unique
urban form leading to an inclusive community. Each of these concepts has an
influence on the social and cultural dimensions and natural context of the traditional
settlements [3].
The paper attempts to study traditional communities such as Nubian
community, because - Nubians are residential architects - through multi-generations
knowledge practices and they succeeded to adapt to their environment and create
personal architectural features that are socially and culturally passive [4].
The point is that in designing people their environments they always rely on
certain languages that allow them to articulate and communicate an infinite variety of
designs within a formal system which gives them coherence.
From this perspective the Nubian community is a distinguished manifestation of
the reciprocal relationship between people and urban spaces; and the old Nubian urban
fabric is the resulting of cultural and social aspects.
So the aim of this paper is to analyze the relation between the old traditional
Nubian settlement and the natural context, social and cultural dimensions of the
Nubian community with the fifteen fundamentals of pattern language by Christopher
Alexander to develop a prospected template. The prospected template includes and
analyses the various indicators of natural context and cultural and social dimensions
for old Nubian communities and its relation with the fundamentals of pattern language.
PATTERN LANGUAGE AS A TOOL OF UNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL …
57
The research methodology is qualitative based on:
1- Data collection of the traditional Nubian community at the Nubian villages in
Aswan.
2- Observation and semi structure interviews (direct communication with local Nubian
communities in Cairo) with the Nubians in order to determine the prevalence of
each indicator of the natural, social and cultural dimensions to the settlement of the
old Nubian villages.
3- Link the relation between the different parts of the old traditional Nubian village
with the various indicators of the natural context, social and cultural dimensions of
the Nubian community and the relation between the Nubian village with the fifteen
fundamentals of pattern language by Christopher Alexander to achieve the
prevalence of these indicators as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Formation of the relation between Nubian community and settlement from the
perspective of Christopher Alexander.
M. Y. SHEDID
58
2. PATTERN LANGUAGES AND TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE
A pattern language by Christopher Alexander is renowned for providing
simple, conveniently formatted, humanist solutions to complex design problems
ranging in scale from urban planning through to interior design.
Alexander, C believes that the architecture of traditional societies is more
beautiful than contemporary architecture and he alleges that this disparity arises from
the use of radically different design processes. Traditional buildings are the product of
a communally-shared value system and piecemeal adaptation to changing
circumstances which brings all the „forces‟ impacting a design into a harmonious
balance. In contrast, contemporary architecture results from the imposition of formal
rules and abstract concepts upon a single design episode, creating an outcome where
the „forces‟ are unbalanced [5]. From this point of view, Christopher Alexander has
derived a set of fifteen properties that identify the character of living systems as shown
in Table 1 [4].
3. UNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE FROM A
SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
Traditional architecture is an architecture that addresses the basic needs of the
users. It depends and reflects the cultural “beliefs, opinions,” and social dimensions
that handed down from generation to another [6].
Rapaport in his book” House form and culture” emphasized the importance of
folk tradition in the built environment. He determined the factor in flouncing the built
form of traditional environments in materials, construction, sociocultural factors. The
sociocultural factor includes religion, beliefs, family, social organization and privacy
[7].
PATTERN LANGUAGE AS A TOOL OF UNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL …
59
Table 1. A list of the fifteen properties by Christopher Alexander [4].
M. Y. SHEDID
60
Table 1. A list of the fifteen properties by Christopher Alexander (cont.) [4].
PATTERN LANGUAGE AS A TOOL OF UNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL …
61
3.1 Aspects of Traditional Architecture
There are many aspects involved to understand traditional architecture, these
aspects can be classified into sociocultural aspects and the natural context.
The social aspect: a community is a social group of organisms sharing environment.
In human communities, intent, beliefs, resources, preference, needs and a number of
other conditions may be present and common affecting the identity of the
participation and their degree of cohesiveness.
The most important indicators of social dimension are: the family, groups and
organizations and social interaction [8].
The cultural aspect: according to various academics, scholars and practitioners
affiliated to different academic disciplines and professions, the cultural aspect is a
complex envelope environment which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals,
laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as member of
the society. It gives communities a sense of dignity, continuity, security that binds
society together [9-10].
As traditional cultures tend to compete, they must enjoy senses of place,
identity, evolution, ownership and finally, community. This is to emphasize that
cultural heritage is not only a production of traditional communities but also about of
distinctive places where such communities live within. This has always been evident
in the shift of habits, dialects, language, customs etc. of the very same traditional
community living in different places [11].
Natural Context: old traditional architecture is a container of social, cultural, and
historical layers of its context. Understanding of context is an inherent property of
architectural practice, although it has hardly become central to architectural theory
[22]. Prince Charles‟ suggested ten principles of urban design: respect to land,
architecture as language, attention to scale, achieving harmony through diversity,
well-designed enclosures, drawing on local building materials, reducing the use of
signs and lights, pedestrian-centered designs, achieving density, and flexibility .His
M. Y. SHEDID
62
ideas referred to an understanding of context as the consolidation of traditionally
built harmonious urban environments [20].
4. OLD TRADITIONAL NUBIAN COMMUNITY AND SETTELMETS
Old traditional communities and settlements are the result of lots of social and
cultural aspects and values. These unique and traditional architectural features were
the reason for creating new vocabulary of architecture in the time where lots of
technology and industrial building materials were developed. “Adaption” was the main
theory that Nubians follow through centuries, through building dwellings adapted with
the surrounding environment. Old Nubian villages were socially and culturally stable
[12-13].
From this point of view this part will discuss the different parts of the Nubian
villages and correlate them with the unique social and cultural dimensions of the
Nubian community.
4.1 Nubian Villages
Nubia is considered one of the great cultural regions, since ancient times. The
Nubian civilization flourished on its land a civilization that witnessed ancient Egyptian
civilization.
The land of ancient Nubia was bounded on the north by the first Cataract of the
Nile River and on the south by the sixth Cataract and Nubia is divided into two main
regions: Lower and Upper Nubia.
- Lower Nubia: Is the northern region extending 400km from the first Cataract at
Aswan to north of Wadi Halfa.
- Upper Nubia: Is south of Lower Nubia, extend along the Nile to the sixth Cataract
and Khartoum [14].
The Nubian villages had several unique characteristics, in terms of the
settlements' pattern and housing. The most important characteristics can be listed as
follows:
There were two types of settlement patterns in Old Nubia:
PATTERN LANGUAGE AS A TOOL OF UNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL …
63
The grid pattern that is usually found in the southern part of Nubia on flat lands
where dwellings were organized in rows parallel to the Nile.
The free pattern that was usually found in Northern Nubia where the settlements
stood mostly on hills leaving the flat lands for agriculture [15].
The biggest or most important local settlement “naga” in the village became the
seat of the mayor “omda”, school mosque and community house for meetings and
gatherings of the inhabitants. The small settlements were connected by bad sand roads
only in the southern part of Nubia, while in the north only by paths trod by pedestrians
as shown in Fig. 2 [15].
Wooden sail-boats “felukas” were solely used for transporting people and
goods. Since there were no shops in the settlements, local traders brought basic food
and various goods from Aswan to be sold directly from their boats.
Fig. 2. The different parts of the old traditional Nubian village between Nubian.
M. Y. SHEDID
64
4.2 The Relation between the Natural, Social and Cultural Dimensions for
Nubian Villages
In order to understand and analyze the Nubian villages from the sociocultural
perspective and their natural context the researcher will review literature and concepts
of theorists “Hassan Fathy and Amos Rapoport” and these theorists explained the
relation between traditional architecture and the cultural and social dimensions of such
communities and also its natural context when designing architecture for these
communities with specific natural, cultural and social patterns.
So this part the study will discuss the different part of the old traditional Nubian
villages “buildings, open spaces, streets and transportation” and its relationship with
the various indicators of the natural context, social and cultural dimensions as shown
in Table 2.
PATTERN LANGUAGE AS A TOOL OF UNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL …
65
Table 2. The relation between the different parts of the old traditional Nubian village
and the natural context, social and cultural aspects.
M. Y. SHEDID
66
Table 2. The relation between the different parts of the old traditional Nubian village
and the natural context, social and cultural aspects (cont.).
PATTERN LANGUAGE AS A TOOL OF UNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL …
67
5. STUDY AREA
The selection of the study area is selected based on the sociocultural and
traditional belief system of old traditional Nubian communities.
The village of Garb Soheil was selected as it is the only village that has not
been displaced and is still holding its unique identity and character.
5.1 Garb Soheil Village
Garb Soheil is located on the western bank of the Nile, approximately15 km to
the south of Aswan. The village was called Garb Soheil “West of Soheil in Arabic”
because of the island of Soheil opposite to it and it still retain the character and
identity.
The buildings extended along the Nile River at irregular intervals in a staggered
line parallel to the river following the topography of the village. Therefore, the
orientation of the entrances to the houses faced the river, whether they were on the
west banks of the Nile as shown in Fig. 3 [23, 25].
Fig. 3. Settlement pattern of old Nubian village [12].
M. Y. SHEDID
68
5.2 Method
5.2.1 Objective of the empirical study
To study the Nubian community as a traditional society and their unique
identity and character, the objective of the empirical study is to link the natural context
and the social and cultural dimensions and their different indicators and the fifteen
fundamentals of pattern language by Christopher Alexander with the different parts of
the Nubian village “Garb Soheil Village” and to study how much these different parts
are in common with the natural context, social and cultural dimensions and with the
fifteen fundamentals of pattern language, that can be used in designing contemporary
architecture for such traditional communities.
5.2.2 Procedure
To reach the objectives of the empirical study, the study area has been analyzed
according to their qualitative characteristics and indicators which have been identified
based on a comprehensive literature.
This part will go through the following stages:
1. Study Garb Soheil Village as a case study
2. Study the old traditional Nubian community through observation and direct
interviews with local Nubian communities in Cairo to analyze the social and cultural
dimensions and its indicators and to analyze the urban spaces of Garb Soheil village
in order to conclude the relation between each indicator of the social and cultural
dimensions and the elements of the village.
3. Develop a prospected template that includes the elements of the Garb Soheil village
and the different indicators of the natural, social and cultural dimensions of the old
Nubian community.
4. Linking the elements of Garb Soheil village and its relationship with the fifteen
fundamentals of Christopher Alexander.
5. Determine how much these elements “buildings, urban spaces, streets,” are in
common with the natural context, social and cultural dimensions of the old Nubian
community through the literature review and interviews with the Nubian community
PATTERN LANGUAGE AS A TOOL OF UNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL …
69
in order to conclude the fulfilment of each natural context, social and cultural
dimensions through the element of the village.
6. Determine how much the parts of the village are in common with the fifteen
fundamentals of Christopher Alexander.
7. By studying the interaction of different indicators (relation between Nubian
settlement and different indicators of natural context, social and cultural
dimensions, and the relation between Nubian settlement and the fifteen
fundamentals of pattern language) the designer can take the indicators according to
their importance in designing contemporary architecture for such traditional
communities into consideration.
5.2.3 The prospected template and their relation with the pattern languages and
the various dimensions
This template is formed of 3 axes: The settlement of Garb Sohil village, the
indicators of natural, social and cultural dimensions and the 15 fundamentals of pattern
language. Each is formed of several indicators.
The template studies the relation between the settlement of Garb Sohil village
and the 15 fundamentals of pattern language in addition to analyzing the relation
between the Garb Sohil village settlement with the indicators of natural context, social
and cultural dimensions. Future studies are needed to study the relation between the 15
fundamentals of pattern language and the indicators of natural context, social and
cultural dimensions as shown in Fig. 4.
5.2.4 Mapping the prospected template
The prospected template will discuss the relationship between the natural
context, social and cultural dimensions and their interaction with the different parts of
Garb Soheil village and it includes:
The cultural dimension and its indicators: Beliefs, Values, Customs and traditions,
Rituals and religion.
M. Y. SHEDID
70
The social dimension and its indicators: Social interaction, Organization, activities
behavior and habits.
The natural context and its indicators: The Nile, topography and valley.
Fig. 4. The prospected template.
It will discuss also the relationship between the fifteen fundamentals of pattern
language by Christopher Alexander with the different parts of Garb Sohil Village and
it includes:
The fifteen fundamentals of pattern language by Christopher Alexander: Level of
Scale, Strong Centers, Thick Boundaries, Repetition, Positive Space, Good Shape,
Local Symmetries, Interlock, Contrast, Gradients, Roughness, Echoes, Simplicity
and Inner Calm, Void and Not Separateness.
The prospected template represents 10 indicators of the sociocultural
dimensions, three indicators of natural context, 14 variables of the different parts of
PATTERN LANGUAGE AS A TOOL OF UNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL …
71
Garb Sohil village and finally the 15 fundamentals of pattern languages. It has
accordingly validated the objective of the paper that tested the prevalence of the 13
indicators of the natural context, social and cultural dimensions with the settlement of
Garb Sohil Village in part A and the prevalence of the 15 fundamentals of pattern
language with the settlement of Garb Sohil Village in part B of Table 3 using a scoring
system from 0 to 14.
The relation between the different elements in Table 3 based on literature
review, observation and semi structure interviews (direct communication with local
Nubian communities in Cairo) with the Nubians.
Table 3. Garb Soheil unique character and identity.
5.2.5 The relation of the different indicators and the components of Garb
Soheil village
This diagram based on Table 3 and demonstrates the relation between the old
Nubian villages “Garb Soheil Village” components and the natural context and social
and cultural dimensions in addition to its relations to the fundamentals of language
patterns. The design can be tailored according to the score of these relations as shown
in Fig. 5.
M. Y. SHEDID
72
Aim of the diagram:
1. Can act as a tool for the designer to find the possible combination between the three
pillars altogether or the fabric and each of them separately.
2. More elaboration of understanding the complexity of the different relations.
The diagram consists of the following part:
1. Three tables: The first one (vertical) consists of the different part of Garb Sohil
village and two scores, the first score represents the relation between the settlement
of Garb Sohil village and natural context, social and cultural dimensions. The
second score represents the relation between the settlement of Garb Sohil village
and 15 fundamentals of pattern language. The second table (upper horizontal table)
consists of the natural context, social and cultural dimensions and their different
indicators. It also consists of a score (how many parts of Garb Sohil village are
repeated in each indicator). Finally the third table (lower horizontal table) consists
of 15 fundamentals of pattern language and a score, which represent many parts of
Garb Sohil village are repeated in each fundamental.
2. The score: It represents the different parts of Garb Sohil village (14 equal intervals
because the settlement of Garb Sohil village consists of 14 indicators such as
location, orientations,…, pattern) and was divided into three equal part score . The
1st part from 0 to 4, the 2
nd part from 5 to 9 and the 3
rd part from 10 to 13.
3. The arrows represent the relation between the settlement of Garb Sohil village and
natural context, social and cultural dimensions. They represent also the relation
between the settlement of Garb Sohil village and 15 fundamentals of pattern
language. These relations are based on literature review, observation and semi
structure interviews (direct communication with local Nubian communities in
Cairo) with the Nubians.
PATTERN LANGUAGE AS A TOOL OF UNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL …
73
Fig. 5. Diagram of the relation between Garb Soheil village components and the
natural, social and cultural dimensions and fifteen fundamentals of pattern language.
6. CONCLUSIONS
There has been a common agreement between theorists, academics and
practitioner that cultural and social aspects are much related with specific space edge,
social, economic and political structures as well as the natural context with which it
lives. It is inherited through generations and redefined through time.
From the literature review the study evaluated the relation between each
component of the old traditional Nubian village (with special reference to Garb Sohil
village as it is only one that has not been displaced) with the different dimensions of
the old Nubian community. It further analyzes the old Nubian village from a social and
cultural perspective and with the fifteen fundamentals by Christopher Alexander in
order to develop a meaningful understanding of the Nubians‟ unique context.
The empirical study dealt with connecting the 10 indicators of the sociocultural
dimensions, 3 indicators of the natural context, 14 variables of the different parts of
Garb Soheil village with the 15 fundamentals of pattern language by Christopher
Alexander to conclude the prevalence of these indicators in the 15 fundamentals which
M. Y. SHEDID
74
lead us to know what are the most important indicators and fundamentals to be
considered in designing contemporary architecture for such traditional communities.
The result can be summarized as follows:
The relation and interaction between the different components of Garb Sohil village
and the fifteen fundamentals of pattern language.
- Components with the heights score are pattern and decorations (score 9).
1- Pattern includes the following fundamentals: level of scale, positive shape, good
shape, contrast, roughness, echoes, void, simplicity and inner calm and not
separateness.
2- Decorations includes the following fundamentals: level of scale, good shape,
roughness, local symmetry, interlock, contrast, simplicity and inner calm, echoes
and repetition.
- Components with the least score are orientation and skyline (score 0).
1. Form.
The relation and interaction between the different components of Garb Sohil village
and the indicators of the natural context and social and cultural dimensions.
- Components with the heights score are communication (score 6).
1. Communication includes the following indicators: traditions, activities, behavior,
Nile, topography and valley.
- Components with the last score are skyline, texture and color, decorations and form
(score1).
1. Skyline includes the following indicators: values and topography.
2. Texture and color include the following indicators: values and traditions.
3. Decorations includes the following indicators: traditions and religion.
4. Form includes the following indicators: topography and valley.
Finally, these findings are limited to Garb Soheil Village, as it is the only
village that has not been displaced and is still holding its unique identity and character.
Further researches are recommended to respond to these limitations.
PATTERN LANGUAGE AS A TOOL OF UNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL …
75
DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
sts.The author has declared no conflict of intere
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to acknowledge arch. Gihan Ismail for her sincere
contribution with references and photos.
REFERENCES
1. Tonkiss, F., “Cities by Design, Polity Press”, Cambridge, 2013.
2. Jenks, M., and Jenks, C., “Dimensions of the Sustainable City “Future City”,
Springer, 2009.
3. Jabareen, R., “Sustainable Urban Forms: Their Typologies, Models and
Concepts”, pp. 38-52, 2006.
4. Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., and Silverstein, M., A “Pattern Language: Towns,
Buildings, Construction “Center for Environmental Structure Series”, Oxford
University Press, New York, 1977.
5. Alexander, C., “Fifteen Fundamental Properties, Chapter 5 of the Phenomenon of
Life: Book 1 of the Nature of Order”, Center for Environmental Structure,
Berkeley, California, 2001.
6. Fathy, H., “Architecture for the Poor: An Experiment in Rural Egypt”, The
University of Chicago Press, 2000.
7. Rapaport, A., “House Form and Culture”, Printing Hall Inc., Englewood cliffs,
USA, 1969.
8. Shepard, M., “Sociology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University”,
Wadsworth, Thomson Learning Inc. 2008.
9. Samovar, L., and Porter, R., “Communication between Cultures”, San Diego
State University, California State University, Wadsworth, Thomson Learning
Inc., USA, 2001.
10. Griswold, W., “Culture and Societies in a Changing World”, Thousand Oaks,
Pine Forge Press, 2004.
11. Shetawy, A., and El-Shafie, M., “The Myth of Nubia”, Egypt: A Vivid Potential
or Desert Mirage. 2013,
https://www.researchgate.net/
publication/319078408_The_Myth_of_Nubia_Egypt_A_Vivid_Potential_or_Des
ert_Mirage (Accessed 13/12/2018).
12. Rouchdy, A., “Nubian and the Nubian Language in Contemporary Egypt”, E.J.
Brill, New York, 1991.
M. Y. SHEDID
76
13. Margaret, C., “Exploring Availability for Contemporary Nubian People to
Access their Cultural History and Removed Heritage”, A Case Study Based on
Egyptian Nubians, discussing the access they have to their heritage which is
curated outside of Egypt, Learning about their History, and Preservation of
Memories about A Past Life, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017.
14. Abd Allah, H., “Architecture of Communities with Specific Cultural Patterns,
"Methodology for Evaluating the Nubian Relocation Projects from the
perspective of Socio-Cultural Dimension”, M.Sc., Architecture Engineering
Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, 2009.
15. Shedid, M., and Ismail, G., Architectural and Urban Expression in Nubian
Villages Origins and Transformation, with Special Reference to Displacement
Villages, Conservation of Architectural Heritage (CAH), 2nd
edition,
International Conference, 2018.
16. Tuan, Y., “Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience”, University of
Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2001.
17. Steele, J., “An Architecture for People: The Complete Works of Hassan Fathy”,
Whitney Library of Design. An imprint of Watson – Guptill Publications, New
York, 1997.
18. El Hakim, O., Nubian architecture, “The Egyptian Vernacular Experience”, Palm
Press, 2000.
19. Mahgoub, Y., “The Nubian Experience: A Study of the Social and Cultural
Meanings of Architecture”, Ph.D Dissertation”, University Michigan, 1990.
20. Komez, E., “The Context Debate: An Archaeology”, Journal Architectural
Theory, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2015.
21. Kennedy, J., “Nubian Ceremonial Life”, The American University in Cairo,
Egypt, 2005.
22. Prince, C., The full text of the article by Prince Charles can be accessed from the
webpage of The Architectural Review, http://www.architectural-review.com/
essays/facing-up-to-the-future-prince-charles-on-21st-century-architecture/
8674119.article (Accessed 23/3/2019).
23. Riad, A., “Old Nubia in Pictures”, Life of the Nubian Society before Relocation,
Ein for Human and Social studies, 2007.
24. Wenzel, M., “House Decoration in Nubia”, Gerald Duckworth and Company
Limited, London, 1972.
25. Elfiki, S., “Image of the City: Prioritising the Elements in Historic and New
Urban Settlements of Cairo, Egypt”, Journal of Engineering and Applied
Science, Vol. 66, No. 6, pp. 749-769, 2019.
PATTERN LANGUAGE AS A TOOL OF UNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL …
77
لغقرىاالسيبج اىالتقغلدانساق االغوية اوييلغ الهم االساج الا
امعاذوراخقصاقرة اغربايملل
العلاقرة التبالل رة نرمك هات رات الافاارات العةفا رة لمنرفي النت رة ةالتعرف لمرم ها ر يتناول البحثلراسرررة عة عرررة والخرررتالإ اماتةا رررة والثنام رررة الةذرررامة لتمررر الةجتةعرررات هرررك رررلال ذات الق ةررة التفاة رررة
والنفي النت ة و رمك الةبرالا الخةدرة لذرف لملأرة ا درا هرك ي امرتباط نمك نمئة النتاج العةفا ي والةعةار وهاهرت للأرة اد درا ةرر تعرف ي لال ص ااة بحث ة تةرأبنتتب ادلن رات الأالةرة والةادرفة لمعةرفاق التنممرأ
في هحاولة لطفح هراتفة العلاقات والتاةمفات الةتباللة وتطةمق ذل ملخرتص ة العةفات والةعةار النت لطة عة العلاقات وتحأيأ التقاات الحاكةة. مننةتذج تل ملمم حالة لراس ة لنفي افب سهمل بةا ينته
