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PATTERN # 1Teens and tensTeensare numbers like thirteen, fourteen, fifteen,
sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, and nineteen. Tensarenumbers like thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty,and ninety.
Also, pay close attention whencontrasting teensandtensand listen carefully tounderstand the difference in pronunciation between14, 15, 16, etc. and 40, 50, 60, etc.
These are usually the most difficult pairs:12 - 20 / 13 - 30 / 14 - 40 / 15 - 5016 - 60 / 17 - 70 / 18 - 80 / 19 - 90
In some statements on Part A, you will have to hearthe difference between a teen and a ten in order toanswer problems correctly.
When you hear a statement, you must decidewhether the number is a teen or a ten. For example,
thirteen or thirty.EXAMPLE:Statement: Take the number seventeen bus to theshopping center and transfer to the ten.Restatement: The 17 bus goes to the shoppingcenter.
Cardinal Numbers Ordinal Numbers
1 one 1st first2 two 2nd second3 three 3rd third4 four 4th fourth5 five 5th fifth6 six 6th sixth
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7 seven 7th seventh8 eight 8th eighth9 nine 9th ninth
10 ten 10th tenth11 eleven 11th eleventh12 twelve 12th twelfth13 thirteen 13th thirteenth14 fourteen 14th fourteenth15 fifteen 15th fifteenth16 sixteen 16th sixteenth17 seventeen 17th seventeenth18 eighteen 18th eighteenth19 nineteen 19th nineteenth20 twenty 20th twentieth21 twenty-one 21st twenty-first22 twenty-two 22nd twenty-second30 thirty 30th thirtieth40 forty 40th fortieth50 fifty 50th fiftieth60 sixty 60th sixtieth70 seventy 70th seventieth80 eighty 80th eightieth90 ninety 90th ninetieth
100 a/one hundred 100th hundredth101 a/one hundred and one 101st hundred and first200 two hundred 200th two hundredth
1.000 a/one thousand 1.000th thousandth10.000 ten thousand 10.000th ten thousandth
100.000 a/one hundred thousand 100.000th one hundred thousandth1.000.000 a/one million 1.000.000th one millionth
Para tener en cuenta: "Mil" se traduce como thousand y tambin como one thousand cuando va seguido de otro
nmero: mil doscientos cuarenta, one thousand two hundred and forty, o en frases enfticas:Insisto que cost mil, no tres mil. I insist that it cost one thousand, not three.
De los nmeros 1.100 al 1.900 es muy frecuente, especialmente en ingls americano,empleareleven hundred (1.100), twelve hundred (1.200), eighteen hundred (1.800), etc; El
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aeropuerto de Buenos Aires tiene una pista de mil novecientos metros, Buenos Aires airporthas a nineteen hundred metre runway.
A billion era equivalente a "un billn". Actualmente equivale a "milmillones". Atrillion equivale a "un milln de millones" (= un billn).
Como en castellano, la abreviatura de los nmeros ordinales se forma con el nmero encifraseguido por las ltimas dos letrasde la palabra completa: 1ro. (primero), 1st. (first); 2do.(segundo), 2nd. (second); 3ro. (tercero), 3rd. (third); 20mo. (vigsimo), 20th. (twentieth), etc.
En ingls se usa una coma o un espacio (y NO un punto) para marcar el millar. Ejemplo: 25000 o 25,000.
En cuanto a nmeros como 100, 1.000, 1.000.000, etc. se pueden decir de dos maneras: onehundredo a hundred, one thousando a thousand.
No se pluralizan las palabras hundred, thousandor millioncuando se trata de montos, porejemplo: no decimos US$ 4 millions sinoUS$ 4 million. En cambio podemos hablar de
"millions" of birds, "millions" of children, etc. 0 (cero) se pronuncia nought, zero, nothing, oh (u) dependiendo de las expresiones. Contar de dos en dosse dice count by twos; contar de tres en tres, count by threes; y as
sucesivamente, siempre pluralizando el nmero de veces.ACERCA DE LOS MESES DEL AO ...
Recuerda que en ingls los meses se escriben con MAYUSCULA. Y ahora me viene a lamemoria una antigua poesa que ayuda a recordarlos:
Thirty days have November,
April, June and September.
To January add another day,
Also to August, March and May
July, October and December.
All these, have thirty-one,
remember.
To February twenty-eight assign
And in a leap year, twenty-nine.
Treinta das tienen noviembre,
abril, junio y setiembre.
A enero agrgale un da ms,
Lo mismo a agosto, marzo y mayo,
julio, octubre y diciembre.
Todos stos tienen treinta y uno,
recurdalo.
A febrero asgnale veintiocho
y en ao bisiesto, veintinueve.ACERCA DE LOS NUMEROS ORDINALES ...1. Se forman generalmente con el agregado de th (/z/) al correspondiente nmerocardinal: seven (siete) - seventh (sptimo).2. Sin embargo observa algunasexcepciones: first, second, third,fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, twentieth, thirtieth, etc.3. El nmero ordinal viene normalmente precedido por el artculo determinado the, el cual debeleerse siempre: Elizabeth II -Elizabeth the Second.
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4. Las fracciones se leen como en espaol: a sixth (un sexto), two sixths (dos sextos), etc.5. Se dice indistintamente part one o the first part (parte primeraola primera parte); lessonten o tenth lesson (leccin dcimao la dcima leccin).
ACERCA DE LAS FECHAS ...
WHAT'S THE DATE? (Qu fecha es?) - IT'S MAY 1ST., 1995.
Se lee: May the first o bien the first of May. El ao se lee nineteen ninety-five, obien nineteen-hundred and ninety-five.
RECUERDA LO SIGUIENTE:
1. El da del mes se expresa siempre con ordinales y el artculo these lee normalmente.
2. Los meses suelen preceder a los das.
3. El ao suele leerse como si se tratara de dos nmeros de dos cifras cada uno.
4. Detrs del nmero de la fecha se escriben las DOS ULTIMAS letras del nmero ordinal.OBSERVA CON ATENCION: May 1st, May 2nd, May 3rd ... May 11th, May 12th, May13th ... May 21st, May 22nd, May 23rd ... May 31st.
5. Los norteamericanos acostumbran a reducir la fecha con el MES DELANTE: 6/10 paraexpresar June 10th. Esto suele confundir a europeos y latinoamericanos ya que en
Europa o Latinoamrica 6/10 significa Octubre 6.
ALGUNOS DATOS FACILES DE RECORDAR...
Seguramente habrs escuchado o leido la palabra inglesa teenagerquesignifica adolescente.
Bien, como ayuda-memoria te ser til recordar que las edades de la adolescencia vande los 13 a los 19 aos (justamente esas edades corresponden a los nmeros queterminan en teen) o tambin pensar que teen = +10 (6 + 10 = sixteen).
+ plus Some examples- minus 6 + 9 = 15 Six plus nine equals / is fifteen.X times, multiplied by 5 x 6 = 30 Five times six equals thirty or: divided by Five multiplied by six is thirty.= equals 75% Seventy-five per cent of the
% per cent class passed the test.32 three squared
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53 five cubed610 six to the power of ten
(UK)six to the tenth power(US)
TemperaturesLa temperatura
Si viajas a los Estados Unidos observars que
all se utiliza la escala Fahrenheit para medir la temperatura ambiental y no la
Celsius.
Aprende estos datos sencillos.0 degrees Celsius = 32 degrees Fahrenheit
(srou digrs clsius) = (zrti-t digrs frenjait)0 grados Celsius = 32 grados Fahrenheit
ENLACES UTILESNmeros cardinales
y ordinales
QU CALOR EN NUEVA YORK !!! (O ES LO MISMO?)Nos pareci interesante destacar estas diferencias abismales entreambas escalas porque al viajar puedes sorprenderte. Ejemplos:FEBRERO: Pleno verano en Argentina que mide su temperaturaengrados Celsius. La temperatura en Buenos Aires suele ser
de 30 C (30 grados centgrados).JULIO: Verano en Estados Unidos que mide su temperaturaengrados Fahrenheit. La temperatura en Nueva York suele serde 86 F (86 grados Fahrenheit) !!!!RECUERDA LO SIGUIENTE: Para convertir grados Centgrados agrados Fahrenheit, multiplica por 9, divide por 5 y suma 32.
Area (Superficie)
Sistema Britnico y en EE UU Sistema Mtrico Decimal1 square inch (sq in) = 6.452 square centimetres
144 square inches = 1 square foot (sq ft) = 929.03 square centimetres9 square feet = 1 square yard (sq yd) = 0.836 square metre4840 square yards = 1 acre (yd) = 0.405 hectare640 acres = 1 square mile = 2.59 square kilometres or
259 hectares
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Examples:They have a 200-acre farmThe fire destroyed 40 square miles of woodland.
Capacity (Capacidad)Sistema Britnico Sistema Mtrico Decimal
1 pint (pt) = 0.568 litre (l)8 pints
=
1 gallon
(gall)
=
0.4546 litres
(l)
Sistema en EE UU Sistema Mtrico Decimal
1 cup = 0.2371 litre (*)2 cups = 1 pint (pt.) = 0.4731 litre2 pints = 1 quart (qt.) = 0.9461 litre8 pints = 1 gallon (gal.) = 3.7851 litre
(*) En las recetas de cocina, una taza (acup) de ingredientes, como harina o azcar,equivale a 0,275 litros.
Examples:I asked the milkman to leave three pints of milk.The petrol tank holds 40 litres.
Weight PesoSistema Britnico Sistema Mtrico Decimal
1 ounce (oz) = 28.35 grams (g)16 ounces = 1 pound (lb) = 0.454 kilogram (kg)14 pounds = 1 stone (st) = 6.356 kilograms (kg)
Sistema en EE UU Sistema Mtrico Decimal
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1 ounce (oz.) = 31.103 grams (g)16 ounces = 1 pound (lb.) = 0.373 kilogram (kg)2000 pounds = 1 ton (t.) = 0.907 metric ton (m.t.) (kg)Examples:
Our baby Mike is weighing 8 lb 6 oz (eight pounds six ounces).
To make this cake you need 550g (five hundred and fifty grams) of chocolate.
Length LongitudSistema Britnico y en EE UU Sistema Mtrico Decimal
1 inch (in) = 25.4 millimetres (mm)12 inches 1 ounce (ft) = 30.48 centimetres (cm)3 feet = 1 yard (yd) = 0.914 metre (m)1760 yards = 1 mile = 1.609 kilometres (km)
Examples:Height: 15 ft 6 in (fifteen foot six orfifteen feet
six).
The new inn is 50 yds (fifty yards) from the
town.
The bus was doing 60 mph (sixty miles per
hour).
The sitting area is 20' x 10' 5" (twenty foot by
ten foot five ortwenty feet by ten feet five).En qu talles (tallas) viene esta pollera(falda)/camisa? What sizes does this skirt/shirt come in?Viene en talles (tallas) 10 y 14? Does it come in size 10 and 14?Qu talle (talla) usa usted? What size do you take?La clienta/El cliente insiste que ella/l usatalle 10 (pequeo, mediano, grande). The customer insists that he/she takes size 10(Small, Medium, Large).Es demasiado corto/a. Creo que un talle 12 It's too short. I think a size 12 would suit you
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le quedara muy bien. perfectly.Este vestido es demasiado largo y los hombrosson demasiado ajustados (ceidos). This dress is too long and the shoulders aretoo tight.
Woman's clothing (Ropa de mujer)Dresses and suitsVestidos y trajesUnited States 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20Europe 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50Blouses and jerseysBlusas y jerseysUnited States 32 34 36 38 40Europe 40 42 44 46 48FootwearCalzado
United States 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Europe 34-35 35-36 36-37 38-39 40-41 41-42 42-43
metro metre (UK), meter (US) mrer, mrermilmetro millimetre (UK) mla-mrercentmetro centimetre (UK) cent-metermetro cuadrado square metre (UK) skuar mrer
kilmetro cuadrado square kilometre (UK) skuar kilmetermedidas de volumen cubic measures kibic mshersmetro (decmetro,centmetro) cbico cubic metre (decimetre,centimetre) (UK) kibic mrer (decimrer,cent-meter)litro, hectolitro litre, hectolitre (UK) ltr, jectltrgramo, kilogramo gram, kilogram gram, klogramtonelada ton tn
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pulgada, pie inch, foot inch, fu:tvara, legua, milla yard, league, mile ird, l:g, milnudo, milla martima knot, nautical mile not, ntikal millibra, galn pound, gallon pund, glon
Click on PLAY to listen Pulsa en REPRODUCCION
Cunto pesa esto?
How much does this weigh?
Cul es la superficie de esta parcela? How much does this piece of ground measure?Est habitacin tiene 16 metros cuadrados. This room measures 16 square metres.Un decmetro cbico de agua equivale a unlitro. A cubic decimetre of water is equal to a litre.
en punto o' clock oklkexactamente, clavadas
o'clock sharp
oklk sharp
y cuarto a quarter past (UK)
a quarter after (US) a kurer pasta kurer aftery media a half past (UK)
thirty (US) a jaf pastzrimenos cuarto a quarter to (UK-US) a kurer tradio reloj clock radio klk ridoureloj despertador alarm clock alrm klkreloj digital digital watch dyital utchreloj pulsera watch, wrist watch utch, rst utchreloj deportivo sports watch sprts utch
Click on PLAY to listen Pulsa en REPRODUCCION
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Qu hora es? What time is it? What's the time?Es la ... Son las ... It's ...A qu hora ... ? (At) What time ... ?A la ... A las ... At ...Son aproximadamente las ... It's about ...Cmo decir la hora en Ingls Britnico y Americano
CON RELOJ DE 24 HS. CON RELOJ DIGITAL10 en punto UK: ten o'clock 10:00 10 a.m.
US: ten o'clock ten a.m.10 y cuarto UK: a quarter past ten 10:15 10:15 a.m.
US: a quarter after ten ten fifteen a.m.10 y veinte UK: twenty past ten 10:20 10:20 a.m.
US: twenty after ten ten twenty a.m.10 y media UK: half past ten 10:30 10:30 a.m.
US: ten thirty ten thirty a.m.11 menos veinte UK: twenty to eleven 10:40 10:40 a.m.
US: twenty to eleven ten forty a.m.11 menos cuarto UK: a quarter to eleven 10:45 10:45 a.m.
US: a quarter to eleven ten forty-five a.m.11 menos cinco UK: five to eleven 10:55 10:55 a.m.
US: five to eleven ten fifty-five a.m.
Para tener en cuenta: Los americanos no suelen utilizar la expresin half past(y media). En su lugar tratan a la
hora como si fuese digital. En cambio s utilizan a quarter past(y cuarto) y a quarterto(menos cuarto).
No se utiliza oralmente el reloj de 24 horas excepto para el caso de horarios de aviones,trenes y mnibus.
Para decir que son las 03:00 y no las 15:00, se puede expresar como three o'clockin themorning. 17:30 se dira half past fivein the afternoon (UK) o five-thirtyin the afternoon
(US) y las 23:00 se expresan como eleven o'clockin the evening.
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Para diferenciar las horas de la maana y las de la tarde se emplea am (ante meridiem,antes del medioda) o pm (postmeridiem, despus del medioda). Ej: They came home at08:00 am; Our plane will leave at 07:56 pm. Cuando se utiliza am o pm no se puedeusar o'clock (en punto). Ej: They came home at three o'clock in the afternoon ( = 3 pm).
PUNTUALIDAD: Para indicar "llegar a tiempo" se utiliza on time (Lucy nunca llega atiempo, Lucy is never on time). El vocablo ingls punctual se refiere a la cualidad de unapersona del medioda (Puntualidad: Llega siempre a tiempo, demasiado tarde es unpecado; Punctuality: Be always on time, too late is a crime).
Computations
Computations means simple mathematics.
In some statements on Part A, you will have to add, subtract, multiply, or divide in order toanswer the problems correctly. In other statements, you will be given all of the informationand you will NOT need to add, etc.
When you hear a statement, you must decide whether it is necessary to compute theanswer. If you need to make a computation, you must be accurate.
EXAMPLE:Statement: I thought that I had set the alarm clock for seven o'clock, but it rang an hourearly.Restatement: The alarm rang at six o'clock.
Minimal pairs
Minimal pairs are words that sound almost alike.
In some statements on Part A, you will hear a word that sounds almost like another word.
When you hear a statement, you must listen carefully to the sounds.
These are some of the most difficult pairs:
late-let / fond-found / said-sad / best-vestthick-sick / run-rung / look-luck / hot-hatthey-day / run-ran / not-nut / eat-itleaf-leave / safe-save / sung-song
EXAMPLE:Statement: I thought her last name was "Best", but it was "Past."Restatement: She is Mrs. Past (not Best).
Synonyms
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Synonyms are words that have the same meaning.
In some statements on Part A, you will hear a word that has a common synonym.
When you hear a statement, you must know the meaning of the words. You must be able to
recognize a synonym.
EXAMPLE:Statement: My roommate always prepares lunch and dinner for us.Restatement: My roommate fixes our lunch and dinner.
Negatives
Negatives are negations of affirmative statements.
In some statements on Part A, you will hear a negative or a double negative.
When you hear a negative or a double negative, you must be able to restate the information.
EXAMPLE:Statement: Not one student has bought enough insurance.Restatement: None of the students is sufficiently insured.
References
Reference means the person referred to in a statement.
In some statements on Part A, you will hear two or three names.
When you hear a statement, you must remember how each person was referred to.
EXAMPLE:Statement: Tom doesn't know whether his father will allow his sister to come to the United
States to study.Restatement: Tom's sister may come to the United States.
Comparatives
Comparatives are comparisons of two or more people or things. In many ways, Comparativesare like References.
In some statements on Part A, you will hear descriptions of two or three people or things.
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When you hear a statement, you must remember how each was compared with the other.
EXAMPLE:Statement: Mary gets better grades in English than she does in math.Restatement: Mary's grades in math are not as good as her grades in English.
UNIT 4 - PAGE 1/6I wish I could retire now
Adjectives for houses and apartmentsAdjetivos para casas y departamentos
Lee atentamente esteglosario de ADJETIVOSaplicado a los inmuebles.
bright quiet spacious brand new convenientalegre
tranquilo
amplio
flamante
bien ubicado
dingy noisy cramped shabby inconvenientdeprimente ruidoso estrecho en mal estado mal ubicado
More adjectives Ms adjetivos Enriquece tu vocabulario conestos ANTONIMOS ...safe huge light modern reasonable
seguro enorme luminoso moderno razonable=/= =/= =/= =/= =/=
dangerous small dark old expensive
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peligroso pequeo oscuro antiguo costoso
Adjectives and nounsAdjetivos y sustantivos
Escucha a los profesoresy presta atencin al uso delas EVALUACIONES con ADJETIVOSy SUSTANTIVOS ...
EVALUATIONS AND COMPARISONS
EVALUATIONS WITH ADJECTIVES EVALUACIONES CON ADJETIVOSThe kitchen isn't big enough.The living room is too small. La cocina no es lo suficientemente grande.La sala de estar es demasiado pequea.
EVALUATIONS WITH NOUNS EVALUACIONES CON SUSTANTIVOSThere aren't enough bedrooms.There isn't enough closet space. No hay suficientes dormitorios.No hay suficiente espacio para guardar.COMPARISONS WITH ADJECTIVES COMPARACIONES CON ADJETIVOSIt's not as cheapas the last apartment.It's almost as cheap
(as the last apartment).
No es tan barato
como el departamento anterior.
Es casi tan barato
(como el departamento anterior).COMPARISONS WITH NOUNS COMPARACIONES CON SUSTANTIVOS
It doesn't have as many bedroomsas the last apartment.It has just as many bedrooms(as the last apartment).
No tiene tantos dormitorios
como el departamento anterior.
Tiene tantos (la misma cantidad de)
dormitorios (como el departamento
anterior).
ENLACES UTILESAdjetivos
Lista de adjetivoscalificativos
TOOAND ENOUGH: COMPARACIONES OPUESTASPor favor recuerda estas sencillas reglas gramaticales:1. Para estos casos comparativos, ENOUGH /inf/ (suficiente) seutilizadespus de un adjetivo y precedido por la partcula negativa not.
NOT + ADJECTIVE + ENOUGHThe bathrooms aren't modern enough.
(Los baosnosonsuficientemente modernos)
2. Por su parte, TOO /t:/ (demasiado) se utiliza delante del adjetivo yprecedido por un verbo positivo o afirmativo.
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IS/ARE + TOO + ADJECTIVEThe bathroom is too old.
(El baoesdemasiado antiguo)The bathrooms are too old.
(Los baossondemasiado antiguos)
ESO ES TODO!! NO PARECE DIFICIL DE RECORDAR ...
Sentence stressAcentuacin en la
oracin
Presta ahora atencina COMO y DONDE acentanlos profesores las siguienteoraciones ...
Stress the words in a sentence that carry the most important information(En una oracin acenta las palabras que trasmiten la informacin ms importante)
The aprtment isn't bg enough. There ren't enough clsets.(El departamento no es suficientemente
grande) (No hay suficientes armarios)
The ktchen is to cramped. There sn't enough lght.(La cocina es demasiado estrecha) (No hay suficiente luz)
Adjectives: Comparative and SuperlativeAdjetivos: Comparativos y Superlativos
Mr. Grammar explica
la COMPARACION DE
ADJETIVOS...
ENLACES UTILESComparativosy Superlativos
PARTE 1
Comparativosy Superlativos
PARTICULARIDADES DE LA COMPARACION DE ADJETIVOS...Es importante que recuerdes que los adjetivos tienen tres formas oGRADOS DE COMPARACION:POSITIVO: Es el adjetivo en su forma simple,bsica: nice, lindo; big,grande; COMPARATIVO: Establece la relacin ocomparacin entre dos cosas; SUPERLATIVO: Indica el ms alto gradode una cualidad.A continuacin, explicar los dos ltimos grados que tienen siemprecomo punto de partida el adjetivo en su grado positivo o normal.COMPARATIVOS
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PARTE 2 Los comparativos pueden serde IGUALDAD, SUPERIORIDAD oINFERIORIDAD. Vamos a analizarahora el primero de ellos:
COMPARATIVO DE IGUALDAD: AFIRMATIVOAS + adjective + AS = TAN + adjetivo + COMOThis book is as interesting as that magazine.(Este libro es tan interesante comoesa revista)
Buenos Aires is as expensive as Tokyo(Buenos Aires es tan cara como Tokio)
COMPARATIVO DE IGUALDAD: NEGATIVONOT SO + adjective + AS = NO TAN + adjetivo + COMO
My apartment is not so big as their house.(Mi departamento no es tan grande como su casa)
Paris is not so expensive as Tokyo.(Pars no es tan cara como Tokio)
Los adjetivos monoslabos (una slaba) y los bislabos (dos slabas)terminados en sonido voclico o acentuados en la segunda slaba formanelCOMPARATIVO DE SUPERIORIDAD aadiendo ER,(ms) al adjetivoseguido de THAN (quecomparativo). Existen algunas excepciones que seestudiarn ms abajo. Observa la frmula:
COMPARATIVO DE SUPERIORIDADAdjetivos hasta 2 slabas
adjective > ER + THAN = MAS + adjetivo + QUEThis movie is sillier than Sleeping with the Enemy.
(Esta pelcula es ms tonta que Durmiendo con el Enemigo)His second book is cheaper than the first one.(Su segundo libro es ms econmico que el primero)
Con los adjetivos polislabos (ms de dos slabas) seantepone MORE(ms) al adjetivo seguido de THAN (quecomparativo).Observa la frmula:
COMPARATIVO DE SUPERIORIDADAdjetivos con ms de 2 slabas
MORE + adjective + THAN = MAS + adjetivo + QUEParis is more interesting than Los Angeles.
(Pars es ms interesante que Los Angeles)
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Como dije ms arriba, existen algunos adjetivos que, a pesar de tener 2slabas, no forman el comparativo o el superlativo en forma regular,es decir, agregando -ER para el comparativo o -EST para el superlativo.Se los trata como adjetivos largoso polislabos.
ENLACES UTILESComparativosy Superlativos
PARTE 1
Comparativosy Superlativos
PARTE 2
ESTOS SON ALGUNOS EJEMPLOS QUE DEBERAS MEMORIZAR:ALGUNAS EXCEPCIONES
absurd (absurdo): more absurd than the most absurdNO ES CORRECTO DECIR: absurder than the absurdest
modern (moderno): more modern than the most modernpolite (educado): more polite than the most polite
serious (serio): more serious than the most serioustired (cansado): more tired than the most tired
Para formar el COMPARATIVO DE INFERIORIDAD tienes queanteponerLESS (menos) al adjetivo seguido de THAN (quecomparativo)y no tiene importancia la cantidad de slabas. Observa:
COMPARATIVO DE INFERIORIDAD
LESS + adjective + THAN = MENOS + adjetivo + QUEThe director is less smart than my boss.
(El director es menos listo que mi jefe)Los Angeles is less interesting than Paris.(Los Angeles es menos interesante que Pars)
SUPERLATIVOSLos adjetivos monoslabos y bislabos aaden la terminacin EST (el ms,
la ms, los ms, las ms) al adjetivo. Observa con atencin:SUPERLATIVO DE SUPERIORIDAD
Adjetivos hasta 2 slabasTHE + adjective > EST = EL/LA/LOS/LAS MAS + adjetivo
You are the tallest in the class.(Eres el ms alto de la clase)
Mount Everest is the highest mountain.(El monte Everest es la montaa ms elevada)
Para formar el SUPERLATIVO DE SUPERIORIDAD, los polislabos
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anteponen THE MOST (el ms, la ms, los ms, las ms) al adjetivo.Observa ahora:
SUPERLATIVO DE SUPERIORIDADAdjetivos con ms de 2 slabas
THE MOST + adjective = EL/LA/LOS/LAS MAS + adjetivoThis book is the most expensive .
(Este libro es el ms caro)This house is the most comfortable .
(Esta casa es la ms cmoda)These books are the most expensive .
(Estos libros son los ms caros)These houses are the most comfortable .
(Estas casas son las ms cmodas)Para formar el SUPERLATIVO DE INFERIORIDAD, debesanteponer THE LEAST /de l:st/ (el menos, la menos, los menos, lasmenos) al adjetivo. No tiene importancia la cantidad de slabas. Observa:
SUPERLATIVO DE INFERIORIDADTHE LEAST + adjective = EL/LA/LOS/LAS MENOS + adjetivo
James is the least nice neighbor in the area.(James es el vecino menos agradable de la zona)
This book is the least expensive .(Este libro es el menos caro)
This house is the least comfortable .(Esta casa es la menos cmoda)
These books are the least expensive .(Estos libros son los menos caros)
These houses are the least comfortable .(Estas casas son las menos cmodas)
ESO ES CASI TODO !! A CONTINUACION TIENES EL FINAL ...
Irregular Comparative and SuperlativeComparativos y Superlativos Irregulares
Mr. Grammar finaliza la
explicacin de
COMPARACION DE
ADJETIVOS...
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No te inquietes!! Aqu terminan mis explicaciones sobre laCOMPARACION DE ADJETIVOS, pero he preferido dejar este cuadropara el final porque contiene SIETE adjetivos cuya comparacin estotalmente IRREGULAR. Tmate tu tiempo, analzalos y aprndelosDE MEMORIA. Aqu van ...
good, bueno
bad, malo
late, tarde
little, poco
much, mucho
many, muchos
old, viejo
better than, mejor que
worse than, peor que
later than o latter, posterior
less than, menos que
more than, ms que
more than, ms que
older than o elder than, mayor que
the best, el mejor
the worst, el peor
the latest o the last, el ltimo
the least, el mnimo
themost, el mximo
themost, el mximo
theoldest o theeldest, el mayorGRADOS DE UN ADJETIVOLos grados de comparacin del adjetivo son tres:
POSITIVO: Es el adjetivo en su forma simple, bsica: nice, lindo; big,grande;COMPARATIVO: Establece la relacin o comparacin entre dos cosas;SUPERLATIVO: Denota el ms alto grado de una cualidad.
Estos dos ltimos grados se explican a continuacin y tienen siempre como punto departida el adjetivo en su grado positivo:COMPARATIVOSDE IGUALDAD
AFIRMATIVO AS + adjective + AS = TAN + adjetivo + COMOThis book is as interesting as that magazine.Este libro es tan interesante comoesa revista.
Buenos Aires is as expensive as TokyoBuenos Aires es tan cara como Tokio.
NEGATIVO NOT AS + adjective + AS = NO TAN + adjetivo + COMOThis flat is not as big as that house.
Este departamento no es tan grande como esa casa.Paris is not as expensive as Tokyo
Pars no es tan cara como Tokio.
DE SUPERIORIDADLos monoslabos y los bislabos terminados en sonido voclico o con acento en lasegunda slaba forman el comparativo aadiendo -er al adjetivo:
ADJETIVOS HASTA2 SILABAS adjective + ER + THAN = MAS + adjetivo + QUE
This book is cheaper than that magazine.Este libro es ms barato queesa revista.
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Con los polislabos se antepone more (ms) al adjetivo seguidode than (quecomparativo):
ADJETIVOS DE MASDE 2 SILABAS MORE + adjective + THAN = MAS + adjetivo + QUE
Paris is more interesting than Los Angeles.Pars es ms interesante que Los Angeles.
DE INFERIORIDADSe antepone less (menos) al adjetivo seguido de than (que comparativo):less expensive than, menos caro que; less intelligent than, menos inteligente que.
SUPERLATIVOS
1. Los monoslabos y bislabos aaden la terminacin -est al adjetivo:You are the tallest, eres el ms alto; Mount Everest is the highest mountain, el monteEverest es la montaa ms alta.2. Los polislabos anteponen the most (el ms, los ms, la ms, las ms) al adjetivo:This book is the most expensive, este libro es el ms caro.3. El superlativo de inferioridad se forma aadiendo the least (el menos) al adjetivo:La Rioja is the least expensive province in Argentina, La Rioja es la provincia argentinamenos cara.COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS IRREGULARES
good, buenobad, malolate, tardelittle, pocomuch, muchomany, muchosold, viejo
better than, mejor queworse than, peor quelater than o latter, posteriorless than, menos quemore than, ms quemore than, ms queolder than o elder than, mayor que
the best, el mejorthe worst, el peorthe latest o the last, el ltimothe least, el mnimothemost, el mximothemost, el mximotheoldest o theeldest, el mayor
COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS
Recuerdas las cinco reglas para formar el comparativo y superlativo de los
adjetivos en ingls? Vamos a revisarlas aqu:
REGLA 1El comparativo y superlativo de los adjetivos de una slaba se formanagregando las terminaciones -er y -est al final del adjetivo:
cold >> colder >> coldest
REGLA 2
Los adjetivos que terminan con vocal seguida de una consonante duplican laconsonante final antes de agregar las terminaciones -er or -est:
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hot >> hotter >> hottest
REGLA 3Los adjetivos de dos slabas que terminan en -y cambian la y por i y recinentonces agregan las terminaciones -er or -est:
noisy >> noisier >> noisiest
REGLA 4En el caso de adjetivos de dos o ms slabas (excepto aquellos terminados en -y) el comparativo y superlativo se forman con more y most:
beautiful >> more beautiful >> mostbeautiful
REGLA 5Recuerda que los comparativos y superlativos "irregulares" cambian totalmente.Aqu tienes algunos:
good >> better >> bestbad >> worse >> worstfar >> farther/further >> farthest/furthest
EXPRESANDO SIMILITUD
Puedes usar la estructura as ... as ... (tan ... como ...) para expresar similitud:
In this southern island it is as hot as the tropics.(En esta isla austral el tiempo es tan clido como en el trpico)
Asimismo puedes colocar nearly (casi), almost (casi) or just (exactamente)delante de la estructura as ... as ...:
London is nearly as expensive as Tokyo.(Londres es casi tan caro como Tokyo)
In summer, Tokyo is just as hot as the desert.(En verano, Tokyo es exactamente tan caluroso como el desierto)
EXPRESANDO DIFERENCIA
Cuando comparas puedes expresar diferencia de tres formas:
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A) not as/so ... as
Life in the countryside is not as fast as it is in Tokyo.(La vida en el campo no es tan agitada como lo es en Tokyo)
Tambin puedes agregar nearly a la estructura not as/so ... as:
Kyoto isn't nearly as busy as Tokyo.(Kyoto casi no tiene tanto movimiento como Tokyo)
B) as ... as ... con twice, three times, half, a third, etc.
Japan's car exports are twice as high as Britain's.(Las exportaciones de autos de Japn duplican [son dos veces ms que] las de
Gran Bretaa)Rice-growing is only half as important as it used to be.(El cultivo de arroz es apenas la mitad de lo importante que sola ser)
C) -er than ... o more/less ... than ...
The mountains are generally fresher than the cities.(Por lo general, las montaas son ms frescas que las ciudades)
Most people think spring is more beautiful than summer.(La mayora de la gente piensa que la primavera es ms bonita que el verano)
England is less mountainous than Japan.(Inglaterra es menos montaosa que Japn)
Tambin puedes anteponer much, far, a lot, lots, a little o a bit a la formacomparativa del adjetivo:
The south of the country is a lot warmer than the north.(El sur del pas es mucho ms clido que el norte)
Their products are much less important than they used to be.(Sus productos son mucho menos importantes de lo que solan ser)
ConditionalsConditionalsare statements of conditions and
imagned results.
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In some statements on Part A, you will hear aconditional introduced by the word if; in others, youwill hear a conditional introduced by thewordwhetheror unless.
When you hear a statement, you must be able torestate the information as facts instead of imaginedresults.
EXAMPLE:Statement: We would have had a good time at thefootball game if it hadn't been so cold.Restatement: We didn't have a good time because it
was too cold.Concessions
Concessions are statements of unexpected results.
In some statements on Part A, you will hear aconcession introduced by the word but. Thewordinstead or anyway may be the last word in thestatement.
When you hear a statement, you must be able torestate the information.
EXAMPLE:Statement: The computer will be available any timebut one o'clock.Restatement: The computer will not be available atone o'clock.
More Concessions
Please, remember that Concessions are statementsof unexpected results.
In some statements on Part A, you will hear aconcession introduced by a situationwith although,though, even though, in spiteof, despite, orcontrary to.
When you hear a statement, you must be able to
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restate the information.
EXAMPLE:Statement: Contrary to what Ellen had expected, thecity was very nice.Restatement: Ellen had not expected the city to benice.
STEP 4 Grammar: Expressing ContrastThere are several ways of expressing contrast in English:A) although
even thoughthough + SUBJECT + VERB
- He enjoys his job, althoughhe would like more responsibility.- Even thoughshe works long hours, she still finds time for other things.- She's never been to Japan, thoughshe's fluent in Japanese.
B) despite + NOUNor
+ VERB + INGin spite of
- Despitethe recession, we achieved record profits.- They still think they'II win the election, in spite ofthe recent opinion polls.- I haven't finished that report yet, despiteworking overtime last night.
We can also say despite the fact that... or in spite of the fact that...:- Despite the fact thatI worked overtime last night, I haven't finished thatreport.
Compare the following sentences which have the same meaning:- Althoughsales fellsharply last month, we areon target for the year.- Despitethe sharp fall insales last month, we are ontarget for the year.
A muchos hispanoparlantes se les presentan dudas almomento de expresar ideas contrastadas. An a aquellosque tienen cierta experiencia bsica en el uso de conectoresde lenguaje. Hay varias formas de expresar "contraste" o
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"contraposicin" en ingls. Veamos...A) although (aunque)
even though (aun cuando) + SUBJECT + VERBthough (aunque, pero)
- David enjoys his job, although he would like to have more responsibility.David disfruta de su trabajo aunque le gustara tener ms responsabilidad.
- Even though Sarah works long hours, she finds time for reading.Aun cuando Sara trabaja muchas horas, ella encuentra tiempo para leer.
- My brother has never been to Japan, though he's fluent in Japanese.Mi hermano nunca ha estado en Japn pero habla Japons con fluidez.
B) despite (a pesar de) + NOUN
or+ VERB + INGin spite of (a pesar de)
- Despite the recession, we achieved reasonable profits.A pesar de la recesin hemos logrado aceptables ganancias.
- Our president still thinks he'II win the election, in spite of the polls.Nuestro presidente cree que va ganar la eleccin a pesar de las encuestas.
- I haven't finished the report yet, despite working overtime last night.An no he terminado el informe a pesar de trabajar horas extras anoche.
Para expresar la ltima de las ideas anteriores, tambin podemos utilizar despitethe fact that...(a pesar de que...) o in spite of the fact that... (a pesar de que).Observa estos ejemplos:- Despite the fact that I worked overtime last night, I haven't finished the report.
A pesar de que he trabajado horas extras anoche, no he terminado el informe.
- In spite of the fact that I worked overtime last night, I haven't finishedthe report.
A pesar de que he trabajado horas extras anoche, no he terminado el informe.
Finalmente, compara estas dos oraciones que tienen el mismo significado peroutilizan VERBO (a) y SUSTANTIVO (b) en su construccin:a) Althoughsales fell during May, we are meeting our target.
Aunque las ventas cayeron en mayo, estamos cumpliendo el objetivo.b) Despite the fall in sales during May, we are meeting our target.
A pesar de la caida de las ventas en mayo, estamos cumpliendo el objetivo.
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Ha quedado un poco ms claro, amigo/a hispanoparlante?Entonces te desafiamos a que completes esta actividad volviendo a escribir cadaoracin COMENZANDO con el conector indicado.1. Despite the increase in their salaries, 60 per cent of Japanese workers still
spend Saturday at work.EVEN THOUGH...
2. Even though the fact that gift giving is a common practice in Japan, thegifts should never be opened in front of the giver.ALTHOUGH...
3. Despite foreign speakers are advised to show respect for their Japaneseaudience, many of them begin their speeches with a joke.DESPITE THE FACT THAT...
4. Many Japanese business executives say that they believe strongly in freetrade, though Japan's continuing preference for buying at home.DESPITE...
5. Although some Japanese women are successful in business, the majorityof Japanese companies are run by men.IN SPITE OF...
CausalsCausalsare statements of cause or explanation.
In some statements on Part A, you will hear a causalintroduced by the word since(dadoque) or because(puesto que).
When you hear a statement, you must be able to restatethe information.
EXAMPLE:Statement: Since Mark couldn't find his keys he had topay for them.Restatement: Mark paid for his keys because he lostthem.
Podemos agrupar las conjunciones en COORDINATIVAS y SUBORDINATIVAS,entendiendo por coordinativas aqullas que unen palabras u oraciones de la mismacategora y subordinativas, las que unen una oracin principal y una subordinada.
COORDINATIVAS
and, y so, as que
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now, ahora bienbut, perostill, no obstanteyet, sin embargoonly, slo quewhile, mientras
then, entonces
so then, por tantofor, pueseither... or..., o... o...neither... nor..., ni... ni...however, no obstantetherefore, por lo tanto
nevertheless, sin embargo
SUBORDINATIVASthat, quebecause of, debido asince, ya que, puesto que
as, pues, comoso that, a fin de quelest, para (que) noif, siunless, a menos que
although, though, aunquewhile, en tanto queuntil, hasta que
as if, as though, como siwhen, cuandowhy, por quein order that, para, a fin de quewhether... or, si... o
Cause and effect adjectivesCause and effect adjectivesare adjectives that end in -ingor -ed. They are usually verbals from verbs such
as annoy, bore, encourage, fascinate,interestand surprise.
In some statements on Part A, you will hear a cause adjective,an effect adjective, or a verb form.
When you hear a statement, you must be able to restate theInformation.
EXAMPLE:
Statement: The new project interests my professors.Restatement: My professors are interested in the new project.ESTE GLOSARIO PUEDE AYUDARTE CON LOS EJERCICIOShealth: (la) salud; happiness: (la) felicidad; go camping: ir decampamento; stay: quedarse, permanecer, hospedarse; complicated:complicado, complejo; looks about: parece de, parece tener; in fact: enrealidad; surprisingly: sorprendentemente; lose weight: adelgazar,perder peso; jacket: saco, chaqueta; size: tamao, talla; nature films:pelculas sobre naturaleza; western: novela o pelcula del oeste.
Chronological events
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Chronological eventsare events that take place intime relationship to each other.
In some statements on Part A, two or more events
will be mentioned.
When you hear a statement, you must rememberwhich event took place first, second, and so on.
EXAMPLE:Statement: We plan to meet at the car a few minutesafter the shopping center closes.Restatement: The shopping center will close beforewe meet at the car.