Appendix

Interview transcripts 25 November 2013Ken ReightlerA-4 Skyhawk, single radio, basic radar, fly without hydraulics, F-4 Phantom, replaced by F-14, Mach 2, supersonic, fighter/attack, radar and infrared guided missiles, dayA-6 intruder, medium attack radar, bombing, night and dayTest pilot, worked with other countries, NASASweden- disperse air force because of direct threat from USSRBuilt airplanes to take off on short roads, 4000ftShort take off/landingPrepositioning of the aircraft along coastThrust reverserIran-westernize, bought F14s instead of MiG 2 because of treaty with US, they needed the technology to run, they relied on US for parts and maintenance, stopped with the change of regimeTale of Two bridges, in 60s, it would take many bombs while losing planes in order to partially destroy one bridge in Vietnam, in the 2000s in the gulf war, it took half a payload of one plane to completely destroy a similar bridgeTargeting, computers, weapons systems, navigation, laser guided bombsNavigation in weapons systemsAbility to have computing ability in plane for real time decision makingAvoid/deploy/navigatePower of computation has increased by large quantities in aircraftEasier to fly, require less pilot effortIntegration of UAV’s with manned operationsCan all flying become UAV?How will the mix of manned and unmanned resultCarrier aviationCareful of being too reliant on technologyHow can we operate without navigation?How will things change if someone finds new type of radar?60’s-one way navy radio, what if it breaks? UHF military, VHF civilian. Now way to talk if a military craft needs an emergency landing at a civilian airportVHFM army and navy radios were different in radiosGrenada-army troops couldn’t talk to navy air supportF-18 has two radios, low VHF AM/FM ability to speak to potential operators Used to be visual targeting, makes the plane vulnerable, Now you designate on radar, computer factors trajectory and payload, designates targetAble to maneuver and drop bombs at onceTarget in all weatherHigh altitudeGPS guided bombsMultiple bombs, different targets, shot at once

Allen Blocker More data available, real timeReal time decisions become harder because more info availableComplete knowledge, more decisionsMaking info faster/easier to understandAll aircraft can see the same thingUS aircraft can see info, allies can’tWent from all voice to all voice/digitalVoice to textShifting from somebody 1000 miles away making target to real time targeting/more accurateImproved friendlies/ hostiles, identifying, accuracyNo collateral damage became our expectation, countries that cannot do that are considered lesserMore accurate to kill and break thingsGPS changed everything, enabler of highly accurate, discriminatory warfareExpectations are we always hit only the targetIsraeli and US equipment are essentially the sameRussian-less high techChina and India-they improve on our technology and adding their own stuffIndia-software-strong/coding, reverse engineer computer based technologyChina-manufacturing technology, very good equipment, surpassed the US in some, equivalent, slightly behind in mostPolitically-advantage, allies with small military, we depend on for reprisal, economically, politicallyIt’ll all change soon when were not superpowerResource rich countryWe impose on the world for our power right nowSterile war-technology caused only soldiers get hurtNew areas of vulnerabilityDoing it in a way that we can leaveCommunications-real time from battlefield to US“We fight our wars on CNN”School and media changing how we think, getting into wars, preventing how we fight, how it’ll be put on CNN

Lou CamardoAbility to see everything (people on the ground) from cockpitCan’t fight without the link to system (info/visual)Training/proficiencyBecomes busier, present more info to soldierOverwhelmingMore ways to send infoLink systemEncrypted/clear classified networksMore accurate, faster, overall better

Targeting pods/see clear from far, detailed picturesGPS guided weaponsTechnology won’t make us good, individuals are key. It’s just a toolTime-targeting cycle, accuracy, lethality, fewer weapons

Spencer TemkinP3 anti-submarineDetection equipment hasn’t changed, computer aid, monitor more, cross picturesCommunications among crew changedUpgraded computers with multiple displaysWorkload sharing, situational awarenessMore sensorsHigh tech cameras, more opportunitiesLong range navigation, easier to use equipment, more accurate Satellite, high data transmissionsText conversations, multiple peopleNew, high tech displaysAll weather systemsJapanese have updated electronics, they take up less spaceSame capabilities, less spaceTraining systems-flight simulators, simulate missions/environment betterBetter for trainingGauges to multi-function displays (computer screens)South American countries, very far behindOff the shelf systems, commercial systemsRate of technology changeDevelopment timeSatellite communications

Ken HamNight visionFLIRFly at night, close to ground, night targetingAerostat-info collectorSatellite communications, into, dataThe ability to control from great distancesNATO 5 eyes-US, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand-share products of knowledge

Robert NiewoehnerMission systemsElectronicsStriking power increasePrecision guided munitions, we don’t missTale of two bridgesReliability/maintainabilityFlew French mirage 2000

Same goals-very different design solutionsHuman factors, automated different thingsHuman/machine interfaceHow to treat the pilotWhen the pilot let go of throttle, it went to autopilotAutonomous systemsTechnical and tactical innovationsUAV

Dan “Flash” GordonTactical engagementHow changed from E-2 to base, to fighter to get targetNow link system-being shown instead of toldMessages (text)Real time decisionTalking was the problem, human errorRussia-radar tells where to go, not pilotIsrael-more similar to US, more autonomousGPS coordinates-very accurateGPS JammingLink systems solves human errorQatar and Oman-less capable planes, not proficient because of lack of resources

A Tale of Two Bridges

 VADM Joe Dyer, Commander, Naval Air Systems Command, 2001.