Path 2 Test 1 Study Sheet

8/2/2019 Path 2 Test 1 Study Sheet

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Decrease in RBC’s is called?

AnemiaPolycythemia

Erythrocytosis

Hemolysis% of blood made upp of RBC’s in the?

HemolysisMean Cell Volume

Hematocrit

Polycythemia

The area of white bllod cells is the?

Hypochromic

Buffy CoatPhagocyte

Serum

An increase is RBC’s can be called by what 2 names? (MA)

Polycythemia

Erythroblastosis

ErythrocytosisPolycytosis

During Polycythemia, what levels would increase?

RBC’s

WBC’sHemogolbin

Iron

During _____________ RBC’s decrease and during _____________ RBC’s increase?

Anemia/Hemodilution

Polycythemia/ErythrocytosisErythrocytosis/Anemia

Anemia/Polycythemia



Anemia is brought on by? (MA)

Diet

Hemolysis

HematocritBleeding

Anemias are classified by: (MA)

Size

Shape

Color Taste

Normochromic is a _______ characteristic?

Size

ShapeColor

Chemical Makeup

Normocytic, Microcytic & Macrocytic are _________ characteristic of anemia?

Size

ShapeColor

Taste

The abbreviation MCV stands for what?

Mean circulatory volumeMean cell volume

Mean chemical volume

The average MCV is?

50-75 fL

70-90 fL33-37 fL

75-100 fL



The abbreviation MCH stands for what?

Mean cell hematocritMean cell Hemolysis

Mean cell Hemoglobin

Mean cell Hemodilution

The average MCH is?

25-35 picograms

33-37 picoliters

75-100 fL

25-35 picograms

The abbreviation MCHC stands for what?

Mean cell hematocrit concentrationMean cell hemolysis concentration

Mean cell Hemoglobin ComponantMean cell Hemoglobin concenntrarion

The average MCHC is?

33-37 g/dL

25-35 picograms

33-37 g/L75-100 fL

Hemmorage can be either ___________ or ___________?

Chronic/Long Term

Chronic/AcuteAcute/Sudden

Acute/Painless

During acute blood loss, ___________ begins at once?

Hemocythemia

HypochromiaHemodilution



Acute blood loss is __________ & __________? (MA)

Hypochromic

Normocytic

Normotoxic Normochromic

What is stimulated to be produced in Acute blood loss?

Erthyroblasts

Erythrocytosis

ErythropoeitinErythrochrmic

Erythropoeitin causes what to be produced?

WBC

PlasmaSerum

RBC

Chronic blood loss causes a deficiency in what?

WBC

PlasmaIron

Potassium

What leads to chronic anemia of under production?

Acute blood lossOverproduction of hemoglobin

Chronic blood loss

Erythropoeitin

A progressive decrease in hematocrit will cause ___________ to move into the blood?

RBCInterstitial fluid

WBC

Iron



In hemolytic anemia, ________ is retained and not lost to urine?

RBCWBC

Plasma

Iron

Normal life span of a RBC is?

100 days

20 days

120 days

130 days

In hemolytic anemia, the lifespan of the RBS is _______ than normal?

MoreLess

Same

Intracorpuscular hemolytic anemia is Acquired or Inherited

Inherited

Extracorpuscular hemolytic anemia is Acquired or Inherited?

Acquired

What is more likely to be destroyed by hemolytic anemia?

WBC

RBCIron

What is the compensation method to help control hemolytic anemia?

Lysis

Diet

HemolysisErythropoesis



RBC trauma, Toxins and biochemical agents will cause which type of hemolyisis?

Intravascular

Extravascular

ProgressiveAcute

Intravascular hemolysis results in an _________ of plasma hemoglobin?

Decrease

Increase

An increase is plasma hemoglobin may lead to_________?

Cancer

Liver FailureSpleen Failure

Jaundice

Extravascular hemolysis occurs where?

Bloodstream

Kidneys & Liver

Liver and Gall Bladder

Spleen and Liver

Which type of hemolyisi id more common?

Intravascular

Extravascular

During extravascular hemolysis, plasma hemoglobin is ___________?

Increased

DecreasedUnchanged

During extravascular hemolysis, plasma hemoglobin goes/stays where?

Bloodstream

Liver Spleen

Kidney



Hereditory spherocytosis is caused by a loss of what intrinsic protein?

Spectrin

Phospho lipidPolysaccharide

Sperocytosis make the RBC look more what?

Flat

Round

Biconcave

Spectrin causes the RBC to look ______?

RoundFlat

Biconcave

The shape change brought on by spherocytosis make the RBC vulnerable to destruction

where?

Liver

Kidney

Lymph NodeSpleen

To treat spherocytosis, you would remove the?

Blood

SpleenLiver

Kidney

A spleectomy will eliminate the defect in the RBC?

True

False

A splenectomy will correct the anemia caused by spherocytosis?

True

False



Will the RBC be more fragile, less fragile, or the same in spherocytosis?

More Fragile

What is the treatment for spherocytosis?

Splenectomy

SplenomegalyTransfusions

No treatment available

Which of the following are signs/symptoms of spherocytosis? (MA)

Clammy skin

Jaundice

SplenomegalyAnemia

Kidney Failure

Sickle cell anemia is a problem with what component of blood

Serum

Plasma

Hemoglobin

Hematocrit

Is Sickle cell anemia acquired or inherited?

Inherited

Sickle cell anemia is a _______ mutation in the _________ chain.

Transcode/B-globulin

Point/A-globulin

Transpose/A-globulinPoint/B-globulin

What protein is fromed by the point mutation in sickle cell?

Valine

TyrosineGuanine

Cytosine



What dna base pair is affected by sickle cell?

C-T

A-T

A-CG-C

Approximately ____ % of blacks in the US are heterozygous for sickle cell and ____ % of blacks in Africa.

8/50

30/58/40

8/30

Sickle cell anemia protects against which type of disease?

Strep ThroatMalaria

Pneumonia

HIV

__________ are carriers only. ________ have the disease?

Homozygous/HeterozygousHeterozygous/Homozygous

Normal Hb levels in the adult are?

92%HbA, 8%HbA2

96%HbA, 2%HbA2, 2%HbF96%HbA, 3% HbA2, 1% HbF

One out of ____ blacks will be effected by sickle cell?

10

500

800600

What can revesably correct the sickleing?

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Calcium



Potassium

When the RBC membrane is damaged with each sickleing, the following changes take place:

Ca increase, K Increase, H2O DecreaseCa Decrease, K Increase, H2O Decrease

Ca Increase, K Increase, H20 Increase

Ca Increase, K decrease, H2O decrease

List 3 factors that influence sickleing:

1)Hb other that HbA2)Concentration of HbS in cell

3)Time that RBC’s are exposed to low O2 Levels

Heterozygous sickle cell patients have how much HbS?

30%40%

50%

60%

RBC will sickle in the capillary bed?

TrueFalse

Sickleing occurs where blood flow is sluggish?

True

False

2 places where sickleing occurs (where blood flow is sluggish?

Spleen/Liver Spleen/Bone Marrow

Bone Marrow/Liver

Bone Marrow/Kidney

What doe the sickled RBC cause at the tissue level?

Hypoxia

Hypoglycemia

Ischemia

Stroke



At what age does sickle cell appear?

1 year 6 months

18 years

At birth

What is the hematocrit level in someone homozygous for sickle cell

20-40%12-25%

16-40%

18-30%

A bone marrow infarct caused by sickle cell may lead to a?

Tumor

Fat Emboli

Fat DepositCancer

Name the 2 main causes of death caused by sickle cell anemia

Heart Attack/Pulmonary embolism

CNS Stroke/Acute Chest Syndrom

CNS Stroke.Chronis Chest SysnromeAcute Chest Sysndrome/Myocardial infarction

Infections caused by sickle cell are a major concern?

True

False

Sickle cell patients are prone to what type of problems?

Asplenic (functional) & salmonella osteomyelitis

Treatment of sickle cell with antibiotics is done to prevent what?

Heart Attack

Stroke

Pneumococcal infections

Venous stasis



Hydroxyurea is used to treat sickle cell to increase what?

HbS

HbA

HbBHbF

Hydroxyurea acts as an antiinflamatory agent to prevent venous stasis and sickleing?

True

False

Is thalessemia gentic?

Yes

No

Thalesemmia is a genetic disorder of ______?

Hb synthesis

RBCWBC

Plasma

What races are most effected by Thalasemmia? (MA)

AsianAmerican

Eurpoean

African

Mediteranean

Which type of thalessemia is most common in the US?

A-Thalessemia

B-Thalessemia

Gamma Thalessemia

What are the 2 factors that contribute to B-Thalessemia?

Increased Alpha globin chain systhesis



Decreased Beta globin chain synthesis

Decreased B-globin chain synthesis leads to inadequate production of?

HbF

HbAHb Bart

HbB

If a cell has low levels of HbA, as in B-thalessemia, what would the cell look like?

Swollen

Hyper CyticHyper Chromic

Hypo Chromic

Which is more important in the dangers of Beta Thalessemia, decreased beta globins or increased alpha globins

Increased alpha globins

Decreased beta globins

What is retained in B-thalessemia?

Potassium

Sodium Nitrogen

Iron

What is formed in cells due to an increase in alpha globin production?

HypochromicAggregate bodies

Inclusion bodies

Defective organelles

A-Thalessemia destroys what in bone marrow?

ErythroblastsBome Marrow

Bone fragmnents

Calliculi



Aggregate bodies that are formed due to an increase in alpha globins makes a cell more

vulnerable to what?

Swelling

Hyperchromatic

Sluggish blood flow phagocytosis

An increase in Iron absorption is called?

Ferrous Abundance

Iron surpaabsorption

HemochromatosisHemochromatic

Treatment of B-Thalessemia is done by? (MA)

Splenectomy

Bome Marrow TransplantIron supplements

Transfusions

Alpha Thalesemia is caused by what?

Gene splicing

Gene additionGene deletion

Gene substitution

It takes how many genes to be lost to show signs of Alpha thalessemia?

12

3

4

The loss of alpha globins causes the formation of what types of hemoglobin? (MA)

HbAHbBart

HbB

HbHHbA2



HbBart and HbH both have a high affinity for?

NitrogenOxygen

Calcium

Sodium

Since HbH and HbBart both do not want to release their oxygen, this would cause a

condition called?

Hypoxemia

Hyperoxyegenase

HypoxiaIschemia

Alpha Thalessemia is split in 2 categories, what are they?

Lesser

Minor Greater

Major

A one gene loss in Alpha Thalessemia would show symptoms of alpha thalessemia?

Yes

No

A two gene loss in Alpha Thalessemia would cause sever anemia?

True

False

A three gene loss in Alpha Thalessemia would cause production of what? (MA)

HbBart

HbAHbH

HbA

A 4 gene loss in Alpha Thalessemia would cuase what?

Hydrop FetalisMild Anemia

Heat Attack

Hypoxia



The heart id effected by excess iron by producing what?

LeadIron

Free Radicals

Osteomyelitis

Fenton and Haber-Weiss are associated with what?

Excess Oxygen Retention

Excess Iron

Excess Genes

Excess Heart Volume

What pathway does G6PDD affect?

Glycolytic

G6PDD make the cell vulnerable to what?

Oxidative Injury

What causes an oxidative injury?

Free radicals

Name an anti-oxidant that RBC possess?

Glutathionone

G6PDD will inactivate what?

Antioxidants

What is altered in G6PDD?

Cell metabolism

What may altered metabolism lead to in G6PDD?

Hemolytic Anemia

What vitamins are important in breaking down oxidants?

ACE



G6PDD affect what race group

Black (10%)

Will the cell show symptoms if not exposed to oxidative injury?

NO

What drugs will cause oxidative injury?

Aspirin

Anti-malarial

PhenecetinVitamin K derivatives

Which type of variant of G6PDD is more severe?

Mediterannean

Is the US variant more severe or less severe than the mediteranean variant?

Less

What is a major concern in G6PDD?

Infections

What is the major problem with infections in G6PDD?

Oxygen Burst

Name the infections that are most commonly associated with G6PDD:

Viral Hepatitis

Pneumonia

Typhoid Fever

Eating what may lead to G6PDD?

Fava Beans

Fava beans are part of the diet where?

Middle East

Mediteranean



What are the precipitates called that are formed when Hemoglobin is denatured in G6PDD?

Heinz Bodies

What organ is responsible for the hemolytic action of G6PDD?

Spleen

What do the cells look like when they pass through the spleen?

Bite

What happens when a cell is denatured by oxidative agents?

Hemoglobin

If a RBC is young, will it be deficient in G6PD?

NO

Must a RBC be young or old to be deficient in G6PD?

Old

If a RBC is deficient in G6PD and Alpha1 Anti-Trypsin, what will happen to the cell?

Defective folding and Cross linking

Does hemolysis occur if RBC is not exposed to oxidative agents?

No

How many days does it take for RBC hemolysis to occur>

2-3 days

How many people are affected by malaria worldwide?

200 million

What type of organism causes malaria?

Protozoan

What is the name of the protozoan that causes malaria?



Plasmodium Falciparum

How many differentbtyper of plasmodium are there that cause malaria?

4

How many plasmodiums that cause malaria are benign?

3

What are the 3 benign plasmodiums?

Vivax

Mialanae

Ovale

Where dose malaria first enter body and start replicating?

Liver

What spreads malaria?

Female Anapheles Mosquito

What is the natural resovoir of malaria?

Humans

Malaria can cause which type of anemia?

Hemolytic

What are the complications associated with malaria?

Cerebral MalariaEnlarged RBC’s

Microthrombi

Black Water Fever

Black water fever leads to?

Massive hemolysis

The massive hemolysis associated with black water fever leads to?



Hemoglobinurea

HemoglobinemiaJaundice

Iron deficiency is what type of anemia?

Anemia of diminished erythropoesis

What is the major mechanism for anemia?

Iron deficieny

What is the most common form of nutritional deficiency?

Iron Deficiency

Total body iron in men is

6grams

Total body iron in women is

2 grams

What % of iron is found in hemoglobin?

80%

Where are the remaining 20% of iron found?

Myoglobin and iron containing enzymes

Where is iron stored?

Ferritin and Hemosiderin

Most iron is stored in which organs?

Liver

Spleen

Bone MarrowSkelatal Muscles

What is the main storage pool of iron and is a good measure of iron pool in body?



Serum Ferritin

What other place would be a good and quick measure of iron pool

Bone marrow

What transports iron?

Transferrin

What % of transferring is saturated with iron

33%

How much iron is in men in Micrograms/dL

120

In Women?

100

Where is most iron taken in that the body needs?

Diet

What type of food stuffs contain the most iron?

Animal products

How much iron do we consume a day?

10-20mg

What part of the intestines is where iron is absorbed?

Duodenum

What are the 4 causes of iron deficiency anemia?

Low dietary intakeMalabsorption

Increased demand

Chronic blood loss



Vegetarians are prone to iron deficiency anemia

True

What diseases would cause malabsorption iron deficiency?

Sprue & Celiac Disease

What would case an increased demand of iron leading to a deficiency in iron?

Pregnancy

Infancy

What would cause chronic blood loss leading to iron deficiency?

GI Bleed

Female Genital tract

RBC’s in iron deficient anemia are

Hemochromic

Microcytic

What is the most common form of anemia in hospitalized patients?

Anemia of chronic disease

Although it mimics iron deficiency, anemia of chronic disease is caused by?

Inflamation induced iron sequestration in liver and spleen

What are the diseases that may cause anemia of chronic disease?

Chronic Microbrial Infection- lung abcess,bacterial endocarditis,osteomyelitis

Chronic Immune Disorders- Rheumatoid Arthritis

Neoplasms- Hodgkins Diseaase,Lung Cancer,Breast Cancer

What are the characteristics that make anemia of chronic disease different from iron

deficiency anemia?

Increase iron in bone marrow macrophages

High serum ferritinDecreased iron binding capacity



Key factor in anemia of chronic disease is?

Prolonged inflammation

Megaloblastic Anemia has 2 different types, what are they?

Folate deficiency

Vitamin B12 deficiency

What is characteristic of the RBC’s in megaloblastic anemia

They are large

What other blood cells are affected by megaloblastic anemia?

Neutophils are segmented.

Does megaloblastic anemia affect DNA or RNA synthesis, or both?

DNA

Is folate deficiency common?

NO

What is the main cause of folate deficiency?

Lack of folate in diet

What type of foods is folate found in?

ALL foods

What happens to folate in food if you cook it too long?

It is destroyed

What type of foods would you eat to get adequate folate?

raw fruit and vegetables

What drugs can inhibit folate absorption?

Dilantin (Phenytoin

Methotrexate



Where is folate absorbed?

In upper 1/3 of intestines (Duodenum)

What other disease may cause decreased folate deficiency?

Celiac Disease

Tropical sprue

What does decreased folate inhibit the formation of?

DNA

Does folate deficiency cause neurological abnormalities?

No

What is another name for vitamin B12 deficiency?

Pernicious anemia

What is another name for Vitamin B12?

Cobalamin

What does Vitamin B12 Cause?

Demylenation of peripheral and spinal cord nerves

What columns does this demyelnation occur in Vitanmin B12 deficiency?

Posterior and Lateral

What is the cause of decreased Vitamin B12 absorption?

Defective Intrinsic Factor.

What does intrinsic factor do?

Binds to Vitamin B12 to get it through the ileum

Where in the intestines does Vitamin B12 bind to intrinsic factor?

In duodenum



Who is the most likely people to have Vitamin B12 deficiency?

Vegetarians

What happens to B12 if you cook it

Nothing

What may cause defects in intrinsic factor?

Autoimmune disease

What types of surgeries may lead to Vitamin B12 deficiency?

Gastrectomy, Ileum resection

Geriatric Vitamin B12 deficency is related to what?

Gastric atrophyAchlorhydria

What is needed to release B12 from its bound form?

Acid peptides

What type of blood cells are not produced in aplastic anemia?

ALL

What would happen in suppression of multipotent myeloid stem cells?

NeutropeniaThrombocytopenia

Anemia

Can only one type of bllod cell be effected by aplastic anemia?

NO

What does idiopathic mean?

Unknown cause

What % of aplastic anemia is idiopathic?

50%



For non-ideopathic anemia, what may be the cause?

Radiation

Drugs

What does myleotoxic mean?

Stops cell production

Acquired aplastic anemia will respond to what type of treatment?

Immunosuppressive

Will splenomegaly occur in aplastic anemia?

No

Why wont splenomegaly occur in aplastic anemia?

No blood cells made for spleen to hold on to

If spleen is enlarged, could you rule out aplastic anemia?

Yes

Idiopathic aplastic anemia is usually not life threatening?

False

How would you treat idiopathic aplastic anemia?

Bone marrow transplant

Neoplastic (tumors) disorders account for what % of deaths a year in adults?

9%

How about in kids under age 15?

40%



Leukopenia is a Neoplastic or Non-Neoplastic disorder?

Non-Neoplastic

What is decreased in Leukopenia?

WBC

Is a specific type of WBC associated with leukopeni?

No

What is the most common type of Leukopenia

Neutropenia

What are severe cases of Neutropenia called?

Granulocytosis

What constituent of neutropjils is decreased in neutropenia?

Granulocytes

Total WBC count is reduced to what level?

1000micrograms

If severe, the WBC count would be reduced to what level?

200-300

Cause of neutropenia or granulocytosis are?

Inadequae or ineffective granulopoesis

Removal or destruction of neutrophils

Inadequate granulopoesis would be caused by?

Chemotherapy

Generalized Bone Marrow Failure



Accelerated removal or destruction of neutrophils would be caused by what?

Immune response triggerd by medicine

Overuse due to large infection

Splenomegaly

Symptoms of Neutropenia/Agranulocytosis include

Fever

Chills

Malaise

Weakness

What is the main area that would be affected by neutropenia/agranulocytosis?

Oral cavity

What is a mojor problem associated with oral cavity problems in neutropenia?

Infections

Reactive leukocytosis is an increase in what?

WBC

Reactive leukocytosis is common in what type of reactions?

Infection

Inflamation

Neutrophillic leukocytosis is in response to what?

Bacterial

Eosinophilic leukocytosis?

Allergies

Which type of leukocytosis ir rare?

Basophilia

Basophilia would be an indicator for what?

Leukemia



Monocytosis?

Chronic Infections

TB

SLEMalaria

Lymphocytosis?

Follows monocytosis

Infectious Mononucleosis is a what type of herpes virus

Epstein Barr Virus

Lympadenitis is a __________ of the lymph nodes?

Inflammation

Lymphadenopathy is a __________ of the lymph nodes?

Enlargement

Reactive lymphadenitis is specific or non-specific?

Non-specific

What is an example of non-specific reactive lymphadenitis?

Cat Scratch disease

Is cat scratch disease self limited?

Yes

What cuases cat scratch disease?

Bartonella Henselae

What is Bartonella Hensela related to?

Rickettsia



What age group is mainly affected by cat scratch disease?

Under age 18

What is the % of those who get cat scratch disease are under 18

90%

Where do the symptoms of cat scratch occur?

Axilla or neck

What are the most important WBC disorders?

Tumors

What are the 3 Categories of Neoplastic WBC proliferations?

LymphoidMyeloid

Histocytic

Lymphoid neoplasmas include

Hodgkins & Non-Hodgkins

Lymphocytic leukemiaPlasma Cell Dyscrasias

Myeloid neoplasms arise from what?

Stem cells that usually for the formed elements of blood, RBC, granulocytes and

platelets

Histocytic neoplasms are a proliferative lesion of what?

Histcytes

What is an example of proliferative lesion of a histocyte?

Langerhans Cell histocytosis



Myeloid neoplasms can be divided into what 3 categories?

Acute MyleogenousChronic Myleoproliferative Disorder

Myleodysplastic Syndrome

Acute myleogenous Leukemia is where____________ acumualte in the _____________?

Immature Proliferative/Bone Marrow

Crhonic Myleoproliferative would show what in a blood cell count?

Incresaed number of formed elements

Myleodysplastic sysndrome would cause Innefective _______ and _________?

Hematopoesis and cytopenias

Lymphoid neoplasms include which 2 lymphomas?

Hodgkins and Non-Hodgkins

What type of cell is associated with Hodgkins lymphoma?

Reed-Staernberg giant cells

Are Reed-Sternberg cells neoplastic or non-neoplastic?

Neoplastic

Where do Hodgkins and NonHodgkins arise?

In lymph tissue

In hodgkins lymphoma, do neoplastic cells or non-neoplastic cells outnumber tumor cells?

Non-neoplastic outnemuber

Hodgkins lymphoma causes lymph node _______?

Effacement

Most lymphoid neoplasms in the western countries are in what type of cell?



Bcells (80-85%)

In B cell tumors, neoplastic cells that are clustered into nodules are called?

Follicular lymphoma

In B cell tumors, neoplastic cells that do not form nodules are called ?

Diffuse Lymphoma

Lymphoid tumors usually disrupt the __________ system?

Immune

All lymphoid neoplasms are derived from a ________ transformed cell?

Single

Lymphoid neoplasms that are derived from a single transformed cell are called?

Monoclonal

Are monoclonal usually Benign or Malignant?

Malignant

Which type of lymphoma start at a single site then spreads to other lymph nodes?

Hodgkins

What type of lymphoma starts at multiple sites ?

Npn-Hodgkins

Which type would require systemic treatment?

Non Hodgkins

Which type would excision and radiation work on?

Hodgkins

What is accumulated in the marrow in acute leukemia?



Blasts

Are RBC, WBC and platelets increased or decreased due to formation of blasts in marrow?

Decreased

Symptoms of acute leukekmia?

Tired

Weakness

Bleeding

Bone PainHeadache

Are WBC increased or decreased in early stages of acute leukemia?

Increased

Follicular lymphoma is HL or NHL?

NHL

What % of adult NHL is follicular lymphoma?

40%

What age group does follicular lymphoma occur in?

Older

Can you treat follicular lymphoma?

No

What is life span for follicular lymphoma patients?

7-9 years

The GI tract is often afficted with this type of NHL?

Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Mantle cell lymphoma is nonagressive (T or F).

False



Mantle cell lymphoma is curable (T or F)

False

What type of NHL is the most common in US adults?

Diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma

What type of NHL is a High grade tumor and may be the fastest growing human neoplasm?

Burkitts lymphoma

Burkitts Lymphoma is related to what herpes subtype?

EBV

Multiple Myeloma show an increase in a single type of immunoglobulin component called?

M Component

M Component also related to which type of dyscrasias

Plasma

When anemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia all occur at the same time is called?

Pancytopenia

Are Multiple myelomas benign or malignant?

Malignant

What is the most common plasma cell dyscrasias?

Multiple Myeloma

Multiple Myeloma involves what?

Bone

Protien abnormalities in serum and urine

Free immunoglobulin light chains are of which groups?

Kappa

Gamma



Free light kappa and gamma chains are referred to as ?

Bence Jones proteins

Bence Jones proteins will show up in the?

Urine

The M protein is of what2 types of immunoglobulin type?

IgA

IgG

In lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, serum IgM appears as what?

M protein

Are bone lesions a problenm in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?

No

What may be affected in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma?

Eyes

Hodgkins patient would present with fever and ________?

Itching

Hodgkins affect mainly this group?

Young men

Rye classification of hodgkins lymphoma is based on?

Histopathology

What type of cell would show up in histopathology of hodgkins lymphoma?

Reed Sternberg Cells

Prognosis is better predicted by Ann Arbor or by Rye Classification?

Ann Arbor

Ann Arbor is based on what?



Degree of dissemination, how many lymph sites involved, and systemic signs

Rye classification is made up of the following?

Lyphocytic PredominanceMixed Cellularity

Lymphocytic depletion

Nodular Sclerosis

Are there few or many reed Sternberg cells in lymphcytic predominance?

Few

Are there few or many reed Sternberg cells in lymphcytic depletion?

Many

Which type of rye classification is most frequently occurring?

Mixed Cellularity

Which is a rare form?

Lymphocytic depletion

Which has a poor prognosis?

Lyphocytic depletion

Men or Women for nodular sclerosis?

Women

Treatment of this bacterial infection will also lead to regression of the tumor?

Helicobacter Pylori

What is an uncommon B cell leukemia in older males?

Hairy Cell Leukemia

NHL are made mostly af B cells or T cells?

B cells



Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome are a type ________ lymphoma?

T Cell

Name 2 T cell lymphomas?

Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome

Mycosis fungoides and sezary syndrome invole this?

Skin

HTLV-1 is this type of leukemia?

T-cell

What type of virus is HTLV-1 associated with?

Retrovirus

Symptoms of Adult Tcell leukemia include?

Skin lesions

Hypercalcemia

Adult T cell leukemia has a survival time of what?

8 months

Adult T cell leukemia is caused by what?

A Virus

What % of adult t cell leukemia is chronic?

15-20%

What does the 15-20% of adult t cell leukemia resemble?

Cutaneous t cell lymphoma

Karotype is used to differentiate _______ from ________?

Myleblastic leukemia from Lymphoblastic Leukemia

What type of classification systemmis used to differentiate the myleoblastic anemias?



FAB (French-american-british classification system)

What unique chromosomal abnormality is associated with chronic myleproliferative

disorders?

Philadelphia chromosome

When you see myleoproliferative you should think________?

Philadelphia chromosome

Normal hemostatic response involves?

Blood Vessel Wall

Platelets

Clotting cascade

Normal time for a cut to clot in the bleeding time test is?

2-9 minutes

Normal Platelet counts are?

150-450K/mm3

Prothrombin time is an intrinsic or extrinsic test?

Extrinsic

What is added exogenously to a cut to test for clot time in Prothrombin test?

Calcium

Thromboplastin

If there is a prolonged prothrimbin time, there would be decrease in which factors?

5,7 & 10 (prothrombin and fibrinogen)

Partial Thromboplastin time is intrinsic or extrinsic?

Intrinsic

Both Prothrombin time and thromboplastin time are measured in?



Seconds

In thromboplastin time test, what is clot tested in presence of?

KaolinCephalin

Calcium

What factors are involved in partial thromboplastin time test if it is prolonged?

5,7,9,10,11,12

DIC may give rise to what type of disorders?

Bleediing

DIC most often follows?

Sepsis

Obstetric complications

MalignancyMajor trauma

What is a more common cause of bleeding than all the congenital disorders?

DIC

Thrombocytopenia is measured as anything below what?

100000

Thrombocytopenia is on e of the most common problems associated with which disease?

HIV

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic purpura is a reduced form of what?

Platelets

Ideopathic means what?

Unknown cause

Are congenital or acquired coagulation disorders more common?



Acquired are more common

What test is used to test for von Willebrand factor?

Ristocetin

Von willebrand factor is associated with which numbered facor?

8

Presence or absence of von Willebrand facor leads to bleeding?

Absence

Deficiencies in factor VIII leads to what?

Hemophilia A

Von Willebrand factor main function is to facilitate platelet adhesion to what?

Damaged blood vessles

Vo Willebrand disease is associated with which type of bleeding?

Spontaneous

Are the platelets normal or abnormal in von willebrand dsease?

Normal

Hemorrthroses is bleeding into what?

Joints

Factor IX disease is also called what 2 names?

Hemophilia B

Christmas disease

What is a difference in Hemophilia A (XIII) and Hemophilia B (IX)?

PTT in hemophilia B (IX) is longer. It is normal in hemophilia A (XIII)



Patients with Myesthenia Gravis usually have this occur to their thymus?

Hyperplasia

Which type of thymoma is cytologically binign?

Thype 1

Which type of thymoma is cytologically malignant?

Type 2

Which type of thymoma are aggressive?

Type 1

Are thymoma’s rare or common?

Rare

Documents

Path 2 Test 1 Study Sheet