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PAT DI TRIBUTION OF HOUR YMIXING DPTH o RINDIANR GION
= CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT amp- FORESTS
e-mail cpcbalphanicin Website httpcpcbdelhinicin
July 2002
PROGRAMME OBJECTIVE SERIES PROBESBo 2002-2003
SIAllAL DISTRIBUllON OF HOURLY MIXING DEPTH OVER INDIAN REGION
Me1eoro1ogicalpotentialjarAirPollution Study
CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (Ministry of Environment amp Forests Govt of Ind ia)
Parivesh Shawan East Arjun Nager Delhi -110 032
e-f)) (t il cpclgt(UJ(l lph(l nic in Velymiddotil e hll pcpcbde lhi nic in
CPCB 200 Copies 2002
Published By Dr B Sengupta Member Secretary C entral Pollution Con tr ol Board Delh i - 32 Pflntlng Supervision amp Layout P K Mahendru Salish Kumar and Mohd Javed
Printed 81 National Institute of Sc ience Communication (eSIR) Dr K S Kri shnan Marg New Delhi middot 12
~~q ~~UI f1ltiUI ltiRl (11~ mltm ltPT 1I1JOO1)
~ 3iR ltA RJMl
Central Pollution Control Board (A Gov of Indl8 Organlsa1l0n)
Minis try of Environment amp Forests ~ 1lt1 Phone 2204948 3rcltle
DILIP BISWAS Chairman
FOREWORD
An effective air quality management programme essentially needs besides other factors knowledge of the atmospheriC processes to understand as to what happens to a puffs or plume of pollutant from the time it is emitted to the time it is detected at some other location The motion of the air causes a dilution of the pollutant and how much dilution occurs is a function of meteorology or atmospheric conditions The meteorology on all scales in space (ole in producing the air quality that we measure and feel Meteorology is also an essential element to EnvIronmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies required to assess environmental implications of any developmental project
A considerably complicat ing meteorological factor In dispersion of pollutants IS the thermal stratification of the atmosphere including the mixi ng height The inversionstable layer aloft by acting as a fl exib le lid blocks vertical disperSions and limi ts the height of the atmosphere within which mixing of the pollutants takes place This height is normally termeo as MiXing Height which varies wIth respect to space and t ime The hourly data on mi xing height is essential input to the dispersion estimates required for EIA studies However this is seldom measured directly due to high cost
Dr RN Gupta Ex Director India Meteorological Department has wor ked out spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth over Ind ian region based on the Rad iosonde data (vertical distribution of temperature) together with hourly surface temperatures On 11 is request and considering the usefulness of these data Central Pol lution Control Board 1$ bringing out this publication I wish to acknowledge all the eHorts and contribution made rJY Dr Gupta In preparing thiS document
I hope_ thiS would be a useful sel of information to the researchers academicians consultants and all those who are engaged in air quality management Issues particu larly on pollutantmiddotdispersion and cause-consequent environmental impacts
(Dili p Biswas)
Parl esh Shawan C B D -cum-OHice Complex East Arjun Nagar Delhimiddot 11 0032
Grams middotCLEENVIRON Fall (011) 2204948 Telex 031middot66440 peON IN Emiddotmall rcctcpcbemetln
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am extremely thankful to Director General of Meteorology (DGM) of India Meteorological Department and his office who permitted me to use AS data and hourly surface temperature data for working on spatial distribution of hour ly mixing depth over Indian region I am also thankful to Prof Dili p Biswas Chairman and Or B Sengupta Aember Secretary Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for agree ing to publish this useful information by CPCB The help rendered by Dr Prlshant Gargava Environmental Engineer e peB in bringing tIIeuro repOrl in Its present form IS also acknowledged
Dr R N Gupta B-41 C
Gangatri Enclave Opp Alaknanda Market
New Deihl - 11001 9
CONTENTS
Page No 1 0 Introduction 1 2 0 Concept amp Data 1 30 Methodology 3 4 0 Results amp DIScussion 4
50 list of Figures 8
10 INTRODUCTION
Generally the principal types of meteorological data that are available and reliable for use in studies in air pollution potential are surface and upper air observations as commonly made Such observations have been designed and are taken for the main purpose of satisfying weather forecast requirements for general public and for aviation forecast and usually have not been greatly concerned with applications to the problems of air pollution Thus the available data otten require special processing and interpretation in terms of their impact on atmospheric transport and diffusion Sometimes such interpretations are very difficult due to various reasons and we will not go in such details Out of various meteorological parameters which are required In the application of air pollution meteorology the mixing depth (height) is one of the important parameter
The mixing depth at every hour of the day is one of tile important parameters for evaluating the impact of any air polluting industry or power plant etc on Air Environment in and around the project site Environmental protection is of great concern to both society and the Government The proper planning of urbanization and industrialization is a must to avoid environmental degradation The process of the industrial development goes vis-a-vis to the environment imbalance
It becomes essential to carry out Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA) of any proposed power plant Industry for various environmental components of the area ie Air Water NoiseLand and Socio-economics etc REIA involves identification prediction and evaluation of impact on the environment due to proposed activity Baseline data is required to be collected during the representative month of one season except for Monsoon season for various environmental components in respect of Air Environment in order to assess the existing environmental status as well as for evaluating the impact of proposed activity around the project site
Meteorology plays a major role in the study of Air Environment in and around the project site So it becomes necessary for us to examine base line data in respect of meteorological parameters and Ambient Air Quality Data which will be also required as the input for Environmental Impact Assessment Mixing depth at every hour at project site is one of such important parameter required as input for such a study
20 CONCEPTS amp DATA
The concept of a mixing layer is based on the principle that when the atmosphere is heated from below (ie at ground level as a consequence of solar heating at the ground) it becomes unstable leading to vertical motions mixing and
consequently a tendency for establishment of a dry ad iabatic lapse rate (in the absence of condensation) in the mixing layer It is recognized that the lapse rate near the ground especially on sunny afternoons is often super - adiabatic but that at equilibrium it becomes more nearly dry adiabatic Thus the mixing height is defined as the top of the surtace- based layer in which vertical mixing is relatively vigorous and in which the lapse rate necessarily is approximately dry adiabatic In the case of a ground based inversion the mixing height is zero but such a value for the atmosphere has no real meaning A logical interpretation of th is situation is that relatively vigorous vertical mixing is not occurring in the ground based layer Assuming that changes in air temperature occur only as a consequence of solar heating at the ground the mixing height at a given time of the day may be readily est imated from the surface temperature at that time together with the vertical profile of temperature at an earlier time Such estimates are valid however only unlillhe time when afternoon temperatures begin to coo rapidly indicating the end of convective activity Thus in fa ir weather situations the mixing height increases during the day in proportion to rising surface temperatures reaches a maximum around the time of maximum surface temperature and later in the afternoon over open country ceases to exist as a surface based inversion forms Over a city the evening mixing layer is more likely to be maintained to heights of roughly a hundred or so meters as the city cools more slowly than the nearby countryside
Mixing heights are seldom measured directly due to high cost involvement and such measurements do not indicate the realistic values So the mixing heights are being worked out by utilizing Radiosonde (RS) data (vertical distribUtion of temperature) together with hourly surface temperatures Hourly surface temperatures need to be recorded continuously by thermograph or by other good sensors India Meteorological Department has 35 of such Observatories (List enclosed middot Annexure A) which take RS flights twice a day ie at 00 GMT and t 2 GMT and 32 stations are recording surface temperatures continuously out of 35 observatories The map showing Radiosonde stations network can be seen at Annexure B We do not have continuous record of surface temperature at Ranchi Si liguri and Gochin It was found that the simultaneous data of Radiosonde and Hourly surface temperature at these 32 observatories were readily available for limited period only ie for the years t990 - 1992
So three years data (1990-1992) of the representative months of nonmiddotm onsoon seasons ie winter summer and post -monsoon have been considered for working out hourly mixing depth at all 32 RS Stations 00 GMT RS data and hourly surface temperature data have been used for working out hourly mixing depth based on techniques as suggested by Holzworth (1971) Ludwig (1970) and Raman amp Kelkar (1972) In view of the complex structure of the real atmosphere these definitions of mixing depth will be recognised as approximations particularly applicable in climatological and Air Pollution studies
2
[
30 METHODOLOGY
The early morning ie 00 Z Radio Sonde data and hourly suriace temperatu res have been utilized for computation of hourly mixing depths duri ng day time Normally the radio-sonde stations for studying vertical profile of temperatures are situated outside the urban area The calculations of mixing depths are made in pressu re coordinates and then converted to heights (m) with the hydrostatic equation and Gas law
We know from Gas laws and hydrostatic equation
pV = Rd T (for dry air)
p i p = Rd T
1 I p = Rd T i p (Gas Law) (1 )
dp = bull g pdz (hydrostatic equation)
dz = bull dp I g p (2)
From (1) and (2) we get
dz = bull (Rd T I g) dp I p
The height of the mixing depth means that there is an inversion layer or isothermal layer or a stable layer at the top of this layer Let us consider the suriace pressure is Po and p be the pressure at height h (mixing depth) at which the dry adiabatic lapse rate from the surface temperature intersects the morning sounding
~ f dz = (Rd T I g) f dp l P cent
= (Rd T I g) 10 (p I Po)
= (R T I g) 10 (Po I p)
Where T is the mean temperature of the atmosphere between pressure P o and PI - In the above discussion the atmosphere has been considered to be dry When the atmosphere contains moisture which is generally the case virtual temperature correction is required to be applied instead of actual dry bulb temperature in the mixing depth computations It has been seen that that the virtual temperature correction leads to only insignificant change in mixing height calculations Therefore virtual temperature corrections have not been applied in this report while computing the mixing depth
3
So the above methodology has been adopted for determining the mixing depth at every hour for the period when the atmosphere is likely to be unstable or neutral Likewise hourly mixing depths for every day of the representative months of winter summer and post-monsoon seasons by utilizing 00 Z RS and hourly suriace temperature data monitored during the year 1990 - 1992 have been worked out with the help of software developed for this purpose Subsequently hourly mean mixing depths for those hours when the atmosphere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic tor each season separately have been worked out Similar computations are made for all 32 RS stations For every hour and for each season hourly mixing depth have been plotted separately and isolines are drawn So these maps provide uS most likely spati al distribution of hourly mixing depths during all three nonshymonsoon seasons over Indian region
40 RESULTS amp DISCUSSION
Hourly mean mixing depths have not been worked out for Monsoon period d$
air pollution IS not much problematic during ra iny days due to washout effect Figure 1 depicts spat ial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth during i h hour ot winter season over Indian region This gives the mean value of hourly miXing depth at 7 th hour of winter season which is quite relevant for working o ut g1 c values at any of the receptors points Hourly me an mixing depths have been worked out only when the atmosph ere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic The hourly mixing depth values during sub-adiabatic conditions will
bull indicate highly unrealistic values and do not carry any meaning and a logical interpretation of thiS Situation is that relatively vigorous vertical mixing is not occurnng in the ground based layer Similarly figures 234567 89 10 11 and 12 indicate spatial distribution of hourlv mean mixing depths during 8th 9th 1h 18th
10th 11 th
12th 13 141h1 5 1Sth 17th 1lt hours respectively 01 winter season over Indian reg ion It is quite clear that hourly mean mixing depths at a pOint are increasing in concurrence with the rising suriace temperature and then starts decreasing with the decrease of surface temperatures It IS also seen that hourly mean mixing depths al a particular point of time follows the temperature pattern over the region
The hourly mean mixing depth so obtained from figures 1-1 2 at any Site having flat terrain and at any pOint of lime during winter season is a very good approximation to real values So it works as a very good advisory which will Indicate spatial variation of mixing depth values as well as its vanation with time
While figures 1314151617181920212223242526 and 27 indicale 6 th 71h 81h 9 th spatial vanation of hour~ mean mixing depth during 5th
10th
13 th 14th 16th 17 th 1Sth11h 12h 15 and 19th hours respectively during summer season over Indian region Similarly figures 18193031313334 3536373839 and 40 Indicate spatial variation of hourlv mean mixmQ depth during i h Sth gh 10th 11 th 1ih 13th 14th 15th lSh 171h 18th and 19th hours respectively dUring post monsoon season over Indian region
4
REFRENCES
1 Holzworth GC ~Meteorological Potential for Urban Air Pollution in the contiguous United States ~ Proc Second International Clean Air Congress 1971 pp 1076middot1080
2 Ludwig FL Determination of Mixing Depths for use with synoptic Model Proc Symp On Multiple - Source Urban Diffusion Models 1970 pp 5middot33 shy5middot35
3 Raman CRV and Kelkar RR Urban Air Pollution Potential Over Bombay India derived from mixing depths and mean layer wind Proc Of Conference on Urban Environment amp Second Conference on Bio~meteorology
sponsored by American Met Society amp Co-sponsored by American Institute of Medical Climatology 1972 pp 303middot309
5
1 Annexure A
PARTICU LARS OF RADIO-SONDE STATIONS
S NO STATION IND EX NO ALTITUDE LATIT UDE LONGIT UDE ( m ) Oeg Min Deg Min
I Aga nala 42724 16 23 53 91 15
2 Ahm edabad 4264 7 55 23 04 72 38
J Amini 433 1 4 II 07 72 44
4 Aurangabad 4304 581 19 53 75 20
5 Bangalo rc 4)295 921 12 58 77 35
6 Bhopa 42667 523 2J 17 77 7 Bhubneshwar 429 7 46 20 15 85 50
8 Bombay 43003 I I 18 54 72 49
9 Ca1cuna 42809 6 22 39 88 27
10 Cochin 43353 3 09 53 76 14
II Dibrugarh 42 3 4 III 27 29 95 01
12 Gauhati 42410 54 26 06 91 35
13 Goa 43 192 60 15 29 73 49
14 Gorakhpur 42379 78 26 45 R3 22
15 Gwaior 42361 207 26 14 78 15
16 Hyderabad 4312~ 545 17 27 78 28
17 Jagclalpur 4304 1 553 1lt) 05 82 02
18 Jodhpur 42339 220 26 18 J3 01
19 Karaikal 43346 6 10 55 79 50
20 Lucknow 42369 121 26 52 80 56
21 Machilipat nam 43 185 3 16 t I 81 03
22 Madras 43279 16 J 0 80 IS
23 Mangaore 43285 22 12 52 51
6
-------------------------------------------------- ~ I
2 Minicoy 43369 2 08 18 7300
25 Nagpur 42867 JJ 21 06 79 03
26 New De ihl 42 182 216 28 )5 n 12
27 PaHa la 42 10 1 251 )0 20 76 28
28 Pa tna 42492 5) 25 37 85 10
29 Pendra 42779 625 22 46 81 54
)0 Port Blair 4))) ) 79 II 40 92 4]
) I Ranchi 42700 655 232J 85 20
)2 Sllgun 42397 114 26 40 88 22
)) S rinagar 42027 1527 34 05 74 50
) 4 TrivlOdrum 43371 64 08 29 76 57
35 Vishaklapatnam 4 3150 3 17 4 3 83 14
7
LIST OF FIGURES
fig No Page No 1 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter) 10 2 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11 3 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter) 12 4 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13 5 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14 6 Spatial diSl ribulion 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1200 1ST (Winter) 15 7 Spalial distribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1300 1ST (Winler) 16 B Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 400 1S T (Winter) 17 9 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Winler) 18 10 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19 11 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Winler) 20 12 Spatial dislribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21 13 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 22 14 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23 15 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1S T (Pre-Monsoon) 24 16 Spat ial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 25 17 Spatial distr ibution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26 18 Spatial distribulion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27 t9 Spatial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 2B 20 Spatial diSlribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al f200 1ST (PremiddotMonsoon) 29 21 Spatial dis1ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre -Monsoon) 30 22 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 31 23 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Premiddot Monsoon) 32 24 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 33 25 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST Prf (~10nsoon) 34 26 Spatial distribution of hourty mixing deplh (M) at 1800 tST (Pr IJlo(lsoon) 35 27 Spalial distr ibution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1900 1ST (Pr Monsoon) 36 28 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37 29 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 38 30 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39 31 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 40 32 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 4f 33 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42 34 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43 35 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) a t 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 44 36 Spatial distr ibution ot hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 45 37 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46 38 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Posi -Monsoon) 47 39 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48 40 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Posi-Monsoon) 49
8
I l
Annexure-B
-SRN ~
~~~
bull 1 AGD
I
- _
1shy MNd ~
j
1 shy
bullltlll
s
bull bull bull pound
bull
H - -~
I
N
bull II ~
middotn
I 1
N
MAP SHOWING middot
RADIOSONDE STA nONS
sa
~ Ibull (shy
r
t H I middot
I-t-middot - If
I f ~
LtJ C
~p
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter)
10
bull
o
[ I
- shy
I C
4J
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11
---shy-
shyAGO
_ ~f--~ r - + bull
0lt
o
bull bull
C -+-
H
1 -I
I
N F - shy
A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter 12
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
PROGRAMME OBJECTIVE SERIES PROBESBo 2002-2003
SIAllAL DISTRIBUllON OF HOURLY MIXING DEPTH OVER INDIAN REGION
Me1eoro1ogicalpotentialjarAirPollution Study
CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (Ministry of Environment amp Forests Govt of Ind ia)
Parivesh Shawan East Arjun Nager Delhi -110 032
e-f)) (t il cpclgt(UJ(l lph(l nic in Velymiddotil e hll pcpcbde lhi nic in
CPCB 200 Copies 2002
Published By Dr B Sengupta Member Secretary C entral Pollution Con tr ol Board Delh i - 32 Pflntlng Supervision amp Layout P K Mahendru Salish Kumar and Mohd Javed
Printed 81 National Institute of Sc ience Communication (eSIR) Dr K S Kri shnan Marg New Delhi middot 12
~~q ~~UI f1ltiUI ltiRl (11~ mltm ltPT 1I1JOO1)
~ 3iR ltA RJMl
Central Pollution Control Board (A Gov of Indl8 Organlsa1l0n)
Minis try of Environment amp Forests ~ 1lt1 Phone 2204948 3rcltle
DILIP BISWAS Chairman
FOREWORD
An effective air quality management programme essentially needs besides other factors knowledge of the atmospheriC processes to understand as to what happens to a puffs or plume of pollutant from the time it is emitted to the time it is detected at some other location The motion of the air causes a dilution of the pollutant and how much dilution occurs is a function of meteorology or atmospheric conditions The meteorology on all scales in space (ole in producing the air quality that we measure and feel Meteorology is also an essential element to EnvIronmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies required to assess environmental implications of any developmental project
A considerably complicat ing meteorological factor In dispersion of pollutants IS the thermal stratification of the atmosphere including the mixi ng height The inversionstable layer aloft by acting as a fl exib le lid blocks vertical disperSions and limi ts the height of the atmosphere within which mixing of the pollutants takes place This height is normally termeo as MiXing Height which varies wIth respect to space and t ime The hourly data on mi xing height is essential input to the dispersion estimates required for EIA studies However this is seldom measured directly due to high cost
Dr RN Gupta Ex Director India Meteorological Department has wor ked out spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth over Ind ian region based on the Rad iosonde data (vertical distribution of temperature) together with hourly surface temperatures On 11 is request and considering the usefulness of these data Central Pol lution Control Board 1$ bringing out this publication I wish to acknowledge all the eHorts and contribution made rJY Dr Gupta In preparing thiS document
I hope_ thiS would be a useful sel of information to the researchers academicians consultants and all those who are engaged in air quality management Issues particu larly on pollutantmiddotdispersion and cause-consequent environmental impacts
(Dili p Biswas)
Parl esh Shawan C B D -cum-OHice Complex East Arjun Nagar Delhimiddot 11 0032
Grams middotCLEENVIRON Fall (011) 2204948 Telex 031middot66440 peON IN Emiddotmall rcctcpcbemetln
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am extremely thankful to Director General of Meteorology (DGM) of India Meteorological Department and his office who permitted me to use AS data and hourly surface temperature data for working on spatial distribution of hour ly mixing depth over Indian region I am also thankful to Prof Dili p Biswas Chairman and Or B Sengupta Aember Secretary Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for agree ing to publish this useful information by CPCB The help rendered by Dr Prlshant Gargava Environmental Engineer e peB in bringing tIIeuro repOrl in Its present form IS also acknowledged
Dr R N Gupta B-41 C
Gangatri Enclave Opp Alaknanda Market
New Deihl - 11001 9
CONTENTS
Page No 1 0 Introduction 1 2 0 Concept amp Data 1 30 Methodology 3 4 0 Results amp DIScussion 4
50 list of Figures 8
10 INTRODUCTION
Generally the principal types of meteorological data that are available and reliable for use in studies in air pollution potential are surface and upper air observations as commonly made Such observations have been designed and are taken for the main purpose of satisfying weather forecast requirements for general public and for aviation forecast and usually have not been greatly concerned with applications to the problems of air pollution Thus the available data otten require special processing and interpretation in terms of their impact on atmospheric transport and diffusion Sometimes such interpretations are very difficult due to various reasons and we will not go in such details Out of various meteorological parameters which are required In the application of air pollution meteorology the mixing depth (height) is one of the important parameter
The mixing depth at every hour of the day is one of tile important parameters for evaluating the impact of any air polluting industry or power plant etc on Air Environment in and around the project site Environmental protection is of great concern to both society and the Government The proper planning of urbanization and industrialization is a must to avoid environmental degradation The process of the industrial development goes vis-a-vis to the environment imbalance
It becomes essential to carry out Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA) of any proposed power plant Industry for various environmental components of the area ie Air Water NoiseLand and Socio-economics etc REIA involves identification prediction and evaluation of impact on the environment due to proposed activity Baseline data is required to be collected during the representative month of one season except for Monsoon season for various environmental components in respect of Air Environment in order to assess the existing environmental status as well as for evaluating the impact of proposed activity around the project site
Meteorology plays a major role in the study of Air Environment in and around the project site So it becomes necessary for us to examine base line data in respect of meteorological parameters and Ambient Air Quality Data which will be also required as the input for Environmental Impact Assessment Mixing depth at every hour at project site is one of such important parameter required as input for such a study
20 CONCEPTS amp DATA
The concept of a mixing layer is based on the principle that when the atmosphere is heated from below (ie at ground level as a consequence of solar heating at the ground) it becomes unstable leading to vertical motions mixing and
consequently a tendency for establishment of a dry ad iabatic lapse rate (in the absence of condensation) in the mixing layer It is recognized that the lapse rate near the ground especially on sunny afternoons is often super - adiabatic but that at equilibrium it becomes more nearly dry adiabatic Thus the mixing height is defined as the top of the surtace- based layer in which vertical mixing is relatively vigorous and in which the lapse rate necessarily is approximately dry adiabatic In the case of a ground based inversion the mixing height is zero but such a value for the atmosphere has no real meaning A logical interpretation of th is situation is that relatively vigorous vertical mixing is not occurring in the ground based layer Assuming that changes in air temperature occur only as a consequence of solar heating at the ground the mixing height at a given time of the day may be readily est imated from the surface temperature at that time together with the vertical profile of temperature at an earlier time Such estimates are valid however only unlillhe time when afternoon temperatures begin to coo rapidly indicating the end of convective activity Thus in fa ir weather situations the mixing height increases during the day in proportion to rising surface temperatures reaches a maximum around the time of maximum surface temperature and later in the afternoon over open country ceases to exist as a surface based inversion forms Over a city the evening mixing layer is more likely to be maintained to heights of roughly a hundred or so meters as the city cools more slowly than the nearby countryside
Mixing heights are seldom measured directly due to high cost involvement and such measurements do not indicate the realistic values So the mixing heights are being worked out by utilizing Radiosonde (RS) data (vertical distribUtion of temperature) together with hourly surface temperatures Hourly surface temperatures need to be recorded continuously by thermograph or by other good sensors India Meteorological Department has 35 of such Observatories (List enclosed middot Annexure A) which take RS flights twice a day ie at 00 GMT and t 2 GMT and 32 stations are recording surface temperatures continuously out of 35 observatories The map showing Radiosonde stations network can be seen at Annexure B We do not have continuous record of surface temperature at Ranchi Si liguri and Gochin It was found that the simultaneous data of Radiosonde and Hourly surface temperature at these 32 observatories were readily available for limited period only ie for the years t990 - 1992
So three years data (1990-1992) of the representative months of nonmiddotm onsoon seasons ie winter summer and post -monsoon have been considered for working out hourly mixing depth at all 32 RS Stations 00 GMT RS data and hourly surface temperature data have been used for working out hourly mixing depth based on techniques as suggested by Holzworth (1971) Ludwig (1970) and Raman amp Kelkar (1972) In view of the complex structure of the real atmosphere these definitions of mixing depth will be recognised as approximations particularly applicable in climatological and Air Pollution studies
2
[
30 METHODOLOGY
The early morning ie 00 Z Radio Sonde data and hourly suriace temperatu res have been utilized for computation of hourly mixing depths duri ng day time Normally the radio-sonde stations for studying vertical profile of temperatures are situated outside the urban area The calculations of mixing depths are made in pressu re coordinates and then converted to heights (m) with the hydrostatic equation and Gas law
We know from Gas laws and hydrostatic equation
pV = Rd T (for dry air)
p i p = Rd T
1 I p = Rd T i p (Gas Law) (1 )
dp = bull g pdz (hydrostatic equation)
dz = bull dp I g p (2)
From (1) and (2) we get
dz = bull (Rd T I g) dp I p
The height of the mixing depth means that there is an inversion layer or isothermal layer or a stable layer at the top of this layer Let us consider the suriace pressure is Po and p be the pressure at height h (mixing depth) at which the dry adiabatic lapse rate from the surface temperature intersects the morning sounding
~ f dz = (Rd T I g) f dp l P cent
= (Rd T I g) 10 (p I Po)
= (R T I g) 10 (Po I p)
Where T is the mean temperature of the atmosphere between pressure P o and PI - In the above discussion the atmosphere has been considered to be dry When the atmosphere contains moisture which is generally the case virtual temperature correction is required to be applied instead of actual dry bulb temperature in the mixing depth computations It has been seen that that the virtual temperature correction leads to only insignificant change in mixing height calculations Therefore virtual temperature corrections have not been applied in this report while computing the mixing depth
3
So the above methodology has been adopted for determining the mixing depth at every hour for the period when the atmosphere is likely to be unstable or neutral Likewise hourly mixing depths for every day of the representative months of winter summer and post-monsoon seasons by utilizing 00 Z RS and hourly suriace temperature data monitored during the year 1990 - 1992 have been worked out with the help of software developed for this purpose Subsequently hourly mean mixing depths for those hours when the atmosphere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic tor each season separately have been worked out Similar computations are made for all 32 RS stations For every hour and for each season hourly mixing depth have been plotted separately and isolines are drawn So these maps provide uS most likely spati al distribution of hourly mixing depths during all three nonshymonsoon seasons over Indian region
40 RESULTS amp DISCUSSION
Hourly mean mixing depths have not been worked out for Monsoon period d$
air pollution IS not much problematic during ra iny days due to washout effect Figure 1 depicts spat ial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth during i h hour ot winter season over Indian region This gives the mean value of hourly miXing depth at 7 th hour of winter season which is quite relevant for working o ut g1 c values at any of the receptors points Hourly me an mixing depths have been worked out only when the atmosph ere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic The hourly mixing depth values during sub-adiabatic conditions will
bull indicate highly unrealistic values and do not carry any meaning and a logical interpretation of thiS Situation is that relatively vigorous vertical mixing is not occurnng in the ground based layer Similarly figures 234567 89 10 11 and 12 indicate spatial distribution of hourlv mean mixing depths during 8th 9th 1h 18th
10th 11 th
12th 13 141h1 5 1Sth 17th 1lt hours respectively 01 winter season over Indian reg ion It is quite clear that hourly mean mixing depths at a pOint are increasing in concurrence with the rising suriace temperature and then starts decreasing with the decrease of surface temperatures It IS also seen that hourly mean mixing depths al a particular point of time follows the temperature pattern over the region
The hourly mean mixing depth so obtained from figures 1-1 2 at any Site having flat terrain and at any pOint of lime during winter season is a very good approximation to real values So it works as a very good advisory which will Indicate spatial variation of mixing depth values as well as its vanation with time
While figures 1314151617181920212223242526 and 27 indicale 6 th 71h 81h 9 th spatial vanation of hour~ mean mixing depth during 5th
10th
13 th 14th 16th 17 th 1Sth11h 12h 15 and 19th hours respectively during summer season over Indian region Similarly figures 18193031313334 3536373839 and 40 Indicate spatial variation of hourlv mean mixmQ depth during i h Sth gh 10th 11 th 1ih 13th 14th 15th lSh 171h 18th and 19th hours respectively dUring post monsoon season over Indian region
4
REFRENCES
1 Holzworth GC ~Meteorological Potential for Urban Air Pollution in the contiguous United States ~ Proc Second International Clean Air Congress 1971 pp 1076middot1080
2 Ludwig FL Determination of Mixing Depths for use with synoptic Model Proc Symp On Multiple - Source Urban Diffusion Models 1970 pp 5middot33 shy5middot35
3 Raman CRV and Kelkar RR Urban Air Pollution Potential Over Bombay India derived from mixing depths and mean layer wind Proc Of Conference on Urban Environment amp Second Conference on Bio~meteorology
sponsored by American Met Society amp Co-sponsored by American Institute of Medical Climatology 1972 pp 303middot309
5
1 Annexure A
PARTICU LARS OF RADIO-SONDE STATIONS
S NO STATION IND EX NO ALTITUDE LATIT UDE LONGIT UDE ( m ) Oeg Min Deg Min
I Aga nala 42724 16 23 53 91 15
2 Ahm edabad 4264 7 55 23 04 72 38
J Amini 433 1 4 II 07 72 44
4 Aurangabad 4304 581 19 53 75 20
5 Bangalo rc 4)295 921 12 58 77 35
6 Bhopa 42667 523 2J 17 77 7 Bhubneshwar 429 7 46 20 15 85 50
8 Bombay 43003 I I 18 54 72 49
9 Ca1cuna 42809 6 22 39 88 27
10 Cochin 43353 3 09 53 76 14
II Dibrugarh 42 3 4 III 27 29 95 01
12 Gauhati 42410 54 26 06 91 35
13 Goa 43 192 60 15 29 73 49
14 Gorakhpur 42379 78 26 45 R3 22
15 Gwaior 42361 207 26 14 78 15
16 Hyderabad 4312~ 545 17 27 78 28
17 Jagclalpur 4304 1 553 1lt) 05 82 02
18 Jodhpur 42339 220 26 18 J3 01
19 Karaikal 43346 6 10 55 79 50
20 Lucknow 42369 121 26 52 80 56
21 Machilipat nam 43 185 3 16 t I 81 03
22 Madras 43279 16 J 0 80 IS
23 Mangaore 43285 22 12 52 51
6
-------------------------------------------------- ~ I
2 Minicoy 43369 2 08 18 7300
25 Nagpur 42867 JJ 21 06 79 03
26 New De ihl 42 182 216 28 )5 n 12
27 PaHa la 42 10 1 251 )0 20 76 28
28 Pa tna 42492 5) 25 37 85 10
29 Pendra 42779 625 22 46 81 54
)0 Port Blair 4))) ) 79 II 40 92 4]
) I Ranchi 42700 655 232J 85 20
)2 Sllgun 42397 114 26 40 88 22
)) S rinagar 42027 1527 34 05 74 50
) 4 TrivlOdrum 43371 64 08 29 76 57
35 Vishaklapatnam 4 3150 3 17 4 3 83 14
7
LIST OF FIGURES
fig No Page No 1 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter) 10 2 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11 3 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter) 12 4 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13 5 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14 6 Spatial diSl ribulion 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1200 1ST (Winter) 15 7 Spalial distribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1300 1ST (Winler) 16 B Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 400 1S T (Winter) 17 9 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Winler) 18 10 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19 11 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Winler) 20 12 Spatial dislribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21 13 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 22 14 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23 15 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1S T (Pre-Monsoon) 24 16 Spat ial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 25 17 Spatial distr ibution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26 18 Spatial distribulion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27 t9 Spatial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 2B 20 Spatial diSlribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al f200 1ST (PremiddotMonsoon) 29 21 Spatial dis1ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre -Monsoon) 30 22 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 31 23 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Premiddot Monsoon) 32 24 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 33 25 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST Prf (~10nsoon) 34 26 Spatial distribution of hourty mixing deplh (M) at 1800 tST (Pr IJlo(lsoon) 35 27 Spalial distr ibution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1900 1ST (Pr Monsoon) 36 28 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37 29 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 38 30 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39 31 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 40 32 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 4f 33 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42 34 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43 35 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) a t 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 44 36 Spatial distr ibution ot hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 45 37 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46 38 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Posi -Monsoon) 47 39 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48 40 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Posi-Monsoon) 49
8
I l
Annexure-B
-SRN ~
~~~
bull 1 AGD
I
- _
1shy MNd ~
j
1 shy
bullltlll
s
bull bull bull pound
bull
H - -~
I
N
bull II ~
middotn
I 1
N
MAP SHOWING middot
RADIOSONDE STA nONS
sa
~ Ibull (shy
r
t H I middot
I-t-middot - If
I f ~
LtJ C
~p
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter)
10
bull
o
[ I
- shy
I C
4J
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11
---shy-
shyAGO
_ ~f--~ r - + bull
0lt
o
bull bull
C -+-
H
1 -I
I
N F - shy
A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter 12
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
CPCB 200 Copies 2002
Published By Dr B Sengupta Member Secretary C entral Pollution Con tr ol Board Delh i - 32 Pflntlng Supervision amp Layout P K Mahendru Salish Kumar and Mohd Javed
Printed 81 National Institute of Sc ience Communication (eSIR) Dr K S Kri shnan Marg New Delhi middot 12
~~q ~~UI f1ltiUI ltiRl (11~ mltm ltPT 1I1JOO1)
~ 3iR ltA RJMl
Central Pollution Control Board (A Gov of Indl8 Organlsa1l0n)
Minis try of Environment amp Forests ~ 1lt1 Phone 2204948 3rcltle
DILIP BISWAS Chairman
FOREWORD
An effective air quality management programme essentially needs besides other factors knowledge of the atmospheriC processes to understand as to what happens to a puffs or plume of pollutant from the time it is emitted to the time it is detected at some other location The motion of the air causes a dilution of the pollutant and how much dilution occurs is a function of meteorology or atmospheric conditions The meteorology on all scales in space (ole in producing the air quality that we measure and feel Meteorology is also an essential element to EnvIronmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies required to assess environmental implications of any developmental project
A considerably complicat ing meteorological factor In dispersion of pollutants IS the thermal stratification of the atmosphere including the mixi ng height The inversionstable layer aloft by acting as a fl exib le lid blocks vertical disperSions and limi ts the height of the atmosphere within which mixing of the pollutants takes place This height is normally termeo as MiXing Height which varies wIth respect to space and t ime The hourly data on mi xing height is essential input to the dispersion estimates required for EIA studies However this is seldom measured directly due to high cost
Dr RN Gupta Ex Director India Meteorological Department has wor ked out spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth over Ind ian region based on the Rad iosonde data (vertical distribution of temperature) together with hourly surface temperatures On 11 is request and considering the usefulness of these data Central Pol lution Control Board 1$ bringing out this publication I wish to acknowledge all the eHorts and contribution made rJY Dr Gupta In preparing thiS document
I hope_ thiS would be a useful sel of information to the researchers academicians consultants and all those who are engaged in air quality management Issues particu larly on pollutantmiddotdispersion and cause-consequent environmental impacts
(Dili p Biswas)
Parl esh Shawan C B D -cum-OHice Complex East Arjun Nagar Delhimiddot 11 0032
Grams middotCLEENVIRON Fall (011) 2204948 Telex 031middot66440 peON IN Emiddotmall rcctcpcbemetln
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am extremely thankful to Director General of Meteorology (DGM) of India Meteorological Department and his office who permitted me to use AS data and hourly surface temperature data for working on spatial distribution of hour ly mixing depth over Indian region I am also thankful to Prof Dili p Biswas Chairman and Or B Sengupta Aember Secretary Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for agree ing to publish this useful information by CPCB The help rendered by Dr Prlshant Gargava Environmental Engineer e peB in bringing tIIeuro repOrl in Its present form IS also acknowledged
Dr R N Gupta B-41 C
Gangatri Enclave Opp Alaknanda Market
New Deihl - 11001 9
CONTENTS
Page No 1 0 Introduction 1 2 0 Concept amp Data 1 30 Methodology 3 4 0 Results amp DIScussion 4
50 list of Figures 8
10 INTRODUCTION
Generally the principal types of meteorological data that are available and reliable for use in studies in air pollution potential are surface and upper air observations as commonly made Such observations have been designed and are taken for the main purpose of satisfying weather forecast requirements for general public and for aviation forecast and usually have not been greatly concerned with applications to the problems of air pollution Thus the available data otten require special processing and interpretation in terms of their impact on atmospheric transport and diffusion Sometimes such interpretations are very difficult due to various reasons and we will not go in such details Out of various meteorological parameters which are required In the application of air pollution meteorology the mixing depth (height) is one of the important parameter
The mixing depth at every hour of the day is one of tile important parameters for evaluating the impact of any air polluting industry or power plant etc on Air Environment in and around the project site Environmental protection is of great concern to both society and the Government The proper planning of urbanization and industrialization is a must to avoid environmental degradation The process of the industrial development goes vis-a-vis to the environment imbalance
It becomes essential to carry out Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA) of any proposed power plant Industry for various environmental components of the area ie Air Water NoiseLand and Socio-economics etc REIA involves identification prediction and evaluation of impact on the environment due to proposed activity Baseline data is required to be collected during the representative month of one season except for Monsoon season for various environmental components in respect of Air Environment in order to assess the existing environmental status as well as for evaluating the impact of proposed activity around the project site
Meteorology plays a major role in the study of Air Environment in and around the project site So it becomes necessary for us to examine base line data in respect of meteorological parameters and Ambient Air Quality Data which will be also required as the input for Environmental Impact Assessment Mixing depth at every hour at project site is one of such important parameter required as input for such a study
20 CONCEPTS amp DATA
The concept of a mixing layer is based on the principle that when the atmosphere is heated from below (ie at ground level as a consequence of solar heating at the ground) it becomes unstable leading to vertical motions mixing and
consequently a tendency for establishment of a dry ad iabatic lapse rate (in the absence of condensation) in the mixing layer It is recognized that the lapse rate near the ground especially on sunny afternoons is often super - adiabatic but that at equilibrium it becomes more nearly dry adiabatic Thus the mixing height is defined as the top of the surtace- based layer in which vertical mixing is relatively vigorous and in which the lapse rate necessarily is approximately dry adiabatic In the case of a ground based inversion the mixing height is zero but such a value for the atmosphere has no real meaning A logical interpretation of th is situation is that relatively vigorous vertical mixing is not occurring in the ground based layer Assuming that changes in air temperature occur only as a consequence of solar heating at the ground the mixing height at a given time of the day may be readily est imated from the surface temperature at that time together with the vertical profile of temperature at an earlier time Such estimates are valid however only unlillhe time when afternoon temperatures begin to coo rapidly indicating the end of convective activity Thus in fa ir weather situations the mixing height increases during the day in proportion to rising surface temperatures reaches a maximum around the time of maximum surface temperature and later in the afternoon over open country ceases to exist as a surface based inversion forms Over a city the evening mixing layer is more likely to be maintained to heights of roughly a hundred or so meters as the city cools more slowly than the nearby countryside
Mixing heights are seldom measured directly due to high cost involvement and such measurements do not indicate the realistic values So the mixing heights are being worked out by utilizing Radiosonde (RS) data (vertical distribUtion of temperature) together with hourly surface temperatures Hourly surface temperatures need to be recorded continuously by thermograph or by other good sensors India Meteorological Department has 35 of such Observatories (List enclosed middot Annexure A) which take RS flights twice a day ie at 00 GMT and t 2 GMT and 32 stations are recording surface temperatures continuously out of 35 observatories The map showing Radiosonde stations network can be seen at Annexure B We do not have continuous record of surface temperature at Ranchi Si liguri and Gochin It was found that the simultaneous data of Radiosonde and Hourly surface temperature at these 32 observatories were readily available for limited period only ie for the years t990 - 1992
So three years data (1990-1992) of the representative months of nonmiddotm onsoon seasons ie winter summer and post -monsoon have been considered for working out hourly mixing depth at all 32 RS Stations 00 GMT RS data and hourly surface temperature data have been used for working out hourly mixing depth based on techniques as suggested by Holzworth (1971) Ludwig (1970) and Raman amp Kelkar (1972) In view of the complex structure of the real atmosphere these definitions of mixing depth will be recognised as approximations particularly applicable in climatological and Air Pollution studies
2
[
30 METHODOLOGY
The early morning ie 00 Z Radio Sonde data and hourly suriace temperatu res have been utilized for computation of hourly mixing depths duri ng day time Normally the radio-sonde stations for studying vertical profile of temperatures are situated outside the urban area The calculations of mixing depths are made in pressu re coordinates and then converted to heights (m) with the hydrostatic equation and Gas law
We know from Gas laws and hydrostatic equation
pV = Rd T (for dry air)
p i p = Rd T
1 I p = Rd T i p (Gas Law) (1 )
dp = bull g pdz (hydrostatic equation)
dz = bull dp I g p (2)
From (1) and (2) we get
dz = bull (Rd T I g) dp I p
The height of the mixing depth means that there is an inversion layer or isothermal layer or a stable layer at the top of this layer Let us consider the suriace pressure is Po and p be the pressure at height h (mixing depth) at which the dry adiabatic lapse rate from the surface temperature intersects the morning sounding
~ f dz = (Rd T I g) f dp l P cent
= (Rd T I g) 10 (p I Po)
= (R T I g) 10 (Po I p)
Where T is the mean temperature of the atmosphere between pressure P o and PI - In the above discussion the atmosphere has been considered to be dry When the atmosphere contains moisture which is generally the case virtual temperature correction is required to be applied instead of actual dry bulb temperature in the mixing depth computations It has been seen that that the virtual temperature correction leads to only insignificant change in mixing height calculations Therefore virtual temperature corrections have not been applied in this report while computing the mixing depth
3
So the above methodology has been adopted for determining the mixing depth at every hour for the period when the atmosphere is likely to be unstable or neutral Likewise hourly mixing depths for every day of the representative months of winter summer and post-monsoon seasons by utilizing 00 Z RS and hourly suriace temperature data monitored during the year 1990 - 1992 have been worked out with the help of software developed for this purpose Subsequently hourly mean mixing depths for those hours when the atmosphere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic tor each season separately have been worked out Similar computations are made for all 32 RS stations For every hour and for each season hourly mixing depth have been plotted separately and isolines are drawn So these maps provide uS most likely spati al distribution of hourly mixing depths during all three nonshymonsoon seasons over Indian region
40 RESULTS amp DISCUSSION
Hourly mean mixing depths have not been worked out for Monsoon period d$
air pollution IS not much problematic during ra iny days due to washout effect Figure 1 depicts spat ial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth during i h hour ot winter season over Indian region This gives the mean value of hourly miXing depth at 7 th hour of winter season which is quite relevant for working o ut g1 c values at any of the receptors points Hourly me an mixing depths have been worked out only when the atmosph ere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic The hourly mixing depth values during sub-adiabatic conditions will
bull indicate highly unrealistic values and do not carry any meaning and a logical interpretation of thiS Situation is that relatively vigorous vertical mixing is not occurnng in the ground based layer Similarly figures 234567 89 10 11 and 12 indicate spatial distribution of hourlv mean mixing depths during 8th 9th 1h 18th
10th 11 th
12th 13 141h1 5 1Sth 17th 1lt hours respectively 01 winter season over Indian reg ion It is quite clear that hourly mean mixing depths at a pOint are increasing in concurrence with the rising suriace temperature and then starts decreasing with the decrease of surface temperatures It IS also seen that hourly mean mixing depths al a particular point of time follows the temperature pattern over the region
The hourly mean mixing depth so obtained from figures 1-1 2 at any Site having flat terrain and at any pOint of lime during winter season is a very good approximation to real values So it works as a very good advisory which will Indicate spatial variation of mixing depth values as well as its vanation with time
While figures 1314151617181920212223242526 and 27 indicale 6 th 71h 81h 9 th spatial vanation of hour~ mean mixing depth during 5th
10th
13 th 14th 16th 17 th 1Sth11h 12h 15 and 19th hours respectively during summer season over Indian region Similarly figures 18193031313334 3536373839 and 40 Indicate spatial variation of hourlv mean mixmQ depth during i h Sth gh 10th 11 th 1ih 13th 14th 15th lSh 171h 18th and 19th hours respectively dUring post monsoon season over Indian region
4
REFRENCES
1 Holzworth GC ~Meteorological Potential for Urban Air Pollution in the contiguous United States ~ Proc Second International Clean Air Congress 1971 pp 1076middot1080
2 Ludwig FL Determination of Mixing Depths for use with synoptic Model Proc Symp On Multiple - Source Urban Diffusion Models 1970 pp 5middot33 shy5middot35
3 Raman CRV and Kelkar RR Urban Air Pollution Potential Over Bombay India derived from mixing depths and mean layer wind Proc Of Conference on Urban Environment amp Second Conference on Bio~meteorology
sponsored by American Met Society amp Co-sponsored by American Institute of Medical Climatology 1972 pp 303middot309
5
1 Annexure A
PARTICU LARS OF RADIO-SONDE STATIONS
S NO STATION IND EX NO ALTITUDE LATIT UDE LONGIT UDE ( m ) Oeg Min Deg Min
I Aga nala 42724 16 23 53 91 15
2 Ahm edabad 4264 7 55 23 04 72 38
J Amini 433 1 4 II 07 72 44
4 Aurangabad 4304 581 19 53 75 20
5 Bangalo rc 4)295 921 12 58 77 35
6 Bhopa 42667 523 2J 17 77 7 Bhubneshwar 429 7 46 20 15 85 50
8 Bombay 43003 I I 18 54 72 49
9 Ca1cuna 42809 6 22 39 88 27
10 Cochin 43353 3 09 53 76 14
II Dibrugarh 42 3 4 III 27 29 95 01
12 Gauhati 42410 54 26 06 91 35
13 Goa 43 192 60 15 29 73 49
14 Gorakhpur 42379 78 26 45 R3 22
15 Gwaior 42361 207 26 14 78 15
16 Hyderabad 4312~ 545 17 27 78 28
17 Jagclalpur 4304 1 553 1lt) 05 82 02
18 Jodhpur 42339 220 26 18 J3 01
19 Karaikal 43346 6 10 55 79 50
20 Lucknow 42369 121 26 52 80 56
21 Machilipat nam 43 185 3 16 t I 81 03
22 Madras 43279 16 J 0 80 IS
23 Mangaore 43285 22 12 52 51
6
-------------------------------------------------- ~ I
2 Minicoy 43369 2 08 18 7300
25 Nagpur 42867 JJ 21 06 79 03
26 New De ihl 42 182 216 28 )5 n 12
27 PaHa la 42 10 1 251 )0 20 76 28
28 Pa tna 42492 5) 25 37 85 10
29 Pendra 42779 625 22 46 81 54
)0 Port Blair 4))) ) 79 II 40 92 4]
) I Ranchi 42700 655 232J 85 20
)2 Sllgun 42397 114 26 40 88 22
)) S rinagar 42027 1527 34 05 74 50
) 4 TrivlOdrum 43371 64 08 29 76 57
35 Vishaklapatnam 4 3150 3 17 4 3 83 14
7
LIST OF FIGURES
fig No Page No 1 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter) 10 2 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11 3 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter) 12 4 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13 5 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14 6 Spatial diSl ribulion 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1200 1ST (Winter) 15 7 Spalial distribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1300 1ST (Winler) 16 B Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 400 1S T (Winter) 17 9 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Winler) 18 10 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19 11 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Winler) 20 12 Spatial dislribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21 13 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 22 14 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23 15 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1S T (Pre-Monsoon) 24 16 Spat ial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 25 17 Spatial distr ibution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26 18 Spatial distribulion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27 t9 Spatial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 2B 20 Spatial diSlribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al f200 1ST (PremiddotMonsoon) 29 21 Spatial dis1ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre -Monsoon) 30 22 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 31 23 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Premiddot Monsoon) 32 24 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 33 25 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST Prf (~10nsoon) 34 26 Spatial distribution of hourty mixing deplh (M) at 1800 tST (Pr IJlo(lsoon) 35 27 Spalial distr ibution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1900 1ST (Pr Monsoon) 36 28 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37 29 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 38 30 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39 31 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 40 32 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 4f 33 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42 34 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43 35 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) a t 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 44 36 Spatial distr ibution ot hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 45 37 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46 38 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Posi -Monsoon) 47 39 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48 40 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Posi-Monsoon) 49
8
I l
Annexure-B
-SRN ~
~~~
bull 1 AGD
I
- _
1shy MNd ~
j
1 shy
bullltlll
s
bull bull bull pound
bull
H - -~
I
N
bull II ~
middotn
I 1
N
MAP SHOWING middot
RADIOSONDE STA nONS
sa
~ Ibull (shy
r
t H I middot
I-t-middot - If
I f ~
LtJ C
~p
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter)
10
bull
o
[ I
- shy
I C
4J
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11
---shy-
shyAGO
_ ~f--~ r - + bull
0lt
o
bull bull
C -+-
H
1 -I
I
N F - shy
A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter 12
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
~~q ~~UI f1ltiUI ltiRl (11~ mltm ltPT 1I1JOO1)
~ 3iR ltA RJMl
Central Pollution Control Board (A Gov of Indl8 Organlsa1l0n)
Minis try of Environment amp Forests ~ 1lt1 Phone 2204948 3rcltle
DILIP BISWAS Chairman
FOREWORD
An effective air quality management programme essentially needs besides other factors knowledge of the atmospheriC processes to understand as to what happens to a puffs or plume of pollutant from the time it is emitted to the time it is detected at some other location The motion of the air causes a dilution of the pollutant and how much dilution occurs is a function of meteorology or atmospheric conditions The meteorology on all scales in space (ole in producing the air quality that we measure and feel Meteorology is also an essential element to EnvIronmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies required to assess environmental implications of any developmental project
A considerably complicat ing meteorological factor In dispersion of pollutants IS the thermal stratification of the atmosphere including the mixi ng height The inversionstable layer aloft by acting as a fl exib le lid blocks vertical disperSions and limi ts the height of the atmosphere within which mixing of the pollutants takes place This height is normally termeo as MiXing Height which varies wIth respect to space and t ime The hourly data on mi xing height is essential input to the dispersion estimates required for EIA studies However this is seldom measured directly due to high cost
Dr RN Gupta Ex Director India Meteorological Department has wor ked out spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth over Ind ian region based on the Rad iosonde data (vertical distribution of temperature) together with hourly surface temperatures On 11 is request and considering the usefulness of these data Central Pol lution Control Board 1$ bringing out this publication I wish to acknowledge all the eHorts and contribution made rJY Dr Gupta In preparing thiS document
I hope_ thiS would be a useful sel of information to the researchers academicians consultants and all those who are engaged in air quality management Issues particu larly on pollutantmiddotdispersion and cause-consequent environmental impacts
(Dili p Biswas)
Parl esh Shawan C B D -cum-OHice Complex East Arjun Nagar Delhimiddot 11 0032
Grams middotCLEENVIRON Fall (011) 2204948 Telex 031middot66440 peON IN Emiddotmall rcctcpcbemetln
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am extremely thankful to Director General of Meteorology (DGM) of India Meteorological Department and his office who permitted me to use AS data and hourly surface temperature data for working on spatial distribution of hour ly mixing depth over Indian region I am also thankful to Prof Dili p Biswas Chairman and Or B Sengupta Aember Secretary Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for agree ing to publish this useful information by CPCB The help rendered by Dr Prlshant Gargava Environmental Engineer e peB in bringing tIIeuro repOrl in Its present form IS also acknowledged
Dr R N Gupta B-41 C
Gangatri Enclave Opp Alaknanda Market
New Deihl - 11001 9
CONTENTS
Page No 1 0 Introduction 1 2 0 Concept amp Data 1 30 Methodology 3 4 0 Results amp DIScussion 4
50 list of Figures 8
10 INTRODUCTION
Generally the principal types of meteorological data that are available and reliable for use in studies in air pollution potential are surface and upper air observations as commonly made Such observations have been designed and are taken for the main purpose of satisfying weather forecast requirements for general public and for aviation forecast and usually have not been greatly concerned with applications to the problems of air pollution Thus the available data otten require special processing and interpretation in terms of their impact on atmospheric transport and diffusion Sometimes such interpretations are very difficult due to various reasons and we will not go in such details Out of various meteorological parameters which are required In the application of air pollution meteorology the mixing depth (height) is one of the important parameter
The mixing depth at every hour of the day is one of tile important parameters for evaluating the impact of any air polluting industry or power plant etc on Air Environment in and around the project site Environmental protection is of great concern to both society and the Government The proper planning of urbanization and industrialization is a must to avoid environmental degradation The process of the industrial development goes vis-a-vis to the environment imbalance
It becomes essential to carry out Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA) of any proposed power plant Industry for various environmental components of the area ie Air Water NoiseLand and Socio-economics etc REIA involves identification prediction and evaluation of impact on the environment due to proposed activity Baseline data is required to be collected during the representative month of one season except for Monsoon season for various environmental components in respect of Air Environment in order to assess the existing environmental status as well as for evaluating the impact of proposed activity around the project site
Meteorology plays a major role in the study of Air Environment in and around the project site So it becomes necessary for us to examine base line data in respect of meteorological parameters and Ambient Air Quality Data which will be also required as the input for Environmental Impact Assessment Mixing depth at every hour at project site is one of such important parameter required as input for such a study
20 CONCEPTS amp DATA
The concept of a mixing layer is based on the principle that when the atmosphere is heated from below (ie at ground level as a consequence of solar heating at the ground) it becomes unstable leading to vertical motions mixing and
consequently a tendency for establishment of a dry ad iabatic lapse rate (in the absence of condensation) in the mixing layer It is recognized that the lapse rate near the ground especially on sunny afternoons is often super - adiabatic but that at equilibrium it becomes more nearly dry adiabatic Thus the mixing height is defined as the top of the surtace- based layer in which vertical mixing is relatively vigorous and in which the lapse rate necessarily is approximately dry adiabatic In the case of a ground based inversion the mixing height is zero but such a value for the atmosphere has no real meaning A logical interpretation of th is situation is that relatively vigorous vertical mixing is not occurring in the ground based layer Assuming that changes in air temperature occur only as a consequence of solar heating at the ground the mixing height at a given time of the day may be readily est imated from the surface temperature at that time together with the vertical profile of temperature at an earlier time Such estimates are valid however only unlillhe time when afternoon temperatures begin to coo rapidly indicating the end of convective activity Thus in fa ir weather situations the mixing height increases during the day in proportion to rising surface temperatures reaches a maximum around the time of maximum surface temperature and later in the afternoon over open country ceases to exist as a surface based inversion forms Over a city the evening mixing layer is more likely to be maintained to heights of roughly a hundred or so meters as the city cools more slowly than the nearby countryside
Mixing heights are seldom measured directly due to high cost involvement and such measurements do not indicate the realistic values So the mixing heights are being worked out by utilizing Radiosonde (RS) data (vertical distribUtion of temperature) together with hourly surface temperatures Hourly surface temperatures need to be recorded continuously by thermograph or by other good sensors India Meteorological Department has 35 of such Observatories (List enclosed middot Annexure A) which take RS flights twice a day ie at 00 GMT and t 2 GMT and 32 stations are recording surface temperatures continuously out of 35 observatories The map showing Radiosonde stations network can be seen at Annexure B We do not have continuous record of surface temperature at Ranchi Si liguri and Gochin It was found that the simultaneous data of Radiosonde and Hourly surface temperature at these 32 observatories were readily available for limited period only ie for the years t990 - 1992
So three years data (1990-1992) of the representative months of nonmiddotm onsoon seasons ie winter summer and post -monsoon have been considered for working out hourly mixing depth at all 32 RS Stations 00 GMT RS data and hourly surface temperature data have been used for working out hourly mixing depth based on techniques as suggested by Holzworth (1971) Ludwig (1970) and Raman amp Kelkar (1972) In view of the complex structure of the real atmosphere these definitions of mixing depth will be recognised as approximations particularly applicable in climatological and Air Pollution studies
2
[
30 METHODOLOGY
The early morning ie 00 Z Radio Sonde data and hourly suriace temperatu res have been utilized for computation of hourly mixing depths duri ng day time Normally the radio-sonde stations for studying vertical profile of temperatures are situated outside the urban area The calculations of mixing depths are made in pressu re coordinates and then converted to heights (m) with the hydrostatic equation and Gas law
We know from Gas laws and hydrostatic equation
pV = Rd T (for dry air)
p i p = Rd T
1 I p = Rd T i p (Gas Law) (1 )
dp = bull g pdz (hydrostatic equation)
dz = bull dp I g p (2)
From (1) and (2) we get
dz = bull (Rd T I g) dp I p
The height of the mixing depth means that there is an inversion layer or isothermal layer or a stable layer at the top of this layer Let us consider the suriace pressure is Po and p be the pressure at height h (mixing depth) at which the dry adiabatic lapse rate from the surface temperature intersects the morning sounding
~ f dz = (Rd T I g) f dp l P cent
= (Rd T I g) 10 (p I Po)
= (R T I g) 10 (Po I p)
Where T is the mean temperature of the atmosphere between pressure P o and PI - In the above discussion the atmosphere has been considered to be dry When the atmosphere contains moisture which is generally the case virtual temperature correction is required to be applied instead of actual dry bulb temperature in the mixing depth computations It has been seen that that the virtual temperature correction leads to only insignificant change in mixing height calculations Therefore virtual temperature corrections have not been applied in this report while computing the mixing depth
3
So the above methodology has been adopted for determining the mixing depth at every hour for the period when the atmosphere is likely to be unstable or neutral Likewise hourly mixing depths for every day of the representative months of winter summer and post-monsoon seasons by utilizing 00 Z RS and hourly suriace temperature data monitored during the year 1990 - 1992 have been worked out with the help of software developed for this purpose Subsequently hourly mean mixing depths for those hours when the atmosphere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic tor each season separately have been worked out Similar computations are made for all 32 RS stations For every hour and for each season hourly mixing depth have been plotted separately and isolines are drawn So these maps provide uS most likely spati al distribution of hourly mixing depths during all three nonshymonsoon seasons over Indian region
40 RESULTS amp DISCUSSION
Hourly mean mixing depths have not been worked out for Monsoon period d$
air pollution IS not much problematic during ra iny days due to washout effect Figure 1 depicts spat ial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth during i h hour ot winter season over Indian region This gives the mean value of hourly miXing depth at 7 th hour of winter season which is quite relevant for working o ut g1 c values at any of the receptors points Hourly me an mixing depths have been worked out only when the atmosph ere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic The hourly mixing depth values during sub-adiabatic conditions will
bull indicate highly unrealistic values and do not carry any meaning and a logical interpretation of thiS Situation is that relatively vigorous vertical mixing is not occurnng in the ground based layer Similarly figures 234567 89 10 11 and 12 indicate spatial distribution of hourlv mean mixing depths during 8th 9th 1h 18th
10th 11 th
12th 13 141h1 5 1Sth 17th 1lt hours respectively 01 winter season over Indian reg ion It is quite clear that hourly mean mixing depths at a pOint are increasing in concurrence with the rising suriace temperature and then starts decreasing with the decrease of surface temperatures It IS also seen that hourly mean mixing depths al a particular point of time follows the temperature pattern over the region
The hourly mean mixing depth so obtained from figures 1-1 2 at any Site having flat terrain and at any pOint of lime during winter season is a very good approximation to real values So it works as a very good advisory which will Indicate spatial variation of mixing depth values as well as its vanation with time
While figures 1314151617181920212223242526 and 27 indicale 6 th 71h 81h 9 th spatial vanation of hour~ mean mixing depth during 5th
10th
13 th 14th 16th 17 th 1Sth11h 12h 15 and 19th hours respectively during summer season over Indian region Similarly figures 18193031313334 3536373839 and 40 Indicate spatial variation of hourlv mean mixmQ depth during i h Sth gh 10th 11 th 1ih 13th 14th 15th lSh 171h 18th and 19th hours respectively dUring post monsoon season over Indian region
4
REFRENCES
1 Holzworth GC ~Meteorological Potential for Urban Air Pollution in the contiguous United States ~ Proc Second International Clean Air Congress 1971 pp 1076middot1080
2 Ludwig FL Determination of Mixing Depths for use with synoptic Model Proc Symp On Multiple - Source Urban Diffusion Models 1970 pp 5middot33 shy5middot35
3 Raman CRV and Kelkar RR Urban Air Pollution Potential Over Bombay India derived from mixing depths and mean layer wind Proc Of Conference on Urban Environment amp Second Conference on Bio~meteorology
sponsored by American Met Society amp Co-sponsored by American Institute of Medical Climatology 1972 pp 303middot309
5
1 Annexure A
PARTICU LARS OF RADIO-SONDE STATIONS
S NO STATION IND EX NO ALTITUDE LATIT UDE LONGIT UDE ( m ) Oeg Min Deg Min
I Aga nala 42724 16 23 53 91 15
2 Ahm edabad 4264 7 55 23 04 72 38
J Amini 433 1 4 II 07 72 44
4 Aurangabad 4304 581 19 53 75 20
5 Bangalo rc 4)295 921 12 58 77 35
6 Bhopa 42667 523 2J 17 77 7 Bhubneshwar 429 7 46 20 15 85 50
8 Bombay 43003 I I 18 54 72 49
9 Ca1cuna 42809 6 22 39 88 27
10 Cochin 43353 3 09 53 76 14
II Dibrugarh 42 3 4 III 27 29 95 01
12 Gauhati 42410 54 26 06 91 35
13 Goa 43 192 60 15 29 73 49
14 Gorakhpur 42379 78 26 45 R3 22
15 Gwaior 42361 207 26 14 78 15
16 Hyderabad 4312~ 545 17 27 78 28
17 Jagclalpur 4304 1 553 1lt) 05 82 02
18 Jodhpur 42339 220 26 18 J3 01
19 Karaikal 43346 6 10 55 79 50
20 Lucknow 42369 121 26 52 80 56
21 Machilipat nam 43 185 3 16 t I 81 03
22 Madras 43279 16 J 0 80 IS
23 Mangaore 43285 22 12 52 51
6
-------------------------------------------------- ~ I
2 Minicoy 43369 2 08 18 7300
25 Nagpur 42867 JJ 21 06 79 03
26 New De ihl 42 182 216 28 )5 n 12
27 PaHa la 42 10 1 251 )0 20 76 28
28 Pa tna 42492 5) 25 37 85 10
29 Pendra 42779 625 22 46 81 54
)0 Port Blair 4))) ) 79 II 40 92 4]
) I Ranchi 42700 655 232J 85 20
)2 Sllgun 42397 114 26 40 88 22
)) S rinagar 42027 1527 34 05 74 50
) 4 TrivlOdrum 43371 64 08 29 76 57
35 Vishaklapatnam 4 3150 3 17 4 3 83 14
7
LIST OF FIGURES
fig No Page No 1 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter) 10 2 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11 3 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter) 12 4 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13 5 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14 6 Spatial diSl ribulion 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1200 1ST (Winter) 15 7 Spalial distribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1300 1ST (Winler) 16 B Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 400 1S T (Winter) 17 9 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Winler) 18 10 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19 11 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Winler) 20 12 Spatial dislribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21 13 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 22 14 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23 15 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1S T (Pre-Monsoon) 24 16 Spat ial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 25 17 Spatial distr ibution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26 18 Spatial distribulion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27 t9 Spatial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 2B 20 Spatial diSlribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al f200 1ST (PremiddotMonsoon) 29 21 Spatial dis1ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre -Monsoon) 30 22 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 31 23 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Premiddot Monsoon) 32 24 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 33 25 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST Prf (~10nsoon) 34 26 Spatial distribution of hourty mixing deplh (M) at 1800 tST (Pr IJlo(lsoon) 35 27 Spalial distr ibution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1900 1ST (Pr Monsoon) 36 28 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37 29 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 38 30 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39 31 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 40 32 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 4f 33 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42 34 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43 35 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) a t 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 44 36 Spatial distr ibution ot hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 45 37 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46 38 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Posi -Monsoon) 47 39 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48 40 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Posi-Monsoon) 49
8
I l
Annexure-B
-SRN ~
~~~
bull 1 AGD
I
- _
1shy MNd ~
j
1 shy
bullltlll
s
bull bull bull pound
bull
H - -~
I
N
bull II ~
middotn
I 1
N
MAP SHOWING middot
RADIOSONDE STA nONS
sa
~ Ibull (shy
r
t H I middot
I-t-middot - If
I f ~
LtJ C
~p
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter)
10
bull
o
[ I
- shy
I C
4J
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11
---shy-
shyAGO
_ ~f--~ r - + bull
0lt
o
bull bull
C -+-
H
1 -I
I
N F - shy
A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter 12
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am extremely thankful to Director General of Meteorology (DGM) of India Meteorological Department and his office who permitted me to use AS data and hourly surface temperature data for working on spatial distribution of hour ly mixing depth over Indian region I am also thankful to Prof Dili p Biswas Chairman and Or B Sengupta Aember Secretary Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for agree ing to publish this useful information by CPCB The help rendered by Dr Prlshant Gargava Environmental Engineer e peB in bringing tIIeuro repOrl in Its present form IS also acknowledged
Dr R N Gupta B-41 C
Gangatri Enclave Opp Alaknanda Market
New Deihl - 11001 9
CONTENTS
Page No 1 0 Introduction 1 2 0 Concept amp Data 1 30 Methodology 3 4 0 Results amp DIScussion 4
50 list of Figures 8
10 INTRODUCTION
Generally the principal types of meteorological data that are available and reliable for use in studies in air pollution potential are surface and upper air observations as commonly made Such observations have been designed and are taken for the main purpose of satisfying weather forecast requirements for general public and for aviation forecast and usually have not been greatly concerned with applications to the problems of air pollution Thus the available data otten require special processing and interpretation in terms of their impact on atmospheric transport and diffusion Sometimes such interpretations are very difficult due to various reasons and we will not go in such details Out of various meteorological parameters which are required In the application of air pollution meteorology the mixing depth (height) is one of the important parameter
The mixing depth at every hour of the day is one of tile important parameters for evaluating the impact of any air polluting industry or power plant etc on Air Environment in and around the project site Environmental protection is of great concern to both society and the Government The proper planning of urbanization and industrialization is a must to avoid environmental degradation The process of the industrial development goes vis-a-vis to the environment imbalance
It becomes essential to carry out Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA) of any proposed power plant Industry for various environmental components of the area ie Air Water NoiseLand and Socio-economics etc REIA involves identification prediction and evaluation of impact on the environment due to proposed activity Baseline data is required to be collected during the representative month of one season except for Monsoon season for various environmental components in respect of Air Environment in order to assess the existing environmental status as well as for evaluating the impact of proposed activity around the project site
Meteorology plays a major role in the study of Air Environment in and around the project site So it becomes necessary for us to examine base line data in respect of meteorological parameters and Ambient Air Quality Data which will be also required as the input for Environmental Impact Assessment Mixing depth at every hour at project site is one of such important parameter required as input for such a study
20 CONCEPTS amp DATA
The concept of a mixing layer is based on the principle that when the atmosphere is heated from below (ie at ground level as a consequence of solar heating at the ground) it becomes unstable leading to vertical motions mixing and
consequently a tendency for establishment of a dry ad iabatic lapse rate (in the absence of condensation) in the mixing layer It is recognized that the lapse rate near the ground especially on sunny afternoons is often super - adiabatic but that at equilibrium it becomes more nearly dry adiabatic Thus the mixing height is defined as the top of the surtace- based layer in which vertical mixing is relatively vigorous and in which the lapse rate necessarily is approximately dry adiabatic In the case of a ground based inversion the mixing height is zero but such a value for the atmosphere has no real meaning A logical interpretation of th is situation is that relatively vigorous vertical mixing is not occurring in the ground based layer Assuming that changes in air temperature occur only as a consequence of solar heating at the ground the mixing height at a given time of the day may be readily est imated from the surface temperature at that time together with the vertical profile of temperature at an earlier time Such estimates are valid however only unlillhe time when afternoon temperatures begin to coo rapidly indicating the end of convective activity Thus in fa ir weather situations the mixing height increases during the day in proportion to rising surface temperatures reaches a maximum around the time of maximum surface temperature and later in the afternoon over open country ceases to exist as a surface based inversion forms Over a city the evening mixing layer is more likely to be maintained to heights of roughly a hundred or so meters as the city cools more slowly than the nearby countryside
Mixing heights are seldom measured directly due to high cost involvement and such measurements do not indicate the realistic values So the mixing heights are being worked out by utilizing Radiosonde (RS) data (vertical distribUtion of temperature) together with hourly surface temperatures Hourly surface temperatures need to be recorded continuously by thermograph or by other good sensors India Meteorological Department has 35 of such Observatories (List enclosed middot Annexure A) which take RS flights twice a day ie at 00 GMT and t 2 GMT and 32 stations are recording surface temperatures continuously out of 35 observatories The map showing Radiosonde stations network can be seen at Annexure B We do not have continuous record of surface temperature at Ranchi Si liguri and Gochin It was found that the simultaneous data of Radiosonde and Hourly surface temperature at these 32 observatories were readily available for limited period only ie for the years t990 - 1992
So three years data (1990-1992) of the representative months of nonmiddotm onsoon seasons ie winter summer and post -monsoon have been considered for working out hourly mixing depth at all 32 RS Stations 00 GMT RS data and hourly surface temperature data have been used for working out hourly mixing depth based on techniques as suggested by Holzworth (1971) Ludwig (1970) and Raman amp Kelkar (1972) In view of the complex structure of the real atmosphere these definitions of mixing depth will be recognised as approximations particularly applicable in climatological and Air Pollution studies
2
[
30 METHODOLOGY
The early morning ie 00 Z Radio Sonde data and hourly suriace temperatu res have been utilized for computation of hourly mixing depths duri ng day time Normally the radio-sonde stations for studying vertical profile of temperatures are situated outside the urban area The calculations of mixing depths are made in pressu re coordinates and then converted to heights (m) with the hydrostatic equation and Gas law
We know from Gas laws and hydrostatic equation
pV = Rd T (for dry air)
p i p = Rd T
1 I p = Rd T i p (Gas Law) (1 )
dp = bull g pdz (hydrostatic equation)
dz = bull dp I g p (2)
From (1) and (2) we get
dz = bull (Rd T I g) dp I p
The height of the mixing depth means that there is an inversion layer or isothermal layer or a stable layer at the top of this layer Let us consider the suriace pressure is Po and p be the pressure at height h (mixing depth) at which the dry adiabatic lapse rate from the surface temperature intersects the morning sounding
~ f dz = (Rd T I g) f dp l P cent
= (Rd T I g) 10 (p I Po)
= (R T I g) 10 (Po I p)
Where T is the mean temperature of the atmosphere between pressure P o and PI - In the above discussion the atmosphere has been considered to be dry When the atmosphere contains moisture which is generally the case virtual temperature correction is required to be applied instead of actual dry bulb temperature in the mixing depth computations It has been seen that that the virtual temperature correction leads to only insignificant change in mixing height calculations Therefore virtual temperature corrections have not been applied in this report while computing the mixing depth
3
So the above methodology has been adopted for determining the mixing depth at every hour for the period when the atmosphere is likely to be unstable or neutral Likewise hourly mixing depths for every day of the representative months of winter summer and post-monsoon seasons by utilizing 00 Z RS and hourly suriace temperature data monitored during the year 1990 - 1992 have been worked out with the help of software developed for this purpose Subsequently hourly mean mixing depths for those hours when the atmosphere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic tor each season separately have been worked out Similar computations are made for all 32 RS stations For every hour and for each season hourly mixing depth have been plotted separately and isolines are drawn So these maps provide uS most likely spati al distribution of hourly mixing depths during all three nonshymonsoon seasons over Indian region
40 RESULTS amp DISCUSSION
Hourly mean mixing depths have not been worked out for Monsoon period d$
air pollution IS not much problematic during ra iny days due to washout effect Figure 1 depicts spat ial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth during i h hour ot winter season over Indian region This gives the mean value of hourly miXing depth at 7 th hour of winter season which is quite relevant for working o ut g1 c values at any of the receptors points Hourly me an mixing depths have been worked out only when the atmosph ere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic The hourly mixing depth values during sub-adiabatic conditions will
bull indicate highly unrealistic values and do not carry any meaning and a logical interpretation of thiS Situation is that relatively vigorous vertical mixing is not occurnng in the ground based layer Similarly figures 234567 89 10 11 and 12 indicate spatial distribution of hourlv mean mixing depths during 8th 9th 1h 18th
10th 11 th
12th 13 141h1 5 1Sth 17th 1lt hours respectively 01 winter season over Indian reg ion It is quite clear that hourly mean mixing depths at a pOint are increasing in concurrence with the rising suriace temperature and then starts decreasing with the decrease of surface temperatures It IS also seen that hourly mean mixing depths al a particular point of time follows the temperature pattern over the region
The hourly mean mixing depth so obtained from figures 1-1 2 at any Site having flat terrain and at any pOint of lime during winter season is a very good approximation to real values So it works as a very good advisory which will Indicate spatial variation of mixing depth values as well as its vanation with time
While figures 1314151617181920212223242526 and 27 indicale 6 th 71h 81h 9 th spatial vanation of hour~ mean mixing depth during 5th
10th
13 th 14th 16th 17 th 1Sth11h 12h 15 and 19th hours respectively during summer season over Indian region Similarly figures 18193031313334 3536373839 and 40 Indicate spatial variation of hourlv mean mixmQ depth during i h Sth gh 10th 11 th 1ih 13th 14th 15th lSh 171h 18th and 19th hours respectively dUring post monsoon season over Indian region
4
REFRENCES
1 Holzworth GC ~Meteorological Potential for Urban Air Pollution in the contiguous United States ~ Proc Second International Clean Air Congress 1971 pp 1076middot1080
2 Ludwig FL Determination of Mixing Depths for use with synoptic Model Proc Symp On Multiple - Source Urban Diffusion Models 1970 pp 5middot33 shy5middot35
3 Raman CRV and Kelkar RR Urban Air Pollution Potential Over Bombay India derived from mixing depths and mean layer wind Proc Of Conference on Urban Environment amp Second Conference on Bio~meteorology
sponsored by American Met Society amp Co-sponsored by American Institute of Medical Climatology 1972 pp 303middot309
5
1 Annexure A
PARTICU LARS OF RADIO-SONDE STATIONS
S NO STATION IND EX NO ALTITUDE LATIT UDE LONGIT UDE ( m ) Oeg Min Deg Min
I Aga nala 42724 16 23 53 91 15
2 Ahm edabad 4264 7 55 23 04 72 38
J Amini 433 1 4 II 07 72 44
4 Aurangabad 4304 581 19 53 75 20
5 Bangalo rc 4)295 921 12 58 77 35
6 Bhopa 42667 523 2J 17 77 7 Bhubneshwar 429 7 46 20 15 85 50
8 Bombay 43003 I I 18 54 72 49
9 Ca1cuna 42809 6 22 39 88 27
10 Cochin 43353 3 09 53 76 14
II Dibrugarh 42 3 4 III 27 29 95 01
12 Gauhati 42410 54 26 06 91 35
13 Goa 43 192 60 15 29 73 49
14 Gorakhpur 42379 78 26 45 R3 22
15 Gwaior 42361 207 26 14 78 15
16 Hyderabad 4312~ 545 17 27 78 28
17 Jagclalpur 4304 1 553 1lt) 05 82 02
18 Jodhpur 42339 220 26 18 J3 01
19 Karaikal 43346 6 10 55 79 50
20 Lucknow 42369 121 26 52 80 56
21 Machilipat nam 43 185 3 16 t I 81 03
22 Madras 43279 16 J 0 80 IS
23 Mangaore 43285 22 12 52 51
6
-------------------------------------------------- ~ I
2 Minicoy 43369 2 08 18 7300
25 Nagpur 42867 JJ 21 06 79 03
26 New De ihl 42 182 216 28 )5 n 12
27 PaHa la 42 10 1 251 )0 20 76 28
28 Pa tna 42492 5) 25 37 85 10
29 Pendra 42779 625 22 46 81 54
)0 Port Blair 4))) ) 79 II 40 92 4]
) I Ranchi 42700 655 232J 85 20
)2 Sllgun 42397 114 26 40 88 22
)) S rinagar 42027 1527 34 05 74 50
) 4 TrivlOdrum 43371 64 08 29 76 57
35 Vishaklapatnam 4 3150 3 17 4 3 83 14
7
LIST OF FIGURES
fig No Page No 1 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter) 10 2 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11 3 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter) 12 4 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13 5 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14 6 Spatial diSl ribulion 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1200 1ST (Winter) 15 7 Spalial distribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1300 1ST (Winler) 16 B Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 400 1S T (Winter) 17 9 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Winler) 18 10 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19 11 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Winler) 20 12 Spatial dislribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21 13 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 22 14 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23 15 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1S T (Pre-Monsoon) 24 16 Spat ial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 25 17 Spatial distr ibution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26 18 Spatial distribulion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27 t9 Spatial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 2B 20 Spatial diSlribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al f200 1ST (PremiddotMonsoon) 29 21 Spatial dis1ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre -Monsoon) 30 22 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 31 23 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Premiddot Monsoon) 32 24 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 33 25 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST Prf (~10nsoon) 34 26 Spatial distribution of hourty mixing deplh (M) at 1800 tST (Pr IJlo(lsoon) 35 27 Spalial distr ibution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1900 1ST (Pr Monsoon) 36 28 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37 29 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 38 30 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39 31 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 40 32 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 4f 33 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42 34 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43 35 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) a t 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 44 36 Spatial distr ibution ot hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 45 37 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46 38 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Posi -Monsoon) 47 39 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48 40 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Posi-Monsoon) 49
8
I l
Annexure-B
-SRN ~
~~~
bull 1 AGD
I
- _
1shy MNd ~
j
1 shy
bullltlll
s
bull bull bull pound
bull
H - -~
I
N
bull II ~
middotn
I 1
N
MAP SHOWING middot
RADIOSONDE STA nONS
sa
~ Ibull (shy
r
t H I middot
I-t-middot - If
I f ~
LtJ C
~p
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter)
10
bull
o
[ I
- shy
I C
4J
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11
---shy-
shyAGO
_ ~f--~ r - + bull
0lt
o
bull bull
C -+-
H
1 -I
I
N F - shy
A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter 12
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
CONTENTS
Page No 1 0 Introduction 1 2 0 Concept amp Data 1 30 Methodology 3 4 0 Results amp DIScussion 4
50 list of Figures 8
10 INTRODUCTION
Generally the principal types of meteorological data that are available and reliable for use in studies in air pollution potential are surface and upper air observations as commonly made Such observations have been designed and are taken for the main purpose of satisfying weather forecast requirements for general public and for aviation forecast and usually have not been greatly concerned with applications to the problems of air pollution Thus the available data otten require special processing and interpretation in terms of their impact on atmospheric transport and diffusion Sometimes such interpretations are very difficult due to various reasons and we will not go in such details Out of various meteorological parameters which are required In the application of air pollution meteorology the mixing depth (height) is one of the important parameter
The mixing depth at every hour of the day is one of tile important parameters for evaluating the impact of any air polluting industry or power plant etc on Air Environment in and around the project site Environmental protection is of great concern to both society and the Government The proper planning of urbanization and industrialization is a must to avoid environmental degradation The process of the industrial development goes vis-a-vis to the environment imbalance
It becomes essential to carry out Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA) of any proposed power plant Industry for various environmental components of the area ie Air Water NoiseLand and Socio-economics etc REIA involves identification prediction and evaluation of impact on the environment due to proposed activity Baseline data is required to be collected during the representative month of one season except for Monsoon season for various environmental components in respect of Air Environment in order to assess the existing environmental status as well as for evaluating the impact of proposed activity around the project site
Meteorology plays a major role in the study of Air Environment in and around the project site So it becomes necessary for us to examine base line data in respect of meteorological parameters and Ambient Air Quality Data which will be also required as the input for Environmental Impact Assessment Mixing depth at every hour at project site is one of such important parameter required as input for such a study
20 CONCEPTS amp DATA
The concept of a mixing layer is based on the principle that when the atmosphere is heated from below (ie at ground level as a consequence of solar heating at the ground) it becomes unstable leading to vertical motions mixing and
consequently a tendency for establishment of a dry ad iabatic lapse rate (in the absence of condensation) in the mixing layer It is recognized that the lapse rate near the ground especially on sunny afternoons is often super - adiabatic but that at equilibrium it becomes more nearly dry adiabatic Thus the mixing height is defined as the top of the surtace- based layer in which vertical mixing is relatively vigorous and in which the lapse rate necessarily is approximately dry adiabatic In the case of a ground based inversion the mixing height is zero but such a value for the atmosphere has no real meaning A logical interpretation of th is situation is that relatively vigorous vertical mixing is not occurring in the ground based layer Assuming that changes in air temperature occur only as a consequence of solar heating at the ground the mixing height at a given time of the day may be readily est imated from the surface temperature at that time together with the vertical profile of temperature at an earlier time Such estimates are valid however only unlillhe time when afternoon temperatures begin to coo rapidly indicating the end of convective activity Thus in fa ir weather situations the mixing height increases during the day in proportion to rising surface temperatures reaches a maximum around the time of maximum surface temperature and later in the afternoon over open country ceases to exist as a surface based inversion forms Over a city the evening mixing layer is more likely to be maintained to heights of roughly a hundred or so meters as the city cools more slowly than the nearby countryside
Mixing heights are seldom measured directly due to high cost involvement and such measurements do not indicate the realistic values So the mixing heights are being worked out by utilizing Radiosonde (RS) data (vertical distribUtion of temperature) together with hourly surface temperatures Hourly surface temperatures need to be recorded continuously by thermograph or by other good sensors India Meteorological Department has 35 of such Observatories (List enclosed middot Annexure A) which take RS flights twice a day ie at 00 GMT and t 2 GMT and 32 stations are recording surface temperatures continuously out of 35 observatories The map showing Radiosonde stations network can be seen at Annexure B We do not have continuous record of surface temperature at Ranchi Si liguri and Gochin It was found that the simultaneous data of Radiosonde and Hourly surface temperature at these 32 observatories were readily available for limited period only ie for the years t990 - 1992
So three years data (1990-1992) of the representative months of nonmiddotm onsoon seasons ie winter summer and post -monsoon have been considered for working out hourly mixing depth at all 32 RS Stations 00 GMT RS data and hourly surface temperature data have been used for working out hourly mixing depth based on techniques as suggested by Holzworth (1971) Ludwig (1970) and Raman amp Kelkar (1972) In view of the complex structure of the real atmosphere these definitions of mixing depth will be recognised as approximations particularly applicable in climatological and Air Pollution studies
2
[
30 METHODOLOGY
The early morning ie 00 Z Radio Sonde data and hourly suriace temperatu res have been utilized for computation of hourly mixing depths duri ng day time Normally the radio-sonde stations for studying vertical profile of temperatures are situated outside the urban area The calculations of mixing depths are made in pressu re coordinates and then converted to heights (m) with the hydrostatic equation and Gas law
We know from Gas laws and hydrostatic equation
pV = Rd T (for dry air)
p i p = Rd T
1 I p = Rd T i p (Gas Law) (1 )
dp = bull g pdz (hydrostatic equation)
dz = bull dp I g p (2)
From (1) and (2) we get
dz = bull (Rd T I g) dp I p
The height of the mixing depth means that there is an inversion layer or isothermal layer or a stable layer at the top of this layer Let us consider the suriace pressure is Po and p be the pressure at height h (mixing depth) at which the dry adiabatic lapse rate from the surface temperature intersects the morning sounding
~ f dz = (Rd T I g) f dp l P cent
= (Rd T I g) 10 (p I Po)
= (R T I g) 10 (Po I p)
Where T is the mean temperature of the atmosphere between pressure P o and PI - In the above discussion the atmosphere has been considered to be dry When the atmosphere contains moisture which is generally the case virtual temperature correction is required to be applied instead of actual dry bulb temperature in the mixing depth computations It has been seen that that the virtual temperature correction leads to only insignificant change in mixing height calculations Therefore virtual temperature corrections have not been applied in this report while computing the mixing depth
3
So the above methodology has been adopted for determining the mixing depth at every hour for the period when the atmosphere is likely to be unstable or neutral Likewise hourly mixing depths for every day of the representative months of winter summer and post-monsoon seasons by utilizing 00 Z RS and hourly suriace temperature data monitored during the year 1990 - 1992 have been worked out with the help of software developed for this purpose Subsequently hourly mean mixing depths for those hours when the atmosphere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic tor each season separately have been worked out Similar computations are made for all 32 RS stations For every hour and for each season hourly mixing depth have been plotted separately and isolines are drawn So these maps provide uS most likely spati al distribution of hourly mixing depths during all three nonshymonsoon seasons over Indian region
40 RESULTS amp DISCUSSION
Hourly mean mixing depths have not been worked out for Monsoon period d$
air pollution IS not much problematic during ra iny days due to washout effect Figure 1 depicts spat ial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth during i h hour ot winter season over Indian region This gives the mean value of hourly miXing depth at 7 th hour of winter season which is quite relevant for working o ut g1 c values at any of the receptors points Hourly me an mixing depths have been worked out only when the atmosph ere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic The hourly mixing depth values during sub-adiabatic conditions will
bull indicate highly unrealistic values and do not carry any meaning and a logical interpretation of thiS Situation is that relatively vigorous vertical mixing is not occurnng in the ground based layer Similarly figures 234567 89 10 11 and 12 indicate spatial distribution of hourlv mean mixing depths during 8th 9th 1h 18th
10th 11 th
12th 13 141h1 5 1Sth 17th 1lt hours respectively 01 winter season over Indian reg ion It is quite clear that hourly mean mixing depths at a pOint are increasing in concurrence with the rising suriace temperature and then starts decreasing with the decrease of surface temperatures It IS also seen that hourly mean mixing depths al a particular point of time follows the temperature pattern over the region
The hourly mean mixing depth so obtained from figures 1-1 2 at any Site having flat terrain and at any pOint of lime during winter season is a very good approximation to real values So it works as a very good advisory which will Indicate spatial variation of mixing depth values as well as its vanation with time
While figures 1314151617181920212223242526 and 27 indicale 6 th 71h 81h 9 th spatial vanation of hour~ mean mixing depth during 5th
10th
13 th 14th 16th 17 th 1Sth11h 12h 15 and 19th hours respectively during summer season over Indian region Similarly figures 18193031313334 3536373839 and 40 Indicate spatial variation of hourlv mean mixmQ depth during i h Sth gh 10th 11 th 1ih 13th 14th 15th lSh 171h 18th and 19th hours respectively dUring post monsoon season over Indian region
4
REFRENCES
1 Holzworth GC ~Meteorological Potential for Urban Air Pollution in the contiguous United States ~ Proc Second International Clean Air Congress 1971 pp 1076middot1080
2 Ludwig FL Determination of Mixing Depths for use with synoptic Model Proc Symp On Multiple - Source Urban Diffusion Models 1970 pp 5middot33 shy5middot35
3 Raman CRV and Kelkar RR Urban Air Pollution Potential Over Bombay India derived from mixing depths and mean layer wind Proc Of Conference on Urban Environment amp Second Conference on Bio~meteorology
sponsored by American Met Society amp Co-sponsored by American Institute of Medical Climatology 1972 pp 303middot309
5
1 Annexure A
PARTICU LARS OF RADIO-SONDE STATIONS
S NO STATION IND EX NO ALTITUDE LATIT UDE LONGIT UDE ( m ) Oeg Min Deg Min
I Aga nala 42724 16 23 53 91 15
2 Ahm edabad 4264 7 55 23 04 72 38
J Amini 433 1 4 II 07 72 44
4 Aurangabad 4304 581 19 53 75 20
5 Bangalo rc 4)295 921 12 58 77 35
6 Bhopa 42667 523 2J 17 77 7 Bhubneshwar 429 7 46 20 15 85 50
8 Bombay 43003 I I 18 54 72 49
9 Ca1cuna 42809 6 22 39 88 27
10 Cochin 43353 3 09 53 76 14
II Dibrugarh 42 3 4 III 27 29 95 01
12 Gauhati 42410 54 26 06 91 35
13 Goa 43 192 60 15 29 73 49
14 Gorakhpur 42379 78 26 45 R3 22
15 Gwaior 42361 207 26 14 78 15
16 Hyderabad 4312~ 545 17 27 78 28
17 Jagclalpur 4304 1 553 1lt) 05 82 02
18 Jodhpur 42339 220 26 18 J3 01
19 Karaikal 43346 6 10 55 79 50
20 Lucknow 42369 121 26 52 80 56
21 Machilipat nam 43 185 3 16 t I 81 03
22 Madras 43279 16 J 0 80 IS
23 Mangaore 43285 22 12 52 51
6
-------------------------------------------------- ~ I
2 Minicoy 43369 2 08 18 7300
25 Nagpur 42867 JJ 21 06 79 03
26 New De ihl 42 182 216 28 )5 n 12
27 PaHa la 42 10 1 251 )0 20 76 28
28 Pa tna 42492 5) 25 37 85 10
29 Pendra 42779 625 22 46 81 54
)0 Port Blair 4))) ) 79 II 40 92 4]
) I Ranchi 42700 655 232J 85 20
)2 Sllgun 42397 114 26 40 88 22
)) S rinagar 42027 1527 34 05 74 50
) 4 TrivlOdrum 43371 64 08 29 76 57
35 Vishaklapatnam 4 3150 3 17 4 3 83 14
7
LIST OF FIGURES
fig No Page No 1 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter) 10 2 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11 3 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter) 12 4 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13 5 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14 6 Spatial diSl ribulion 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1200 1ST (Winter) 15 7 Spalial distribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1300 1ST (Winler) 16 B Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 400 1S T (Winter) 17 9 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Winler) 18 10 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19 11 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Winler) 20 12 Spatial dislribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21 13 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 22 14 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23 15 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1S T (Pre-Monsoon) 24 16 Spat ial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 25 17 Spatial distr ibution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26 18 Spatial distribulion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27 t9 Spatial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 2B 20 Spatial diSlribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al f200 1ST (PremiddotMonsoon) 29 21 Spatial dis1ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre -Monsoon) 30 22 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 31 23 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Premiddot Monsoon) 32 24 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 33 25 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST Prf (~10nsoon) 34 26 Spatial distribution of hourty mixing deplh (M) at 1800 tST (Pr IJlo(lsoon) 35 27 Spalial distr ibution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1900 1ST (Pr Monsoon) 36 28 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37 29 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 38 30 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39 31 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 40 32 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 4f 33 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42 34 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43 35 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) a t 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 44 36 Spatial distr ibution ot hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 45 37 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46 38 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Posi -Monsoon) 47 39 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48 40 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Posi-Monsoon) 49
8
I l
Annexure-B
-SRN ~
~~~
bull 1 AGD
I
- _
1shy MNd ~
j
1 shy
bullltlll
s
bull bull bull pound
bull
H - -~
I
N
bull II ~
middotn
I 1
N
MAP SHOWING middot
RADIOSONDE STA nONS
sa
~ Ibull (shy
r
t H I middot
I-t-middot - If
I f ~
LtJ C
~p
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter)
10
bull
o
[ I
- shy
I C
4J
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11
---shy-
shyAGO
_ ~f--~ r - + bull
0lt
o
bull bull
C -+-
H
1 -I
I
N F - shy
A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter 12
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
10 INTRODUCTION
Generally the principal types of meteorological data that are available and reliable for use in studies in air pollution potential are surface and upper air observations as commonly made Such observations have been designed and are taken for the main purpose of satisfying weather forecast requirements for general public and for aviation forecast and usually have not been greatly concerned with applications to the problems of air pollution Thus the available data otten require special processing and interpretation in terms of their impact on atmospheric transport and diffusion Sometimes such interpretations are very difficult due to various reasons and we will not go in such details Out of various meteorological parameters which are required In the application of air pollution meteorology the mixing depth (height) is one of the important parameter
The mixing depth at every hour of the day is one of tile important parameters for evaluating the impact of any air polluting industry or power plant etc on Air Environment in and around the project site Environmental protection is of great concern to both society and the Government The proper planning of urbanization and industrialization is a must to avoid environmental degradation The process of the industrial development goes vis-a-vis to the environment imbalance
It becomes essential to carry out Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA) of any proposed power plant Industry for various environmental components of the area ie Air Water NoiseLand and Socio-economics etc REIA involves identification prediction and evaluation of impact on the environment due to proposed activity Baseline data is required to be collected during the representative month of one season except for Monsoon season for various environmental components in respect of Air Environment in order to assess the existing environmental status as well as for evaluating the impact of proposed activity around the project site
Meteorology plays a major role in the study of Air Environment in and around the project site So it becomes necessary for us to examine base line data in respect of meteorological parameters and Ambient Air Quality Data which will be also required as the input for Environmental Impact Assessment Mixing depth at every hour at project site is one of such important parameter required as input for such a study
20 CONCEPTS amp DATA
The concept of a mixing layer is based on the principle that when the atmosphere is heated from below (ie at ground level as a consequence of solar heating at the ground) it becomes unstable leading to vertical motions mixing and
consequently a tendency for establishment of a dry ad iabatic lapse rate (in the absence of condensation) in the mixing layer It is recognized that the lapse rate near the ground especially on sunny afternoons is often super - adiabatic but that at equilibrium it becomes more nearly dry adiabatic Thus the mixing height is defined as the top of the surtace- based layer in which vertical mixing is relatively vigorous and in which the lapse rate necessarily is approximately dry adiabatic In the case of a ground based inversion the mixing height is zero but such a value for the atmosphere has no real meaning A logical interpretation of th is situation is that relatively vigorous vertical mixing is not occurring in the ground based layer Assuming that changes in air temperature occur only as a consequence of solar heating at the ground the mixing height at a given time of the day may be readily est imated from the surface temperature at that time together with the vertical profile of temperature at an earlier time Such estimates are valid however only unlillhe time when afternoon temperatures begin to coo rapidly indicating the end of convective activity Thus in fa ir weather situations the mixing height increases during the day in proportion to rising surface temperatures reaches a maximum around the time of maximum surface temperature and later in the afternoon over open country ceases to exist as a surface based inversion forms Over a city the evening mixing layer is more likely to be maintained to heights of roughly a hundred or so meters as the city cools more slowly than the nearby countryside
Mixing heights are seldom measured directly due to high cost involvement and such measurements do not indicate the realistic values So the mixing heights are being worked out by utilizing Radiosonde (RS) data (vertical distribUtion of temperature) together with hourly surface temperatures Hourly surface temperatures need to be recorded continuously by thermograph or by other good sensors India Meteorological Department has 35 of such Observatories (List enclosed middot Annexure A) which take RS flights twice a day ie at 00 GMT and t 2 GMT and 32 stations are recording surface temperatures continuously out of 35 observatories The map showing Radiosonde stations network can be seen at Annexure B We do not have continuous record of surface temperature at Ranchi Si liguri and Gochin It was found that the simultaneous data of Radiosonde and Hourly surface temperature at these 32 observatories were readily available for limited period only ie for the years t990 - 1992
So three years data (1990-1992) of the representative months of nonmiddotm onsoon seasons ie winter summer and post -monsoon have been considered for working out hourly mixing depth at all 32 RS Stations 00 GMT RS data and hourly surface temperature data have been used for working out hourly mixing depth based on techniques as suggested by Holzworth (1971) Ludwig (1970) and Raman amp Kelkar (1972) In view of the complex structure of the real atmosphere these definitions of mixing depth will be recognised as approximations particularly applicable in climatological and Air Pollution studies
2
[
30 METHODOLOGY
The early morning ie 00 Z Radio Sonde data and hourly suriace temperatu res have been utilized for computation of hourly mixing depths duri ng day time Normally the radio-sonde stations for studying vertical profile of temperatures are situated outside the urban area The calculations of mixing depths are made in pressu re coordinates and then converted to heights (m) with the hydrostatic equation and Gas law
We know from Gas laws and hydrostatic equation
pV = Rd T (for dry air)
p i p = Rd T
1 I p = Rd T i p (Gas Law) (1 )
dp = bull g pdz (hydrostatic equation)
dz = bull dp I g p (2)
From (1) and (2) we get
dz = bull (Rd T I g) dp I p
The height of the mixing depth means that there is an inversion layer or isothermal layer or a stable layer at the top of this layer Let us consider the suriace pressure is Po and p be the pressure at height h (mixing depth) at which the dry adiabatic lapse rate from the surface temperature intersects the morning sounding
~ f dz = (Rd T I g) f dp l P cent
= (Rd T I g) 10 (p I Po)
= (R T I g) 10 (Po I p)
Where T is the mean temperature of the atmosphere between pressure P o and PI - In the above discussion the atmosphere has been considered to be dry When the atmosphere contains moisture which is generally the case virtual temperature correction is required to be applied instead of actual dry bulb temperature in the mixing depth computations It has been seen that that the virtual temperature correction leads to only insignificant change in mixing height calculations Therefore virtual temperature corrections have not been applied in this report while computing the mixing depth
3
So the above methodology has been adopted for determining the mixing depth at every hour for the period when the atmosphere is likely to be unstable or neutral Likewise hourly mixing depths for every day of the representative months of winter summer and post-monsoon seasons by utilizing 00 Z RS and hourly suriace temperature data monitored during the year 1990 - 1992 have been worked out with the help of software developed for this purpose Subsequently hourly mean mixing depths for those hours when the atmosphere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic tor each season separately have been worked out Similar computations are made for all 32 RS stations For every hour and for each season hourly mixing depth have been plotted separately and isolines are drawn So these maps provide uS most likely spati al distribution of hourly mixing depths during all three nonshymonsoon seasons over Indian region
40 RESULTS amp DISCUSSION
Hourly mean mixing depths have not been worked out for Monsoon period d$
air pollution IS not much problematic during ra iny days due to washout effect Figure 1 depicts spat ial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth during i h hour ot winter season over Indian region This gives the mean value of hourly miXing depth at 7 th hour of winter season which is quite relevant for working o ut g1 c values at any of the receptors points Hourly me an mixing depths have been worked out only when the atmosph ere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic The hourly mixing depth values during sub-adiabatic conditions will
bull indicate highly unrealistic values and do not carry any meaning and a logical interpretation of thiS Situation is that relatively vigorous vertical mixing is not occurnng in the ground based layer Similarly figures 234567 89 10 11 and 12 indicate spatial distribution of hourlv mean mixing depths during 8th 9th 1h 18th
10th 11 th
12th 13 141h1 5 1Sth 17th 1lt hours respectively 01 winter season over Indian reg ion It is quite clear that hourly mean mixing depths at a pOint are increasing in concurrence with the rising suriace temperature and then starts decreasing with the decrease of surface temperatures It IS also seen that hourly mean mixing depths al a particular point of time follows the temperature pattern over the region
The hourly mean mixing depth so obtained from figures 1-1 2 at any Site having flat terrain and at any pOint of lime during winter season is a very good approximation to real values So it works as a very good advisory which will Indicate spatial variation of mixing depth values as well as its vanation with time
While figures 1314151617181920212223242526 and 27 indicale 6 th 71h 81h 9 th spatial vanation of hour~ mean mixing depth during 5th
10th
13 th 14th 16th 17 th 1Sth11h 12h 15 and 19th hours respectively during summer season over Indian region Similarly figures 18193031313334 3536373839 and 40 Indicate spatial variation of hourlv mean mixmQ depth during i h Sth gh 10th 11 th 1ih 13th 14th 15th lSh 171h 18th and 19th hours respectively dUring post monsoon season over Indian region
4
REFRENCES
1 Holzworth GC ~Meteorological Potential for Urban Air Pollution in the contiguous United States ~ Proc Second International Clean Air Congress 1971 pp 1076middot1080
2 Ludwig FL Determination of Mixing Depths for use with synoptic Model Proc Symp On Multiple - Source Urban Diffusion Models 1970 pp 5middot33 shy5middot35
3 Raman CRV and Kelkar RR Urban Air Pollution Potential Over Bombay India derived from mixing depths and mean layer wind Proc Of Conference on Urban Environment amp Second Conference on Bio~meteorology
sponsored by American Met Society amp Co-sponsored by American Institute of Medical Climatology 1972 pp 303middot309
5
1 Annexure A
PARTICU LARS OF RADIO-SONDE STATIONS
S NO STATION IND EX NO ALTITUDE LATIT UDE LONGIT UDE ( m ) Oeg Min Deg Min
I Aga nala 42724 16 23 53 91 15
2 Ahm edabad 4264 7 55 23 04 72 38
J Amini 433 1 4 II 07 72 44
4 Aurangabad 4304 581 19 53 75 20
5 Bangalo rc 4)295 921 12 58 77 35
6 Bhopa 42667 523 2J 17 77 7 Bhubneshwar 429 7 46 20 15 85 50
8 Bombay 43003 I I 18 54 72 49
9 Ca1cuna 42809 6 22 39 88 27
10 Cochin 43353 3 09 53 76 14
II Dibrugarh 42 3 4 III 27 29 95 01
12 Gauhati 42410 54 26 06 91 35
13 Goa 43 192 60 15 29 73 49
14 Gorakhpur 42379 78 26 45 R3 22
15 Gwaior 42361 207 26 14 78 15
16 Hyderabad 4312~ 545 17 27 78 28
17 Jagclalpur 4304 1 553 1lt) 05 82 02
18 Jodhpur 42339 220 26 18 J3 01
19 Karaikal 43346 6 10 55 79 50
20 Lucknow 42369 121 26 52 80 56
21 Machilipat nam 43 185 3 16 t I 81 03
22 Madras 43279 16 J 0 80 IS
23 Mangaore 43285 22 12 52 51
6
-------------------------------------------------- ~ I
2 Minicoy 43369 2 08 18 7300
25 Nagpur 42867 JJ 21 06 79 03
26 New De ihl 42 182 216 28 )5 n 12
27 PaHa la 42 10 1 251 )0 20 76 28
28 Pa tna 42492 5) 25 37 85 10
29 Pendra 42779 625 22 46 81 54
)0 Port Blair 4))) ) 79 II 40 92 4]
) I Ranchi 42700 655 232J 85 20
)2 Sllgun 42397 114 26 40 88 22
)) S rinagar 42027 1527 34 05 74 50
) 4 TrivlOdrum 43371 64 08 29 76 57
35 Vishaklapatnam 4 3150 3 17 4 3 83 14
7
LIST OF FIGURES
fig No Page No 1 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter) 10 2 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11 3 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter) 12 4 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13 5 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14 6 Spatial diSl ribulion 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1200 1ST (Winter) 15 7 Spalial distribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1300 1ST (Winler) 16 B Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 400 1S T (Winter) 17 9 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Winler) 18 10 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19 11 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Winler) 20 12 Spatial dislribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21 13 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 22 14 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23 15 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1S T (Pre-Monsoon) 24 16 Spat ial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 25 17 Spatial distr ibution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26 18 Spatial distribulion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27 t9 Spatial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 2B 20 Spatial diSlribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al f200 1ST (PremiddotMonsoon) 29 21 Spatial dis1ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre -Monsoon) 30 22 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 31 23 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Premiddot Monsoon) 32 24 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 33 25 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST Prf (~10nsoon) 34 26 Spatial distribution of hourty mixing deplh (M) at 1800 tST (Pr IJlo(lsoon) 35 27 Spalial distr ibution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1900 1ST (Pr Monsoon) 36 28 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37 29 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 38 30 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39 31 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 40 32 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 4f 33 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42 34 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43 35 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) a t 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 44 36 Spatial distr ibution ot hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 45 37 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46 38 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Posi -Monsoon) 47 39 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48 40 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Posi-Monsoon) 49
8
I l
Annexure-B
-SRN ~
~~~
bull 1 AGD
I
- _
1shy MNd ~
j
1 shy
bullltlll
s
bull bull bull pound
bull
H - -~
I
N
bull II ~
middotn
I 1
N
MAP SHOWING middot
RADIOSONDE STA nONS
sa
~ Ibull (shy
r
t H I middot
I-t-middot - If
I f ~
LtJ C
~p
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter)
10
bull
o
[ I
- shy
I C
4J
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11
---shy-
shyAGO
_ ~f--~ r - + bull
0lt
o
bull bull
C -+-
H
1 -I
I
N F - shy
A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter 12
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
consequently a tendency for establishment of a dry ad iabatic lapse rate (in the absence of condensation) in the mixing layer It is recognized that the lapse rate near the ground especially on sunny afternoons is often super - adiabatic but that at equilibrium it becomes more nearly dry adiabatic Thus the mixing height is defined as the top of the surtace- based layer in which vertical mixing is relatively vigorous and in which the lapse rate necessarily is approximately dry adiabatic In the case of a ground based inversion the mixing height is zero but such a value for the atmosphere has no real meaning A logical interpretation of th is situation is that relatively vigorous vertical mixing is not occurring in the ground based layer Assuming that changes in air temperature occur only as a consequence of solar heating at the ground the mixing height at a given time of the day may be readily est imated from the surface temperature at that time together with the vertical profile of temperature at an earlier time Such estimates are valid however only unlillhe time when afternoon temperatures begin to coo rapidly indicating the end of convective activity Thus in fa ir weather situations the mixing height increases during the day in proportion to rising surface temperatures reaches a maximum around the time of maximum surface temperature and later in the afternoon over open country ceases to exist as a surface based inversion forms Over a city the evening mixing layer is more likely to be maintained to heights of roughly a hundred or so meters as the city cools more slowly than the nearby countryside
Mixing heights are seldom measured directly due to high cost involvement and such measurements do not indicate the realistic values So the mixing heights are being worked out by utilizing Radiosonde (RS) data (vertical distribUtion of temperature) together with hourly surface temperatures Hourly surface temperatures need to be recorded continuously by thermograph or by other good sensors India Meteorological Department has 35 of such Observatories (List enclosed middot Annexure A) which take RS flights twice a day ie at 00 GMT and t 2 GMT and 32 stations are recording surface temperatures continuously out of 35 observatories The map showing Radiosonde stations network can be seen at Annexure B We do not have continuous record of surface temperature at Ranchi Si liguri and Gochin It was found that the simultaneous data of Radiosonde and Hourly surface temperature at these 32 observatories were readily available for limited period only ie for the years t990 - 1992
So three years data (1990-1992) of the representative months of nonmiddotm onsoon seasons ie winter summer and post -monsoon have been considered for working out hourly mixing depth at all 32 RS Stations 00 GMT RS data and hourly surface temperature data have been used for working out hourly mixing depth based on techniques as suggested by Holzworth (1971) Ludwig (1970) and Raman amp Kelkar (1972) In view of the complex structure of the real atmosphere these definitions of mixing depth will be recognised as approximations particularly applicable in climatological and Air Pollution studies
2
[
30 METHODOLOGY
The early morning ie 00 Z Radio Sonde data and hourly suriace temperatu res have been utilized for computation of hourly mixing depths duri ng day time Normally the radio-sonde stations for studying vertical profile of temperatures are situated outside the urban area The calculations of mixing depths are made in pressu re coordinates and then converted to heights (m) with the hydrostatic equation and Gas law
We know from Gas laws and hydrostatic equation
pV = Rd T (for dry air)
p i p = Rd T
1 I p = Rd T i p (Gas Law) (1 )
dp = bull g pdz (hydrostatic equation)
dz = bull dp I g p (2)
From (1) and (2) we get
dz = bull (Rd T I g) dp I p
The height of the mixing depth means that there is an inversion layer or isothermal layer or a stable layer at the top of this layer Let us consider the suriace pressure is Po and p be the pressure at height h (mixing depth) at which the dry adiabatic lapse rate from the surface temperature intersects the morning sounding
~ f dz = (Rd T I g) f dp l P cent
= (Rd T I g) 10 (p I Po)
= (R T I g) 10 (Po I p)
Where T is the mean temperature of the atmosphere between pressure P o and PI - In the above discussion the atmosphere has been considered to be dry When the atmosphere contains moisture which is generally the case virtual temperature correction is required to be applied instead of actual dry bulb temperature in the mixing depth computations It has been seen that that the virtual temperature correction leads to only insignificant change in mixing height calculations Therefore virtual temperature corrections have not been applied in this report while computing the mixing depth
3
So the above methodology has been adopted for determining the mixing depth at every hour for the period when the atmosphere is likely to be unstable or neutral Likewise hourly mixing depths for every day of the representative months of winter summer and post-monsoon seasons by utilizing 00 Z RS and hourly suriace temperature data monitored during the year 1990 - 1992 have been worked out with the help of software developed for this purpose Subsequently hourly mean mixing depths for those hours when the atmosphere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic tor each season separately have been worked out Similar computations are made for all 32 RS stations For every hour and for each season hourly mixing depth have been plotted separately and isolines are drawn So these maps provide uS most likely spati al distribution of hourly mixing depths during all three nonshymonsoon seasons over Indian region
40 RESULTS amp DISCUSSION
Hourly mean mixing depths have not been worked out for Monsoon period d$
air pollution IS not much problematic during ra iny days due to washout effect Figure 1 depicts spat ial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth during i h hour ot winter season over Indian region This gives the mean value of hourly miXing depth at 7 th hour of winter season which is quite relevant for working o ut g1 c values at any of the receptors points Hourly me an mixing depths have been worked out only when the atmosph ere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic The hourly mixing depth values during sub-adiabatic conditions will
bull indicate highly unrealistic values and do not carry any meaning and a logical interpretation of thiS Situation is that relatively vigorous vertical mixing is not occurnng in the ground based layer Similarly figures 234567 89 10 11 and 12 indicate spatial distribution of hourlv mean mixing depths during 8th 9th 1h 18th
10th 11 th
12th 13 141h1 5 1Sth 17th 1lt hours respectively 01 winter season over Indian reg ion It is quite clear that hourly mean mixing depths at a pOint are increasing in concurrence with the rising suriace temperature and then starts decreasing with the decrease of surface temperatures It IS also seen that hourly mean mixing depths al a particular point of time follows the temperature pattern over the region
The hourly mean mixing depth so obtained from figures 1-1 2 at any Site having flat terrain and at any pOint of lime during winter season is a very good approximation to real values So it works as a very good advisory which will Indicate spatial variation of mixing depth values as well as its vanation with time
While figures 1314151617181920212223242526 and 27 indicale 6 th 71h 81h 9 th spatial vanation of hour~ mean mixing depth during 5th
10th
13 th 14th 16th 17 th 1Sth11h 12h 15 and 19th hours respectively during summer season over Indian region Similarly figures 18193031313334 3536373839 and 40 Indicate spatial variation of hourlv mean mixmQ depth during i h Sth gh 10th 11 th 1ih 13th 14th 15th lSh 171h 18th and 19th hours respectively dUring post monsoon season over Indian region
4
REFRENCES
1 Holzworth GC ~Meteorological Potential for Urban Air Pollution in the contiguous United States ~ Proc Second International Clean Air Congress 1971 pp 1076middot1080
2 Ludwig FL Determination of Mixing Depths for use with synoptic Model Proc Symp On Multiple - Source Urban Diffusion Models 1970 pp 5middot33 shy5middot35
3 Raman CRV and Kelkar RR Urban Air Pollution Potential Over Bombay India derived from mixing depths and mean layer wind Proc Of Conference on Urban Environment amp Second Conference on Bio~meteorology
sponsored by American Met Society amp Co-sponsored by American Institute of Medical Climatology 1972 pp 303middot309
5
1 Annexure A
PARTICU LARS OF RADIO-SONDE STATIONS
S NO STATION IND EX NO ALTITUDE LATIT UDE LONGIT UDE ( m ) Oeg Min Deg Min
I Aga nala 42724 16 23 53 91 15
2 Ahm edabad 4264 7 55 23 04 72 38
J Amini 433 1 4 II 07 72 44
4 Aurangabad 4304 581 19 53 75 20
5 Bangalo rc 4)295 921 12 58 77 35
6 Bhopa 42667 523 2J 17 77 7 Bhubneshwar 429 7 46 20 15 85 50
8 Bombay 43003 I I 18 54 72 49
9 Ca1cuna 42809 6 22 39 88 27
10 Cochin 43353 3 09 53 76 14
II Dibrugarh 42 3 4 III 27 29 95 01
12 Gauhati 42410 54 26 06 91 35
13 Goa 43 192 60 15 29 73 49
14 Gorakhpur 42379 78 26 45 R3 22
15 Gwaior 42361 207 26 14 78 15
16 Hyderabad 4312~ 545 17 27 78 28
17 Jagclalpur 4304 1 553 1lt) 05 82 02
18 Jodhpur 42339 220 26 18 J3 01
19 Karaikal 43346 6 10 55 79 50
20 Lucknow 42369 121 26 52 80 56
21 Machilipat nam 43 185 3 16 t I 81 03
22 Madras 43279 16 J 0 80 IS
23 Mangaore 43285 22 12 52 51
6
-------------------------------------------------- ~ I
2 Minicoy 43369 2 08 18 7300
25 Nagpur 42867 JJ 21 06 79 03
26 New De ihl 42 182 216 28 )5 n 12
27 PaHa la 42 10 1 251 )0 20 76 28
28 Pa tna 42492 5) 25 37 85 10
29 Pendra 42779 625 22 46 81 54
)0 Port Blair 4))) ) 79 II 40 92 4]
) I Ranchi 42700 655 232J 85 20
)2 Sllgun 42397 114 26 40 88 22
)) S rinagar 42027 1527 34 05 74 50
) 4 TrivlOdrum 43371 64 08 29 76 57
35 Vishaklapatnam 4 3150 3 17 4 3 83 14
7
LIST OF FIGURES
fig No Page No 1 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter) 10 2 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11 3 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter) 12 4 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13 5 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14 6 Spatial diSl ribulion 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1200 1ST (Winter) 15 7 Spalial distribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1300 1ST (Winler) 16 B Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 400 1S T (Winter) 17 9 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Winler) 18 10 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19 11 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Winler) 20 12 Spatial dislribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21 13 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 22 14 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23 15 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1S T (Pre-Monsoon) 24 16 Spat ial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 25 17 Spatial distr ibution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26 18 Spatial distribulion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27 t9 Spatial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 2B 20 Spatial diSlribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al f200 1ST (PremiddotMonsoon) 29 21 Spatial dis1ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre -Monsoon) 30 22 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 31 23 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Premiddot Monsoon) 32 24 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 33 25 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST Prf (~10nsoon) 34 26 Spatial distribution of hourty mixing deplh (M) at 1800 tST (Pr IJlo(lsoon) 35 27 Spalial distr ibution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1900 1ST (Pr Monsoon) 36 28 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37 29 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 38 30 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39 31 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 40 32 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 4f 33 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42 34 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43 35 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) a t 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 44 36 Spatial distr ibution ot hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 45 37 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46 38 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Posi -Monsoon) 47 39 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48 40 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Posi-Monsoon) 49
8
I l
Annexure-B
-SRN ~
~~~
bull 1 AGD
I
- _
1shy MNd ~
j
1 shy
bullltlll
s
bull bull bull pound
bull
H - -~
I
N
bull II ~
middotn
I 1
N
MAP SHOWING middot
RADIOSONDE STA nONS
sa
~ Ibull (shy
r
t H I middot
I-t-middot - If
I f ~
LtJ C
~p
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter)
10
bull
o
[ I
- shy
I C
4J
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11
---shy-
shyAGO
_ ~f--~ r - + bull
0lt
o
bull bull
C -+-
H
1 -I
I
N F - shy
A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter 12
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
30 METHODOLOGY
The early morning ie 00 Z Radio Sonde data and hourly suriace temperatu res have been utilized for computation of hourly mixing depths duri ng day time Normally the radio-sonde stations for studying vertical profile of temperatures are situated outside the urban area The calculations of mixing depths are made in pressu re coordinates and then converted to heights (m) with the hydrostatic equation and Gas law
We know from Gas laws and hydrostatic equation
pV = Rd T (for dry air)
p i p = Rd T
1 I p = Rd T i p (Gas Law) (1 )
dp = bull g pdz (hydrostatic equation)
dz = bull dp I g p (2)
From (1) and (2) we get
dz = bull (Rd T I g) dp I p
The height of the mixing depth means that there is an inversion layer or isothermal layer or a stable layer at the top of this layer Let us consider the suriace pressure is Po and p be the pressure at height h (mixing depth) at which the dry adiabatic lapse rate from the surface temperature intersects the morning sounding
~ f dz = (Rd T I g) f dp l P cent
= (Rd T I g) 10 (p I Po)
= (R T I g) 10 (Po I p)
Where T is the mean temperature of the atmosphere between pressure P o and PI - In the above discussion the atmosphere has been considered to be dry When the atmosphere contains moisture which is generally the case virtual temperature correction is required to be applied instead of actual dry bulb temperature in the mixing depth computations It has been seen that that the virtual temperature correction leads to only insignificant change in mixing height calculations Therefore virtual temperature corrections have not been applied in this report while computing the mixing depth
3
So the above methodology has been adopted for determining the mixing depth at every hour for the period when the atmosphere is likely to be unstable or neutral Likewise hourly mixing depths for every day of the representative months of winter summer and post-monsoon seasons by utilizing 00 Z RS and hourly suriace temperature data monitored during the year 1990 - 1992 have been worked out with the help of software developed for this purpose Subsequently hourly mean mixing depths for those hours when the atmosphere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic tor each season separately have been worked out Similar computations are made for all 32 RS stations For every hour and for each season hourly mixing depth have been plotted separately and isolines are drawn So these maps provide uS most likely spati al distribution of hourly mixing depths during all three nonshymonsoon seasons over Indian region
40 RESULTS amp DISCUSSION
Hourly mean mixing depths have not been worked out for Monsoon period d$
air pollution IS not much problematic during ra iny days due to washout effect Figure 1 depicts spat ial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth during i h hour ot winter season over Indian region This gives the mean value of hourly miXing depth at 7 th hour of winter season which is quite relevant for working o ut g1 c values at any of the receptors points Hourly me an mixing depths have been worked out only when the atmosph ere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic The hourly mixing depth values during sub-adiabatic conditions will
bull indicate highly unrealistic values and do not carry any meaning and a logical interpretation of thiS Situation is that relatively vigorous vertical mixing is not occurnng in the ground based layer Similarly figures 234567 89 10 11 and 12 indicate spatial distribution of hourlv mean mixing depths during 8th 9th 1h 18th
10th 11 th
12th 13 141h1 5 1Sth 17th 1lt hours respectively 01 winter season over Indian reg ion It is quite clear that hourly mean mixing depths at a pOint are increasing in concurrence with the rising suriace temperature and then starts decreasing with the decrease of surface temperatures It IS also seen that hourly mean mixing depths al a particular point of time follows the temperature pattern over the region
The hourly mean mixing depth so obtained from figures 1-1 2 at any Site having flat terrain and at any pOint of lime during winter season is a very good approximation to real values So it works as a very good advisory which will Indicate spatial variation of mixing depth values as well as its vanation with time
While figures 1314151617181920212223242526 and 27 indicale 6 th 71h 81h 9 th spatial vanation of hour~ mean mixing depth during 5th
10th
13 th 14th 16th 17 th 1Sth11h 12h 15 and 19th hours respectively during summer season over Indian region Similarly figures 18193031313334 3536373839 and 40 Indicate spatial variation of hourlv mean mixmQ depth during i h Sth gh 10th 11 th 1ih 13th 14th 15th lSh 171h 18th and 19th hours respectively dUring post monsoon season over Indian region
4
REFRENCES
1 Holzworth GC ~Meteorological Potential for Urban Air Pollution in the contiguous United States ~ Proc Second International Clean Air Congress 1971 pp 1076middot1080
2 Ludwig FL Determination of Mixing Depths for use with synoptic Model Proc Symp On Multiple - Source Urban Diffusion Models 1970 pp 5middot33 shy5middot35
3 Raman CRV and Kelkar RR Urban Air Pollution Potential Over Bombay India derived from mixing depths and mean layer wind Proc Of Conference on Urban Environment amp Second Conference on Bio~meteorology
sponsored by American Met Society amp Co-sponsored by American Institute of Medical Climatology 1972 pp 303middot309
5
1 Annexure A
PARTICU LARS OF RADIO-SONDE STATIONS
S NO STATION IND EX NO ALTITUDE LATIT UDE LONGIT UDE ( m ) Oeg Min Deg Min
I Aga nala 42724 16 23 53 91 15
2 Ahm edabad 4264 7 55 23 04 72 38
J Amini 433 1 4 II 07 72 44
4 Aurangabad 4304 581 19 53 75 20
5 Bangalo rc 4)295 921 12 58 77 35
6 Bhopa 42667 523 2J 17 77 7 Bhubneshwar 429 7 46 20 15 85 50
8 Bombay 43003 I I 18 54 72 49
9 Ca1cuna 42809 6 22 39 88 27
10 Cochin 43353 3 09 53 76 14
II Dibrugarh 42 3 4 III 27 29 95 01
12 Gauhati 42410 54 26 06 91 35
13 Goa 43 192 60 15 29 73 49
14 Gorakhpur 42379 78 26 45 R3 22
15 Gwaior 42361 207 26 14 78 15
16 Hyderabad 4312~ 545 17 27 78 28
17 Jagclalpur 4304 1 553 1lt) 05 82 02
18 Jodhpur 42339 220 26 18 J3 01
19 Karaikal 43346 6 10 55 79 50
20 Lucknow 42369 121 26 52 80 56
21 Machilipat nam 43 185 3 16 t I 81 03
22 Madras 43279 16 J 0 80 IS
23 Mangaore 43285 22 12 52 51
6
-------------------------------------------------- ~ I
2 Minicoy 43369 2 08 18 7300
25 Nagpur 42867 JJ 21 06 79 03
26 New De ihl 42 182 216 28 )5 n 12
27 PaHa la 42 10 1 251 )0 20 76 28
28 Pa tna 42492 5) 25 37 85 10
29 Pendra 42779 625 22 46 81 54
)0 Port Blair 4))) ) 79 II 40 92 4]
) I Ranchi 42700 655 232J 85 20
)2 Sllgun 42397 114 26 40 88 22
)) S rinagar 42027 1527 34 05 74 50
) 4 TrivlOdrum 43371 64 08 29 76 57
35 Vishaklapatnam 4 3150 3 17 4 3 83 14
7
LIST OF FIGURES
fig No Page No 1 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter) 10 2 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11 3 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter) 12 4 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13 5 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14 6 Spatial diSl ribulion 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1200 1ST (Winter) 15 7 Spalial distribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1300 1ST (Winler) 16 B Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 400 1S T (Winter) 17 9 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Winler) 18 10 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19 11 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Winler) 20 12 Spatial dislribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21 13 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 22 14 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23 15 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1S T (Pre-Monsoon) 24 16 Spat ial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 25 17 Spatial distr ibution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26 18 Spatial distribulion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27 t9 Spatial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 2B 20 Spatial diSlribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al f200 1ST (PremiddotMonsoon) 29 21 Spatial dis1ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre -Monsoon) 30 22 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 31 23 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Premiddot Monsoon) 32 24 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 33 25 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST Prf (~10nsoon) 34 26 Spatial distribution of hourty mixing deplh (M) at 1800 tST (Pr IJlo(lsoon) 35 27 Spalial distr ibution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1900 1ST (Pr Monsoon) 36 28 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37 29 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 38 30 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39 31 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 40 32 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 4f 33 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42 34 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43 35 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) a t 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 44 36 Spatial distr ibution ot hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 45 37 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46 38 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Posi -Monsoon) 47 39 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48 40 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Posi-Monsoon) 49
8
I l
Annexure-B
-SRN ~
~~~
bull 1 AGD
I
- _
1shy MNd ~
j
1 shy
bullltlll
s
bull bull bull pound
bull
H - -~
I
N
bull II ~
middotn
I 1
N
MAP SHOWING middot
RADIOSONDE STA nONS
sa
~ Ibull (shy
r
t H I middot
I-t-middot - If
I f ~
LtJ C
~p
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter)
10
bull
o
[ I
- shy
I C
4J
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11
---shy-
shyAGO
_ ~f--~ r - + bull
0lt
o
bull bull
C -+-
H
1 -I
I
N F - shy
A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter 12
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
So the above methodology has been adopted for determining the mixing depth at every hour for the period when the atmosphere is likely to be unstable or neutral Likewise hourly mixing depths for every day of the representative months of winter summer and post-monsoon seasons by utilizing 00 Z RS and hourly suriace temperature data monitored during the year 1990 - 1992 have been worked out with the help of software developed for this purpose Subsequently hourly mean mixing depths for those hours when the atmosphere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic tor each season separately have been worked out Similar computations are made for all 32 RS stations For every hour and for each season hourly mixing depth have been plotted separately and isolines are drawn So these maps provide uS most likely spati al distribution of hourly mixing depths during all three nonshymonsoon seasons over Indian region
40 RESULTS amp DISCUSSION
Hourly mean mixing depths have not been worked out for Monsoon period d$
air pollution IS not much problematic during ra iny days due to washout effect Figure 1 depicts spat ial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth during i h hour ot winter season over Indian region This gives the mean value of hourly miXing depth at 7 th hour of winter season which is quite relevant for working o ut g1 c values at any of the receptors points Hourly me an mixing depths have been worked out only when the atmosph ere is likely to be adiabatic or super adiabatic The hourly mixing depth values during sub-adiabatic conditions will
bull indicate highly unrealistic values and do not carry any meaning and a logical interpretation of thiS Situation is that relatively vigorous vertical mixing is not occurnng in the ground based layer Similarly figures 234567 89 10 11 and 12 indicate spatial distribution of hourlv mean mixing depths during 8th 9th 1h 18th
10th 11 th
12th 13 141h1 5 1Sth 17th 1lt hours respectively 01 winter season over Indian reg ion It is quite clear that hourly mean mixing depths at a pOint are increasing in concurrence with the rising suriace temperature and then starts decreasing with the decrease of surface temperatures It IS also seen that hourly mean mixing depths al a particular point of time follows the temperature pattern over the region
The hourly mean mixing depth so obtained from figures 1-1 2 at any Site having flat terrain and at any pOint of lime during winter season is a very good approximation to real values So it works as a very good advisory which will Indicate spatial variation of mixing depth values as well as its vanation with time
While figures 1314151617181920212223242526 and 27 indicale 6 th 71h 81h 9 th spatial vanation of hour~ mean mixing depth during 5th
10th
13 th 14th 16th 17 th 1Sth11h 12h 15 and 19th hours respectively during summer season over Indian region Similarly figures 18193031313334 3536373839 and 40 Indicate spatial variation of hourlv mean mixmQ depth during i h Sth gh 10th 11 th 1ih 13th 14th 15th lSh 171h 18th and 19th hours respectively dUring post monsoon season over Indian region
4
REFRENCES
1 Holzworth GC ~Meteorological Potential for Urban Air Pollution in the contiguous United States ~ Proc Second International Clean Air Congress 1971 pp 1076middot1080
2 Ludwig FL Determination of Mixing Depths for use with synoptic Model Proc Symp On Multiple - Source Urban Diffusion Models 1970 pp 5middot33 shy5middot35
3 Raman CRV and Kelkar RR Urban Air Pollution Potential Over Bombay India derived from mixing depths and mean layer wind Proc Of Conference on Urban Environment amp Second Conference on Bio~meteorology
sponsored by American Met Society amp Co-sponsored by American Institute of Medical Climatology 1972 pp 303middot309
5
1 Annexure A
PARTICU LARS OF RADIO-SONDE STATIONS
S NO STATION IND EX NO ALTITUDE LATIT UDE LONGIT UDE ( m ) Oeg Min Deg Min
I Aga nala 42724 16 23 53 91 15
2 Ahm edabad 4264 7 55 23 04 72 38
J Amini 433 1 4 II 07 72 44
4 Aurangabad 4304 581 19 53 75 20
5 Bangalo rc 4)295 921 12 58 77 35
6 Bhopa 42667 523 2J 17 77 7 Bhubneshwar 429 7 46 20 15 85 50
8 Bombay 43003 I I 18 54 72 49
9 Ca1cuna 42809 6 22 39 88 27
10 Cochin 43353 3 09 53 76 14
II Dibrugarh 42 3 4 III 27 29 95 01
12 Gauhati 42410 54 26 06 91 35
13 Goa 43 192 60 15 29 73 49
14 Gorakhpur 42379 78 26 45 R3 22
15 Gwaior 42361 207 26 14 78 15
16 Hyderabad 4312~ 545 17 27 78 28
17 Jagclalpur 4304 1 553 1lt) 05 82 02
18 Jodhpur 42339 220 26 18 J3 01
19 Karaikal 43346 6 10 55 79 50
20 Lucknow 42369 121 26 52 80 56
21 Machilipat nam 43 185 3 16 t I 81 03
22 Madras 43279 16 J 0 80 IS
23 Mangaore 43285 22 12 52 51
6
-------------------------------------------------- ~ I
2 Minicoy 43369 2 08 18 7300
25 Nagpur 42867 JJ 21 06 79 03
26 New De ihl 42 182 216 28 )5 n 12
27 PaHa la 42 10 1 251 )0 20 76 28
28 Pa tna 42492 5) 25 37 85 10
29 Pendra 42779 625 22 46 81 54
)0 Port Blair 4))) ) 79 II 40 92 4]
) I Ranchi 42700 655 232J 85 20
)2 Sllgun 42397 114 26 40 88 22
)) S rinagar 42027 1527 34 05 74 50
) 4 TrivlOdrum 43371 64 08 29 76 57
35 Vishaklapatnam 4 3150 3 17 4 3 83 14
7
LIST OF FIGURES
fig No Page No 1 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter) 10 2 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11 3 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter) 12 4 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13 5 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14 6 Spatial diSl ribulion 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1200 1ST (Winter) 15 7 Spalial distribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1300 1ST (Winler) 16 B Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 400 1S T (Winter) 17 9 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Winler) 18 10 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19 11 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Winler) 20 12 Spatial dislribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21 13 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 22 14 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23 15 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1S T (Pre-Monsoon) 24 16 Spat ial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 25 17 Spatial distr ibution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26 18 Spatial distribulion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27 t9 Spatial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 2B 20 Spatial diSlribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al f200 1ST (PremiddotMonsoon) 29 21 Spatial dis1ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre -Monsoon) 30 22 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 31 23 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Premiddot Monsoon) 32 24 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 33 25 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST Prf (~10nsoon) 34 26 Spatial distribution of hourty mixing deplh (M) at 1800 tST (Pr IJlo(lsoon) 35 27 Spalial distr ibution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1900 1ST (Pr Monsoon) 36 28 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37 29 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 38 30 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39 31 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 40 32 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 4f 33 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42 34 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43 35 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) a t 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 44 36 Spatial distr ibution ot hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 45 37 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46 38 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Posi -Monsoon) 47 39 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48 40 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Posi-Monsoon) 49
8
I l
Annexure-B
-SRN ~
~~~
bull 1 AGD
I
- _
1shy MNd ~
j
1 shy
bullltlll
s
bull bull bull pound
bull
H - -~
I
N
bull II ~
middotn
I 1
N
MAP SHOWING middot
RADIOSONDE STA nONS
sa
~ Ibull (shy
r
t H I middot
I-t-middot - If
I f ~
LtJ C
~p
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter)
10
bull
o
[ I
- shy
I C
4J
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11
---shy-
shyAGO
_ ~f--~ r - + bull
0lt
o
bull bull
C -+-
H
1 -I
I
N F - shy
A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter 12
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
REFRENCES
1 Holzworth GC ~Meteorological Potential for Urban Air Pollution in the contiguous United States ~ Proc Second International Clean Air Congress 1971 pp 1076middot1080
2 Ludwig FL Determination of Mixing Depths for use with synoptic Model Proc Symp On Multiple - Source Urban Diffusion Models 1970 pp 5middot33 shy5middot35
3 Raman CRV and Kelkar RR Urban Air Pollution Potential Over Bombay India derived from mixing depths and mean layer wind Proc Of Conference on Urban Environment amp Second Conference on Bio~meteorology
sponsored by American Met Society amp Co-sponsored by American Institute of Medical Climatology 1972 pp 303middot309
5
1 Annexure A
PARTICU LARS OF RADIO-SONDE STATIONS
S NO STATION IND EX NO ALTITUDE LATIT UDE LONGIT UDE ( m ) Oeg Min Deg Min
I Aga nala 42724 16 23 53 91 15
2 Ahm edabad 4264 7 55 23 04 72 38
J Amini 433 1 4 II 07 72 44
4 Aurangabad 4304 581 19 53 75 20
5 Bangalo rc 4)295 921 12 58 77 35
6 Bhopa 42667 523 2J 17 77 7 Bhubneshwar 429 7 46 20 15 85 50
8 Bombay 43003 I I 18 54 72 49
9 Ca1cuna 42809 6 22 39 88 27
10 Cochin 43353 3 09 53 76 14
II Dibrugarh 42 3 4 III 27 29 95 01
12 Gauhati 42410 54 26 06 91 35
13 Goa 43 192 60 15 29 73 49
14 Gorakhpur 42379 78 26 45 R3 22
15 Gwaior 42361 207 26 14 78 15
16 Hyderabad 4312~ 545 17 27 78 28
17 Jagclalpur 4304 1 553 1lt) 05 82 02
18 Jodhpur 42339 220 26 18 J3 01
19 Karaikal 43346 6 10 55 79 50
20 Lucknow 42369 121 26 52 80 56
21 Machilipat nam 43 185 3 16 t I 81 03
22 Madras 43279 16 J 0 80 IS
23 Mangaore 43285 22 12 52 51
6
-------------------------------------------------- ~ I
2 Minicoy 43369 2 08 18 7300
25 Nagpur 42867 JJ 21 06 79 03
26 New De ihl 42 182 216 28 )5 n 12
27 PaHa la 42 10 1 251 )0 20 76 28
28 Pa tna 42492 5) 25 37 85 10
29 Pendra 42779 625 22 46 81 54
)0 Port Blair 4))) ) 79 II 40 92 4]
) I Ranchi 42700 655 232J 85 20
)2 Sllgun 42397 114 26 40 88 22
)) S rinagar 42027 1527 34 05 74 50
) 4 TrivlOdrum 43371 64 08 29 76 57
35 Vishaklapatnam 4 3150 3 17 4 3 83 14
7
LIST OF FIGURES
fig No Page No 1 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter) 10 2 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11 3 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter) 12 4 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13 5 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14 6 Spatial diSl ribulion 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1200 1ST (Winter) 15 7 Spalial distribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1300 1ST (Winler) 16 B Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 400 1S T (Winter) 17 9 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Winler) 18 10 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19 11 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Winler) 20 12 Spatial dislribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21 13 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 22 14 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23 15 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1S T (Pre-Monsoon) 24 16 Spat ial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 25 17 Spatial distr ibution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26 18 Spatial distribulion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27 t9 Spatial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 2B 20 Spatial diSlribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al f200 1ST (PremiddotMonsoon) 29 21 Spatial dis1ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre -Monsoon) 30 22 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 31 23 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Premiddot Monsoon) 32 24 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 33 25 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST Prf (~10nsoon) 34 26 Spatial distribution of hourty mixing deplh (M) at 1800 tST (Pr IJlo(lsoon) 35 27 Spalial distr ibution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1900 1ST (Pr Monsoon) 36 28 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37 29 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 38 30 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39 31 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 40 32 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 4f 33 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42 34 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43 35 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) a t 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 44 36 Spatial distr ibution ot hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 45 37 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46 38 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Posi -Monsoon) 47 39 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48 40 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Posi-Monsoon) 49
8
I l
Annexure-B
-SRN ~
~~~
bull 1 AGD
I
- _
1shy MNd ~
j
1 shy
bullltlll
s
bull bull bull pound
bull
H - -~
I
N
bull II ~
middotn
I 1
N
MAP SHOWING middot
RADIOSONDE STA nONS
sa
~ Ibull (shy
r
t H I middot
I-t-middot - If
I f ~
LtJ C
~p
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter)
10
bull
o
[ I
- shy
I C
4J
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11
---shy-
shyAGO
_ ~f--~ r - + bull
0lt
o
bull bull
C -+-
H
1 -I
I
N F - shy
A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter 12
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
1 Annexure A
PARTICU LARS OF RADIO-SONDE STATIONS
S NO STATION IND EX NO ALTITUDE LATIT UDE LONGIT UDE ( m ) Oeg Min Deg Min
I Aga nala 42724 16 23 53 91 15
2 Ahm edabad 4264 7 55 23 04 72 38
J Amini 433 1 4 II 07 72 44
4 Aurangabad 4304 581 19 53 75 20
5 Bangalo rc 4)295 921 12 58 77 35
6 Bhopa 42667 523 2J 17 77 7 Bhubneshwar 429 7 46 20 15 85 50
8 Bombay 43003 I I 18 54 72 49
9 Ca1cuna 42809 6 22 39 88 27
10 Cochin 43353 3 09 53 76 14
II Dibrugarh 42 3 4 III 27 29 95 01
12 Gauhati 42410 54 26 06 91 35
13 Goa 43 192 60 15 29 73 49
14 Gorakhpur 42379 78 26 45 R3 22
15 Gwaior 42361 207 26 14 78 15
16 Hyderabad 4312~ 545 17 27 78 28
17 Jagclalpur 4304 1 553 1lt) 05 82 02
18 Jodhpur 42339 220 26 18 J3 01
19 Karaikal 43346 6 10 55 79 50
20 Lucknow 42369 121 26 52 80 56
21 Machilipat nam 43 185 3 16 t I 81 03
22 Madras 43279 16 J 0 80 IS
23 Mangaore 43285 22 12 52 51
6
-------------------------------------------------- ~ I
2 Minicoy 43369 2 08 18 7300
25 Nagpur 42867 JJ 21 06 79 03
26 New De ihl 42 182 216 28 )5 n 12
27 PaHa la 42 10 1 251 )0 20 76 28
28 Pa tna 42492 5) 25 37 85 10
29 Pendra 42779 625 22 46 81 54
)0 Port Blair 4))) ) 79 II 40 92 4]
) I Ranchi 42700 655 232J 85 20
)2 Sllgun 42397 114 26 40 88 22
)) S rinagar 42027 1527 34 05 74 50
) 4 TrivlOdrum 43371 64 08 29 76 57
35 Vishaklapatnam 4 3150 3 17 4 3 83 14
7
LIST OF FIGURES
fig No Page No 1 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter) 10 2 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11 3 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter) 12 4 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13 5 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14 6 Spatial diSl ribulion 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1200 1ST (Winter) 15 7 Spalial distribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1300 1ST (Winler) 16 B Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 400 1S T (Winter) 17 9 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Winler) 18 10 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19 11 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Winler) 20 12 Spatial dislribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21 13 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 22 14 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23 15 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1S T (Pre-Monsoon) 24 16 Spat ial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 25 17 Spatial distr ibution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26 18 Spatial distribulion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27 t9 Spatial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 2B 20 Spatial diSlribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al f200 1ST (PremiddotMonsoon) 29 21 Spatial dis1ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre -Monsoon) 30 22 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 31 23 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Premiddot Monsoon) 32 24 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 33 25 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST Prf (~10nsoon) 34 26 Spatial distribution of hourty mixing deplh (M) at 1800 tST (Pr IJlo(lsoon) 35 27 Spalial distr ibution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1900 1ST (Pr Monsoon) 36 28 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37 29 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 38 30 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39 31 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 40 32 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 4f 33 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42 34 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43 35 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) a t 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 44 36 Spatial distr ibution ot hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 45 37 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46 38 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Posi -Monsoon) 47 39 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48 40 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Posi-Monsoon) 49
8
I l
Annexure-B
-SRN ~
~~~
bull 1 AGD
I
- _
1shy MNd ~
j
1 shy
bullltlll
s
bull bull bull pound
bull
H - -~
I
N
bull II ~
middotn
I 1
N
MAP SHOWING middot
RADIOSONDE STA nONS
sa
~ Ibull (shy
r
t H I middot
I-t-middot - If
I f ~
LtJ C
~p
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter)
10
bull
o
[ I
- shy
I C
4J
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11
---shy-
shyAGO
_ ~f--~ r - + bull
0lt
o
bull bull
C -+-
H
1 -I
I
N F - shy
A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter 12
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
2 Minicoy 43369 2 08 18 7300
25 Nagpur 42867 JJ 21 06 79 03
26 New De ihl 42 182 216 28 )5 n 12
27 PaHa la 42 10 1 251 )0 20 76 28
28 Pa tna 42492 5) 25 37 85 10
29 Pendra 42779 625 22 46 81 54
)0 Port Blair 4))) ) 79 II 40 92 4]
) I Ranchi 42700 655 232J 85 20
)2 Sllgun 42397 114 26 40 88 22
)) S rinagar 42027 1527 34 05 74 50
) 4 TrivlOdrum 43371 64 08 29 76 57
35 Vishaklapatnam 4 3150 3 17 4 3 83 14
7
LIST OF FIGURES
fig No Page No 1 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter) 10 2 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11 3 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter) 12 4 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13 5 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14 6 Spatial diSl ribulion 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1200 1ST (Winter) 15 7 Spalial distribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1300 1ST (Winler) 16 B Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 400 1S T (Winter) 17 9 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Winler) 18 10 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19 11 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Winler) 20 12 Spatial dislribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21 13 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 22 14 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23 15 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1S T (Pre-Monsoon) 24 16 Spat ial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 25 17 Spatial distr ibution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26 18 Spatial distribulion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27 t9 Spatial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 2B 20 Spatial diSlribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al f200 1ST (PremiddotMonsoon) 29 21 Spatial dis1ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre -Monsoon) 30 22 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 31 23 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Premiddot Monsoon) 32 24 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 33 25 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST Prf (~10nsoon) 34 26 Spatial distribution of hourty mixing deplh (M) at 1800 tST (Pr IJlo(lsoon) 35 27 Spalial distr ibution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1900 1ST (Pr Monsoon) 36 28 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37 29 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 38 30 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39 31 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 40 32 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 4f 33 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42 34 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43 35 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) a t 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 44 36 Spatial distr ibution ot hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 45 37 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46 38 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Posi -Monsoon) 47 39 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48 40 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Posi-Monsoon) 49
8
I l
Annexure-B
-SRN ~
~~~
bull 1 AGD
I
- _
1shy MNd ~
j
1 shy
bullltlll
s
bull bull bull pound
bull
H - -~
I
N
bull II ~
middotn
I 1
N
MAP SHOWING middot
RADIOSONDE STA nONS
sa
~ Ibull (shy
r
t H I middot
I-t-middot - If
I f ~
LtJ C
~p
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter)
10
bull
o
[ I
- shy
I C
4J
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11
---shy-
shyAGO
_ ~f--~ r - + bull
0lt
o
bull bull
C -+-
H
1 -I
I
N F - shy
A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter 12
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
LIST OF FIGURES
fig No Page No 1 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter) 10 2 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11 3 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter) 12 4 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13 5 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14 6 Spatial diSl ribulion 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1200 1ST (Winter) 15 7 Spalial distribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1300 1ST (Winler) 16 B Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 400 1S T (Winter) 17 9 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Winler) 18 10 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19 11 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Winler) 20 12 Spatial dislribulion of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21 13 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 22 14 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23 15 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1S T (Pre-Monsoon) 24 16 Spat ial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 25 17 Spatial distr ibution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26 18 Spatial distribulion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27 t9 Spatial distribut ion of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre Monsoon) 2B 20 Spatial diSlribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al f200 1ST (PremiddotMonsoon) 29 21 Spatial dis1ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre -Monsoon) 30 22 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 31 23 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Premiddot Monsoon) 32 24 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 33 25 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST Prf (~10nsoon) 34 26 Spatial distribution of hourty mixing deplh (M) at 1800 tST (Pr IJlo(lsoon) 35 27 Spalial distr ibution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 1900 1ST (Pr Monsoon) 36 28 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37 29 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 38 30 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39 31 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 40 32 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 4f 33 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42 34 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43 35 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) a t 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 44 36 Spatial distr ibution ot hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Postmiddot Monsoon) 45 37 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46 38 Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 0700 1ST (Posi -Monsoon) 47 39 Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48 40 Spalial distribution of hourly mixing deplh (M) at 0700 1ST (Posi-Monsoon) 49
8
I l
Annexure-B
-SRN ~
~~~
bull 1 AGD
I
- _
1shy MNd ~
j
1 shy
bullltlll
s
bull bull bull pound
bull
H - -~
I
N
bull II ~
middotn
I 1
N
MAP SHOWING middot
RADIOSONDE STA nONS
sa
~ Ibull (shy
r
t H I middot
I-t-middot - If
I f ~
LtJ C
~p
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter)
10
bull
o
[ I
- shy
I C
4J
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11
---shy-
shyAGO
_ ~f--~ r - + bull
0lt
o
bull bull
C -+-
H
1 -I
I
N F - shy
A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter 12
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
Annexure-B
-SRN ~
~~~
bull 1 AGD
I
- _
1shy MNd ~
j
1 shy
bullltlll
s
bull bull bull pound
bull
H - -~
I
N
bull II ~
middotn
I 1
N
MAP SHOWING middot
RADIOSONDE STA nONS
sa
~ Ibull (shy
r
t H I middot
I-t-middot - If
I f ~
LtJ C
~p
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter)
10
bull
o
[ I
- shy
I C
4J
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11
---shy-
shyAGO
_ ~f--~ r - + bull
0lt
o
bull bull
C -+-
H
1 -I
I
N F - shy
A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter 12
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
sa
~ Ibull (shy
r
t H I middot
I-t-middot - If
I f ~
LtJ C
~p
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Winter)
10
bull
o
[ I
- shy
I C
4J
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11
---shy-
shyAGO
_ ~f--~ r - + bull
0lt
o
bull bull
C -+-
H
1 -I
I
N F - shy
A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter 12
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
bull
o
[ I
- shy
I C
4J
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 0800 1ST (Winter) 11
---shy-
shyAGO
_ ~f--~ r - + bull
0lt
o
bull bull
C -+-
H
1 -I
I
N F - shy
A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter 12
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
---shy-
shyAGO
_ ~f--~ r - + bull
0lt
o
bull bull
C -+-
H
1 -I
I
N F - shy
A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Winter 12
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
aO
Spatial distribution of hourly nixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Winter) 13
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
~~ - I A lt Jc H
III J shy
T 1- shy u - - I
l r I
N n-
MNC
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Winter) 14
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
bull I t q
HI bull I
N bull d lt c r
+ 1- l--- fI -1 - - J bull I bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) a t 1200 1ST (Winter) 15
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
bull HI
bullbull AN bull C I_
t ~ I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 1300 IST (Winter) 16
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
i
bull I
HI bullbull l I
I N Abull i J C -
~ - -I
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Winter) 17
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
- bull
SRN -
lt bulleao middot I
I -
( IN
500
H
-
~
c --
oz
bull A
shy
bull
Spatial d istribution of hourly mixing depth (M) al 1500 1ST (Winter)
18
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
bull
- bull
I
c
t I
1
N - 0shy 11shy
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Winter) 19
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
bull
~
I
H lt ) I
bullbull ~ bull 1
shyA
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 JST (Winter)
= _
20
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
f
m
---
r
bullSRN
-bullbull shy pj -shy j T~ bull
H I shy
Ai
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Winter) 21
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
bull bull
SRN bull
A H N bull C shy
-+ f t shy -ltshy
I I l ) ~ bull bull
OSmiddot somiddot
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 22
1
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
bull
POD
u
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 23
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
SRN
(
C H L I Ibull
bull f
I II ~1 A I N
J L- - I
1 I
r ~ -~- T
- I l bullbull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 24
=
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
bull I HAGO
bull
lt
I bull t
~
H
+ I ~ l T bull - I
Spatial distribution 01 hourly mixing depth (M) at 0800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 25
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
I
I bull bull 1 C H
-4- I
I
bull bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 26
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
76 I
N
A
bull 1shy
bull H
l ~ - I
~ -~
bull t
-~~~~- 700
o
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 27
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
- GOi
D
7 rbull -
I snN bullbull1 I I bull A lt bull H
N 1_1c -
J ~ -1- l -
I
- I 1)~ bull
bull
0
Spatial dist ribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 28
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
72 80 u
A
bull C H shyjL
bull - -shy I d I
bull
shy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
29
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
l A
N bull _C H 1shy-l- ~ ~ ~ f -j
1
shy
Spatial distribution 01 hou rly mixing depth (M) at 1300 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
--~-------------------------------
30
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
76
I
bull bull N
u ~--
i
bullC H
_I l shy 1shy
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Pre-Monsuon) 31
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
-I bull GOA
-D
I J
N bull A
J I _~
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 32
1
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
bull
I
~ tt bull - -SRN
J(gt bull -
_
l
bull ~
rI
C -1-
I bull
- I
0
76
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Pre-Monsoon)
33
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
2
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1700 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 34
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
-~l
20
~ f
I I A N - I
bull H _ tl
_ I-
-
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 35
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
- ~ bull bull -It J I I N
II _ F -shyH -shyA
shy I bull
Spatial di~tribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Pre-Monsoon) 36
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
H
t_
c
L ~
Ishy i
tshy
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0700 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 37
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
~~
i
D
I 1
-L---cf Tshy
j bull 1f
r N A _ ~U
shy --~-=shy- 1
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth eM) at 0800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 38
l
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
i
I
I I
n
I~ ~ - 0 -
- l II ~ - r Nbull I- _f _ _ r -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 0900 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 39
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
bull ~ A
H 1 N
c 1shyJ J shy n f - -
L ) -
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1000 IST (Post-Monsoon) 40
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
bull H N C r 1shy bull+ I ~ -
1bull ~ shy 11Ult1f -It
bull
c
so
bullf bull A
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1100 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 41
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
bullI jI
HI 1 - If ~ ~ - N
_~_- ~ JJj l-LJ- ~ II shy -
]i_~~~l
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1200 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 42
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
t
I
bull
I
i
somiddot bull bullbull
I 1 lI~t
N
- tlt H
- I H A Po
I ~
bull -
(-- lr middotN lH lt
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M)at 1300 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 43
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
bull
bull c H
L
bull bull __ F
1 bull
~ - J ~~~
N
N A
1shy
Spa tial distribution of hourly mi xi ng depth (M) at 1400 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
44
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
uu
r bullGOA
bull BHP
bullKRI
I
bull
bull N c _ -1 L
L7-~TRV -= 1 ~F~4~=~~~~~H~1
A
L
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1500 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
45
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
bull -
I I
Y bull A- N 1 - L-
I I
D
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1600 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 46
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
I bull t ~~
~ bull 1~ Y
~ r bull bull bull I bull
bull
bull bull lt
H
-r
- J I
N
Po
shy tI 1_
__Vmiddotmiddot-gt
Spatial distr ibution of hourly mixing depth (M ) at 1700 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
47
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
n II
N A
bull
C H -pound I_ t bull -+ ~
I - t-
j 1~3t~l
r tbIbull u yen - - - bull
bull
I
(
I
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1800 1ST (Post-Monsoon) 48
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
H J-
bull shy
H bullHD N
y
bull
Spatial distribution of hourly mixing depth (M) at 1900 1ST (Post-Monsoon)
49
bull
--- - shy
bull
--- - shy