Past PE Papers Viva Topics

8/2/2019 Past PE Papers Viva Topics

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PRIMARY EXAMINATION

PAST PAPERS

SEPTEMBER 2010


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Primary Examination - Viva Topics Page 3

PRIMARY EXAMINATION

VIVA EXAMINATION

TOPICS

ANATOMY

APRIL 19951. Specimen:.Head, Neck & Torso

- Face/temporal region- Triangles of the neck

2. Upper limb - Wrist and hand3. Lower limb - Relations of structures

surrounding the ankle joint4. X-ray - Chest5. Bones - Typical lumbar vertebrae

RadiusClavicleFemur

Supplementary topic - Cubital fossa

OCTOBER 19951. Specimen - Head and Neck

Larynx - plastic model and wet specimen(sagittal section demonstrating lateral aspectlarynx and superficial neck muscles)

2. Lower limb - Knee joint: wet specimen andplastic model

3. Bones Humerus4/5. X-ray Foot (for both sessions)6. Bones Base of Skull7. Specimens - Upper limb - wet specimen

demonstrating forearm muscles with tendonscut at flexor retinaculum (also views structuresat wrist and superficial palmar muscles

8. Retroperitoneum - view of kidneys and ureters.Also plastic specimen of kidneys.

APRIL 19961. Extensor aspect of the land including finger

extensor mechanism (dissection)2. Muscles of anterior thoracic wall and anatomy of an

intercostal space. (dissection)3. Pelvis (Bone)

4. Cervical spine X-ray5. Cervical Spine X-ray6. Hip Joint (dissection)7. Tibia (bone)8. Palmar aspect of hand (dissection)Supplementary topic - Arch of aorta and its relations(dissection)

OCTOBER 1996Group 11. XRay: Plain abdominal XRay2. Bone: Lumbar Vertebra3. Dissections:

Cubital Fossa

Superficial dissection of muscles of face and facialnerve

(focussing on facial nerve) Ankle joint

Group 2

1. X-Ray: PelvisBone: Articulated carpus - Dissections:

Arch of aorta

Femoral triangle carotid sheath - including vessels and relations

APRIL 1997Group 11. X-rays: Elbow2. Bones: Articulated foot (Metacarpus)3. Specimens Heart Acromioclavicular and coraco clavicular joints Anterior compartment of the thigh (adductor canal) Sciatic nerve and relationships

Group 21. X-rays: Carpal bones2. Bones: Rib3. Specimens Lung

Shoulder joint Posterior compartment of leg

Axilla (Brachial Plexus)

OCTOBER 1997Group 11. X-ray: Facial view2. Bone: 2nd cervical vertebra3. Specimens

Upper limb: volar aspect, forearm and wrist Lower limb: knee joint Other: upper abdomen, especially liver

Group 21. X-ray: cervical spine2. Bone: mandible3. Specimens Upper limb: extensor aspect, forearm and wrist Lower limb: ankle joint Other: upper abdomen, especially liver


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Page 4 Primary Examination - Viva Topics

APRIL 1998Group 11. X-ray: Chest2. Bone: Pelvis3. Specimens: (wet or plastic)

Upper limb - hand (especially palmar aspect offingers), including flexor tendons

Lower limb - popliteal fossa Other - upper airway (especially tongue,

palate, pharynx)

Group 21. X-ray: Skull2. Bone: Scapula3. Specimens:

Upper limb - hand (especially thumb) Lower limb - inguinal ligament

Other - larynx

OCTOBER 1998

Group 11. Bone: Femur, especially proximal end2. X-ray: Pelvis, especially lumbosacral spine3. Upper limb dissection: Shoulder, especially

joint stability4. Lower limb dissection: Ankle, especially

anterior aspect5. Other dissection: Abdomen, kidney and ureter6. Other dissection: Facial nerve

Group 21. Bone: Humerus, especially proximal end2. X-ray: Pelvis, especially hip joint and pubis3. Upper limb dissection: Cubital fossa4. Lower limb dissection: Dorsum of foot5. Other dissection: Abdomen, abdominal aorta

especially branches and distribution6. Other dissection: Facial nerve

Group 31. Bone: Lumbar vertebrae, especially articulation2. X-ray: Shoulder joint, especially stability3. Upper limb dissection: Volar aspect wrist and

carpel tunnel4. Lower limb dissection: Hip joint, especially

blood supply & relations5. Other dissection: Abdomen, spleen6. Other dissection: Facial nerve

APRIL 1999Group 11. X-Ray: CXR esp. cardiac silhouette2. Bones: Pelvis esp inguinal ligaments and

relations3. Upper Limb: Elbow joint esp. joint stability4. Lower limb: Peroneal compartment of leg

esp. neurovascular5. Other: Sensory supply of face6. Supplementary: Surface anatomy of carpal

tunnel

Group 21. X-Ray: AXR esp. renal tract2. Bones: Pelvis esp. hip joint and associated

ligaments3. Upper Limb: Axilla - esp. brachial plexus

4. Lower limb: Anterior compartment of leg esp.neurovascular

5. Other: Blood supply of face6. Supplementary: Surface anatomy of carpal tunnel

OCTOBER 1999Group 11. X-ray: Carpal bones and scaphoid2. Bone: C2, axis and ligaments3. Upper limb: Venous drainage upper limb (surface)4. Lower limb: Tendons at ankle, especially extensor5. Other: Larynx, especially intrinsic muscles

Group 21. X-ray: Foot and midtarsal joint2. Bone: Typical cervical vertebra (C6)3. Upper limb: Thumb, especially movement4. Lower limb: Myotomes and reflexes, leg (surface)5. Other: Anterior triangle of neck, especially carotid

Group 31. X-ray: Lateral cervical spine stability2. Bone: Mandible3. Upper limb: Palm hand4. Lower limb: Popliteal fossa5. Other: Surface markings of lungs & pleura

APRIL 2000Group 11. Knee (X-ray)i) General featuresii) Ligamentous stability including origin and insertion2. Radius (bone)i) General featuresii) Extensor tendons at wrist1. Upper limb (model)

i) Mechanics of pronation and supination, includingmuscles and nerves involved4. Lateral face and necki) Sensory supply of head and neck (photo)ii) Sensory supply of external ear5. Femoral trianglei) boundaries and content - (photo)

Group 21. Face (X-ray)i) Identify bones of faceii) Discuss infraorbital nerve2. Ulna (bone)i) General features3. Upper limb (model)i) Discuss biceps muscle including action and nerve

supplyii) Discuss extension of forearm3. Thoracic inleti) Describe major structures - (photo)4. Kneei) Discuss stability of joint - (function model)


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SEPTEMBER 2000Group 11. Cervical Spine (X-ray): discuss

flexion/extension and rotation of head2. Ulna (bone & functional model): discuss

proximal end and stability3. Leg (model) discuss muscles and nerves

involved in flexion/extension of foot4. Axilla (photograph) - discuss median nerve5. What are the muscles of mastication

(Discussion)

Group 21. Chest X-ray (X-ray) - discuss non-bony

features including cardiac silhouette2. C1 & C2: discuss movement and stability of joint3. Leg (model):discuss muscles and nerves

involved in inversion / eversion of foot4. Abdomen: ureter and relations

(photograph)5. Discuss sensation of ring finger.

(Discussion).

Group 31. Abdomen (X-ray):i) position of solid organsii) course of ureters2. Thoracic vertebra: stability and movement -

(bone)3. Leg (model) muscles, nerves and blood

supply of calf4. Axilla (photograph) - discuss boundaries and

contents5. Face (photograph) - blood supply

APRIL 2001

Group 11. Ankle X-ray: Discuss ligamentous stability andattachments

2. Elbow joint model: Discuss bony features andflexion and extension

3. Arm model: Discuss flexion of middle finger atMCP, PIP & DIP joints. Discuss nerve supplyof muscles involved

4. Heart model - Discuss blood supply5. Femoral triangle photograph - Discuss origin

and distribution of femoral nerve

Group 21. Foot X-ray: Bony landmarks and discuss

stability of arch2. Lumbar vertebra: Bony features

3. Arm model: Muscles and nerves involved inshoulder movement

4. Neck model: Muscles, blood supply, nervesand lymph drainage of tongue

5. Femoral triangle photograph: Discuss originand distribution of femoral artery

AUGUST 2001Group 11. Lateral face X-ray

Discuss features of the mandible.2. Shoulder joint (bone)

Discuss stability especially rotator cuff3. Lower limb (model)

Popliteal fossa4. Thoracic inlet (photo)

Venous drainage of head and upper limb5. Upper limb (discussion)

Peripheral nerves involvement in thumb movement

Group 21. AP face X-ray - Discuss features of zygomatic bone2. Shoulder joint (bone) - Discuss involvement and

nerves involved3. Lower limb (model) - Posterior compartment of leg4. Thoracic inlet (photo) - Arterial supply of head and

upper limb5. Face (discussion) - Discuss extraocular muscles

and eye movement

APRIL 2002Group 11. Ankle X-ray - Discuss ligamentous stability and

attachments.2. Elbow joint model - Discuss bony features and

flexion and extension.3. Arm model - Discuss flexion of middle finger at

MCP, PIP & DIP joints. Discuss nerve supply ofmuscles involved.

4. Heart model - Discuss blood supply.5. Femoral triangle photograph - Discuss origin and

distribution of femoral nerve.

Group 21. Foot X-ray - Bony landmarks and discuss stability of

arch.2. Lumbar vertebra - Bony features.3. Arm model - Muscles and nerves involved in

shoulder movement.4. Neck model - Muscles, blood supply, nerves and

lymph drainage of tongue.5. Femoral triangle photograph - Discuss origin anddistribution of femoral artery.

SEPTEMBER 2002Group 11. X-ray - cervical spine PEG view2. Surface markings of carpal tunnel - Discussion3. Bone - clavicle4. Model - heart - Blood supply5. Photographs - back of right thigh

Group 21. X-ray -cervical spine lateral view2. Sensory innervation of foot - Discussion3. Bone - pelvis

4. Model - shoulder joint - Discuss muscle groupsinvolved in movement of shoulder joint and nervesinvolved

5. Photograph: posterior abdominal wall - Course,relationships and branches of abdominal aorta

Group 31. X-ray - chest2. Sensory innervation of hand - Discussion3. Bone - radius4. Model - larynx - Cartilages and intrinsic muscles5. Photograph: brachial plexus and axilla


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APRIL 2003Group 11. X-ray - Chest2. Surface markings dorsum wrist Discussion3. Bone - Humerus

4. Model Ankle - Bone landmarks and nerves5. Spinal cord/ vertebral column layers passed

through during lumbar puncture - Discussion

Group 21. X-ray - knee2. Describe Venous drainage upper limb -

Discussion3. Bone - Ulna4. Photo - post abdominal wall urinary tract5. Photo - face sensory innervation

SEPTEMBER 2003Group 11. X-ray: Elbow -Capsular and ligamentous

attachments2. Model: Hip joint - Stability and movements3. Bone: C1 and C2 - Stability and bony features4. Photo: Posterior abdominal wall - Vasculature5. Hand vascular supply - Discuss (acceptable

to use candidates hand)

Group 21. X-ray: Ankle - Capsular and ligamentous

stability2. Model: Elbow joint - Mechanics of pronation

and supination. Muscles involved andinnervation

3. Bone: Lumbar vertebrae - Stability and bonyfeatures

4. Photo: Thoracic inlet - Venous drainage of

head and upper limbs and relations5. Hand - Movements of intrinsic hand musclesand innervation (candidates hand)

Group 31. X-ray: Hand and wrist - identify bones and

ligamentous attachments2. Model: Knee joint - (Functional model).

Movements and locking3. Bone: Thoracic vertebrae - Stability and bony

features. Rib articulations4. Photo: Lateral face and neck - Muscles and

innervation5. Ankle and foot - Discuss Sensation: peripheral

nerve and dermatone

APRIL 2004Group 11. X-ray: Abdomen - Landmarks and course of

the abdominal aorta2. Model: Shoulder joint - Muscles of the

pectoral girdle: insertion and action3. Bone: Radius4. Photo: Lateral face - Distribution and

relations of facial nerve5. Lower limb: Venous drainage

Group 21. X-ray: Pelvis - Bony landmarks and course of the

ureters2. Model: Heart - Structure and blood supply3. Bone: Clavicle

4. Photo: Thigh - Back of right thigh. Course ofsciatic nerve

5. Wrist - Anterior wrist. Surface markings

SEPTEMBER 2004Group 11. Model: Larynx - Structure and comparative adult

and child2. X-ray: Carpal bones and scaphoid - Boundaries of

ASB on candidates hand3. Bone: Typical rib thoracic vertebrae - Landmarks and

structures within intercostal and space4. Discussion: Ankle -Location of saphenous vein and

relations of structures around the ankle5. Photo: Axilla - Brachial plexus

Group 21. Model: Heart - Great vessels, branches and role of

ductus arteriosus in newborn2. X-ray: Knee - Ligamentous stability3. Bone: Skull - Facial bones and infraorbital nerve4. Discussion - Dermatomes of upper limb and radial

nerve lesion5. Photo: Femoral triangle - Relations and

distribution of femoral nerve

Group 31. Model: Knee - Extension and patella stability2. X-ray: Elbow - Bony features, vascular

relationships and order of ossification3. Bone: Typical cervical vertebrae - Articulation

4. Discussion Myotomes of lower limb and lesion ofcommon peroneal nerve5. Photo: Thoracic inlet - Arterial supply to head

APRIL 2005Group 11. Model: Eye - Movements and CN palsies2. X-ray: Cervical spine - Normal anatomical

structures that stabilise3. Bone: Femur - Head and neck including blood

supply4. Photo: Posterior abdominal wall- Venous drainage

and relations5. Discussion - Flexion of middle finger at DIP, PIP

and MCP, tendons and innervation

Group 21. Model: Eye - Eye structure and control of

pupil/reflexes2. X-ray: Chest - General description. Pleura and

lung surface markings3. Bone: Articulated hand - Carpus bones and

positions/relations of flexor retinaculum4. Photo: Neck - Anterior triangle and sternomastoid

relationships5. Discussion - Sensation of great toe peripheral and

nerve root. Myotomes for same segment


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Group 31. Model: Larynx - Mandible.

Movements/TMJ/muscle attachments2. X-ray: Ankle XR - Bony landmarks and

ligaments

3. Bone: Scapula - Muscularattachments/rotator cuff

4. Photo: Face - Sensory innervation5. Discussion - Movements of thumb

SEPTEMBER 2005Group 11. Model: Cubital fossa -Median nerve

relationships and course2. X-ray: Abdomen - General description. Bowel

and other soft tissue structures3. Bone: 1st rib - Relationships of nerves and

vessels4. Photo: Face - Course, distribution and

relationships of facial nerve5. Discussion - Knee model - Ligaments and

stability

Group 21. Model: Femoral triangle - Fem artery

relationships and course2. X-ray: AP Face - Bones that form the orbit.

Infra-orbital nerve distribution3. Bone: 2 Lumbar vertebrae - Bony features,

articulation and movements4. Photo: Neck/thoracic inlet - Relationships of

internal jugular vein5. Discussion - Position and distribution of

median nerve distal to the elbow

Group 3

1. Model: Heart - Chambers and valves2. X-ray: Hand and wrist - Identify bones anddescribe ligaments of the carpus and wrist

3. Bone: Pelvis - Landmarks. Relationships ofgreater sciatic notch/sciatic nerve

4. Photo: Post abdominal wall - Position andrelationships of ureters

5. Discussion - Posterior compartment of theleg. Attachments of Achilles tendon

APRIL 2006Group 11. X-ray: Ankle - Stability and ligaments2. Bone: Ulna and humerus -Landmarks and

articulation of elbow3. Model: Eye - Structures and drainage of

aqueous humour4. Photo: Femoral triangle - Position of femoral

artery5. Discussion - Spinal column and layers

passed through for LP

Group 21. X-ray: PEG view - Landmarks2. Bone: Femur and tibia - Articulation and

ligaments knee3. Model: Arm - Cubital fossa. Boundaries and

contents4. Photo: Back of thigh - Sciatic nerve

5. Discussion - Chest wall-insertion of ICC landmarks

Group 31. X-ray: Knee - Landmarks and capsular

attachments

2. Bone: Humerus - Common fracture sites andposition of nerves relative to these (SN, radialgrove and supracondylar)

3. Model: Heart - Coronary arteries and blood supplyof conduction system

4. Photo: Face - Sensory distribution5. Discussion - Lower limb myotomes and femoral

nerve.

SEPTEMBER 2006Group 11. Bone: Foot - Attachments of the ligaments of the

ankle and factors that contribute to ankle stability2. Model: Arm - Forearm flexors. Distal insertions3. Photo: Thoracic inlet Arteries4. X-ray: Abdo CT - Relations of the spleen5. Discussion - The intracranial innervation and the

terminal branches of the facial nerve

Group 21. Bone: Foot - Tendon insertions of the muscles of

the posterior and lateral compartments of the lowerleg

2. Model: Eye - Eye structure and control of papillaryreflexes

3. Photo: Side of neck - Relations and branches ofcarotid arteries

4. X-ray: Abdo CT - Relations of the liver5. Discussion - Describe the flexor retinaculum and

the structures bound by it

Group 31. Bone: Scapula and Origins, insertions and actionsHumerus of the rotator cuff muscles

2. Model: Knee - Patella stability and quadriceps3. Photo: Post abdo and Abdominal aorta and iliac

arteries pelvic walls4. X-ray: AP Face - Boundaries of the orbit and

distribution of the infraorbital nerve5. Discussion - Describe the branches of circle of

Willis and areas supplied

MARCH 2007Group 11. X-ray: Abdomen - Landmarks of solid organs and

ureters. Lymphatic drainage of the male genitalia2. Bone: Thoracic vertebrae - Bony relations. Factors

contributing to stability. Rib articulations and joints3. Model: Heart - Identify chambers. Outline the

blood supply4. Photo: Gluteal region - Siatic nerve - relationship

to piriformis, course and distribution in the lowerlimb

5. Discussion: Surface anatomy, dorsum of the handand wrist - Extensor retinaculum and the structuresthat run under it and Boundaries and contents ofthe snuff box


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Group 21. X-ray: Chest - Mediastinal contours.

Attachments and openings of the diaphragmand structures passing through

2. Bone: Lumbar vertebrae - Bony landmarks and

factors contributing to stability. List the soft tissuelayers passed through for a lumbar puncture

3. Model: Forearm - Median nerve, course anddistribution in the forearm

4. Photo: Neck - Boundaries and contents of theanterior triangle. Facial vein and venousdrainage of the face

5. Discussion: Lower limb - Discuss the sensoryinnervation of the lower limb, both peripheralnerves and dermatomes

Group 31. X-ray: Lateral neck - Soft tissue landmarks of

pharynx, larynx and oesophagus.Relationships of anterior cartilage structuresto cervical levels

2. Bone: First rib - Muscle attachments andneurovascular relations. List the layerspassed through for a needle thoracostomy

3. Model: Ankle - Bony structures.Neurovascular relations of the medialmalleolus

4. Photo: Abdomen - Left kidney. Relations andblood supply

5. Discussion: Arm - Radial nerve surfacemarkings, course and branches in the upperarm

SEPTEMBER 2007Group 11. X-ray: CT Head - Describe the visible

intracranial structures. Area and functionssupplied by the middle cerebral artery2. Bone: Femur & Acetabulum - Describe the

bony features of the femur. The articulation ofthe hip joint and the factors that increasestability of the hip

3. Model: Eye - Extraocular muscles and theirinnervation

4. Photo: Thorax - Vascular structures - Thoracicaorta and its branches and area of supply

5. Discussion - The sensory innervation of theupper limb, including both dermatomaldistribution and peripheral nerves

Group 21. X-ray: CT Head - Describe the visible

intracranial structures. Trace the ventricularsystem of the brain.

2. Bone: C1 and C2 - Bony features, ligamentattachments and movements.

3. Model: Ankle - Describe the bony structures.Attachments of the superior and inferiorextensor retinaculum and the structurespassing below them.

4. Photo: Abdomen - Vascular structures.Abdominal aorta, branches and supply

5. Discussion - Describe the structure of thebrachial plexus. The muscle groups suppliedby the terminal branches of the brachialplexus to the upper limb.

Group 31. X-ray: Lateral C spine - Bony structures and lines

of alignment. Components of the soft tissueshadow. Location of retropharyngeal space.

2. Bone: Humerus & Scapula - Describe the bony

feature of the proximal humerus. The capsularattachments, ligament and movements of theglenohumeral joint

3. Model: Ankle - Outline the bony features.Neurovascular structures that pass over andaround the ankle joint

4. Photo: Pelvis - Vagina, cervix and uterus.Peritoneal folds and potential spaces for fluidcollection.

5. Discussion - The secretion, circulation andabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid

APRIL 2008Group 11. Bone: Hand - Carpel bones - Flexor retinaculum2. Model: Larynx - Muscles of vocalization - Nerve

supply3. Photo: Femoral triangle - Boundaries and contents4. X-ray: AP Pelvis Bones - Muscle attachments of

movers of the hip5. Discussion: Chest Wall - Muscle layers - Course

and relationships of the neurovascular bundle

Group 21. Bone: Foot - Tarsal bones - Relations of the

medial malleolus2. Model: Tongue Muscles - Nerve supply3. Photo: Posterior Abdominal wall - Major structures

- Ureter course and narrowings4. X-ray: AP Pelvis Bones - Ligaments of the hip

joint

5. Discussion: Cubital fossa - Surface anatomy ofboundariesContents

Group 31. Bone: Mandible - Bony features - TMJ articulations

- Attachments of muscles of mastication2. Model: Heart Chambers - Arterial and venous

drainage3. Photo: Median nerve - Identify and trace course -

Structures supplied distally4. X-ray: Knee - Muscles and ligaments - Factors

contributing to stability5. Discussion: Discuss the blood supply of the gut,

outlining the major arteries

SEPTEMBER 2008Group 11. X-ray: Elbow - Bony features of the elbow joint.

Extensor muscles of the forearm, origins, commonextensor tendon

2. Bone: Tibia - Bony features of the proximal tibia.Meniscal, ligament and capsular attachments ofthe tibial plateau

3. Model: Larynx Features. Muscle groups,movements and innervation

4. Photo: Pelvis - Major structures. Bladder andinnervation

5. Discussion: Describe the arterial circle of Willisand the areas of the brain supplied


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Group 21. X-ray: Abdo CT - Identify the solid and hollow

viscera. Peritoneal folds and potential spacesfor fluid collection

2. Bone: Tibia and fibula - Proximal tib-fib joint.

Relations of the proximal fibula3. Model: Heart - Identify major chambers.

Conducting system of the heart4. Photo: Neck - Boundaries of anterior and

posterior triangles. External carotid artery,branches and supply

5. Discussion: Dermatomes of the upper limbPeripheral nerve distribution of the forearmand hand

Group 31. X-Ray: Chest - Mediastinal contours. Surface

anatomy of the heart2. Bone: Skull - Bones of the orbit. Fissures

Intraorbital (and extraorbital) path of theinfraorbital nerve

3. Model: Cubital fossa. Boundaries, contents,relations of the brachial artery

4. Photo: Popliteal fossa - Boundaries andcontents. Sciatic nerve, branches andinnervations

5. Discussion - Describe the structure andattachments of the diaphragm, itsinnervation and contribution to respiration

APRIL 2009Group 11. X-ray: Facial Bones - Bony features and

outlines of sinuses2. Bone: Cervical and lumbar spine - Describe

the bony features, highlighting the

differences3. Model: Foot - Name the bones of the medialand longitudinal arches. Factors contributingto stability of the arches

4. Photo: Thoracic inlet - Vascular structures.Branches of the subclavian artery

5. Discussion - Describe the palmar spaces ofthe hand and their relationship to the longflexor tendons

Group 21. CT brain: Cerebellum - Outline intracranial

structuresArteries of the posterior circulation and areasupplied

2. Bone: Clavicle - Anatomical relations and

muscular attachments. Surface anatomy ofsubclavian vein.

3. Model: Knee - Ligaments, attachments andactions. Bursae, locations and functions.

4. Photo: Posterior abdo wall - Identify theureters. Course, narrowings, blood supply.

5. Discussion - Describe the lymphatic drainageof the upper limbs.

Group 31. CT Abdo - Identify the structures. Describe

the relations of the pancreas2. Bone: Thoracic spine - Bony features and

posterior ligament attachments.

3. Model: Leg - Fibularis muscles. Origins, insertions,actions and nerve supply

4. Photo: Wrist - Structures bound by extensorretinaculum at the wrist

5. Discussion - Surface anatomy of the neck. Define

the boundaries of the anterior triangle, outline thethyroid gland and carotid bundle.

SEPTEMBER 2009Group 11. X-ray: AP and Lateral of Ankle - Identify bony

structures2. Bone: Humerus - Bony features and ligaments3. Model: Orbit - Extraocular muscles and eye

movements4. Photo: Thoracic inlet - Major vessels and

relationships5. Discussion: Anatomy of male urethra

Group 21. X-ray: CT Head - Identify structures2. Bone: Ankle/foot - Bones and ligamentous

attachments3. Model: Arm - Extensor group of forearm muscles

and retinaculum4. Photo: Aorta/IVC/kidneys - Major vessels,

branches and course of Aorta5. Discussion: LP - Layers penetrated

Group 31. X-Ray: AP and lateral of wrist - Identify bony

structures2. Bone: C2 - Bony features and ligamentous

attachments and scapula3. Model: Femoral triangle - Muscles and contents4. Photo: Pelvis - Major vessels, course of ureter

5. Discussion - Surface anatomy of the pleura

MARCH 2010Group 11. X-ray: Facial: Name the bones that make up the

orbit. The areas supplied by the infra-orbital nerve2. Bone: Pelvis : Identify the bony landmarks.

Describe the attachments of the lateral rotators ofthe hip

3. Model: Heart: Identify the coronary vessels andtheir areas of supply

4. Photo: Brachial plexus: Describe its componentsand location

5. Discussion: Describe the superficial venousdrainage of the lower limb

Group 21. X-ray: Facial: Name the bones that make up the

orbit. The areas supplied by the infra-orbital nerve.2. Bone: Pelvis: Identify the bony landmarks

Describe the attachments of the lateral rotators ofthe hip

3. Model: Heart: Identify the coronary vessels andtheir areas of supply

4. Photo: Brachial plexus Describe its componentsand location

5. Discussion: Describe the superficial venousdrainage of the lower limb


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Group 31. X-Ray: CT Abdomen: Identify the structures.

Describe the relations of the right kidney2. Bone: Femur: Bony landmarks of the

proximal femur. Blood supply of the neck and

head of the femur. Capsular attachments.3. Model: Larynx: Name the structures that

make up the larynx. Describe the nervesupply of the larynx

4. Photo: Upper limb: Venous structures anddrainage of the upper limb

5. Discussion: Describe the blood supply to thebrain

SEPTEMBER 2010Group 11. X-ray: Chest: Identify soft tissue structures.

Level of sternal angle: Structures transected.2. Bone: Sacrum: Identify the bony landmarks

of the sacral plexus3. Model: Hand: Short muscles: origins,

insertions, innervations & actions4. Photo: Gluteal Area: Structures. Sciatic

nerve: course and supply5. Discussion: Facial Nerve Facial nerve:

course, supply and branches

Group 21. CT: Head: Identify stuctures. Blood supply of

the cerebellum2. Bone: Femur: Identify bony landmarks.

Muscle attachment of adductors3. Model: Thumb: Muscles of thenar eminence:

origins, insertions, innervation and action4. Photo: Anterior triangle: Structures in triangle

and branches of external carotid McMinn 43

5. Discussion: Pleura: Surface anatomy

Group 31. X-Ray: Pelvis: Identify bony structures.

Iliopsoas: Origin, insertion and innervation2. Bone: Skull: Identify bony landmarks. Orbits.

Infra Orbital nerve3. Model: Ankle: Dorsiflexor muscles: insertions

and nerve supply4. Photo: Wrist & Hand: Median nerve: course

and supply of hand5. Discussion: Abdomen Transpyloric plane::

Describe surface anatomy. Structurestransected

Group 4

1. X-ray: PEG: Ligaments and stability2. Bone: Ankle: Identify bony landmarks.

Structures passing behind medial malleolus3. Model: Heart: Identify the chambers.

Describe the conducting System4. Photo: Cubital fossa: Identify structures Moore pp 758-60

Radial nerve: course, branches and supply McMinn pp 1535. Discussion: Branches of abdominal aorta.


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PATHOLOGY

APRIL 19951. Skin wound healing2. Radiation injury3. Hypersensitivity4. Macrophages5. Tetanus6. Benign vs malignant neoplasms7. Atherosclerosis8. Renal calculi9. Blood groups10. AneurysmsSupplementary topic - Clotting cascade

OCTOBER 19951. The normal cell2. Staphylococcal infections

3. Chemical mediators of acute inflammation4. Ascites5. Embolism6. Thermal burns7. Host barriers to infection8. Anaemia

APRIL 19961. Metaplasia/dysplasia2. Venous thrombosis3. Streptococcal infections4. Healing of fractures5. Role of neutrophils in acute inflammation6. Types of necrosis7. Pathophysiology of acute pulmonary oedema8. Serological changes in hepatitis B infections

OCTOBER 1996Group 11. Blood groups2. Acute pancreatitis3. Cells of the immune system4. Acute renal failure5. Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Group 21. Transfusions2. Chronic pancreatitis3. Immunopathogenesis of aquired immune

deficiency syndrome (AIDS)4. Hypertensive renal failure

5. Asthma

APRIL 1997Group 11. Systemic embolism Sources - Consequences2. Cirrhosis - Basic pathological principles

Pathophysiology of consequences3. Restrictive lung diseases

Basic pathological processes4. Hemolytic anaemia - Pathological basis

Group 21. Thrombosis - Predisposing factors for formation -

Outcomes of thrombosis2. Hepatitis B

Basic pathological processPathological basis of markersClinicopathological syndromes

3. CoadBasic pathology of emphysemaPathological classifications

4. LeukopaeniaPathological causes and immunologicalconsequences

OCTOBER 1997Group 1

1. Jaundice unconjugated2. Neoplasia characteristics of benign tumours3. Shock cellular pathology of irreversible shock4. Cellular injury tissue necrosis5. Environmental patterns of lung injury related to

air pollution

Group 21. Microcytic anaemia2. Hyperthyroidism3. Shock pathogenesis of septic shock4. Cellular injury atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia,

metaplasia5. Environmental radiation exposure

APRIL 1998

Group 11. Tissue healing (skin)2. Asthma3. Osteoarthritis4. Pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus5. Cardiogenic shock

Group 21. Blood groups2. Chronic inflammation3. Type I hypersensitivity4. Embolism (pulmonary)5. Pancreatitis

OCTOBER 1998

Group 11. Serum markers in hepatitis2. Healing of fractures3. Infarction4. Emphysema

Group 21. Pathogenesis of hepatitis2. Nerve repair3. Jaundice4. Tetanus


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Group 31. Abnormalities of immune function in HIV2. Wound repair3. Oedema4. Tuberculosis

Reserved question for all groups: -5. Thyroiditis

APRIL 1999Group 11. Chemical mediators of inflammation2. Systemic embolism3. Pyelonephritis14. Chronic bronchitis pathogenesis5. Transfusion reaction Type II hypersensitivity

Group 21. Type 1 hypersensitivity2. AMI pathogenesis3. Renal calculi consequences4. Haemolytic anaemia5. Bacterial pneumonia

OCTOBER 1999Group 11. Oedema2. Atherosclerosis, pathogenesis3. Type 4 hypersensitivity4. Staphylococcal infection5. Coagulation system

Group 21. Reversible ischaemia and necrosis72. Jaundice3. Type 3 hypersensitivity4. Anaerobic bacterial infection

5. Role of platelets in coagulation

Group 31. Haemorrhagic shock-2. Characteristics of benign and malignant

tumours3. Immunopathogenesis of HIV disease 4. Bacterial pneumonia5. Pathogenesis of thrombosis

APRIL 2000Group 11. Pulmonary embolism2. T cells3. Microscopic features of atheroma4. Streptococcal infections

5. Acute tubular necrosis

Group 21. Pathological factors influencing the process of

wound healing2. Pathogenesis of atopic asthma3. Hepatitis C4. Myocardial infarction 05. Obstructive Uropathy

SEPTEMBER 2000Group 11. Type 2 Hypersensitivity2. Bacterial pneumonia

3. Peripheral nerve transection & regeneration4. Analgesic abuse nephropathy5. Infective endocarditis

- pathogenesis- clinical consequences

Group 21. T Lymphocytes2. Pyelonephritis3. Healing of fractures4. Jaundice5. Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Group 31. Type 1 Hypersensitivity2. Bacterial Meningitis3. Coagulative versus liquefactive necrosis4. Emphysema5. Pathogenetic sequence of events in septic shock -

(note differences in this topic between 5th & 6thEditions)

APRIL 2001Group 11. Discuss the role of leukocytes in acute inflammation2. Discuss the HIV virus, and its modes of

transmission3. Discuss acute respiratory distress syndrome4. Discuss Clostridial wound infections5. Name the main constituents of tobacco smoke, and

their effects on health

Group 21. Discuss the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis 2. Describe B-cells and their role in immunity 3. Describe Legionella infections

4. Compare arterial and venous thrombi, including theireffects5. Describe blood transfusion reactions

AUGUST 2001Group 11. Hyperplasia2. Fracture healing3. Fulminant Hepatitis pathogenesis4. Varicella Zoster infections5. Essential hypertension

Group 21. Hypertrophy2. OA vs. RA3. Hepatitis C pathogenesis

4. Malaria5. Atherosclerosis

Group 31. Atrophy / apoptosis2. Avascular necrosis3. Chronic viral hepatitis pathogenesis -4. Bacterial enteritis05. AMI pathogenesis


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APRIL 2002Group 11. Discuss the differences between

reversible and irreversible cellularinjury following acute ischaemia - pp

7-112.(a) Describe the healing of skin

wounds by secondary intention.(b) How does this differ from primary

union?3.(a) What chemical mediators are

involved in Type 1 hypersensitivityreactions?

(b) Describe their actions briefly4. Describe the mechanisms by which

viruses cause cell injury5. Describe the pathogenesis of

atopic asthma

Group 21. Discuss the factors involved in the

pathogenesis of generalisedoedema

2. Describe the role of theComplement system in hostdefence

3. Describe how bacteria cause cellinjury

4. Describe the effects of actuesystemic infection bymeningococcus

5. Describe the pathological changesin the kidney in acute tubularnecrosis

SEPTEMBER 2002Group 11. Fracture healing pathological

processes affecting2. Pulmonary embolism

pathogenesis3. Hepatitis B pathological

consequences4. Bacterial endocarditis

pathogenesis5. Renal calculi pathogenesis and

consequences

Group 21. Wound repair

2. The role of endothelial cells inthrombosis

3. Hepatitis C pathogenesis andconsequences

4. Bacterial enteritis5. Acute pancreatitis pathogenesis -

Group 31. Describe the reversible cellular

changes occurring in acuteischaemia.

2. Actions of common mediators ofinflammation

3. Alcoholic hepatitis and its consequences4. Legionnaires disease5. Cholelithiasis pathogenesis and

consequences 2

APRIL 2003Group 11. Haemorrhagic shock2. Peripheral nerve repair3. Atypical pneumonia4. Role of B cells in immune processes5. Hypertensive heart disease

Group 21. Oedema2. Healing of fractures3. Nonbacterial meningitis4. Role of complement in immune processes5. Atherosclerosis

SEPTEMBER 2003Group 11. Describe cellular changes associated

with reversible ischaemia2. Discuss the role of platelets in coagulation3. Describe the pathogenesis of acute

pericarditis4. Discuss the HIV virus and its modes of

transmission5. Discuss the pathological effects of

smoking on the lung

Group 21. Describe the vascular response to acute

inflammation2. Discuss the pathogenesis of

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation3. Discuss Type III hypersensitivityreactions

4. Describe the pathogenesis of primarytuberculosis

5. Discuss the pathological consequencesof heroin use

Group 31. Describe the cellular changes associated

with irreversible ischaemia2. Discuss factors that inhibit the

coagulation cascade3. Describe the pathological consequences

of acute myocardial infarction4. Describe the pathogenesis of

Plasmodium falciparum infection5. Discuss the pathological effects of acute

radiation exposure

APRIL 2004Group 11. Wound healing2. Serum markers in hepatitis B3. Streptococcal infections4. ARDS5. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Pathogenesis


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Group 21. Thrombosis2. Clostridial wound infections3. Aortic aneurysms pathogenesis4. Asthma Pathologic features

5. Acute Pancreatitis - Pathologicconsequences

SEPTEMBER 2004Group 11. The initial cellular changes in acute ischaemia2. Healing by first intention3. Gastroenteritis4. Aortic dissection5. Metaplasia

Group 21. What are the biochemical hallmarks of cell

injury2. Mechanism of fibrosis and scar formation3. Salmonella Enteritis4. Abdominal aortic aneurysm5. Metastatic calcification

Group 31. Features and mechanisms of apoptosis2. Angiogenesis3. Cholera4. Calcific aortic stenosis5. Discuss steatosis (fatty change)

APRIL 2005Group 11. Fracture healing2. Coagulation cascade3. Cirrhosis4. Legionella pneumonia

5. Invasion of extracellular matrix

Group 21. Primary wound repair2. Thrombosis3. Acute pancreatitis4. Mycobacterium tuberculosis5. Metastasis

Group 31. Scar formation2. Role of platelets in haemostasis3. Portal hypertension4. Influenza5. Para neoplastic syndrome

SEPTEMBER 2005Group 11. Ischaemic injury2. Type 3 Hypersensitivity Immune complex3. Hepatitis A4. Crohns disease5. Osteoarthritis

Group 21. Reperfusion injury2. Type 2 Hypersensitivity Antibody mediated3. Hepatitis B4. Ulcerative colitis5. Rheumatoid arthritis

Group 31. Apoptosis2. Pathogenesis of septic shock3. Varicella-zoster4. Ischaemic bowel disease

5. GoutAPRIL 2006Group 11. Reperfusion injury2. Pathogenesis of type II DM3. Atopic asthma4. Post streptococcal GN5. Varicella-zoster

Group 21. Reversible vs. irreversible changes of ischaemia2. Pathogenesis of type I DM3. Emphysema24. Cholera5. Acute tubular necrosis

Group 31. Vascular changes of inflammation2. Graves disease3. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy4. Urolithiasis5. Salmonella dysentery

SEPTEMBER 2006Group 11. Thrombosis2. The role of complement in inflammation3. Nephrotic syndrome4. Manifestations of radiation injury 5. Sequelae of viral hepatitis

Group 21. Reperfusion injury2. Role of platelets in haemostasis3. Acute pancreatitis4. Pernicious anaemia5. Lead poisoning

Group 31. Apoptosis2. Coagulation cascade3. Thiamine deficiency4. Post streptococcal GN5. Hepatitis D infection

MARCH 2007Group 1

1. Hyperplasia2. Cutaneous wound healing by first intention3. Herpes simplex4. Subarachnoid haemorrhage5. Alcoholic liver disease

Group 21. Atrophy2. Vascular changes of inflammation3. Measles4. Multiple sclerosis5. Cholecystitis


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Group 31. Hypertrophy2. Oedema formation3. Meningitis4. Atopic asthma

5. Aortic dissection

SEPTEMBER 2007Group 11. Metaplasia2. Mypersensitivity Type 13. Myocardial infarction4. Ruptured berry aneurysms5. Von Willebrands Disease

Group 21. Chronic inflammation2. Hypersensitivity Type 43. Emphysema4. Alzheimers disease5. Haemophilia A

Group 31. Fracture healing2. Atopic asthma3. Urolithiasis4. Non-haemorrhagic CVA5. Pathogenesis of septic shock

APRIL 2008Group 11. Hypertrophy versus Hyperplasia2. Pathological calcification3. Hepatitis A4. Nephrotic syndrome5. Sickle cell anaemia

Group 21. Apoptosis2. Angiogenesis3. Hepatitis C4. Gout5. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Group 31. Scar formation2. Embolism3. Clostridial infections4. Peptic ulcer disease5. Pre-eclampsia

SEPTEMBER 2008

Group 11. Ischaemic Injury2. Type 2 Antibody mediated hypersensitivity3. Tuberculosis4. Calcific Aortic stenosis5. Thyrotoxicosis

Group 21. Role of complement in inflammation2. Local & systemic influences on wound

healing3. Malaria4. Pericarditis5. Pathogenesis of Type I diabetes

Group 31. Cellular changes in inflammation2. Type 3 Immune mediated hypersensitivity3. Candidiasis

4. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis5. Pituitary adenomas

APRIL 2009Group 1

1. Vascular changes of inflammation2. Role of platelets in haemostasis3. Tumour invasion & metastasis4. Influenza5. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Group 21. Cellular changes following ischaemia2. Pathogenesis of septic shock3. Hepatitis C

4. Von Willebrand disease5. Malignant Mesothelioma (pleural)

Group 31. Thrombosis2. Type 4 Delayed type hypersensitivity3. Neisserial infections4. Vitamin K5. Crohn disease

SEPTEMBER 2009Group 11. Type 1 Hypersensitivity2. Chronic inflammation3. Effects of tumour on the host4. Streptococcal infections

5. Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Group 21. Wound healing by primary intention2. Normal haemostasis3. Diabetes mellitus, Type 14. Ischaemic bowel5. ARDS

Group 31. Reversible versus irreversible cellular injury2. Host barriers to infection3. Embolism4. Acute pancreatitis5. Multiple sclerosis

MARCH 2010Group11. Reperfusion injury2. Apoptosis3. Emphysema4. Aortic dissection5. Acute meningitis

Group 21. Metaplasia2. Local & Systemic influences on wounds3. Coagulation cascade4. Influenza5. Portal hypertension


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Group 31. Hypertrophy2. Oedema formation

3. Type 2 Hypersensitivity Antibody mediated4. Hepatitis D5. Haemolytic anaemia

SEPTEMBER 2010Group11. Vascular changes of inflammation2. Antibody mediated hypersensitivity3. Hepatitis C infection4. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy5. Post streptococcal GN

Group 21. Hypertrophy2. Role of platelets in haemostasis3. Cholera4. Ulcerative colitis5. Parkinsonism

Group 31. Type 1 immediate hypersensitivity2. Angiogenesis3. Pseudomembranous colitis4. Cholecystitis5. Osteoarthritis

Group 41. Cellular events of inflammation2. Acute pancreatitis3. Abdominal aortic aneurysm4. Iron-deficiency anaemia

5. E.coli gastroenteritis


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PHYSIOLOGY

APRIL 19951. Resting membrane potentials2. Sensory pathways3. Plasma composition4. Autoregulation of blood flow5. Medical physics of pressure/flow/resistance6. The cardiac cycle7. Stability of alveoli8. Dead space9. Renal blood flow10. BuffersSupplementary topicOxygen haemoglobin saturation curve

OCTOBER 19951. Forces producing movement of substances

across cell membranes2. Alveolar gas equation3. The stretch reflex4. Factors controlling cardiac output5. Relationship between muscle fibre length and

tension6. Lung volumes7. Visual pathway8. Renin - angiotensin system

APRIL 19961. Ion flux during an action potential2. Control of ventilation3. Effect of exercise on the cardiovascular system4. The renal mechanism for forming dilute urine

5. Sequence of events in contraction/relaxation ofskeletal muscle6. Capillary fluid exchange7. Effect of posture on pulmonary ventilation and

perfusion and therefore the effect of posture onthe V/Q ratio

8. Nerve fibre types and function

OCTOBER 1996Group 11. Body fluid compartments2. Factors determining blood glucose level3. Chemoreceptors in the cardiovascular system4. Carbon dioxide transport5. Hydrogen ion secretion in the kidney

Group 21. Electrolyte composition of the body fluids2. Carbohydrate homeostasis in exercise3. Baroreceptors in the cardiovascular system4. Oxygen transport5. Regulation of potassium secretion by the kidney

APRIL 1997Group 11. Discuss the phases of the cardiac cycle2. Discuss dead space with regard to lung volumes3. Discuss how fatty acids are metabolised in the

cell to produce energy4. Discuss formation and action of angiotensin

5. Discuss the changes in acid-base status in anacute and a chronic respiratory acidosis6. Discuss transmission at the neuromuscular

junction)

Group 21. Discuss the conducting system of the heart2. Discuss regional differences in ventilation and

blood flow in the lung3. Discuss the metabolism of proteins4. Discuss the regulation of renin secretion5. Discuss the changes in acid-base status in an

acute and a chronic respiratory alkalosis6. Discuss the process of skeletal muscle contraction

OCTOBER 1997

Group 11. Effects of insulin on adipose / muscle / liver

tissue2. Medullary control of blood pressure3. Compliance of lungs and chest wall4. Glucose reabsorption by the kidney5. Gastric motility and emptying

Group 21. Factors influencing myocardial contractili ty /

Frank Starling curve2. Alveolar surface tension and surfactant3. Actions of glucagon4. Osmotic diuresis5. Regulation of gastric secretion

APRIL 1998Group 11. Describe the respiratory and renal

compensatory mechanisms that occur with ametabolic acidosis

2. Discuss perfusion-limited diffusion across thealveolocapillary membrane

3. Discuss autoregulation as it applies to thecerebral circulation

4. Describe and discuss the various componentsof the jugular pulse

5. Describe the effect of noradrenaline on heartrate, TPR, CO and arterial BP 8

6. Describe the formation and effects of 1,25dihydrocholecalciferol

Group 21. Describe the respiratory and renal

compensatory mechanisms that occur with ametabolic alkalosis

2. Discuss coronary blood flow73. Discuss diffusion-limited diffusion across the

alveolocapillary membrane4. Describe the changes in pressure in the aorta

and left ventricle during the cardiac cycle5. Describe the effect of adrenaline on heart rate,

TPR, CO and arterial BP6. Describe the effects of parathyroid hormone


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OCTOBER 1998Group 11. Forces producing movement of substances

across cell membranes2. Sequence of events in contraction and

relaxation of visceral smooth muscle3. Pathways involved in medullary control of

blood pressure4. Effects of exercise on ventilation5. Describe the fate of filtered glucose in the

kidney

Group 21. Transport across cell membranes2. Action potential and contractile response in

cardiac muscle3. Capillary fluid exchange4. Neural control of breathing5. Regulation of sodium excretion in the kidney

Group 31. Resting membrane potentials2. Sequence of events in contraction and

relaxation of skeletal muscle3. The interactions between the components that

regulate cardiac output and arterial pressure4. The chemical control of breathing5. Regulation of potassium excretion in the

kidney

APRIL 1999Group 11. Law of Laplace in relation to blood vessels and

heart2. Feedback control of glucocorticoid secretion3. Visual pathway and effect of lesions

4. Pressure changes in inspiration and expiration5. Pacemaker potentials

Group 21. Laminar flow Reynolds number2. Erythropoietin function, sources and

regulation of secretion3. Sensory pathways in Spinal Cord4. CO2 transport5. Circulation changes in exercise

OCTOBER 1999Group 11. Alveolar gas equation2. Coronary blood flow3. Response to infusion of 1 litre of N Saline

4. Cholinergic synaptic transmission5. Regional differences in ventilation and

perfusion

Group 21. Haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve2. Cerebral blood flow3. The regulation of osmolality4. Action potential ion fluxes5. Alveolar stability

Group 31. CO2 transport2. Pulmonary circulation

3. Response to isotonic dehydration of 1 litre -4. Noradrenergic synaptic transmission5. Gas transfer across capillary

APRIL 2000

Group 11. The cardiac cycle2. The ionic basis of conduction in nerves / types

of nerve fibres3. The effects of altitude on respiration4. Thyroid gland / thyroid hormone5. Renal compensation for metabolic acidosis

Group 21. Factors controlling cardiac output2. The stretch reflex3. The effects of exercise on respiration4. Control of plasma glucose5. Renal compensation for metabolic alkalosis

SEPTEMBER 2000Group 11. Draw a diagram of the action potential of the

sinoatrial node of cardiac muscle.2. Discuss the regional differences in pulmonary

blood flow3. Discuss the physiology of the exocrine

pancreas.4. Discuss the factors involved in calcium

metabolism5. Draw a cross section of the spinal cord

showing location of the ascending sensorypathways

Group 21. Draw a diagram of the action potential

recorded from the ventricle2. Discuss the control of ventilation3. Discuss the renal regulation of Na

+and Cl

-

excretion4. Discuss the physiology of gastric secretion -5. Draw a cross section of the spinal cord

showing location of the motor pathways.

Group 31. Describe the neural components involved in

arterial pressure regulation2. Discuss the regional differences in pulmonary

ventilation3. Describe the events during contraction and

relaxation of skeletal muscle, and draw adiagram showing the length-tension

relationship of skeletal muscle.4. Discuss the physiology of bilirubin metabolism

and bile formation5. Discuss the physiology of iron

APRIL 2001Group 11. Alveolar gas equation2. Coronary blood flow3. Response to infusion of 1 litre of N Saline4. Electrophysiology of the muscularjunction5. Regional differences in ventilation and

perfusion


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Group 21. CO2 transport2. Cerebral blood flow3. Response to isotonic dehydration of 1 litre4. Electrophysiology of the nerve action potential

5. Compliance of the lung and thoracic cage

AUGUST 2001Group 11. Describe the cardiac cycle2. Discuss the ionic basis of excitation and

conduction in nerves, and the classification ofnerve fibre types

3. Regional differences in pumonary blood flow4. Mineralocorticoid physiology5. The physiology of protein synthesis

Group 21. Describe the factors controlling cardiac output2. Describe how a stretch reflex occurs3. Describe the control of ventilation4. Glucocorticoid physiology5. The physiology of intercellular communication

Group 31. Discuss the neural components of arterial

blood pressure regulation2. Describe the events during contraction and

relaxation of skeletal muscle, and draw adiagram showing the length-tensionrelationship of skeletal muscle

3. Regional differences in pulmonary ventilation4. The physiology of the renin-angiotensin-

aldosterone axis5. The physiology of transport across cell

membranes

APRIL 2002Group 11. Action potential of sinoatrial node2. Alveolar gas equation3. Renal blood flow regulation 4. Gastric secretions - Ganong 19th ed, pp 470-4, 475. Neurophysiology of antidiuretic hormone

Group 21. Action potential of ventricular muscle2. CO2 transport3. Regulation of the cerebral blood flow4. Bilirubin and bile formation5. Adrenomedullary hormones

SEPTEMBER 2002

Group 11. Describe the cardiac cycle2. Regional differences in pulmonary blood flow3. Discuss the regulation of osmolality4. Describe transmission at a cholinergic synapse5. Discuss the physiology of the endocrine pancreas

Group 21. Describe the factors controlling cardiac output2. The control of ventilation3. Response to infusion of 1 litre of N Saline4. Describe transmission at an adrenergic synapse5. Discuss the physiology of the thyroid gland

Group 31. The neural regulation of arterial blood pressure2. Regional differences in pulmonary ventilation3. Response to isotonic dehydration of 1 litre4. Describe the contraction of skeletal muscle

after the arrival of a nerve impulse5. Discuss the physiology of calcium metabolism

APRIL 2003Group 11. Discuss the physiology of transport across cell

membranes2. Describe the factors which affect glomerular

filtration rate3. Discuss the regulation of insulin secretion4. Describe the action potential of a pacemaker

cell5. Discuss the effect of altitude on respiration

Group 21. Discuss the function of cyclic AMP as an

intracellular messenger2. Discuss the renal regulation of acid excretion3. Discuss the physiology of the renin-angiotensin

system4. Describe the physiology of conduction along a

nerve cell5. Describe carbon dioxide transport and its

dissociation curve

SEPTEMBER 2003Group 11. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates2. Neural factors affecting arteriolar tone3. Factors controlling the synthesis and release of

ADH

4. Factors controlling cardiac output5. Factors that determine work of breathing

Group 21. Digestion and obsorption of proteins and

nucleic acids2. Hormonal factors affecting arteriolar tone3. Factors controlling the synthesis and release of renin4. Cardiac cycle5. Relationship of intrapleural pressure and lung

volume and resultant regional differences inventilation

Group 31. Digestion and absorption of lipids2. Local factors affecting arteriolar tone

3. Factors controlling the synthesisand release of aldosterone

4. Factors affecting CVP5. Perfusion and diffusion limited gas exchange

APRIL 2004Group 11. Action potential of a pacemaker cell2. Physiological basis of a stretch reflex3. Factors that determine pulmonary blood flow4. Cardiovascular responses to acute moderate

haemorrhage5. Renal and respiratory response to an acid

load


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Group 21. Factors controlling cardiac output2. Nerve cell conduction3. Draw and label a lung volume curve

produced by a spirometer at normal and

maximal respiration4. Renal regulation of Na + balance5. Factors controlling blood glucose level

SEPTEMBER 2004Group 11. Endothelium and the regulation of blood flow2. Control of ventilation3. The physiology of noradrenergic

neurotransmission4. The physiology of calcium metabolism5. The factors in the control of renal blood flow

Group 21. Circulating hormones and the regulation of

blood pressure and flow including renin-angiotensin, noradrenaline, vasopressin

2. Anatomical and physiological dead space3. The physiology of cholinergic

neurotransmission4. The physiology of adrenomedullary

hormones5. The control of osmolality

Group 31. Baroreceptors and the regulation of blood

pressure2. Changes in respiration with exercise3. The physiology of the neuromuscular

function4. The physiology of iron metabolism

5. The renal regulation of K+

APRIL 2005Group 11. Cardiovascular compensation for shock2. Control of ventilation3. Renal regulation of Na+ balance4. Neuromuscular excitation-contraction

coupling5. Thyroid hormones

Group 21. Cardiovascular compensation for fluid

overload2. Regional differences in pulmonary blood flow3. Factors affecting GFR

4. Stretch reflex5. Endocrine regulation of glucose homeostasis

- Ganong

Group 31. Cardiac cycle2. Effect of altitude on respiration3. Renal regulation of H+4. Nerve action potential5. Pituitary hormones

SEPTEMBER 2005Group 11. Factors affecting Cerebral Blood Flow2. Respiratory compensation for acid base

changes (Davenport diagram)

3. Principles of intercellular communication4. Loop of Henle - structure and function5. Exocrine function of the pancreas

Group 21. Alveolar surface tension and surfactant2. Renal Blood Flow. Normal value and

regulation3. Action potential in cardiac cells4. Protein synthesis5. Regulation of temperature

Group 31. Flow, pressure and resistance relationship

and its applicability to flow in blood vessels2. Metabolic, defence and other non-respiratory

functions of the lungs3. Transport across cell membranes4. Buffers in body fluids5. Physiology of glucocorticoids

APRIL 2006Group 11. Factors effecting myocardial contractili ty

(Frank Starling curve)2. Diffusion across the alveolocapillary

membrane3. Renal sodium and potassium excretion -

Ganong4. Stretch and inverse stretch reflexes -

Ganong

5. Calcium metabolism

Group 21. Physiological basis of the ECG2. Oxygen and Carbon dioxide transport in

blood3. Water excretion by the kidney4. Insulin- Mechanism and effects5. Bile, bilirubin metabolism and excretion

Group 31. Regulation of coronary blood flow2. Airway resistance3. Discuss glomerular filtration4. Adrenal medullary hormones5. Regulation of gastric secretion

SEPTEMBER 2006Group 11. Ventilation/perfusion inequality2. Changes in cardiac function with exercise3. Digestion and absorption of protein4. Cerebral blood flow5. Physiology of pain

Group 21. Elastic properties of the lung2. Cardiac muscle cell action potential and

spread of excitation3. Withdrawal reflex (polysynaptic reflexes)


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4. Renal blood flow5. ACTH response to stress and feedback

loops

Group 3

1. Pulmonary blood flow2. Baroreceptors of aortic arch and carotid

sinus response to change in pressure3. Neuronal inhibition4. Renal H+/HCO3- excretion5. Physiology of acetylcholine

MARCH 2007Group 11. Venous return curve and mean systemic

filling pressure2. Elastic properties of the lung3. Functional anatomy of the nephron4. Effects of thyroid hormones5. Reticular activating system

Group 21. Arterial pressure regulation2. Physiological shunt in the lung3. Tubular function4. Smooth muscle contraction5. Mineralocorticoids

Group 31. Pacemaker potential2. Sensors in control of ventilation3. Buffers4. Body composition5. Carbohydrate metabolism

SEPTEMBER 2007

Group 11. Pulmonary Vascular Resistance2. Cardiac output, muscle blood flow during

exercise3. Micturition4. Contractile responses of muscle5. Catecholamines as neurotransmitters

Group 21. Distribution of pulmonary blood flow in

upright human2. Cardiac cycle3. Water excretion4. Nerve excitation and conduction5. Temperature regulation

Group 31. Effect of high altitude on respiration2. Action potential in cardiac cells3. GFR measurement and factors affecting

GFR4. Chemical transmission of synaptic activity5. Vestibular function

APRIL 2008Group 11. Ventilation/ Perfusion inequality2. Renal regulation of K+3. Interrelationship of pressure, flow &

resistance

4. Thyroid hormones - Ganong5. Vitamin D

Group 21. Airway Resistance

2. Renal blood flow3. Factors controlling cardiac output & O2

consumption4. Glucocorticoids5. Iron

Group 31. Elastic Properties of the Lung2. Loop of Henle, structure & function3. Cerebral blood flow. Brain metabolism & O2

requirements4. Insulin & Glucose5. Regulation of calcium

SEPTEMBER 2008Group 11. Action Potential Cardiac Pacemaker Cell and

effect of Sympathetic/Parasympatheticstimulus

2. Distribution of Blood flow in Lung3. Micturition4. Transport across Cell Membranes including

Na-K pump5. Vasopressin Synthesis/Actions/Stimuli

Group 21. Effects of Hyper and Hypokalaemia on ECG

at plasma levels of 2.5/3.5/7.5/8.5 meq/L2. Carbon Dioxide Transport3. Renal regulation of K+ excretion4. Skeletal Muscle

Excitation/Contraction/Relaxation5. Physiology (Effects and Mechanisms ofaction) of Insulin

Group 31. Systemic Regulation of Blood Pressure by

the Nervous System2. Control of Ventilation3. Renal Blood Flow4. Synthesis and fate of catecholamines at

synaptic junction5. Aldosterone Synthesis/Effects/Feedback

Loop

APRIL 2009Group 1

1. Isovolumetric Contraction/Relaxation2. Role of Surfactant and applied Laplaces Law3. Describe how acid is secreted and absorbed

in the renal tubular system4. The physiology of serotonin in the body5. Temperature regulation

Group 21. Cerebral blood flow and its regulation2. Carbon Dioxide Transport3. Counter-Current Mechanism4. Thyroid hormone synthesis and effects5. Describe the pain sensory pathway from the

periphery to the brain


22/29


Group 31. Factors determining myocardial O2 demand2. The alveolar gas equation and its use in a

clinical setting

3. Renal regulation of Sodium4. Withdrawal Reflex5. Regulation of Plasma calcium levels

SEPTEMBER 2009Group 11. Differences in action potential between

cardiac myocyte and pacemaker cells SAnode

2. Pulmonary vascular resistance3. Describe how acid is secreted and absorbed

in the renal tubular system4. Carbohydrate metabolism - factors affecting

plasma glucose level5. Describe effects of mineralcorticoids,

mechanism of action, cells they act on in thekidney, what is typical electrolyte patternseen in hyperaldosteronism

Group 21. Myocardial contractility and effect of changes

on Frank-Starling curve2. Oxygen transport in the blood3. Describe how sodium is secreted and

absorbed in the renal tubular system4. Skeletal muscle contraction/relaxation

sequence of events, summation, treppe5. Describe the effects of parathyroid hormone

Group 31. Cardiac Cycle, relationship between ECG

and ventricular volume2. High altitude and its effect on the respiratorysystem

3. Describe how water is secreted and absorbedin the renal tubular system

4. What are principle functions of the liver,composition of bile, metabolism and excretionof bilirubin

5. Effect of thyroid hormone - mechanism,effects on cardiovascular, nervous system

MARCH 2010Group 11. Arterial and arteriolar circulation2. Effects of Insulin3. Water balance in the lung

4. Catecholamines5. Renal compensation to acidosis and alkalosis

Group 21. Cardiovascular regulation- Local regulation2. Ventilation perfusion inequality3. Ionic basis of excitation and conduction

Resting and Action potential4. Defense of tonicity-Vasopressin5. Exocrine pancreas

Group 31. Elastic properties of the lung2. Coronary circulation3. Mechanisms of tubular reabsorption and

secretion

4. Physiological effects of glucocorticoids5. Inhibition and facilitation at synapses

SEPTEMBER 2010Group 11. Mechanical events/phases of cardiac cycle2. Elastic properties of the lung3. GFR- measurement and factors affecting

GFR4. Monosynaptic reflexes5. Vasopressin

Group 21. Myocardial contractility2. Metabolic functions of the lung3. Renal Circulation4. Glucagon5. Thyroid hormones

Group 31. Normal ECG and cardiac membrane

polarisation changes/ECG findings in MI2. Diffusion across the blood-gas barrier3. Micturition4. Temperature regulation5. Insulin structure and function

Group 41. Cardiac output, and its measurement2. Lung volumes and dead space; values and

measurement

3. Functional anatomy of the nephron4. Regulation of serum calcium level5. Mineralocorticoids


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PHARMACOLOGY

APRIL 19951. Volume of distribution

2. Mechanisms of drug antagonism3. Beta lactam agents4. Beta blockers5. Bioavailability of opiates6. Suxamethonium7. Aspirin8. Insulin9. Methods of decreasing absorption of foxic

agents from GIT10. Hepatitis immunisationSupplementary topic - Salbutamol

OCTOBER 19951. Half-life2. Active and passive immunisation3. Adrenaline

4. Ipratropium bromide5. Potency and efficacy6. Macrolide antibiotics7. Pharmacodynamics of tricyclic antidepressants8. Sotalol

APRIL 19961. Loading dose2. Non-depolarising muscle relaxants3. Adenosine4. Tetracyclines5. Reversible/irreversible antagonists and

response curves6. TPA7. Ace inbititor - captopril8. Salbutamol

OCTOBER 1996Group 11. Biotransformation2. Calcium channel blockers3. Cephalosporins4. Atrophine5. Carbemazepine

Group 21. Drug receptors2. Class 1 antiarrythmic agens3. Antiviral agents4. Prednisolone5. Momoamine oxidase inhibitors

APRIL 1997Group 11. First Pass Effect2. Dopamine3. Chlorpromazine4. Aminoglycocides5. Colchicine

Group 21. Clearance2. Amiodarone3. Haloperidol4. Isoniazid5. Indomethacin

OCTOBER 1997Group 1

1. Steady State2. Atropine3. Warfarin4. Insulin5. Acyclovir

Group 21. Biotransformation2. Adrenaline3. Heparin4. Hydrocortisone5. Chloramphenicol

APRIL 1998Group 11. Define efficacy and potency.

2. What parenteral agents are available for themanagement of hypertnesion in the emergencydepartment? Foll up response on nitroprusside.

3. Compare and contrast the opiates, morphineand pethidine.

4. Which antibiotics can be used in the treatmentof acute diverticulitis? Follow up response onmetronidazole.

5. Compare and contrast phenytoin anddiazepam in the treatment of seizures.

Group 21. Define the terms receptor agonist and

antagonist with examples.2. Discuss the different classes of calcium

channel blocking drugs.3. Compare and contrast the neuromuscular

blocking agents suxamethonium andvercuronium.

4. Which antibiotics are used in the treatment ofpelvic inflammatory disease? Follow upresponse on tetracycline.

5. Discuss the properties of Haloperidol.

OCTOBER 1998Group 11. How do drugs interact with receptors?2. Which anti-microbial agents act on the cell wall

and how do they do so?3. SSRIs4. Agents used in the treatment of angina.

Follow-up: a beta blocker5. What drugs should be avoided during

pregnancy and breast feeding?

Group 21. What are secondary messengers and how do

they work?2. Which anti-microbial agents act on protein

synthesis and how do they do so?3. Phenytoin4. Compare and contrast streptokinase and t-PA5. How does age influence how the body handles

drugs?


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Group 31. What factors influence the half life of a drug?2. Ciprofloxacin3. Carbemazepine4. Agents used in the treatment of hypertension.

Follow-up: ACE inhibitors5. Compare and contrast ranitidine and omeprazole

APRIL 1999Group 11. What do you understand by the term

elimination kinetics?2. Phenytoin3. Opioid receptors4. Aminoglycosides5. -blockers

Group 21. Volume of distribution / loading dose2. Aspirin3. Calcium channel blockers4. Macrolide antibiotics5. Compare and contrast the anti-depressant

agents SSRI and TCA

OCTOBER 1999Group 11. Agonist and antagonist activity2. Heparin (and LMWH)3. Lignocaine4. Midazolam5. Suxamethonium

Group 21. Biotransformation2. Thrombolytics

3. Adenosine4. Thiopentone5. Frusemide

Group 31. Signalling mechanisms2. Warfarin (and superwarfarins)3. Amiodarone4. Propofol5. Flucloxacillin

APRIL 2000Group 11. The cellular basis of drug action2. Drugs used in the management of cardiac

failure

3. Phenytoin4. What problems can be encountered when

administering drugs in pregnancy? Giveexamples of mechanisms

5. What are the mechanisms by which antibioticsact?

Group 21. Discuss drug biotransformation2. Drugs used in the management of ischaemic

heart disease syndromes3. Fentanyl

4. What problems can be encountered whenadministering drugs to the aged? Giveexamples of mechanisms

5. What are the mechanisms of antibiotic drugresistance? - Aminoglycosides, Macrolides,

Penicillins, Sulphonamid, Trimethoprim,Tetracyclines, Vancomycin

SEPTEMBER 2000Group 11. Elimination kinetics2. Benzodiazepines3. Succinylcholine4. Acyclovir5. Atenolol

Group 21. Volume of distribution2. Pethidine3. Halothane4. Macrolides5. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin antagonists

Group 31. Half-life2. Aspirin3. Vecuronium4. Quinolones5. Heparins

APRIL 2001Group 11. Atropine2. MAOI3. Ketamine4. Salbutamol

5. Oral hypoglycaemics

Group 21. Adrenaline2. SSRI3. Propofol4. Prednisolone5. Benztropine

AUGUST 2001Group 11. Define pharmacokinetics - (Discuss in relation

to aspirin)2. Quinolones3. Thiopentone4. Paracetomol

5. -blockers

Group 21. Define volume of distribution. Discuss

significance with respect to management oftricyclic antidepressant overdose

2. Sulphonamides3. Bupivicaine4. Indocid5. Nitrates


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Group 31. Pharmacokinetic considerations in the elderly

patient2. Gentamicin3. Nitrous oxide

4. Metoclopramide5. VerapamilAPRIL 2002Group 11. Agonist and antagonist activity2. Lignocaine3. Frusemide4. H1 receptor antagonists5. Cephalosporins

Group 21. Elimination kinetics2. Thiopentone13. ACE Inhibitors4. H2 receptor antagonists5. Sulphonamides

SEPTEMBER 2002Group 11. Elimination of drugs2. Calcium channel blockers3. Benzodiazepine toxicity4. Carbemazepine5. Cromoglycate

Group 21. Dose-response2. Glyceryl Trinitrate3. Chronic alcohol toxicity4. Lignocaine5. Methylxanthines

Group 31. Absorption of drugs2. Atenolol3. Narcotic toxicity4. Phenothiazines5. Ipratropium

APRIL 2003Group 11. Volume of distribution2. ACE inhibitors3. Propofol4. Tetracyclines5. Oral hypoglycaemic agents

Group 21. Biotransformation2. Adenosine3. Succinylcholine4. Quinolones5. Heparins

SEPTEMBER 2003Group 11. Second messengers2. Gentamycin3. Indirect acting cholinomimetics4. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors5. Glucagon

Group 21. Agonists/antagonists/partial agonists2. Tetracyclines83. Beta receptor agonists

4. Aspirin5. Oral hypoglycaemic agents

Group 31. Bioavailibility2. Penicillin3. Muscarinic receptor blocking drugs4. Antiplatelet agents5. Hydrocortisone

APRIL 2004Group 11. Variation in drug responsiveness2. Cardiac glycosides3. H2 receptor antagonists4. MAOI inhibitors5. Tetracyclines

Group 21. First pass effect and extraction ratio2. Amiodarone3. Opioid agonists/antagonists/partial agonists4. SSRIs5. Quinolones

SEPTEMBER 2004Group 11. Second messenger2. Nitrates3. Midazolam4. H1 receptor antagonists

5. Local anaesthetics

Group 21. Evaluation of new drugs2. Loop diuretics3. Digoxin toxicity4. Cephalosporins5. Insulin

Group 31. Pharmacokinetic considerations in the elderly2. Beta receptor antagonists3. Lignocaine4. Quinolones5. Paracetamol

APRIL 2005Group 11. Efficacy and potency2. Valproate3. Betablockers (carvediol)4. Penicillin - allergy and side effects5. Nitric acid

Group 21. Variation in drug response2. Antipsychotic agents - side effects3. Antiplatelet agents4. Azithromycin5. Antiemetics


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Group 31. Bioavailability2. Methanol metabolism and toxicity3. Lignocaine

4. Sulphonamides5. COX2 inhibitors

SEPTEMBER 2005Group 11. Absorption of drugs2. Angiotensin II antagonists3. Anti seizure drugs4. Anti migraine agents5. Glucagon and its role as an antidote

Group 21. Drug metabolism and influence on dosing2. Sympathomimetic agents3. Opioid analgesia4. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance5. Lithium

Group 31. Biotransformation2. Adenosine3. Benzodiazepines4. Paracetamol basic pharmacology and toxicity5. Laxatives

APRIL 2006Group 11. Efficacy and potency2. Digoxin3. Salicylate toxicity4. Inhaled Asthma preventers

5. Vit K - Katzung

Group 21. Volume of distribution2. blockers3. Succinylcholine4. Warfarin interactions5. Olanzapine

Group 31. Elimination kinetics2. Heparins3. Amiodarone4. Nitrous oxide5. Topical anaesthetics

SEPTEMBER 2006Group 11. Dose Response2. Calcium Channel Blockers3. Ondansetron4. Penicillin5. St Johns Wort

Group 21 Second Messenger2. Thiazide diuretics3. Dexamethasone4. Clopidogrel5. Benztropine

Group 31. Drug Half Life2. Class I Antiarrhythmics Mechanism of

Action

3. Ketamine4. Trimethoprim5. Pharmacokinetics in the ElderlyMARCH 2007Group 11. Volume of distribution2. GTN Pharmacodynamics of3. Gentamicin4. tPA5. Erythropoietin

Group 21. Efficacy & potency2. beta Blockers3. Midazolam4. Osmotic diuretics (including mannitol)5. Olanzapine

Group 31. Phase I and Phase II reactions2. Atropine3. Prilocaine4. Chloromycetin5. Antisepsis : Chlorhexidine

SEPTEMBER 2007Group 11. Routes of drug administration2. Beta 2 Agonists3. Paracetamol4. Agents for Gout

5. Over the counter preparations (toxic potential)

Group 21. First pass effect2. H1-blockers3. Morphine4. Levodopa5. Penicillamine

Group 31. P450 enzyme system2. Clonazepam3. Aspirin4. Acetazolamide5. Dantrolene

APRIL 2008Group 11. Second messengers2. Angiotensin II blockers3. Low molecular weight heparins4. Atropine5. Octreotide

Group 21. Competitive vs irreversible antagonists2. Loop Diuretics3. Fluoroquinolones4. Thiopentone5. Methylxantines


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Group 31. Bioavailability2. Nitrates3. beta Lactams

4. Antiemetics5. Drugs that bind to transporters of biogenic

amines - pp 552SEPTEMBER 2008Group 11. First pass effect2. Metronidazole3. Tricyclic Antidepressants4. Sulfonylureas5. Laxatives

Group 21. Efficacy and Potency2. Cephalosporins3. SSRIs4. Salbutamol5. Thioamides

Group 31. P450 Enzyme System2. Gentamicin3. Phenytoin4. Metaclopramide5. Flecainide

APRIL 2009Group 11. Volume of Distribution2. Adrenaline3. Carbamazepine

4. Macrolides5. Prescribing in the Elderly

Group 21. Drug Half Life2. Digoxin3. Chlorpromazine4. Antibiotics for Staphylococcus infections5. Prescribing in Pregnancy

Group 31. Zero Order and First Order Kinetics2. Classes of Anti-hypertensives3. Ondansetron4. Acyclovir5. Prescribing in Children

SEPTEMBER 2009Group 11. Drug biotransformation2. Classification of drugs in acute asthma3. Propofol4. tPA5. Activated charcoal

Group 21. Dose response2. Classification of drugs used in diabetes

mellitus3. Ketamine

4. Warfarin5. Amphetamines

Group 31. Drug clearance

2. Side effects of NSAID3. Succinylcholine / Suxamethonium4. Calcium channel blockers5. Topical anaesthetics

MARCH 2010Group 11. Spare receptors and their significance2. Antibiotics in urinary sepsis3. Aspirin4. Amiodarone5. Passive immunisation in the ED

Group 21. Antagonists / Agonists2. Antibiotics in CNS infections3. Paracetamol toxicity4. Metoprolol5. Evaluation of drugs and clinical trials

Group 31. Second messengers2. Drugs in status epilepticus3. Morphine4. Atropine5. Therapeutic drug monitoring

SEPTEMBER 2010Group 11. Potency and Efficacy2. Nitrates

3. Neuromuscular blockers4. Lithium5. Topical ocular preparations

Group 21. Routes of drug administration2. ACE inhibitors3. Erythromycin4. Phenytoin5. Management of alcohol withdrawal

Group 31. Clearance and half-life2. Loop diuretics3. Cephalosporins4. Antipsychotics: Olanzapine

5. Flumazenil

Group 41. Drug distribution and protein binding2. Cardiac glycosides3. Oral hypoglycaemics4. Paracetamol5. Amphetamines


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