PAST EXPERIENCES, CURRENT STATUS AND PLANS FOR THE FRUIT

FLY IPM FOR SMALLHOLDER VEGETABLE AND FRUIT GROWERS IN

VIETNAM

Nguyen Van Hoa (1), Le Quoc Dien (1), Ho Van Chien(2),Nguyen Minh Chau(1) and Viyaysegaran S. (3)

(1) : Southern Horticultural Research Institute (SOFRI), Vietnam(2) : Southern Plant Protection Center (SPPC), Vietnam(3) : Griffith University, Australia

Northern highland

Red River Delta

Northern of Central

Southern of Central Coastal

Western highland

South-East region

Mekong Delta

LocationArea (1000 ha) Yield (tạ/ha)

Production (1000 ton)

1999 2005 1999 2005 1999 2005

  Whole Coutry 459.6 635.1 1.26 1.518 5792,2 9640,3

1 Red River Delta 126.7 158.6 1.57 1.799 1988,9 2852,8

2 Northern highland 60.7 91.1 1.051 1.106 637,8 1008

3 Northern of Central 52.7 68.5 0.812 0.978 427,8 670,2

4 Southern of

Central Coastal 30.9 44 1.09 140,1 336,7 616,4

5 Western highland 25.1 49 1.775 201,7 445,6 988,2

6 South-East region 64.2 59.6 0.942 129,5 604,9 772,1

7 Mekong Delta 99.3 164.3 1.36 166,3 1350,5 2732,6

Table 1. Area, yield and production of Vegetable in different regions of

Vietnam

Fruiting Vegetable in the South, VietNam (Estimated - 2010)

Region

Southern of Central Coastal  

Western

highland 

South

East

regionMekong Region Total 

Area (ha) 12.308 17.633 9.520 50.270,0 89.731,0

Productivity(100kg/ha) 194,3 226,4 140,5 210,8 204,2

Production (ton) 239.202,5 399.190,5 133.725,6 1.059.915,6 1.832.034,2

No. Location Area in the year of 2005

(1000 ha)

Area estimated in 2010

(1000 ha)

Production estimated in 2010

( 1000ton)

1. Red River Delta 79.2 90 1160

2. Northern highland 178.4 230 1.440

3. Northern of Central region 58.5 80 720

4. Southern of Central Coastal region

30.2 38 300

5. Western highland 23.1 32 300

6. South-East region 128.4 150 1755

7. Mekong Delta region 269.3 380 4325

Total 767.1 1.000 10.000

Table 2: Fruit production area in Vietnam (MARD 2007)

Fruit treeArea (x1000 ha) Production (x1000 tonne)

2004 2005 2004 2005

Longan * 121.1 120.3 606.4 628.8

Orange, lemon, mandarin

82.7 87.2 540.5 606.4

Pomelo * 28.6 30.4 209.3 242.2

Banana* 102.2 103.4 1,329.4 1,354.3

Lychee, Rambutan*

110.2 113.7 507.5 379.6

Mango 77.5 78.7 337.7 380.9

Pineapple* 44.3 47.4 414.9 472.7

Durian 20.2 146.0 -

Dragon fruit**8.5

13.5133.3 -

Grape 2.0 2.0 25.0 26.4

Table 4: Area and production of major fruit trees in Vietnam 2004 and 2005 (Source: MARD 2006)

*Export fruit ** Number one fruit export

Table 4: Vietnam major fruit and vegetables export value

Year Value (1000 USD)

Number of country

China (1000 USD)

2000 196,58 33 120,351

2001 329,900 42 142,801

2002 219,698 42 121,529

2003 182,554 36 67,068

2004 178,800 39 20,638

2005 235,000 36 35,000

2006 259,082 40 24,60

2007 350,000 40

2008 407,000 45

2008 438,000 50

Upto March 1999, only 2 species were recorded: Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera cucurbitae

From March 1999 to August 2000, 22 species were recorded

From August 2000 to Nov. 2001, 8 species more were recorded.

A total of 24 Bactrocera and 2 Dacus species of fruit flies have so far been identified from Vietnam.

The nine pest species of major economic importance in Vietnam are: Bactrocera (Bactrocera) carambolae, B. correcta, B. cucurbitae, B. dorsalis, , B. tau, B. verbascifoliae and B. zonata.

18 Species present in the South, infected on 19 fruit crops, 14 vegetable crops, one is cashew nut and 8 wild plant species.

In the North: 3 species Bactrocera correcta, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis present in red river delta and hilly nearby, 2 species Bactrocera pyrifoliae and Bactrocera tau present in the moutain area.

In the South: 2 specie Bactrocera correcta and Bactrocera cucurbitae were more in the Mekong delta than in the Southeast area. In constract, Bactrocera dorsalis was more in the Southeast than the Mekong delta.

26 Fruit crops

1. Guava

2. Wax apple

3. Mango

4. Chinese apple

5. Longan

6. Babados cherry

7. Sour sop

8. Rambutan

9. Dragon fruit

10. Banana

11. Papaya

12. Mandarin

13. Sapodilla

14. Pummelo

15. Star fruit

16. Avocado

17. Sweet orange

18. Rose apple

19. Star apple

16 Vegetable crops1. Bitter gourd

2. Tomato

3. Gourd

4. Squash

5. Lufa

6. Casaba melon

7. Cucumber

8. Pumpkin

9. Bitter cucumber

10. Pyriform melon

11. chayote

12. Red chili

13. Egg plant

14. Chinese pea

Crops

Percentage of infection (%)

2008 2009

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5

DF 30 0 0 3 0 6 0 0 0 13 26 30

Ma 20 3 - - - 7 10 23 33 46 - -

SA - - - - - - 0 9 26 36 - -

Gu 100

73 93 100 40 40 93 80 33

BC 26 46 80 70 33 33 20 33 33 93 73 40

BG 83 34 - - - - - - 20 - - 20Note: DF: Dragon Fruit; Ma: Mango; SA: Star apple; Gu: Guava; BC: Barbados cherry and BG: Bitter gourd

Infecting peak of fruit fly on some crops

FRUIT FLY CONTROL MEASURES IN VIETNAM

Different control measures being implemented by smallholder farmers

-Using of systemic insecticides: This control measure had been applied previously, but this lead to chemical residue, health and environmental problems, it is no more advice for controlling of fruit fly and the farmers also recognize that since its less effective.

- Bagging of fruit at suitable stage: many fruits and fruiting vegetable are being controlled by using this technique such as mango, guava, star fruit, star apple, bitter gourd, etc.

- Trapping with Methyl Eugenol (allyl-3,4- dimethyoxybenzene): Vizubon D and Flykil 95 EC: This technique has been widely used by farmers, however, the effectiveness is less, event sometime it harmed to their crops since the trap can kill male but more females will accompany with male and cause more damage to their fruits. Now we advice farmer do not use it alone but combine with protein bait in large scale.

- Cleaning of the falling fruits: This technique is a MUST in the fruit fly control strategy, all the falling fruit should be collected and buried deep under soil. However, the farmers still not keen to do this job on their orchards since labor consumption.

Project implemented

FAO: 1999 – 2000: Survey for FF species and host range

FAO: 2000 – 2002: continued the Survey for FF species and host range

ACIAR: 2003 – 2008: continued the Survey for FF species and host range, Protein bait production, raring of Bactrocera dorsalis and B. correcta colonies for host range and postharvest testing; large scale application, training.

ACIAR: Expending: 2008 – 2009: Extending the project to new area and expanding of the large scale application of SOFRI Protein (South) and Ento – Pro (North)

LARGE SCALE APPLICATION

- Protein bait (SOFRI Protein 10 DD) use: With the help of expert from Griffith University, SOFRI has developed the protein bait from the beer waste, named SOFRI Protein 10 DD. Now it has been widely used in the South of Vietnam, especially in the large scale monoculture of fruit and fruiting vegetable crops.

Content of analysis Protein bait

Total protein content (%) 9.75

NH4 + (%) 80.35

pH 4.29

Total solids (%) 55.5

Specific gravity 0.978

The effects of SOFRI Protein in controlling of Fruit Fly on Sapodilla from 2 August to 15 October, 2006

DatePercentage of fruit infected (%)

Protein bait

Control

27/8/200603/9/200610/9/200617/9/200624/9/2006

503015104

6758626047

SAPODILLA (SOFRI PROTEIN: 300 ha and control 10 ha)

The effects of SOFRI Protein in controlling of Fruit Fly on bitter gourd from 10 April to 14 June, 2006 (10 ha)

BITTER GOURD (10HA)

Treatment% of infection per week

1 2 3 4 5 Average

T1 – Control 0 0 9 6 22 7.4

T2 –Protein 0 0 1 2 8 2.2

Treatment % of infection per week

Before applied

Firstspray

Secondspray

Thirdspray

FouthApplied

N1 – Protein 53.0 42.0 23.0 7.0 4.0

N2 – Control 49.0 53.0 36 57 72

The effects of SOFRI Protein in controlling of Fruit Fly on Barbados cherry from 18 August to 18 sep, 2007.

BARBADOS CHERRY (150 ha and control 10 ha)

Region Crop tested Area tested (ha)

Effectiveness

In the South

- Mango- Dragon Fruit- Star apple- Guava- Bitter gourd- Vegetable

Legume

101010051010

Reduced percentage of damage to 5-7% at harvesting time

In the North

- Peach- Guava

1005

Reduced percentage of damage to 5-7% at harvesting time

SOFRI Protein large scale application

(2008-2009)

Without SOFRI Protein

After using SOFRI Protein

Average yield (tonnes) per ha/year

20(harvested immature)

25(harvested ripe)

Average market price per kg (VND)

1.500 3.500

Average income per hectare (VND)

30.000.000 70.000.000

The introduction of SOFRI protein bait sprays has resulted in a 2-fold increase in income for farmers (VN dong).

COST – BENEFIT RATIOS WHEN APPLY PROTEIN BAIT COMPARISON WITH CONVETIONAL CONTROL

No Crops Infection period Infected/tested fruits

1 Dragon fruit 20 days after pollination 2/100

2 Mango 60 days after pollination 3/100

3 Star apple 90 days after pollination 1/100

4 Guava 60 days after pollination 4/100

5 Barbados cherry

After fruit setting 10/200

6 Vegetable legume

After fruit setting 8/100

7 Bitter gourd After fruit setting 10/100

Determination of application time for some major fruit and fruiting vegetable crops.

Protein bait improvement for more

attractive to FF

Content of analysis Protein bait

Total protein content (%) 13.9

NH4 + (%) 0.13

RH (%) 65.1

Total solids (%) 34.49

Specific gravity 1.16

Insect Pest observed

Pest severity score

Protein bait + non-

parrafinic oil

Insecticide cover

sprayed

Citrus leaf miner

2.5 21.3

Citrus psylla 0 8.1

Aphids 8.7 9.8

Mealy bugs 6.5 9.5

Soft scales 8.4 16.4

Thrips 0 12.1

Fruit flies 190 2298

Increase the Total protein content in Protein bait

Comparison of the incidence of fruit flies and other major insect pests in citrus orchard treated with protein

bait and non-parrafinic oil compared with insecticide cover sprays. My Luong village, Tien

Giang province, 2008.

SOFRI, 2004

Vapor Heat Treatment: 46.5oC, 20 min, 2 m/second.

Dragon Fruit, Mango, Mansgoteen

Dr. Viyaj and Cambodian delegate came to Vietnam for expanding use of Protein bait to Cambodia

Training of trainers, PPPD staff and farmers

Training Workshop No. 1: Morphology, Taxonomy and Management of Fruit Flies, 3-7 June 2002, SOFRI, Long Dinh, Vietnam: 27 participants from different institutions and again 66 staff from provinces have been trained

Farmers training

Year Number of course No Participants

2006 -2007 33 495

2008 – 2009 87 2541

Farmers Field school

Mekong Delta Horticultural Clinic, SOFRI

Leaflet for Fruit Fly control on Plant Clinic activities

Conventional insecticide spray

Protein bait spray

2 SPRAYING METHODs COMPERISON

The training combined with the demonstration of the Protein Bait use

EXTENSION MATERIALS FOR FRUIT FLY CONTROL

- Protocol for Protein bait use

- Protein bait product

- Bags (Plastic, water resistant paper, paper)

- Leaflets, VCD on FF management

- Mineral oil

Proposed Future plans for Fruit fly IPM programme (4-5 years program)

1. Production of Protein bait- At the present, we can product maximum

50.000 litters of protein bait per year, however this amount is not sufficient to use in the area of fruit and fruiting vegetable crops.

- We plan to increase the protein bait volume upto 75.000 litters per year, so 2 tanks of 1.000 litters need to be invested for this purpose (increase 25.000 litters).

Proposed Future plans for Fruit fly IPM programme (cont.)

2. Study to improve the protein bait product.- For longer last on field conditions, the study need to

be conducted to improve the solid status of the protein when apply on fruit and vegetable leaves.

- In our study, the Tyrosine amino acid seems to be very attractive to fruit fly and stimulate the activities of both male and female flies. So the protein contain more tyrosine need to be study to improve protein bait product.

Proposed Future plans for Fruit fly IPM programme (cont.)

3. IPM programme on Fruit and Vegetable in the South, Vietnam

The IPM with the use of different control measures must be used in the South of Viet Nam (at least 10 provinces: Longan, Tiengiang, Bentre, Vinhlong, Dongthap, Cantho, Haugiang, Soctrang, Travinh and Hochiminh city).

Protein bait

and Oil

Protein bait and

conventional culture

Protein bait and

conventional culture

Protein bait and

conventional culture

Protein bait

and Oil

Protein bait

and oil

1 km

Commune A Commune B Commune C

Proposed Future plans for Fruit fly IPM programme (cont.)

4. Training for use of Protein baits and IPM programme

- TOT: Training for at least 3 staff from each province (30 participant from 10 provinces)

- Farmers training:

- Farmers training model

Sub Plant Protection Department

Determination of fruit fly progeny in each province

Role of the exporter/businessmen

Flowering time predict Large scale application

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

Cleaning of the orchards

SOFRI, SPPC

Plant Protection Deparment

Training

Associations

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!