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Passive voice
The reward of a thing well done is to have done
it. Ralph Waldo Emerson
The reward of a thing well done is to have done
it. Ralph Waldo Emerson
Se forma con el verbo “to be” + Past Participle
Usos:
Cuando el que realiza la acción (AGENTE) es desconocido, o poco importante. My house was painted
Para destacar la acción, o el objeto, mas que la persona que lo hizo (+ impersonal) The room must be cleaned
+ Se forma con el verbo “to be” + el participio ( -ed / 3ª c) del verbo principal
An astronaut was sent into space
- Hay que añadir “not” (n´t) al “to be”. Si la frase lleva un modal, un verbo
en futuro simple o un tiempo compuesto, lo que negamos es el modal,
will o have / has.
An astronaut wasn´t sent into space
? El orden es to be + el sujeto + el participio. Si es un modal, un verbo
en futuro simple o un tiempo compuesto, la pasiva empieza con el modal
o el auxiliar, igual que en la activa.
Was an astronaut sent into space?
TRANSFORMACIÓN ACTIVA - PASIVA
Reality shows dominate TV
1. Identificar el objeto de la activa (OD/OI)
2. Lo ponemos de sujeto de la pasiva
3. Identificamos el tiempo del verbo.
4. Ponemos “to be” en el mismo tiempo + Participio del verbo
(am-is-are) is
5. Ponemos el sujeto de la activa como agente de la pasiva precedido por “by”
TV
(dominate - Present Simple)
(3ª col. /-ed)
is dominated by reality shows
TRUCOS
• Al pasar una frase afirmativa cuenta el número de palabras que tiene el verbo en activa .En pasiva tiene que tener una más.
• Al poner en pasiva una frase interrogativa debes empezar por el primer auxiliar.
• Si la pasiva es negativa “not” va con el primer auxiliar.
TRANSFORMACIÓN ACTIVA-PASIVA
Reality shows dominate TV Sujeto verbo C D
TV is dominated by reality showsSujeto verbo pasivo agente(by)
CAMBIOS EN LOS TIEMPOS VERBALES
• I write letters
• I wrote letters
• I will write letters
• I am going to write letters
• I am writing letters
• I was writing letters
Letters are written
Letters were written
Letters will be written
Letters are going to be written
Letters are being written
Letters were being written
1. The squatters were arrested last week2. We will buy her a present tomorrow3. Techno music is often heard on Turkish radio4. Tommy was being interviewed by a reporter5. Portuguese is spoken in Brazil6. You will be paid more than other employees
1. Passive2. Active3. Passive4. Passive5. Passive6. Passive
Which sentences are active? Which sentences are passive?
Brian 1. was feeling /was being felt very nervous as he
waited in the secretary’s office. He 2. interview/was
going to be interviewed for a new job and the
secretary was told / had told him to wait until Mr Grace
was ready to see him. Brian really 3. needed /was
really needed this job and he hoped he would get it.
Finally, he 4. invited/was invited into Mr Grace’s
office. He 5. was asked /asked many questions by Mr
Grace and he 6. answered/ was answered all of
them very well
Brian 1. …………… (tell) about the job requirements. “You
2. ……………… (expect) to work from nine until five every
day. You 3. ……………. (give) a lunch break of half an hour,”
Mr Grace told him. “If you are late, money 4. ……
(deduct) from your salary”, he 5 .……………….. (continue). It
6. ………….. (take) Brian a few seconds to realise that the job
was his.
was told
are expected
are given
will be deducted
continued
took
Use the passive or active
1. The winner will award / will be awarded a gold medal.
2. Too much red meat is thought / thought to be unhealthy.
3. When we arrived, the police were taking away / were being taken away the cars.
4. America discovered / was discovered by Columbus in 1492.
5. Everyone knows that water boils / is boiled at 100 degrees Celsius.
6. This afternoon, Tim’s dog is checking / is being checked by the vet.
Choose the correct answer.
• The money was taken from my pocket yesterday
• The letters will be written tomorrow
• This song was voted number one by the listeners
• The interior of the old building had been improved by the designer
• The competition is always won by our school’s football team
• Somebody took the money from my pocket yesterday
• I will write the letters tomorrow
• The listeners voted this song number one
• The designer had improved the interior of the old building
• Our school’s football team always wins the competitions
1. When will we know the result of the competition?
It ……………………………… (announce) next week.
2. Why is the shoe shop on High Street closed?
It ……………………………… (repaint).
3. How did the film end?
The bad guy …………………………… (kill).
4. Why is Patty so excited?
She ……………………………… (offer) a big part in the play.
Complete the dialogues with the verbs in brackets. Use the passive.
will be announced
is being repainted
was killed
has been offered
1. in China rice / eat / with chopsticks / .
2. the school football team / not beat / this season / .
3. the test / give / to the Year 11 students / at this moment / .
4. your house / break into / last week / ?
5. next week / everything in the shop / sell / at half price / .
Write sentences with the words below. Use the passive.
In China, rice is eaten with chopsticks.
The school football team hasn’t been beaten this season.
The test is being given to the Year 11 students at this moment.
Was your house broken into last week?
Next week, everything in the shop will be sold / /is being sold at half price.
1. Every winter, the children in Alaska ……………………………… (build) snowmen.
2. Details of the fire ……………………………… (publish) in tomorrow’s papers.
3. When I was five, I ……………………………… (give) a puppy for my birthday.
4. The meal will soon be ready. It ……………………………… (prepare) now.
5. Robby is upset because he ………………………… (not receive) an e-mail from Kate yet.
6. When ……………… the time of the next meeting ……………………… (announce)?
Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the active or passive form.
build
will be published
was given
is being prepared
hasn’t received
be announcedwill
1. Mistakes are made when people are careless.
Careless people ……………………………… mistakes.
2. Nobody has seen Jim since last week.
Jim ……………………………… since last week.
3. Women are wearing their skirts longer this year.
Skirts ……………………………… longer this year.
4. The scene was being filmed in the village square.
They ……………………………… the scene in the village square.
5. Technicians will use new technology to create the special effects.
New technology ……………………………… to create the special effects.
6.What did the thieves steal from the museum?
What ……………………………… from the museum?
Complete each sentence according to the meaning of the original sentences.
make
hasn’t been seen
are being worn
were filming
will be used
was stolen
1. They’ll sell all the tickets before we get there.
All the tickets
2. The decorations were being taken down when we arrived.
When we arrived, he
3. The country is electing a new government.
A new government
4. You make this cake with butter and a lot of eggs.
This cake
5. Look! They’ve replaced the old lights.
Look! The old lights
Complete each sentence according to the meaning of the original sentences
will be sold before we get there
was taking down the decorations
is being elected (by the country)
is made with butter and a lot of eggs
have been replaced
Filmstars’ lifestyles affect their children. One example is that when films
(1) …………………………. (make), filmstars often move to different locations. Their
children (2) ………………… (send) to new schools and have to make new friends. When
Meryl Streep’s son Henry (3) ……………………… (enrol) in yet another school, he
complained bitterly. Meryl realised her children (4) …………………………… (affect) by
the constant moves. As a result, she kept the family in one place for the next 20
years. Another example is unwanted publicity. If a filmstar (5) …………………… (catch)
by the paparazzi doing something stupid or embarrassing, you can be sure it will
appear on TV and (6) ……….. almost certainly …………… (see) by the star’s children.
On several occasions, the media (7) ……………………………… (attack) for not being
more sensitive to the children of celebrities.
Complete the passage with the verbs in brackets. Use the passive.
are being made
are sent
was enrolledwere being affected
is caught
will be seen
has / have been attacked
1. More than 400 guests have invited / have been invited to the wedding.
2 Newspapers can buy / can be bought at the bookshop.
3. Steven Spielberg will direct / will be directed the film.
4. Computer graphics used / are used in many animated films.
5. We were disappointed that we didn’t invite / weren’t invited to the party.
6. The eclipse expected / is expected to begin at midnight.
7. Who designed / was designed the costumes for Pride and Prejudice?
Choose the correct answer.
Some verbs can have two objects
For example, give, ask, offer, pay, show, teach, tell
We gave the police the information Or We gave the information to the police
object 1 object 2
So, it is possible to make two passive sentences:
The police were given the information The information was given to the police
When we use these verbs in the passive, most often we begin with the person:
•I was offered the job but I refused it
•You will be given plenty of time to decide
•The men were paid £ 200 to do the work.
1. how much / money / steal / in yesterday’s robbery
2. where / the best ice cream / in the world / make
3. the game / cancel / if it rains tomorrow .
Write questions with the words below. Use the passive
How much money was stolen in yesterday’s robbery?
Where is the best ice cream in the world made?
Will the game be cancelled if it rains tomorrow?
1. No one is using that room at the moment.
2.John ought to sell his paintings to the museum.
3.They are going to build a bridge here.
4.My favourite musician wrote that song.
5.Dan won’t return the book to the library.
6.Sharon hasn’t given the news to Paul.
7.By 10 o’clock, the mechanic had repaired the
car.
Rewrite the sentences in the correct passive form.
That room is not being used at the moment. / At the moment, that room is not being used
John’s paintings ought to be sold to the museum.
A bridge is going to be built here.
That song was written by my favourite musician.
The book won’t be returned (by Dan) to the library. / The book won’t be returned to the library (by Dan).
The news hasn’t been given to Paul (by Sharon).
The car had been repaired by 10 o’clock (by the mechanic).
1. Tim is going to be punished by his mum.
2.Some of the stories were written by a famous author.
3.The dog must be walked after dinner.
4.Paul hasn’t been examined by the doctor yet.
Rewrite the sentences in the correct active form.
Tim’s mum is going to punish him.
A famous author wrote some of the stories.
You / Someone must walk the dog after dinner. /
After dinner, you / someone must walk the dog.
The doctor hasn’t examined Paul yet.
Thanks to an online bookshop called Better World Books, thousands of
people (1) ……………………… (give) the chance to help the world while
enjoying a good read. Better World Books is a business whose profits
(2) ……………………… (use) to help society. When the company first
(3) ……………………… (begin), the founders (4) ………………(have) the idea
of selling second-hand books online. They decided that the money from the
book sales (5) ……………………… (donate) to reading programmes all
over the world. More than ten million books (6) ……………………… (collect),
and more than $4 million (7) ……………………… (raise) for programmes like
Books for Africa and the Prison Book Programme. Some of the books on the
Better World site (8) ……………………… (receive) from libraries that have
too many copies of the same book. Some books (9) ………………………
(give) to Better World Books by retail bookshops that don’t want to cause
pollution by throwing away unwanted books. The end result is the same: if
you buy a book from Better World Books, your money
(10) ……………………… (make) a difference in the world.
Complete the passage with the verbs in brackets. Use the correct active or passive form. There may be more than one possible answer.
have been given / are being given are used /
are being usedbegan
had
would be donated / was going to be donated
have been collected
has been raised
have been received / were received / are received
were given / are given / have been given
will make
Passive perfect
1. The laws have forced teenagers into illegal employment
2. Teenagers have been forced into illegal employment
3. These laws had barred many young people from school
4. Many young people had been barred from school
Which tense are they?
1
2
4
3
Present perfect
Present perfect passive
Past perfect
Past perfect passive
Which are active and which are passive?
A
P
A
P
1. The laws have forced teenagers into illegal employment
2. Teenagers have been forced into illegal employment
3. These laws had barred many young people from school
4. Many young people had been barred from school
1. What is the difference between active and passive forms
In the passive “been” has been added
When is the active used?
When the subject is important
When is the passive used?
When the subject is unknown or unimportant
Passive perfect - JokeA man was visiting a friend at a hospital
You have been missed at the factory you know
That’s so nice
Yes. Yesterday the boss came up to me and said, “What’s happened to
uhmmm… what-his name?
The body of a man was found in a house yesterday. The body had
been chopped up into a thousand pieces and placed in a large plastic bag. Police have not
ruled out suicide
A man went to the doctor. He wanted a new brain.
Well, we have two types: a
women’s brain that costs 1000 € and a man’s brain that costs 12000
€Does that mean that the man’s brain is better?
No, absolutely not. But the man’s brain
………………………….(never/ used)has never been used
Write present perfect simple or past perfect simple
1. Mr Smith ……………………… (employ) as a teacher before
he became a headmaster
2. Andrew ……………….……… (bar) from school. I hope he won’t
get into trouble
3. Sue ……………..………….. (work) part-time before becoming a full-
time employee
4. Mary …………..…………… (choose) for the new job
5. A new Olympic record …….……………. ( just set)
had been employed
has been barred
had worked
has been chosen
has just been set
1. Her employer had paid her the minimum
1. She…………………………………….2. Mr Jones offered Mike a new job
1. Mike…………………………….3. We have based the article on a report
1. The article………………..4. Many people are employed in the car
1. The car industry…………….5. The report will be published in an
important journal1. They ……………………….
6. The children have been forced into illegal employment
1. The laws……………………….7. The students’ results were being
studied by the headmaster1. The headmaster………………………….
1. She had been paid the minimum
2. Mike was offered a new job by Mr Jones
3. The article has been based on a report
4. The car industry employs many people
5. The will publish the report in an important journal
6. The laws have forced the children into illegal employment
7. The headmaster was studying the students’ results
It is said that…He is said to…
(be) supposed to…
Henry is very old. Nobody knows how old he is, but:
It is said that he is 108 years old.
Or.. He is said to be 108 years old
Both these sentences mean: “ People say that he is 108 years old
You can use these structures with a number of other verbs, especially:
Thought believed considered reported known expected alleged understood
The police are looking for a missing boyIt is believed that the boy is wearing a white T-shirt and blue jeansThe boy is believed to be wearing a white T-shirt and blue jeansA friend of mine has been arrestedIt is alleged that he kicked a policemanHe is alleged to have kicked a policeman
These structures are often used in news reports
(be) supposed to…
Sometimes it is supposed to… = it is said to…
Let´s go and see the film. It´s supposed to be very good (=it is said to be very good)Why was he arrested? He´s supposed to have kicked a policeman (=he is said to have kicked a policeman)
But sometimes supposed to has a different meaning. “Something is supposed to happen”=It is planned, arranged or expected. Often this is different from what really happens:
I´d better hurry. It´s nearly 8 o´clock and I´m supposed to be meeting Ann at 8.15 (=I have arranged to meet Ann, I said I would meet her)The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late.
You´re not supposed to do something = it is not allowed or advisable for you to do it
You´re not supposed to park your car here. It´s private parking only
Bathroom
Fence
Roof
Central heating
Grass
Front door
Repair
Modernise
Put in
Re-tile (tejar- revestir de tejas)
Cut
repair
The bathroom has been modernised
The fence has been repaired
The grass has been cut
The central heating has been modernised
The roof has been re-tiled
The front door has been put in
Have /get something done
Peter Has his HAIR CUT EVERY MONTH
TOM HAD THE ROOF REPAIRED
YESTERDAY
GRAMMATICAL PRESENTATION
1. Who cuts the hair ?
2. Who orders the action?
3. Who receives the action
Rule / MeaningRule / Meaning
• We use this structure to express actions that we ask other people to do for us
• Utilizamos esta estructura para expresar acciones que le pedimos otra gente que haga por nosotros
• i.e.• Peter had the house painted last summer
– Who painted the house?– How would you translate this sentence?– Who receives the action of the verb?
Rule / FormRule / Form
• Have + object + past participle
– The government had the report published
• Get + object+ past participle
– The government got the report published
“Have” y “get” se usan indistintamente, aunque “get” es mas informal.
Esta estructura “ have/get + complemento directo + participio pasado “ se puede utilizar con la mayoría de los tiempos verbales.
Ann had her computer repaired last week. The band will have their instruments repaired soon. I have had my hair cut
La estructura tiene un sentido pasivo, pues el complemento directo que va en medio (object) recibe la acción del verbo que va en participio. Aunque se suele traducir en voz activa.
My watch broke, so I had it repaired yesterday ( Se me estropeó el reloj, así que me lo arreglaron ayer)
1. I hear something! I think we ……………………………… (follow).
2.You’ll have to walk to school.
Alan ……………… his car ……………… (repair) and can’t drive you.
3. Rose can’t find her car. She thinks it ………………………… (steal).
Complete the sentences with the correct passive or causative form of the verbs in brackets.
are being followed
is having / getting repaired
has been stolen
1. We didn’t design our sitting room. We ……………… it ………………
.
2.Bill doesn’t prepare his own meals. He ……………… his meals
………………
by his mother.
3.I won’t repair the roof myself. I ……………… the roof ……………
…… by
a builder.
4.Frank isn’t taking the photographs. He ……………… the photos
………………
by a professional.
Complete the sentences using a causative form.
had / got designed
has / gets prepared
will have / will get
repaired
is having / is getting taken
1. Since I was a child, I ……………… my teeth ……………… every six months.
2. Look! The neighbours ……………… their front door …… ………… red.
3.A year after she wrote the book, she ……………… it …………… … into
French.
4. Jim never buys suits. He ……………… them …… ………… for him.
5.Next time we go abroad, we ……………… our trip ……………… by a travel
agent.
Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the causative.
arrange • paint • check • make • translate
have had / have got checked
are having paintedhave had
had / got translated
has / gets made
will have / will get arranged
1. You need to fix this lamp.
You should
2.She asked the maid to clean her room.
She
3.We’ll tell the technician to check the computer.
We
4.They are adding a room on to Janet’s house.
Janet
Rewrite the sentences. Use the causative form.
You should have / get this lamp fixed.
She had / got the room cleaned by the maid.
We’ll have / get the computer checked by the technician.
Janet is having / getting a room added on to her house.
