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PASSIVE VERB FORMS. ACTIVE v. PASSIVE. If the verb is ACTIVE , the subject performs the action – e.g dominus servum pulsat If the verb is PASSIVE , the subject is on the receiving need of action by somebody or somebody else – e.g servus ā dominō puls ā tur - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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PASSIVE VERB FORMS
ACTIVE v. PASSIVE• If the verb is ACTIVE, the subject performs the action – e.g
dominus servum pulsat
• If the verb is PASSIVE, the subject is on the receiving need of action by somebody or somebody else – e.g servus ā dominō pulsātur
• English makes passive verbs by using past participle plus is/are/am/was/were etc. – e.g The slave is hit by Caecilius.
• Latin uses a method rather like English in the perfect tenses but for the present, imperfect and future it uses a special element (r) and combines this in different ways with the active verb endings.
BASIC ENDINGS• In tenses formed from the present stem (viz. present tense
itself, future and imperfect), the passive endings are formed by a combination of the suffix -r with the active endings, except for the 2nd person plural ending which is taken from an obsolete passive present participle:
ACTIVE PASSIVE– ō/m - or/r– s - ris– t - tur– mus - mur– tis - minī– nt - ntur
• A short i in the 2nd. Person singular changes to e in front of ris
• In the present tense of the 1st., 2nd. and 4th. conjugations, the imperfect of all conjugations and the future of 3rd and 4th conjugation verbs, the short vowel before –t in the 3rd. person sing becomes long (e.g. amat > amātur, capiēbat > capiēbātur, reget > regētur ). This is because the original long vowel in the base of the form is shortened before a final -t but not before a non-final –t-
Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )
amor
Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )
amoramāris
Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )
amoramārisamātur
Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )
amoramārisamāturamāmur
Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )
amoramārisamāturamāmuramāminī
Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )
amoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamantur
Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in
ērī)moneor
Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in
ērī)moneormonēris
Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in
ērī)moneormonēris
monētur
Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in
ērī)moneormonēris
monētur
monēmur
Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in
ērī)moneormonēris
monētur
monēmur
monēminī
Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in
ērī)moneormonēris
monētur
monēmur
monēminīmonentur
Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regor
Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regorregeris
Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regorregerisregitur
Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regorregerisregiturregimur
Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regorregerisregiturregimurregiminī
Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regorregerisregiturregimurregiminīreguntur
Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)
audior
Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)
audioraudīris
Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)
audioraudīris
audīt ur
Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)
audioraudīris
audīt uraudīmur
Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)
audioraudīris
audīt uraudīmuraudīminī
Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)
audioraudīris
audīt uraudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur
Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive
in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)capior
Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive
in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)capiorcaperis
Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive
in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)capiorcaperiscapitur
Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive
in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)capiorcaperiscapiturcapimur
Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive
in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)capiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminī
Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive
in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)capiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminī
capiuntur
Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amābar
Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amābaramābāris
Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amābaramābārisamābātur
Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amābaramābārisamābāturamābāmur
Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amābaramābārisamābāturamābāmuramābāminī
Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amābaramābārisamābāturamābāmuramābāminīamābantur
Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbar
Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbarmonēbāris
Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbarmonēbārismonēbātur
Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbarmonēbārismonēbāturmonēbāmur
Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbarmonēbārismonēbāturmonēbāmurmonēbāminī
Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbarmonēbārismonēbāturmonēbāmurmonēbāminīmonēbantur
Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regēbar
Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regēbarregēbāris
Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regēbarregēbārisregēbātur
Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regēbarregēbārisregēbāturregēbāmur
Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regēbarregēbārisregēbāturregēbāmurregēbāmini
Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regēbarregēbārisregēbāturregēbāmurregēbāminīregēbantur
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
īre (passive in –īrī)audiēbar
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
īre (passive in –īrī)audiēbaraudiēbāris
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
īre (passive in –īrī)audiēbaraudiēbārisaudiēbātur
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
īre (passive in –īrī)audiēbaraudiēbārisaudiēbāturaudiēbāmur
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
īre (passive in –īrī)audiēbaraudiēbārisaudiēbāturaudiēbāmuraudiēbāminī
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
īre (passive in –īrī)audiēbaraudiēbārisaudiēbāturaudiēbāmuraudiēbāminīaudiēbantur
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
ere (passive in –ī)capiēbar
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
ere (passive in –ī)capiēbarcapiēbāris
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
ere (passive in –ī)capiēbarcapiēbāriscapiēbātur
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
ere (passive in –ī)capiēbarcapiēbāriscapiēbāturcapiēbāmur
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
ere (passive in –ī)capiēbarcapiēbāriscapiēbāturcapiēbāmurcapiēbāminī
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
ere (passive in –ī)capiēbarcapiēbāriscapiēbāturcapiēbāmurcapiēbāminicapiēbantur
Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amābor
Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amāboramāberis
Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amāboramāberisamābitur
Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amāboramāberisamābituramābimur
Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amāboramāberisamābituramābimuramābiminī
Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amāboramāberisamābituramābimuramābiminīamābuntur
Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbor
Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbormonēberis
Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbormonēberismonēbitur
Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbormonēberismonēbiturmonēbimur
Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbormonēberismonēbiturmonēbimurmonēbiminī
Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbormonēberismonēbiturmonēbimurmonēbiminīmonēbuntur
Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regar
Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regarregēris
Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regarregērisregētur
Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regarregērisregēturregēmur
Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regarregērisregēturregēmurregēminī
Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regarregērisregēturregēmurregēminīregentur
Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere
(passive in –ī)capiar
Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere
(passive in –ī)capiarcapiēris
Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere
(passive in –ī)capiarcapiēriscapiētur
Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere
(passive in –ī)capiarcapiēriscapiēturcapiēmur
Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere
(passive in –ī)capiarcapiēriscapiēturcapiēmurcapiēminī
Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere
(passive in –ī)capiarcapiēriscapiēturcapiēmurcapiēminīcapientur
Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre
(passive in –īrī)audiar
Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre
(passive in –īrī)audiaraudiēris
Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre
(passive in –īrī)audiaraudiērisaudiētur
Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre
(passive in –īrī)audiaraudiērisaudiēturaudiēmur
Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre
(passive in –īrī)audiaraudiērisaudiēturaudiēmuraudiēminī
Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre
(passive in –īrī)audiaraudiērisaudiēturaudiēmuraudiēminīaudientur
PERFECT TENSE
Formed by using the past participle (the third part of the verb in a dictionary) and the present tense of sum:
sum sumuses estisest sunt
PERFECT PASSIVE of amō
amātus/amāta/amātum sum
PERFECT PASSIVE of amō
amātus/amāta/amātum sumamātus/amāta/amātum es
PERFECT PASSIVE of amō
amātus/amāta/amātum sumamātus/amāta/amātum es amātus/amāta/amātum est
PERFECT PASSIVE of amō
amātus/amāta/amātum sumamātus/amāta/amātum es amātus/amāta/amātum est
amātī/amātae/amāta sumus
PERFECT PASSIVE of amō
amātus/amāta/amātum sumamātus/amāta/amātum es amātus/amāta/amātum est
amātī/amātae/amāta sumus amātī/amātae/amāta estis
PERFECT PASSIVE of amō
amātus/amāta/amātum sumamātus/amāta/amātum es amātus/amāta/amātum est
amātī/amātae/amāta sumus amātī/amātae/amāta estisamātī/amātae/amāta sunt
PLUPERFECTFormed by using the Imperfect of esse with
the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum eram
PLUPERFECTFormed by using the Imperfect of esse with
the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum eramamātus/amāta/amātum erās
PLUPERFECTFormed by using the Imperfect of esse with
the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum eramamātus/amāta/amātum erās amātus/amāta/amātum erat
PLUPERFECTFormed by using the Imperfect of esse with
the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum eramamātus/amāta/amātum erās amātus/amāta/amātum erat amātī/amātae/amāta erāmus
PLUPERFECTFormed by using the Imperfect of esse with
the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum eramamātus/amāta/amātum erās amātus/amāta/amātum erat amātī/amātae/amāta erāmus amātī/amātae/amāta erātis
PLUPERFECTFormed by using the Imperfect of esse with
the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum eramamātus/amāta/amātum erās amātus/amāta/amātum erat amātī/amātae/amāta erāmus amātī/amātae/amāta erātisamātī/amātae/amāta erant
FUTURE PERFECTFormed by using the future of esse with the
past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum erō
FUTURE PERFECTFormed by using the future of esse with the
past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum erōamātus/amāta/amātum eris
FUTURE PERFECTFormed by using the future of esse with the
past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum erōamātus/amāta/amātum eris amātus/amāta/amātum erit
FUTURE PERFECTFormed by using the future of esse with the
past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum erōamātus/amāta/amātum eris amātus/amāta/amātum erit amātī/amātae/amāta erimus
FUTURE PERFECTFormed by using the future of esse with the
past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum erōamātus/amāta/amātum eris amātus/amāta/amātum erit amātī/amātae/amāta erimus amātī/amātae/amāta eritis
FUTURE PERFECTFormed by using the future of esse with the
past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum erōamātus/amāta/amātum eris amātus/amāta/amātum erit amātī/amātae/amāta erimus amātī/amātae/amāta eritisamātī/amātae/amāta erunt
In these perfect tenses, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject of the verb in the same way that all adjectives do:
mercātor ā barbarīs captus eratThe merchant had been captured by the barbarians
fīliae ā iuvenibus amātae suntThe daughters were loved by the young men
computātrum ā puerīs frāctum estThe computer was broken by the boys.
Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:• Melissa ab omnibus amāt__ est
• Faber ab architectō vituperāt__ erat
• Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēcept__ sunt
• Computātra in multīs tabernīs posit__ erant
Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:• Melissa āb omnibus amāta est
• Faber ab architectō vituperāt__ erat
• Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēcept__ sunt
• Computātra in multīs tabernīs posit__ erant
Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:• Melissa āb omnibus amāta est
• Faber ab architectō vituperātus erat
• Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēcept__ sunt
• Computātra in multīs tabernīs posit__ erant
Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:• Melissa āb omnibus amāta est
• Faber ab architectō vituperātus erat
• Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēceptae sunt
• Computātra in multīs tabernīs posit__ erant
Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:• Melissa āb omnibus amāta est
• Faber ab architectō vituperātus erat
• Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēceptae sunt
• Computātra in multīs tabernīs posita erant
DEPONENT VERBS
• A group of verbs which have passive forms but active meaning
• They therefore have only three principal parts (e.g. loquor, loquī, locūtus sum - speak)
• Their perfect participle, which is active in meaning, is introduced in CLC Stage 22.
DEPONENT VERBS
• These verbs are also sometimes known informally as `cross-dressing verbs’
• So we have….
ORDINARY VERBS IN THE ACTIVE VOICE (amō, amās
etc.)
ORDINARY VERBS IN THE PASSIVE VOICE (amor, amāris
etc.)
DEPONENT OR CROSS-DRESSING VERBS (loquor, loqueris etc.)
Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, ________ne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum ________ sed frāter
melius ________ quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia Graecē __________?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē
Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. Pater et
māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!
Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum ________ sed frāter
melius ________ quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia Graecē __________?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē
Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. Pater et
māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!
Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum loquor sed frāter
melius ________ quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia
Graecē __________?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē
Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. Pater et
māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!
Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum loquor sed frāter
melius loquitur quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia
Graecē __________?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē
Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. Pater et
māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!
Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum loquor sed frāter
melius loquitur quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia
Graecē loquiminī?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē
Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. Pater et
māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!
Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum loquor sed frāter
melius loquitur quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia
Graecē loquiminī?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē
Sīnicē et Germānicē loquimur. Pater et
māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!
Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum loquor sed frāter
melius loquitur quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia
Graecē loquiminī?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē
Sīnicē et Germānicē loquimur. Pater et
māter tamen Graecē optimē loquuntur.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!
DEPONENT PERFECT TENSESFormed in exactly the same was as with
passive verbs. i.e. with the past participle and esse
locūtus sum I (masc.) spokelocūtus erat He (masc) had spoken locūtī erāmus We (masc)had spoken locūtae ērunt They (fem) will have spokenlocūtae erātis You (fem pl) had spokenlocūta es You (fem sg) have spoken
PASSIVE/DEPONENT IMPERATIVE
• Singular is identical to the active infinitive form of the conjugation:– amāre, be loved! habēre, be had!
regere, be ruled! cōnāre, try!• Plural is identical to the indicative 2nd.
Person plural form:– amāminī, habēminī, regiminī,
cōnāminī,
Translate the motto in this self-portrait of 17th century Italian painter Salvator Rosa