Passio Perpetuae et Felicitatis · v Introduction to Passio Perpetuae et Felicitatis The following is a beta edition of an intermediate-level commentary on the Passion of Saint Perpetua

Passio Perpetuae et Felicitatis

Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary

Geoffrey Steadman

This is a beta edition of the commentary that has yet to be proofread. Please return to (geoffreysteadman.com) at a later time to download a

revised version of this book.

I recommend that readers not familiar with Perpetua begin with Section 2 on page 4.

Passio Perpetuae et Felicitatis Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary Beta Edition © 2012 by Geoffrey Steadman All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. The author has made an online version of this work available (via email) under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. The terms of the license can be accessed at creativecommons.org. Accordingly, you are free to copy, alter, and distribute this work freely under the following conditions: (1) You must attribute the work to the author (but not in any way that suggests that the author endorses your alterations to the work). (2) You may not use this work for commercial purposes. (3) If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license as this one. ISBN-13: ISBN-10: Published by Geoffrey Steadman Cover Design: David Steadman Fonts: Times New Roman [email protected]

Table of Contents Pages

Introduction……………………………..…………………………………………..v-vi How to Use This Commentary………………………………………………………vii Running Core Vocabulary List………………………………………………….viii-xii Abbreviations…………………………………………………………….…………..xii Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives………………………………………………...42-43 Verb Synopses…………………………………………….………………….......44-52 Alphabetized Core Vocabulary List………………………………………….......53-57

Passio Perpetua et Felicitatis

Commentary………………………………………………………………………..2-41

v

Introduction to Passio Perpetuae et Felicitatis

The following is a beta edition of an intermediate-level commentary on the Passion of

Saint Perpetua and Saint Felicity. After an initial introduction by an unnamed author,

most of the narrative is a written account in 203 BC by a Christian woman named

Perpetua in Carthage, North Africa, who describes how she and her fellow Christians,

were arrested, questioned, and eventually executed as martyrs in the Roman arena.

The work is believed to be earliest extensive work in Latin literature written by a

woman.

The Latin itself can easily be translated and comprehended by Latin readers who

have just finished their first-year of study. Despite the occasional subjunctive

construction, much of the work is composed of simple and compound sentences with

short participial phrases and relative clauses. This beta edition of th commentary is no

more than a completed draft and will undergo numerous changes before I can

consider it as complete.

I strongly recommend that intermediate-level readers skip the first section and start

with Section 2. with the words "Apprehensī sunt" (pg. 4). The introduction contains

very difficult Latin and is in no way as easy to read as the rest of the narrative.

A fuller introduction will come in a subsequent revision

vi

vii

How to Use this Commentary Research shows that, as we learn how to read in a second language, a combination of reading and direct vocabulary instruction is statistically superior to reading alone. One of the purposes of this book is to encourage active acquisition of vocabulary.

1. Master the core vocabulary list as soon as possible.

Develop a daily regimen for memorizing vocabulary and forms before you begin reading. Start with an intensive review of the running core list on the next page. Although a substantial number of core vocabulary words come within the first few lessons of the commentary, readers have encountered most of these words in first-year Latin and should be able to master the list quickly. Once readers have reviewed these words, I recommend that they consult and memorize slightly less frequent words in Fabulae Faciles as they encounter them.

2. Read actively.

Read in Latin word order. Initially, readers have a tendency both (a) to scan through the entire Latin sentence quickly to order to attain a sense of the constructions and (b) to treat the sentence as a puzzle and jump around the passage from subject to verb to object and so on. As you acquire more vocabulary and your comfort with the Latin increases, make reading in Latin word order your primary method. It is a lot of fun and with persistence very satisfying as well. Develop the habit of making educated guesses as you read. The purpose of the graded reader to provide you with an opportunity to encounter difficult constructions, particularly subjunctive clauses and indirect discourse, so frequently that you cannot help but to develop proficiency identifying and translating them. Make educated guests as you read. If you guess correctly, the commentary will reaffirm your knowledge of the Latin. If you answer incorrectly, you will become more aware of your weaknesses and therefore more capable of correcting them.

3. Reread a passage immediately after you have completed it.

Repeated readings not only help you commit Latin to memory but also increase your ability to read the Latin as Latin. Always read the words out loud (or at least whisper them to yourself). While you may be inclined to translate the text into English as you reread, develop the habit of reading Latin as Latin.

4. Reread the most recent passage immediately before you begin a new one.

This additional repetition will strengthen your ability to recognize vocabulary, forms, and syntax quickly, bolster your confidence, and most importantly provide you with much-needed context as you begin the next selection in the text.

viii

Running Core Vocabulary (Words 4 or More Times)

The following five pages include all words that occur four or more times in the work in a running core vocabulary list. Most of these words (5 or more times) are not found within the vocabulary lists within the commentary. The number in the left column is the page number where the core word first occurs. The number in the right column indicates the number of occurrences. For a single alphabetized list of these core words, consult the glossary. Page 02 ā, ab: (away) from, 18 02 ad: to, toward; near, at 47 02 carō, carnis f.: flesh, meat, 6 02 cēterī, -ae, -a: the remaining, rest, others, 10 02 crēdō, -ere, -didī, -ditum: believe, trust, 6 02 cum: with (+ abl.); when, since, although, 40 02 dē: (down) from; about, concerning, 31 02 Deus, -ī m.: God, 13 02 dīcō, -ere, dīxī, dictus: say, speak, tell, call, name, 37 02 diēs, -ēī m./f.: day, time, season, 20 02 dominus, -ī m.: master, lord, 9 02 enim: for, indeed, in truth, 7 02 et: and, also, even, 316 02 fīdēs, eī f.: faith, belief, 5 02 fīlia, -iae f.: daughter, 5 02 fīlius, -iī m.: son; child, 6 02 glōria, -ae, f.: glory, fame, 7 02 grātia, -ae f.: grace; favor; gratitude, 8 02 hic, haec, hoc: this, these, 32 02 homō, -inis m./f.: man, mortal, human, 7 02 īdem, eadem, idem: the same, 8 02 in: in, on (abl.), into, to (acc.) 86 02 ita: so, thus, 8 02 itaque: and so, 7 02 martyr, martyris m./f.: witness, martyr, 9 02 meus, -a, -um: my, mine, 22 02 mittō, -ere, mīsī, missus: send, hurl, dismiss 9 02 nē: lest, that not, no, not, 14 02 nōn: not, by no means, not at all, 37 02 novus, -a, -um: new, fresh, young, recent, last, 6 02 omnis, omne: every, all, 13 02 post: after, behind (+ acc.); afterward, next, 9 02 prō: before, for, in behalf of (abl.), 14 02 propter: on account of, because of, 4 02 quāsī: as it were, so to speak, as if, 19 02 que: and, 7 02 quī, quae, quod (quis? quid?): who, which, that, 65

Running Core Vocabulary ix

02 quia: because, 10 02 reprōmittō, -ere, -mīsī: promise in return, 3 02 rēs, reī, f.: thing, matter, affair, business, 71 02 saeculum, -ī n.: generation, lifetime; fashion 7 02 sanctus, -a, -um: sacred, holy, 7 02 secundus, -a, -um: following, favorable, 4 02 sed: but, moreover, however, 17 02 senex, senis m.: old, old man, 5 02 sī: if (only), whether, in case that, 14 02 sīc: thus, in this way, 7 02 spatium, -iī n.: space, room, extent, 4 02 Spiritus, -ūs m.: hope, expectation, 10 02 sum, esse, fuī, futūrum: to be, 113 02 super: above, 4 02 suus, -a, -um: his, her, its, their own, 19 02 tantus, -a, -um: so great, so large, 8 02 ūnus, -a, -um: one, 8 02 ut: as, just as, when (+ ind.); (so) that, in order that, 33 02 vetus, veteris: old, experienced, 4 02 virtūs, -ūtis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 4 02 vīsio, -ōnis f.: vision, apparition, conception, 5

04 adhuc: still, 5 04 alius, -a, -ud: other, another, else, 9 04 apprehendō, -ere, ndī, -nsum: seize, arrest, 4 04 audiō, -īre, -īvī, audītum: to hear, listen to, 6 04 autem: however, moreover, 13 04 catechūmenus, -ī, m.: converted (not baptism) 4 04 Christus, -a, -um: Christ, Annointed One, 5 04 cognōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum: learn, come to know, perf. know, 4 04 conscribō, -ere, -scripsī, -scriptum: enlist, register, 4 04 cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītum: desire, long for, 4 04 dēiciō, -ere, -iēcī: drive out, cast down, 4 04 ego, mihi, mē, mē: I, 72 04 Fēlicitās, -tātis f.: Felicity, 5 04 frāter, -tris m.: brother, 12 04 habeō, -ēre, habuī, -itus: have, hold; consider, 14 04 iam: now, already, soon, 12 04 Iēsū: Jesus, 4 04 ille, illa, illud: that, those, 48 04 infāns, infantis n.: infant, baby, 11 04 inquam: to say, speak, 10 04 inter: between, among (+ acc.), 8 04 ipse, ipsa, ipsum: -self; the very, 21 04 is, ea, id: this, that; he, she, it, 40 04 manus, manūs, f.: hand; group, 9 04 martyr, martyris m./f.: witness, martyr, 10

Running Core Vocabulary x

04 nisi: if not, unless, except, 6 04 nōs, nōbīs, nōs, nōbīs: we, 20 04 noster, nostra, nostrum: our, 11 04 pater, patris, m.: father, 18 04 per: through, across (acc) 9 04 Perpetua, -ae f.: Perpetua 15 04 possum, posse, potuī: be able, can, avail, 6 04 relinquō, -ere, -līquī, -lictum: leave behind, 4 04 Saturnīnus, -ī m.: Saturninus, 4 04 Saturus, -ī m.: Saturus, 10 04 utī: as, just as, when (+ ind.); (so) that, in order that, 5 04 verbum, -ī n.: word, speech, 5 04 videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum: to see, 25 04 vōcō (1): call, name, address, summon, 4 04 vōs, vōbīs, vōs, vōbīs: you, 8

06 aqua, -ae f.: water, 6 06 beneficium, -ī n.: favor, benefit, kindness, 4 06 carcer, carceris, m.: prison, 15 06 exeō, -īre, -iī (īvī), -itus: go out, 9 06 faciō, -ere, fēcī, factum: do, make, perform; grant, 13 06 ibi: there, in that place, 5 06 ideō: therefore, to that extent, 4 06 locus, -ī m.: place, region, location, 11 06 medius -a –um: in the middle of, 5 06 multus, -a, -um: much, many, 7 06 patior, -ī, passus: suffer, endure; allow, 8 06 paucī, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 7 06 petō, petere, petīvī, petītum: seek, aim at, 6 06 quia: because, 10 06 refrigerō (1): to cool, cool off; refresh, 7 06 sē: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 15 06 Spiritus, -ūs m.: (Holy) Spirit; breath, 10 06 statim: immediately, at once, 7 06 talis, -e: such, of such a kind, 5 06 tunc: then, at that time, 15

08 ascendō, -ere, -ī, -ēnsus: ascend, mount 10 08 aut: or (aut...aut – either…or), 4 08 caput, -itis, n.: head; leader; beginning; life, 7 08 Dominus, -ī m.: Lord, Master, 4 08 gladius, -ī m.: sword, 5 08 ostendō, -ere, -ī, ntus: show, promise, 4 08 passio, -iōnis f.: passion, suffering, 6 08 perveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum: arrive, 5 08 postulō (1): demand, claim, request, ask, 5 08 prior, prius: earlier, before, 6

Running Core Vocabulary xi

08 scala, -ae f.: ladder; flight of stairs, 5 08 sciō, -īre, -īvī (iī), -ītus: know (how), 4 08 tū, tibi, tē, tē: you 21 08 usque: all the way to, up to, continuously, 6

10 accipiō, -ere, accēpī: to receive, accept, 6 10 aspiciō, -ere, -spēxī, -spectum: look on, look at, 5 10 calcō (1): trample, tread, step on; trip upon, 5 10 canus, -a, -um: white, gray; pl. gray hair, 4 10 caput, -itis, n.: head; leader; beginning; life, 7 10 coepī, coepisse, coeptum: to begin, 16 10 dō, dare, dedī, datum: give; grant, 4 10 expergiscor, -ī, experrectus sum: wake up, 5 10 immensus, -a, -um: huge, vast, immense, 4 10 intellegō, -ere, -lēxī, -lēctum: realize, understand, 4 10 tuus, -a, -um: your, yours, 7 10 universus, -a, -um: entire, whole, 6 10 veniō, -īre, vēnī, ventus: come, go, 8

12 aliquid, -cūius: something, anything, 4 12 doleō, -ēre, doluī: to grieve, suffer, 8 12 gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum: enjoy, rejoice, 4 12 Hilāriānus, -ī m.: Hilarianus, 5 12 pēs, pedis m.: foot, 6 12 populus, -ī m.: people, nation, 11 12 volō, velle, voluī: will, wish, be willing, 10

14 bestia, -ae f.: beast, 11 14 Dinōcratēs m.: Dinocrates, 7 14 dolor, -ōris m.: pain, grief, anger, passion, 4 14 faciēs, -ēī, f.: face, expression; for, 8 14 hilaris, -e: cheerful, merry, joyous, 4 14 mamma, -ae f.: breast, 4 14 morior, morī, mortuus sum: to die, 4 14 nōlō, nolle, noluī: to refuse, be unwilling, 4 14 ōrātio, -ionis f.: speech, speaking, 6 14 quōmodo: how, in what way; just as, 4 14 respondeō, -ēre, -dī, -ōnsum: to answer, 4 14 stō, -āre, stetī, statum: to stand, set, 8 14 ubi: where, when, 7

16 accēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessus: approach, 6 16 invicem: in turn, one after another, 6 16 mūnus, -eris n.: spectacle, show; duty, gift, 7 16 pugnō (1): to fight, 6 16 sine: without (abl.), 4 16 tamen: however, nevertheless, 4

18 eō, īre, īvī, itum: to go, come, 13

Running Core Vocabulary xii

18 margo, marginis, m./f.: border, edge, 4

20 Aegyptius, -ī m.: Egyptian, 4 20 ē, ex: out from, from, out of (+ abl.), 5 20 quīdam, quaedam, quiddam: certain, a certain, 5

22 angelus, -ī m.: messenger, message, angel, 9 22 porta, -ae f.; door, gate, 5 22 quattuor: four, 7

24 ante: before, in front of (acc); adv. before, 5 24 introeō, -īre, -īvī, itum: to enter, 5 24 modus, -ī m.: way, manner; adv. modo only 6

28 sanguis, sanguinis m.: blood, 5 28 socius, -ī m.: comrade, ally, companion, 9 28 sōlus, -a, -um: alone, only, lone, sole, 10

30 utique: in any case, at any rate, at least, 4

32 gaudeō, -ēre, gāvīsus sum: enjoy, rejoice, 4 32 prīdiē: on the day before, the previous day, 3 32 salvus, -a, -um: saved; sound, unharmed, 4

34 leopardus, -ī m.: leopard, 4 34 ursus, -ī m.: bear, 4

Abbreviations

abs. absolute acc. accusative act. active adj. adjective adv. adverb app. appositive comp. comparative dat. dative dep. deponent d.o. direct object f. feminine fut. future gen. genitive imp. imperative

impf. imperfect imper. impersonal indic. indicative i.o. indirect object ind. indirect inf. infinitive inter. interrogative m. masculine n. neuter nom. nominative obj. object pple. participle pass passive pf. perfect

pl. plural plpf. pluperfect pred. predicate prep. preposition pres. present pron. pronoun quest. question reflex. reflexive rel. relative seq. sequence sg. singular subj. subject superl. superlative voc. vocative

“To make the ancients speak, we must feed them with our own blood.”

-von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

Passio Perpetuae et Felicitatis 2

I. Sī vetera fīdeī exempla et Deī grātiam testificantia et aedificātiōnem hominis operantia proptereā in litterīs sunt dīgesta ut lectiōne eōrum quāsī repraesentātiōne rērum et Deus honorētur et homō confortētur, cūr nōn et nova documenta aequē utrīque causae convenientia et dīgerantur? 2. vel quia proinde et haec vetera futūra quandoque sunt et necessāria posterīs, sī in praesentī suō tempore minorī dēpūtantur auctoritātī propter praesumptam venerātiōnem antiquitātis. 3. Sed vīderint quī ūnam virtūtem Spiritūs unīus Sanctī prō aetātibus iudicent temporum, cum maiōra repūtanda sunt novitiōra quaeque ut novissima secundum exuperātionem grātiae in ultima saeculī spatia decrētam. 4. In novissimīs enim diēbus, dīcit Dominus, Effundam dē Spiritū meō super omnem carnem, et prophētābunt fīliī fīliaeque eōrum; et super servōs et ancillās meās de meo Spiritu effundam; et iuvēnēs visiōnēs vidēbunt, et senēs somnia somniābunt. 5. Itaque et nōs quī sīcut prophētiās ita et visiōnēs novās pariter reprōmissās et agnōscimus et honorāmus cēterāsque virtūtēs Spiritūs Sanctī ad instrumentum Ecclēsiae dēputāmus (cui et missus est īdem omnia dōnātīva administrātūrus in omnibus, prout unīcuīque distribuit Dominus) necessāriō et dīgerimus et ad glōriam Deī lectiōne celebrāmus, ut nē qua aut imbēcillitās aut dēspērātiō fīdeī apud veterēs tantum aestimet grātiam dīvīnitātis conversātam, sīve in martyrum sīve in revēlātiōnum dignātiōne, cum semper Deus operētur quae reprōmīsit, nōn crēdentibus in testimōnium, crēdentibus in beneficium.

1 5 10 15 20 25

administrō (1): manage, regulate, direct, 1 aedificātio, -ōnis f.: edification; building, 2 aequus, -a, -um: equal, level; fair, just, 2 aestimō (1): to value, rate, assess, 1 aetās, aetātis f.: age, lifetime, time, 2 agnōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum: recognize, 3 ancilla, -ae f.: slave girl; handmaid, 1 antīquitas, -tātis f.: antiquity, former times, 1 apud: among, at the house of (acc.), 1 auctōritās, -tātis, f.: authority, influence, 1

aut: or (aut...aut – either…or), 4 beneficium, -ī n.: favor, benefit, kindness, 4 causa, -ae f.: reason, cause; case, 1 celebrō (1): to frequent; honor, celebrate, 1 confortō (1): to strengthen, 3 conveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus: assemble, be suitable, be convenient, 2 conversō (1): turn round; engage in, 1 cūr: why, 1 dēcernō, -ere, -crēvī -cretum: decide, judge 1


dēputō (1): to consider, esteem, or count as 2 dēspērātio, -ōnis f.: despair, hopelessness, 1 digerō, -ere, -gessī, -gestum: distribute, arrange , set in order, 3 dignātiō, -tiōnis f.: esteem, respect, dignity, 2 distribuō, -ere, -uī -ūtum: divide, distribute 1 dīvīnitās, -tātis f.: divinity, 1 documentum, -ī n.: example, lesson, 2 dōnātīvum, -ī n.: largess, donative, 1 Ecclēsia, -ae f.: Grk. church; assembly, 1 effundō, -ere, -fūdī, -fūsum: pour out, 2 exemplum, -ī n.: example, 2 exsuperātio, -ōnis f.: exaggeration, 1 honōrō: to honor, confer honor, 2 imbēcillitas, -tātis f.: feebleness, weakness, 1 instrūmentum, -ī n.: implement, tool, 1 iudicō (1): to decide, judge, 1 iuvenis, -is m.: youth, young man, 1 lectio, -tiōnis f.: reading, 2 littera, -ae f: letter of the alphabet; literature 1 maior, maius: greater, 1 minor, minus: less, smaller, 2 necessārius -a um: indespensible, necessary 2 novītius, -a, -um: new, young, recent, last, 6 operor, -ārī, -ātus sum: work, labor, toil, 3 pariter: equally, side by side, 1 posterus, -a, -um: coming after, following, 1 praesēns, -ntis: present, instant, 2 praesumō, -ere, -mpsī: presume, take up, 3 proindē: just so, even, in the same manner, 1 prophētia, -ae f.: prophecy, prediction, 1

prophētō: to prophesy, fortell, predict, 1 propter: on account of, because of, 4 proptereā: on this account, therefore, 1 prout: just as, inasmuch as, 1 quandō: when, since, ever, 3 quisque, quidque: each one, every person, 1 que: and, 2 repraesentātio -iōnis f.: reproduction, show 1 reprōmittō, -ere, -mīsī: promise in return, 3 reputō (1): to count, calculate, reckon, 1 revēlātio, -iōnis f.: a laying bare, revelation, 1 secundus, -a, -um: following, favorable, 4 semper: always, ever, forever, 2 servus, -ī m.: slave, 1 sicut: just as as, so as, 3 sīve, seu: whether, or (if), 3 somniō (1): to dream, dream of, 1 somnium, -ī n.: dream, 1 spatium, -iī n.: space, room, extent, 4 super: above, 4 tempus, temporis, n.: time, occasion, 2 testificor, -ārī, -ātus sum: to bear witness to 2 testimōnium, ī n.: witness, evidence, 2 ultimus, -a, um: last, final, 2 ūnusquīque: each and every one, 1 uterque, utraque, utrumque: each (of two) 2 vel: or, either…or, 1 venerātio, -iōnis f.: reverence, veneration, 1 vetus, veteris: old, experienced, 4 virtūs, -ūtis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 4

1 fīdeī: of trust, of faith; gen. sg. 5th decl. et…testificantia et…operantia: neut. pl. pples., both modify exempla and govern acc. direct objects; operantia, ‘working for’ sunt dīgesta: dīgesta sunt; pf. pass. dīgerō 3 ut…honorētur…confortētur: so that …may…may; purpose clause with pres. subj. lectiōne: abl. of means 4 nova documenta: now examples utrīque causae convenienta: being suitable for both reasons; i.e. honorētur, confortētur 5 et haec vertera futūra…posterīs: these (examples) are going to be old and when they are also indispensible to posterity 7 minorī…auctōritāti: are throught (to be) of less authority; i.e. the narrator complains that we venerate old examples because they are old but should realize that new examples will one day be old and thus deserve honor

8 vīderint quī: let (those) who….see; jussive pf. subj.; supply subject as antecedent of quī virtūtem: power; ‘excellence’ 9 prō aetātibus temporum: according to the times of seasons 10 cum…repūtanda sunt: since…are to be though; ‘are going to be thought,’ passive periphrastic (gerundive + sum) …quaeque: some more recent (examples) ut novissima: since they are very recent 12 effundam: I will pour out 17 virtūtēs: powers; ‘excellences’ ad instrumentum: for the use 18 cui: for which (purpose); dat. of purpose 19 missus est: he was sent; i.e. Jesus 21 ut nē qua: so that not any either…or apud…tantum: only among ancients pl. 23 cum: since… 24 crēdentibus: for those believing; interest


6. et nōs itaque quod audīvimus et contrectāvimus, annuntiāmus et vōbīs, frātrēs et filiōlī, utī et vōs quī interfuistis rememorēminī glōriae dominī et quī nunc cognōscitis per audītum commūniōnem habeātis cum sanctīs martyribus, et per illōs cum dominō nostrō Iesu Christō cui est clāritās et honor in saecula saeculōrum. Amen. 2. Apprehensī sunt adolescentēs catechūmenī, Revocātus et Fēlīcitās, conserva eius, Saturnīnus et Secundulus. Inter hōs et Vibia Perpetua, honestē nāta, līberāliter institūta, mātrōnāliter nupta, 2. habēns patrem et matrem et frātrēs duōs, alterum aequē catechūmenum, et fīlium infantem ad ūbera. 3. erat autem ipsa circiter annōrum uīgintī duo. Haec ordinem tōtum martyriī suī iam hinc ipsa narrāvit sīcut conscriptum manū suā et suō sensū relīquit. 3. Cum adhuc, inquit, cum prōsecūtōribus essēmus et mē pater verbīs ēvertere cupīret et deicere prō suā affectiōne perseverāret: Pater, inquam, vidēs uerbī grātiā vās hoc iacēns, urceolum sīve aliud? et dīxit: Videō 2. et ego dīxī eī: Numquid aliō nōmine vōcārī potest quam quod est? et ait: Nōn. Sīc et ego aliud mē dīcere nōn possum nisi quod sum, Christiāna.

1 5 10 15 20

adolescens, -entis m./f.: youth, 2 aequus, -a, -um: equal, level; fair, just, 2 affectiō, -ōnis f.: feeling, attitude, mood, 1 ait: say, assert, tell (pres. and impf.), 3 alter, -era, -erum: other (of two), 3 āmēn: truly, truly indeed; so be it, 3 annuntiō (1): to announce, proclaim (ad-), 1 annus, -ī m.: year, 3 apprehendō, -ere, ndī, -nsum: seize, arrest, 4 catechūmenus, -ī, m.: one being instructed for baptism, a convert (before baptism) 4 Christiānus, -a, -um: Christian, 3 circiter: (round) about, not far from, 1 clāritās, -itātis f.: brightness, clarity, 2 cognōscō, -ere -nōvī -nitum: learn, pf know 4 commūniō, -ōnis f.: association, sharing, 1 conscribō, -ere, -scripsī, -ptum: write up, 4 conserva, -ae f.: fellow slave, 1 contrectō (contrāctō) (1): to touch, handle, 1

cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītum: desire, long for, 4 dēiciō, -ere, -iēcī: throw off; dissuade, 4 duo, duae, duo: two, 3 ēvertō, -ere, ēvertī, ēversum: to turn out, 1 fīliolus, -ī m.: little son, 1 hinc: from this place, hence, 1 honestus, -a, -um: noble, honorable, 1 honor(s), -ōris m.: honor, glory; offering, 2 iaceō, iacēre, iacuī: to lie, lie down, 1 Iēsū: Jesus, 4 instituō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum: set, establish, 1 intersum, -esse, -fuī: take part in, be in, 1 līberāliter: like a freeman, freely, nobly, 1 martyrium, -iī n.: testimony, martyrdom, 3 mater, matris f.: mother, 3 mātrōnālis, -e: of a matron, of a wife, 1 narrō (1): to narrate, relate, 1 nascor, -ārī, natus sum: to be born, 1 nōmen, nōminis n.: name, 3


nūbō, -ere, nupsī, nuptum: to veil, marry, 1 numquid: anything…?, 1 nunc: now, at present, 2 ordō, -inis m.: order, line, array; status, 3 perseverō (1): to abide by, continue, persist, 1 prōsecūtor, -ōris m.: prosecutor, pursuer, 1 relinquō, -ere, -līquī, -lictum: leave behind, 4 rememorō: to recall, mention again, 2 Revocātus, ī m.: Revocatus, 3 Saturnīnus, -ī m.: Saturninus, 4 Secundulus, -ī m.: Secundulus, 2

sensus, -ūs m.: feeling, sensation, sense, 1 sīcut: just as as, so as, 3 sīve, seu: whether, or (if), 3 tōtus -a, -um: whole, entire, 3 ūber, -eris n.: breast, bosom; udder, 1 urceolus, -ī m.: litter pitcher, little pot, 1 vās, vāsis n.: vessel, 1 Vibia, ae. f..: Vibia, 1 vīgintī: twenty, 1 vōcō (1): call, name, address, summon, 4

7 adolescentēs catechūmenī: nom. subj. Revocātus…Secundulus: asyndeton, supply ‘et’ before Saturnīnus, all four are names in apposition to catechūmenī 8 et: throughout this work, ‘et’ is often an adverb meaning ‘also,’ ‘even,’ or ‘too’’ ‘also’ or ‘too’ is suitable here 9 Vibia Perpetua: a single person, Vibia is the feminized form of her family name Vibius, throughout this work she shall be called Perpetua nāta…institūta…nupta: asyndeton, all three PPP modify Perpetua and are preceded by adverbs honestē: unlike the slaves Revocatus and Felicitas, Perpetua is of noble birth 10 alterum: in apposition to frātrēs duōs aequē: i.e. also 11 ad: at the…; i.e. still breastfed ipsa: she herself; i.e. Perpetua 12 annōrum vīgintī duo: gen. of description as predicate of erat haec: i.e. Perpetua, the subject ordinem tōtem: entire sequence; 13 conscriptum: modifies ordinem manū suā…sensū: abl. means with conscriptum 15 Cum: when…; circumstantial cum- clause with several impf. subjunctives; translate in the impf. tense with no special modal verb in English inquit: she said; separated by commas, this verb is parenthetical; the verb indicates that Perpetua is now speaking in direct speech

cum: with…; followed by an abl. case, this ‘cum’ is a preposition essēmus…cupīret…persererāret: impf. subj. of sum, in a cum-clause 16 dēicere: to cast (me) down (from my faith); or ‘drive me (me from my faith),’ the verb is used several times to describe the father’s attempt to ‘ drive her from her course of death prō suā affectiōne: on behalf of…; add ‘for me’ as obj. of feeling Pater: vocative direct address 17 inquam: I said; direct speech vidēs(ne): a yes/no question often, but not here, includes the encltic -ne verbī gratiā: i.e. for the sake for speaking; grātiā ‘for the sake of’ is functioning as a preposition with the

preceding gen. as object. Perpetua is offering an example to prove her point

iacēns: neut. sg. pple iaceō modifying neuter acc. sg. vās urceolum sīve aliud: is it a…or…; Perpetus asks whether this is the proper name for the vās 18 aliud: something else; ‘another thing’ eī: dat. sg. indirect object, is, ea, id 19 quam: than…; following aliō quod: (that) which; or ‘what’ et: I said; direct speech dīcere: to call (x) (y); here, dīcere governs a double accusative 20 nisi: except; parallem to quam above quod: (that) which; or ‘what’


3. Tunc pater mōtus hōc verbō mittit sē in mē ut oculōs mihi ērueret, sed vexāvit tantum et profectus est victus cum argumentīs Diābolī. 4. Tunc paucīs diēbus quod caruissem patre, Dominō gratiās ēgī et refrigerāvi absentiā illīus. 5. In ipsō spatiō paucōrum diērum baptizātī sumus, et mihi Spiritus dictāvit nōn aliud petendum ab aquā nisi sufferentiam carnis. Post paucōs diēs recipimur in carcerem; et expāvī, quia numquam experta eram tālēs tenebrās. 6. Ō diem asperum: aestus validus turbārum beneficiō, concussūrae mīlitum. Novissimē macerābar sollicitūdine infantis ibi. 7. Tunc Tertius et Pompōnius, benedictī diaconī quī nōbīs ministrābant, constituērunt praemiō utī paucīs hōrīs ēmissī in meliōrem lōcum carceris refrigerārēmus. 8. Tunc exeuntēs dē carcere ūnī versī sibi vacābant. ego infantem lactābam iam inediā dēfectum; sollicita prō eō adloquēbar matrem et confortābam frātrem, commendābam fīlium; tābescēbam ideō quod illōs tābescere vīderam meī beneficiō. 9. Tālēs sollicitūdinēs multīs diēbus passa sum; et usurpāvī ut mēcum infāns in carcere manēret; et statim convaluī et relevāta sum ā labōre et sollicitūdine infantis, et factus est mihi carcer subitō praetōrium, ut ibi māllem esse quam alicubī.

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absentia, -ae f.: absence, 1 adloquor, -quī, -locūtum: to address, 2 aestus, -ūs m.: heat, glow, fire, 1 agō, agere, ēgī, āctum: drive, lead, do, 3 alicubi: somewhere, anywhere, 1 argūmentum, ī n.: proof, argument 1 asper, aspera, asperum: harsh, rough, 2 baptīzō (1): to baptize, 1 benedicō, -ere, -dīxī, -dictum: to bless, 2 beneficium, -ī n.: favor, benefit, kindness, 4 careō, -ēre, caruī: be without, lack (abl), 1 carō, carnis f.: flesh, meat, 6 commendō (1): commend, recommend, 1 concussūra, -ae f.: shaking, extortion, 1 confortō (1): to strengthen, 3 constituō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus: arrange; decide, 2 convalescō, -ere, -ui: grow strong, improve, 1 dēficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum: fail, exhaust, 3

diābolus, -ī m.: Satan (Gk. Slanderer), 3 diaconus, -ī m.: deacon (Grk.), 3 dictō (1): to say repeatedly, reiterate, 1 ēmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum: send out, 1 ēruō, -ere, -ēruī: overwhelm, tear out 1 expavescō, -ere, expāvī: panic, be terrified, 2 experior, -īrī, -rtus sum: experience, try, 3 hōra, -ae f.: hour, 1 ibi: there, in that place, 5 ideō: for that reason, to that extent, 2 inedia, -ae f.: lack of food, fasting, starving, 1 labor, -ōris m.: labor, hardship, task, 2 lactō (1): to give milk; to suck milk, 1 mācerō (1): to weaken, make soft, 2 malō, malle, maluī: to prefer, 1 maneō, -ēre, -sī, mānsus: remain, await, 3 mater, matris f.: mother, 3 melior, melius: better, 1


mīles, mīlitis, m.: soldier, 3 ministrō (1): to minister, attend to, serve, 1 moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtum: move, rouse 4 numquam: never, 2 ō: o, oh (introduces vocative), 3 oculus, -ī, m.: eye, 3 Pompōnius, -ī, m.: Pomponius, 3 praemium, -ī n.: reward, prize, 1 praetōrium, -ī n.: officer's residence, palace 1 proficīscor, -ī, prōfectus sum: set out, start, 2 recipiō, -ere, recēpī, receptum: take back, 2 refrigerō (1): to cool, cool off; refresh, 7 relevō (1): to life up, raise; lighten, relieve, 1 sollicitō (1): to disturb, agitate, 1

sollicitūdō, -inis f.: uneasiness, anxiety, 2 spatium, -iī n.: space, room, extent, 4 subitō: suddenly, 3 sufferentia, -ae f.: suffering, endurance, 1 tābescō, -ere: melt, waste away, languish, 2 tenebrae, -ārum, f.: darkness, gloom, 1 Tertius, -ī m.: Tertius, 1 turba, -ae f.: tumult, disorder, commotion, 1 usurpō (1): to make use of, employ, enjoy, 1 vacō (1): be empty, be vacant, 1 validus, -a, -um: strong, 1 vertō, -ere, vertī, versum: to turn, 2 vexō (1): agitate, shake, move violently, 3 vincō, -ere, vīcī, victum: conquer, defeat, 3

1 mōtus hōc verbō: the verb moveō often indicates movement in felling rather than physical movement ut…ērueret: so that…might…; purpose clause with impf. subj. ‘tear out’ mihi: from…; dat. of compound verb, as often, translate the dative as the obj. of the prefix, here ‘ē’ 2 tantum: only; adverbial acc., ‘so much’ profectus est: pf. of the deponent verb proficīscor: translate the perfect passive form as perfect active 3 paucīs diēbus: in…; abl. of time within quod…: caruissem: plpf. subjunctive careō, just translate in the plpf., careō governs an ablative object Dōminō: dat. indect object 4 ēgī: pf. agō, which with the object gratiās is the common idiom for ‘I give thanks’ absentiā: by…; abl. of cause 5 dictāvit: kept saying; iterative pf. of dīcō nōn aliud petendum (esse): that…; aliud is acc. subject in indirect discourse aliud: anything else; lit. ‘another (thing)’ petendum (esse): must be sought; ‘was going to be sought’ passive periphrastic (gerundive _ sum) expresses obligation or necessity 7 experta eram: plpf. deponent experior: translate plpf. passive as plpf. active 8 Ō diem asperum: acc. of exclamation, exclamations typically assume the acc., cf. bonam fortūnam, ‘good luck!’ 10 novissimē: superlative adverb, novus 12 praemiō: with a reward; i.e. a bribe, abl.

of means utī…refrigerārēmus: so that we might…; purpose clause with impf. subj. paucīs hōrīs: in…; dat. of time within; we might expect the acc. of duration ‘for a few hours…’ 13 ex-euntēs: pres. pple ex-eō ūnī: each one; ‘the ones’ nom. subj. sibi vacābant: had free time for themselves; ‘were free for themselves,’ i.e. attended to their own affairs 15 adloquēbar: impf. deponent alloquor: translate passive as active commendābam: commended (to their care); i.e. gave the child to her family 16 quod: because illōs tābescere: that…; ind. discourse meī: for me; objective gen. with beneficiō beneficiō: because of…; abl. of cause (similar to abl. of means) 17 multīs diēbus: in…; abl. of time within, again one might prefer an acc. of duration passa sum: pf. deponent patior: translate the passive form as active ut…manēret: so that…; noun result clause with impf. subj. mēcum: cum mē 18 ā labōre…: from…; abl. of separation 19 factus est: was made; governs a predicate nominative, praetōrium mihi: dat. of reference 20 ut…māllem: so that…; result clause with impf. subj. of mālō (irregular inf. mālle + 1st sg. ending ‘m’), translate as impf. quam: (rather) than


[4] Tunc dīxit mihī frāter meus: Domina soror, iam in magnā dignātiōne es, tantā ut postulēs visiōnem et ostendātur tibī an passio sit an commeātus. 2. et ego, quae mē sciēbam fābulārī cum Dominō, cuius beneficia tanta experta eram, fidenter reprōmīsī eī dicēns: Crastīnā diē tibi renuntiābō. et postulāvī, et ostensum est mihi hoc. 3. videō scalam aeream mīrae magnitūdinis pertingentem usque ad caelum et angustam, per quam nonnisi singulī ascendere possent, et in lateribus scalae omne genus ferramentōrum infīxum. erant ibi gladiī, lanceae, hāmī, machaerae, verūta, ut sī quis neglegenter aut nōn sursum adtendēns ascenderet, laniārētur et carnēs eius inhaerērent ferramentīs. 4. et erat sub ipsā scalā dracō cubāns mīrae magnitūdinis, quī ascendentibus insidiās praestābat et exterrēbat nē ascenderent. 5. ascendit autem Saturus prior, quī posteā sē propter nōs ultrō trādiderat (quia ipse nōs aedificāverat), et tunc cum adductī sumus, praesēns nōn fuerat. 6. et pervēnit in caput scalae et convertit sē et dīxit mihī: Perpetua, sustineō tē; sed vidē nē tē mordeat dracō ille. et dīxī ego: Nōn mē nocēbit, in nōmine Iēsū Christī.

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addūcō, -ere, -duxī, -ductum: lead to, bring 1 adtendō, -ere, -ndī: direct, turn to, stretch, 1 aedificō (1): make a building, build, 2 aereus, -a, -um: of bronze, brazen, 1 an: or (in questions, often untranlated), 2 angustus, -a, -um: narrow, confined, 1 aut: or (aut...aut – either…or), 4 beneficium, -ī n.: favor, benefit, kindness, 4 caelum, -ī n.: sky, 2 commeātus, -ūs m.: a passing, a going, 1 convertō, -ere, -ī, -rsus: turn (about), 1 crastīnus, -a, -um: of tomorrow, 2 cubō (1): to lie down, recline, sleep, 1 dignātiō, -tiōnis f.: esteem, respect, dignity, 2 domina, -ae f.: mistress, 2 Dominus, -ī m.: Lord, Master, 4 dracō, -ōnis m.: dragon, serpent, 2 experior, -īrī, -rtus sum: experience, try, 3 exterreō, -ēre, -uī: frighten, strike with terror1 fābulor, -ārī, -ātum: speak, converse, talk, 1 ferramentum, -ī n.: iron tool, ironworks, 2

fīdenter: confidently, boldly, 1 genus, generis, n.: origin, kind, sort, 3 hāmus, -ī m.: hook, fish-hook, 1 Iēsū: Jesus, 4 infīgō, -ere, -xī, -xum: fix in, pierce in, 1 inhaereō, -ēre, -sī, -sum: stick on, cling on, 1 insidiae, -ārum, f.: ambush, plot, trap, 1 lancea, -ae f.: light spear, lance, 1 laniō (1): to tear to pieces, mangle, lacerate, 1 latus, -eris n.: side, flank, 3 machaera, -ae f.: sword, 1 māgnitūdō, -tūdinis f.: size, greatness, 3 magnus, -a, -um: great, large; important, 3 mīrus, -a, -um: wonderful, marvelous, 3 mordeō, -ere, momordī, morsum: bite, eat, 1 neglegenter: negligently, carelessly, 1 noceō, -ēre, -uī: do harm, inflict injury, 1 nōmen, nōminis n.: name, 3 ostendō, -ere, -ī, ntus: show, promise, 4 pertingō, -ere: to reach, extend, stretch out, 1 posteā: thereafter, afterwards, 2


praesēns, -ntis: present, instant, 2 praestō, -āre, -stitī, -stitus: perform; show, 1 propter: on account of, because of, 4 renuntiō, (1): bring back word, report, 1 reprōmittō, -ere, -mīsī: promise in return, 3 sciō, -īre, -īvī (iī), -ītus: know (how), 4 singulī, -ae, -a: one by one, individual 1

soror, sorōris f.: sister, 2 sub: under, below, beneath, underneath, 3 sursum: from below, upwards, on high, 2 sustineō, -ēre, -uī: hold up, sustain, 2 trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditum: give, hand over, 2 ultrō: voluntarily; of one's will; beyond, 2 verūta, -ī n.: javelin, dart, 1

1 Domina soror: voc. direct address 2 es: 2nd sg. sum tantā: modifies fem. dignātiōne ut…postulēs…ostendātur: that…; result clause with present subjunctive ostendātur: it be revealed; impersonal an…sit an: whether…or; indirect question, with 3rd sg. pres. subjunctive of sum 3 mē…fabulārī: that… ind. discourse governed by sciēbam, note that fabulārī is deponent and should be translated as active 4 experta eram: plpf. deponent: translate passive form as active eī: dat. sg., is, ea, id 5 Crastīnā diē: on…; abl. of time when, diēs can be masculine or, as here, feminine ostensum est: hoc is neuter sg. subject 6 mīrae magnitūdinis: of…; gen. of description 7 et angustam: parallel to aeream nōnnisi: nothing except; ‘not (anyone) except’ 8 infīxum (est): pf. passive, supply ‘est,’ the subject is neuter sg. genus 9 erant: (there) were ut…laniārētur…inhaerērent: so that…;

result clause with impf. subj. sī…ascenderent: quis: anyone; mnemonic: ‘after sī, nisi, num and nē, all the ali’s go away;’ after sī, quis is an indefinite pronoun, the equivalent to aliquis 11 ferrāmentīs: on…; dat. of compound verb; as often, make the dat. the object of the prefix, in this case ‘in’ 12 mīrae magnitūdinis: see line 6, modifies dracō ascendentibus: (for those)…; dat. of interest, pres. pple ascendō 13 nē...ascenderent: lest…; clause of fearing with impf. subj. 14 sē…trādiderat: i.e. had sacrificed himself on behalf of the others aedificāverat: had instructed; consider the English word ‘edification’ 16 Perpetua: vocative direct address 17 vidē nē…: see (to it) that...not; 18 Iēsū Christī: Iēsū in an indeclinable gen. sing., Christus, ‘Anointed (one)’ comes from the Greek word for ‘anoint’ χρίω (chriō) and is a ranslation of the Hebrew word ‘Messiah’


7. et dēsub ipsā scalā, quāsī timēns mē, lentē ēiēcit caput. et quāsī prīmum gradum calcārem, calcāvī illī caput et ascendī. 8. et vīdī spatium immensum hortī et in mediō sedentem hominem canum in habitū pastōris, grandem, ovēs mulgentem. et circumstantēs candidātī mīlia multa. 9. et levāvit caput et aspēxit mē et dīxit mihī: Bene vēnistī, teknon. et clamāvit mē et dē caseō quod mulgēbat dedit mihī quāsī buccellam; et ego accēpī iunctīs manibus et mandūcāvī; et universī circumstantēs dīxērunt: Amen. 10. et ad sonum vōcis experrecta sum, conmandūcāns adhuc dulce nesciō quid. et retulī statim frātrī meō; et intellēximus passiōnem esse futūram, et coepimus nūllam iam spem in saeculō habēre. 5. Post paucōs diēs rūmor cucurrit ut audīrēmur. supervēnit autem et dē civitāte pater meus, consumptus taediō, et ascendit ad mē, ut mē dēiceret, dīcēns: 2 Miserere, filia, canīs meīs; miserere patrī, sī dignus sum ā tē pater vōcārī; sī hīs tē manibus ad hunc flōrem aetātis provexī, sī tē praeposuī omnibus frātribus tuīs: nē mē dederis in dedecus hominum. 3. Aspice frātrēs tuōs, aspice matrem tuam et materteram, aspice fīlium tuum quī post tē vīvere nōn poterit.

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aetās, aetātis f.: age, lifetime, time, 2 āmēn: truly, truly indeed; so be it, 3 bene: well, 2 buccella, -ae f.: small mouthful, morsel, 1 candidātus, -a, -um: white-robed, whitened, 1 canus, -a, -um: white, gray; pl. gray hair, 4 caseus, -ī m.: cheese, 1 circumstō, -āre, -stetī: stand around, 2 cīvitās cīvitātis, f.: state, city-state, 1 clamō (1): shout, cry out, 2 conmandūcō (1): chew up, chew to pieces, 1 consumō, -ere, -mpsī -mptum: take, use up 2 currō, -ere, cucurrī, cursus: run, rush, fly, 2 dēdecus, -oris n.: disgrace, dishonor, shame 1 dēiciō, -ere, -iēcī: throw off; dissuade, 4 dēsub: below, beneath, 1 dignus, -a, -um: worthy of (abl), 2 dō, dare, dedī, datum: give; grant, 4

dulcis, -e: sweet, dear, fresh, 1 ēiciō, -ere, -iēcī: throw out, cast out, 1 flōs, flōris m.: flower, blossom, 2 gradus, --ūs, f.: step, stage, 2 grandis, -e: large, grand, great, 3 habitus, --ūs, m.: dress, attire, deportment, 3 hortus, -ī m.: garden, 1 immensus, -a, -um: huge, vast, immense, 4 intellegō, -ere, -lēxī, -lēctum: realize, understand, 4 iungō, -ere, iunxī, iunctum: join, attach, 2 lentus, -a, -um: slow, lingering, 1 levō (1): to lift up, raise up, 1 mandūcō (1): chew, masticate, eat, devour, 1 māter, matris f.: mother, 3 mātertera, -ae f.: mother's sister (aunt), 1 mīlle pl. mīlia, ium n. : thousand, 2 miseror, -ārī, -ātus sum: pity, take pity on, 3


moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtum: move, rouse 4 mulgeō, -ēre, -sī, -sum: to milk, 2 nesciō, -īre, -scīvī, -scītum: not know, 1 nūllus, -a, -um: none, no, no one, 2 ovis, ovis f.: sheep, 1 pastor, pastōris m.: shepherd, 1 praepōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum: set over (gen), place in front, 2 prīmus -a -um: first, 2 provehō, -ere, -vexī, -vectum: carry forth, 1 referō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum: report, bring back, 1

rūmor, rumōris m.: reputation, hearsay, 2 sedeō, -ēre, sēdī, sessum: to sit, 2 sonus, -ī m.: sound, 1 spatium, -iī n.: space, room, extent, 4 spēs, -ēī f.: hope, expectation, 2 superveniō: come upon, arrive, fall upon, 1 taedium, -ī n.: disgust, loathing, weariness, 2 teknon, n.: Grk. child, 1 timeō, -ēre, timuī: to be afraid, be scared, 2 vīvō, -ere, vixī, victum: to live, 1 vōcō (1): call, name, address, summon, 4 vōx, vōcis, f.: voice; utterance, word, 3

1 ēiēcit: i.e. extended, caput is acc. object 2 calcārem: 1st sg. impf. subj. illī: dat. of possession, translate as a possessive 3 canum: grey-haired; acc. sg. 4 et circumstantēs…: nom. subj., supply erant, ‘were’ as main verb 5 milia multa: though neuter plural, the number still modifies the masc. subject 6 Bene vēnistī: You are welcome; ‘you have come well’ 6 teknon: vocative address, a Greek word for ‘child’ quod: which; neuter should be masc. in agreement with masc. caseō 7 quāsī: as if, as it were iunctīs manibus: abl. absolute: translate the noun first; PPP iungō 9 experrecta sum: perfect deponent: translate passive form in the active voice nēsciō quid: I-do-not-know-what; i.e. ‘something’

10 retulī: related (this); pf. referō, supply an object frātrī meō: dat. ind. object passiōnem…: that…; acc. subject in ind. discourse; futūram esse is fut. inf. of sum 13 ut: that…; result clause, impf. subjunctive 14 ut…dēiceret: so that he might throw me off ; purpose clause, impf. subj. 15 Miserere: sg. deponent imperative fīlia: vocative direct address canīs meīs, patrī: dat. obj. of miserere 16 pater: nom. pred. following vōcārī hīs…manibus: abl. of means flōrem: bloom; i.e. Perpetua is at a maturing and thriving time of her life 17 omnibus frātribus tuīs: over…; dat. of compound verb: treat the dat. as the obj. of the prefix ‘prae’ nē…dederis: do not give; ‘you should not give’ nē + perf. subjunctive (dō, dare) is a prohibitive subjunctive 20 poterit: from possum


4. Dēpōne animōs; nē universōs nōs exterminēs. nēmō enim nostrum līberē loquētur, sī tū aliquid fueris passa. 5. Haec dīcēbat quāsī pater prō suā pietāte basiāns mihī manūs et sē ad pedēs meōs iactāns et lacrimāns mē iam nōn fīliam nōminābat sed dominam. 6. Et ego dolēbam casum patris meī quod solus dē passiōne meā gāvīsūrus nōn esset dē tōtō genere meō. Et confortāvī eum dīcēns: Hoc fiet in illā catastā quod Deus voluerit. Scītō enim nōs nōn in nostrā esse potestāte constitūtōs, sed in Deī. Et recessit ā mē contristātus. 6. Aliō diē cum pranderemus, subitō raptī sumus ut audīremur. Et pervēnimus ad forum. Rūmor statim per vicīnās forī partēs cucurrit et factus est populus immensus. 2. ascendimus in catastam. interrogātī cētērī confessī sunt. ventum est et ad mē. et apparuit pater īlicō cum fīliō meō et extraxit mē dē gradū dīcēns: Supplicā. Miserere infantī. 3. et Hilariānus prōcūrātor, quī tunc locō prōconsulis Minūcī Timiniānī defunctī iūs gladiī accēperat, Parce, inquit, canīs patris tuī, parce infantiae puerī. Fac sacrum prō salūte imperātorum.

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aliquid, -cūius: something, anything, 4 animus, -ī m: mind, spirit; pl. courage, 2 appareō, -ēre, apparuī, -itum: appear, 1 basiō (1): kiss, 1 canus, -a, -um: white, gray; pl. gray hair, 4 catasta, -ae f.: stage (where slaves are sold), 2 confiteor, -ī, -confessus: acknowledge, say 1 confortō (1): to strengthen, 3 constituō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus: arrange; decide, 2 contristō (1): to sadden, cast gloom over, 2 currō, -ere, cucurrī, cursus: run, rush, fly, 2 dēfungor, -ī, -functus sum: perform, finish, 1 dēpōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum: put down, 2 domina, -ae f.: mistress, 2 exterminō (1): to put an end; banish, exile, 1 extrahō, -ere, -trāxī, -tractum: draw out, 1 fiō, fierī, factus: become, be made, 3 forum, -ī n.: forum, marketplace, city-center 2 gaudeō, -ēre, gāvīsus sum: enjoy, rejoice, 4 genus, generis, n.: origin, kind, sort, 3

gradus, --ūs, f.: step, stage, 2 iactō (1): to throw, hurl, cast, 3 īlico: there, in that place, 1 immensus, -a, -um: huge, vast, immense, 4 imperātor, -oris m.: commander, leader, 1 interrogō (1): to ask, question, interrogate, 1 iūs, iūris n.: justice, law, right, 1 lacrimō (1): to tear up, weep, cry, 2 līber, lībra, lībrum: free, 2 loquor, -ī, locūtum: speak, say, 3 Minūcius, -ī m.: Minucius, 1 miseror, -ārī, -ātus sum: pity, take pity on, 3 nēmō, nūllīus, nēminī, nēminem, nūllō/nūllā: no one, 1 nōminō (1): to name, call by name, 2 parcō, -ere, pepercī: spare, have mercy on, 2 pēs, pedis m.: foot, 1 pietas, pietātis f.: devotion, piety, 1 potestās, -tātis f.: power, influence, might, 2 prandeō, -ēre, -dī: to eat breakfast, eat, 1


prōconsul, -is m.: proconsul, 1 prōcūrātor, -is m.: procurator, 1 puer, puerī m.: boy, 3 rapiō, -ere, rapuī, raptum: to seize, snatch, 1 recēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum: go back, withdraw, 2 rūmor, rumōris m.: reputation, hearsay, 2 sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred, holy, 1

salūs, -ūtis f.: safety, refuge; health, 1 sciō, -īre, -īvī (iī), -ītus: know (how), 4 subitō: suddenly, 3 supplicō (1): fall to one's knees, entreat, 1 Timiniānus, -ī m.: Timinianus, 1 tōtus -a, -um: whole, entire, 3 vīcīnus -a, -um: neighboring, 1

1 animōs: courage; ‘spirits’ nē…exterminēs: don’t put an end to…; ‘you should not end,’ prohibitive subj. with pres. subjunctive 2 nostrum: gen. pl. of pronoun nōs loquētur, sī…fueris passa: future more vivid condition (sī fut. pf., fut.); passa fueris (PPP + fut. pf. sum) is a periphrastic form for the fut. perf. passa eris, which is a form of the deponent patior; in English we translate the fut. pf. in the present with future sense 3 prō suā pietāte: by virtue of his devotion mihī: my; dat. of possession, translate as a possessive 4 nōminābat: was calling (x) (y); the verb governs a double acc. 5 quod: because solus: modifies the understood 1st sg. subj. 6 gāvīsūrus esset: periphrastic future (fut. pple + form of sum) in secondary sequence (impf. rather than pres.); esset is impf. subj. of sum; we may translate this as ‘was going to rejoice’ or simply as ‘would rejoice’ nōn: modifies dē tōtō genere meō in contrast to dē passiōne meā 7 hoc…quod: this…which; hoc is neuter subj. and antecedent of the relative quod fiet: will be done; i.e. ‘will happen’ fut. of fiō, considered equivalent to the passive of faciō and can mean ‘be made’ or ‘be done’ 7 voluerit: equivalent to a protasis in a future-more-vivid condition, translate this fut. pf. of volō in the present tense with fut.

sense Scītō: fut. imperative nōs…constitūtōs esse: that…have been placed; ind. disc. with pf. passive constituō 8 in (potestāte) Deī: ellipsis, supply the obj. from earlier in the sentence 11 Aliō diē: abl of time when cum: after…; translate the subj. in the tense in which you find it ut audīretur: so that we might be heard; i.e. interrogated, purpose clause with impf. pass. subj. 12 in: onto…; acc. place to which 14 cētērī: nom. subject ventum est: they came; ‘it was come,’ an impersonal passive, which we prefer to translate in the active et: an adverb 15 Supplicā: sg. imperative Miserere: sg. deponent imperative which governs a dat. object 16 locō: in the place of…; abl. place where 17 dēfunctī: deceased iūs gladiī: i.e. the power of live and death over the inhabitants of the province; iūs is neuter acc. direct object 17 Parce: sg. imperative governs a dative inquit: (the brother) said 18 parce infantiae: and…; asyndeton, supply a conjunction between the imperatives Fac: sg. imperative of faciō sacrum: i.e. a sacrifice prō: on behalf of


4. et ego respondī: Nōn faciō. Hilariānus: Christiāna es? inquit. Et ego respondī: Christiāna sum. 5. Et cum stāret pater ad mē dēiciendam, iussus est ab Hilariāno proīcī, et uirgā percussus est. Et doluit mihī casus patris meī quāsī ego fuissem percussa; sīc doluī prō senectā eius mīserā. 6. Tunc nōs universōs pronuntiat et damnat ad bestiās; et hilarēs descendimus ad carcerem. 7. Tunc quia consuēverat ā mē infāns mammās accipere et mēcum in carcere manēre, statim mittō ad patrem Pompōnium diaconum, postulāns infantem. sed pater dare nōluit. 8. Et quōmodo Deus voluit, neque ille amplius mammās desiderāvit neque mihī fervōrem fēcērunt nē sollicitūdine infantis et dolōre mammārum macerārer. 7. Post diēs paucōs, dum universī ōrāmus, subitō mediā ōrātiōne profecta est mihī uōx et nomināvī Dinocraten. Et obstipuī quod numquam mihī in mentem vēnisset nisi tunc, et doluī commemorāta casūs eius. 2. et cognōvī mē statim dignam esse et prō eō petere debēre. Et coepī dē ipsō ōrātiōnem facere multum et ingemescere ad Dominum. 3. continuō ipsā nocte ostensum est mihī hoc. 4. Videō Dinocraten exeuntem dē locō tenebrōsō ubi et complūrēs erant, aestuantem ualdē et sitientem, sordidō cultū et colōre pallidō; et vulnus in faciē eius, quod cum morerētur habuit.

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aestuō (1): to be warm, be hot, burn; rage, 1 amplus, -a, -um: ample, full, spacious, 1 cāsus, -ūs m.: misfortune, mishap; fall, 3 Christiānus, -a, -um: Christian, 3 cognōscō, -ere -nōvī -nitum: learn, pf know 4 color, colōris m.: color, 1 commemoror, -ārī: remember; recall + gen. 1 complūrēs, -plūra: several, many, 2 consuescō, -ere, -ēvī, -suētum: to accustom, 1 continuō: continuously, constantly, 1 cultus, -ūs m.: dress, clothing; refinement, 1 damnō (1): condemn, punish, convict, 2 debeō, -ēre, -uī, debitum: to owe, ought, 2 dēiciō, -ere, -iēcī: throw off; dissuade, 4 dēscendō, -ere, -ndī, -nsum: descend, 1

dēsiderō, (1): to long for, miss; require, 2 diaconus, -ī m.: deacon (Grk.), 3 dignus, -a, -um: worthy of (abl), 2 dō, dare, dedī, datum: give; grant, 4 dolor, -ōris m.: pain, grief, anger, passion, 4 dum: while, as long as, until, 3 faciēs, -ēī, f.: face, expression; for, 8 fervor, -ōris m.: boiling heat, raging heat, 1 Hilāriānus, -ī m.: Hilarianus, 5 hilaris, -e: cheerful, merry, joyous, 4 ingemescō, -ere, -uī: to groan, sigh, moan, 1 iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum: to order, bid, 2 mācerō (1): to weaken, make soft, 2 mamma, -ae f.: breast, 4 maneō, -ēre, -sī, mānsus: remain, await, 3


mēns, mentis f.: mind; purpose, intent, 1 miser, misera, miserum: wretched, pitiable, 1 morior, morī, mortuus sum: to die, 4 neque: and not, nor, 2 nōlō, nolle, noluī: to refuse, be unwilling, 4 nōminō (1): to name, call by name, 2 nox, noctis, f.: night, 2 numquam: never, 2 obstipescō, -ī, -puī: be astounded, stunned, 1 ōrō (1): plead, pray (for), entreat, 2 ostendō, -ere, -ī, ntus: show, promise, 4 pallidus, -a, -um: pale, pallid, bloodless, 1 percutiō, -ere, -cussī, -cussum: strike through, strike, 2 Pompōnius, -ī, m.: Pomponius, 3

proficīscor, -ī, prōfectus sum: set out, start, 2 proiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectum: throw forth, 1 prōnuntiō (1): to pronounce, sentence, 1 quōmodo: how, in what way; just as, 4 respondeō, -ēre, -dī, -ōnsum: to answer, 4 senecta, -ae f.: old age, 1 sitiō, -īre, -īvī: to be thirsty, thirst, 1 sollicitūdō, -inis f.: uneasiness, anxiety, 2 sordidus, -a, -um: dirty, unclean, foul, 1 subitō: suddenly, 3 tenebrōsus, -a, -um: dark, gloomy, 1 valdē: very, exceedingly, 1 virga, -ae f.: rod, switch, wand; branch, twig 2 vōx, vōcis, f.: voice; utterance, word, 3 vulnus, -eris n.: wound, blow, 3

1 es: 2nd sg. pres. sum 2 cum…stāret: impf. subj. stō ad mē dēiciendam: to throw me off (from my faith); ‘for me (going) to be thrown off,’ ad + noun + gerundive expresses purpose; employ a gerundive-gerund flip and translate the noun + gerundive (adj.) as a gerund (verbal noun) + acc. object 3 iussus est: the pater is subject; pf. pass. of i iubeō proīcī: pass. inf. proiciō 4 fuissem percussa: periprhastic plpf. pass. subj. (PPP + plpf subj. of subj. ) which behaves as a linking verb 5 doluit mihi: grieved me, pained me 7 ā mē: from me 9 dare: supply infantem as object quō modo: in what way; introducing a relative clause 10 neque…neque: neither…nor amplius: (any) more; comparative adverb fervōrem fēcērunt: nor did (my breasts) bring about boiling pain; supply mammae as subject 11 nē…macerārer: so that…;

14 mediā ōrātiōne: in…; abl. of time when 15 profecta est: pf. deponent proficīscor, translate the passive as pf. active mihī: to me; dat. of compound verb, translate the dat. as the object of the prefix ‘prō’ 16 mihī in mentem vēnisset: it had come to my mind; i.e. it had been thought; dat. of possession and plpf. subjunctive 17 commemorāta: having recalled; deponent, verbs of recalling and forgetting often govern a genitive object. casūs: gen. sg. object of commemorāta mē…esse…debēre: that…; ind. discourse 18 prō eō: for him multum: often; adverbial acc. 19 ipsā nocte: abl. of time when 20 hoc: neuter sg. nom. subject Dinocraten: a Greek accusative singular exeuntem: pres. pple exeō et: adverbial 21 sordidō…pallidō: with…; abl. of quality modifying Dinocraten et vulnus: neut. acc. parallel to Dinocaten morerētur: impf. deponent morior


5. Hic Dinocrates fuerat frāter meus carnālis, annōrum septem, quī per infirmitātem faciē cancerātā male obiit ita ut mors eius odiō fuerit omnibus hominibus. 6. Prō hōc ergo ōrātiōnem fēceram; et inter mē et illum grande erat diastēma ita ut uterque ad invicem accedere nōn possēmus. 7. Erat deinde in illō locō ubi Dinocrates erat piscina plēna aquā, altiōrem marginem habēns quam erat statūra puerī; et extendēbat sē Dinocrates quāsī bibitūrus. 8. ego dolēbam quod et piscīna illa aquam habēbat et tamen propter altitūdinem marginis bibitūrus nōn esset. 9. et experrecta sum, et cognōvī frātrem meum labōrāre. sed fīdēbam mē prōfutūram labōrī eius. et ōrābam prō eō omnibus diēbus quousque transīvīmus in carcerem castrensem. mūnere enim castrensī erāmus pugnātūrī; natāle tunc Gētae Caesāris. 10. et fēcī prō illō ōrātiōnem diē et nocte gemēns et lacrimāns ut mihī dōnārētur. 8. Diē quō in nervō mansimus, ostensum est mihī hoc. Videō locum illum quem retrō vīderam et Dinocraten mundō corpore, bene vestītum, refrigerantem; et ubi erat vulnus videō cicātricem, 2 et piscīnam illam, quam retrō vīderam, summissō margine usque ad umbilicum puerī; et aquam dē eā trahēbat sine cessātiōne.

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altitūdō, -tūdinis f.: height, depth, 2 altus, -a, -um: high, lofty, tall, 1 annus, -ī m.: year, 3 bene: well, 2 bibō, -ere, bibī: drink, 3 Caesar, -aris m.: Caesar, 2 cancerātus, -a, -um: cancerous,1 carnālis, -e: of the flesh, 1 castrensis, -e: of a camp (castra), 2 cessātiō, -tiōnis f.: cessation, letup; idleness, 3 cicātrix, cicātricis f.: scar, 1 cognōscō, -ere -nōvī -nitum: learn, pf know 4 corpus, corporis, n.: body, 3 deinde: then, next, from that place, 2 diastēma, -ae f.: interval, space (between), 1 dōnō (1): to give, grant, provide, 1 ergo: therefore, consequently, 2 extendō -ere -ndī -ntum: stretch, spread out 1

fīdō, -ere, fīdī, fīsum: confide, trust, rely on, 1 gemō, -ere,-muī, -itum: groan, sigh, 1 Gēta, ae m.: Geta (the emperor), 1 grandis, -e: large, grand, great, 3 infirmitās, -tātis f.: weakness; sickness, 1 iūs, iūris n.: justice, law, right, 1 labor, -ōris m.: labor, hardship, task, 2 labōrō (1): work, toil, labor, strive, 2 lacrimō (1): to tear up, weep, cry, 2 male: poorly, badly (malus), 1 maneō, -ēre, -sī, mānsus: remain, await, 3 margo, marginis, m./f.: border, edge, 4 mors, mortis, f.: death, 1 mundus, -a, -um: clean, neat; elegant, 1 natālis, -e: of birth, 2 nervus, -ī m.: fetter, cord; nerve, sinew, 1 nox, noctis, f.: night, 2 obeō, -īre, -īvī, -itum: to die, pass (away), 2


odium, -iī n.: hatred, 1 ōrō (1): plead, pray (for), entreat, 2 ostendō, -ere, -ī, ntus: show, promise, 4 piscīna, -ae f.: fishing pool, swimming pool, 3 plēnus, -a, -um: full, filled of, 2 propter: on account of, because of, 4 prōsum, -esse, -fuī: be useful, profitable, 1 puer, puerī m.: boy, 3 quo-usque: until what time?, how long? 2 retrō: back, backward, behind, 2 septem: seven, 1

sine: without (abl.), 4 statūra, -ae f.: stature, size, height, 1 summittō, -ere, -mīsi: send up, raise, 1 tamen: however, nevertheless, 4 trahō, -ere, trāxī, tractum: to draw, drag, 2 trānseō, -īre, -iī (īvī), itus: pass (by), 2 umbilīcus, -ī m.: navel; middle, 1 uterque, utraque, utrumque: each (of two) 2 vestiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: to clothe, dress, 2 vulnus, -eris n.: wound, blow, 3

1 annōrum septem: gen. of description 2 faciē cancerātā: abl. absolute ita ut…fuerit: so that…; result clause, pf. subj. sum: translate in pf. tense odiō fuerit…hominibus: served as a cause of hatred to all people; ‘was for hatred for all people,’ double dative (dat. of purpose and dat. of interest); fuerit is pf. subj. 3 hōc: this one; i.e. Dinocrates 4 ita ut…possēmus: so that…; result clause with impf. subj. possum uterque: we each 6 plēna: governs abl. as well as gen. quam: than; following a comparative adj. 7 bibitūrus: intending to drink; fut. pple 8 et…et: both…and 9 bibitūrus…essent: periphrastic future (fut. pple + impf. sum), here impf. subj. of sum 10 labōrāre: was struggling

prōfutūrum (esse): fut. inf., mē is subject; prosum governs a dative labōrī: for…; dat. of purpose 11 omnibus: for…; ‘in…’, abl. of time when quo-usque: until; ‘up to which (time)’ 12 mūnere castrensī: in…; abl. place where, i-stem 3rd decl. adj. has an ‘i’ instead of ‘e’ erāmus pugnātūrī: periphrastic future 13 natāle (diē): on the birth(day); time when illō: that (one); i.e. Dinocrates diē et nocte: abl. time when 14 ut…dōnārētur: that it…; purpose clause, impersonal impf. pass. subj. 16 quō: in which (day)…; relative pronoun, abl. time when, antecedent is diē mundō corpore: with…; gen. of quality 19 summissō margine: abl. abs. 20 dē eā: i.e. the piscīna


3. Et super marginem fiala aurea plēna aquā. et accessit Dinocrates et dē eā bibere coepit; quae fiala nōn deficiēbat. 4. Et satiātus accessit dē aquā lūdere mōre infantium gaudēns. Et experrecta sum. Tunc intellēxī trānslātum eum esse dē poenā. 9. Deinde post diēs paucōs Pudens mīles, optio praepositus carceris, nōs magnificāre coepit intellegēns magnam virtūtem esse in nōbīs; quī multōs ad nōs admittēbat ut et nōs et illī invicem refrigerārēmus. 2. Ut autem proximāvit diēs mūneris, intrat ad mē pater meus consumptus taediō, et coepit barbam suam ēvellere et in terram mittere, et prosternere sē in faciem, et improperāre annīs suīs, et dīcere tanta uerba quae movērent universam creaturam. 3. ego dolēbam prō infēlīcī senectā eius. 10. Prīdiē quam pugnārēmus, videō in horōmate hōc: vēnisse Pompōnium diaconum ad ostium carceris et pulsāre uehementer. 2. et exīvī ad eum et aperuī eī; quī erat vestītus discinctā candīdā, habēns multiplicēs galliculās. 3. et dīxit mihī: Perpetua, tē expectāmus; venī. Et tenuit mihī manum et coepimus īre per aspera loca et flexuōsa.

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admittō, -ere, mīsī, missum: admit, allow, 1 annus, -ī m.: year, 3 aperiō, -īre, aperuī, apertum: open; reveal, 1 asper, aspera, asperum: harsh, rough, 2 aureus, -a, -um: golden, 2 barba, -ae f.: beard, 1 bibō, -ere, bibī: drink, 3 candidus, -a, -um: bright white, white, 2 consumō, -ere, -mpsī -mptum: take, use up 2 creātūra, -ae f.: creature, creation, 1 dēficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum: fail, exhaust, 3 deinde: then, next, from that place, 2 discingō, -ere, -xī, -nctum: ungrid, loosened 3 ēvellō, -ere, -vulsī, -vulsum: tear or pull out 1 exspectō (1): to wait for, await, look for, 1 fiala, -ae f.: cup, 2 flexuōsus, -a, -um: windings, crooked, 1 gallicula, -ae f.: Gallic shoe, 2

gaudeō, -ēre, gāvīsus sum: enjoy, rejoice, 4 horōma, -matis n.: Grk. vision, 1 improperō (1): to reproach, curse, 1 infēlīx, -fēlīcis: unhappy, unfortunate, 1 intellegō, -ere, -lēxī, -lēctum: realize, understand, 4 intrō (1): go into, enter, 1 lūdō, -ere, lūsī, lūsum: to play; mock, 2 magnificō (1): to make much of, magnify, 2 magnus, -a, -um: great, large; important, 3 margo, marginis, m./f.: border, edge, 4 mīles, mīlitis, m.: soldier, 3 mōs, mōris m.: custom, manner, law, 1 moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtum: move, rouse 4 multiplex, -plicis: manifold, many, 1 optio, -iōnis m.: adjutant, military adjutant, 2 ostium, -iī m.: entrance, opening, 2 plēnus, -a, -um: full, filled of, 2


poena, poenae, f.: punishment, penalty, 2 Pompōnius, -ī, m.: Pomponius, 3 praepōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum: set over (gen), place in front, 2 prīdiē: on the day before, the previous day, 3 prosternō -ere -strāvī -strātum: spread out 2 proximō (1): draw or come near, approach, 1 Pudēns, Pudentis m.: Pudens, 3 pulsō (1): to strike against, knock, 1 satiō (1): to satisfy, appease, do enough, 2

senecta, -ae f.: old age, 1 super: above, 4 taedium, -ī n.: disgust, loathing, weariness, 2 teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentum: to hold, keep, 1 terra, -ae. f.: earth, ground, land, 2 trānsferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum: carry across 3 vehementer: vehemently, strongly, violently 1 vestiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: to clothe, dress, 3 virtūs, -ūtis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 4

1 fiala aurea: supply erat, ‘there was’ 2 quae fiala: which cup…; relative adjective 3 mōre: in the custom…; originally an abl. of source (from…) rather than abl. of manner translātum eum esse: that he…; eum (Dinocrates) is acc. subject 6 optio: adjutant; an official position 8 ut…refrigerārēmus: so that…we might be refreshed; purpose clause, the subject is both 1st pl. and 3rd pl. 9 Ut: with indicative, ut often means ‘as’ or ‘when’ 11 mittere: throw (himself); i.e. to her feet annīs suīs: dat. of compound verb 12 quae movērent: relative clause of

characteristic governing an impf. subj. 15 quam: than; the word prīdiē includes the s ense of a comparative ‘earlier’ and may mean ‘on an earlier day’ 17 pulsāre: was knocking; i.e. at the gate of the prison 17 exīvī: pf. exeō aperuī: opened (the gate) eī: for…; dat. sg. of interest, is, ea, id candīdā: with a bright-white (toga) 18 Perpetua: vocative direct address venī: sg. imperative (note the short ‘e’) 19 mihi: dat. of possession, translate as a possessive


4. Vix tandem pervēnimus anhelantēs ad amphitheātrum et indūxit mē in mediā arēnā et dīxit mihī: Nōlī pavere. Hīc sum tēcum et conlabōrō tēcum. et abiit. 5. Et aspiciō populum ingentem attonitum; et quia sciēbam mē ad bestiās damnātam esse, mīrābar quod nōn mitterentur mihī bestiae. 6. Et exīvīt quīdam contra mē Aegyptius foedus speciē cum adiutōribus suīs pugnātūrus mēcum. Veniunt et ad mē adolescentēs decōrī, adiutōrēs et fautōrēs meī. 7. et expoliāta sum et facta sum masculus; et coepērunt mē fauisōrēs meī oleō defricāre, quōmodō solent in agōne. Et illum contrā Aegyptium videō in afā volutantem. 8. Et exīvit uir quīdam mīrae magnitūdinis ut etiam excēderet fastigium amphitheātrī discinctātus, purpuram inter duōs clavōs per medium pectus habēns, et galliculās multiformēs ex aurō et argentō factās, et ferēns virgam quāsī lanīsta, et rāmum viridem in quō erant māla aurea. 9. et petiit silentium et dīxit: Hic Aegyptius, sī hanc vīcerit, occidet illam gladiō; haec, sī hunc vīcerit, accipiet ramum istum. 10. Et recessit. et accessimus ad invicem et coepimus mittere pugnōs. Ille mihī pedēs apprehendere volēbat; ego autem illī calcibus faciem caedēbam.

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abeō, -īre, -īvī: go away, go off, depart, 1 adiūtor, -ōris f.: adjutant, aid, deputy, 2 adolescens, -entis m./f.: youth, 2 Aegyptius, -ī m.: Egyptian, 4 afa, -ae f.: dust, 1 agōn, -ōnis m.: contest, 1 amphitheātrum, -ī n.: amphitheater, arena, 3 anhelō (1): pant, puff; exhale, breath out, 1 apprehendō, -ere, ndī, -nsum: seize, arrest, 4 arēna, -ae f.: sand; arena, 1 argentum, ī n.: silver, 1 attonitus, -a, -um: stun, stupefy; thunder at 2 aureus, -a, -um: golden, 2 aurum, -ī n.: gold, 1 caedō, -ere, caesī, caesum: beat, kill, 2 calx, calcis f.: heel, 1 clāvus, -ī m.: nail, rivet; purple stripe, 1 collaborō (1): to work with, toil together, 1 contrā: opposite, facing (acc.), 3 damnō (1): condemn, punish, convict, 2

decōrus, -a, -um: seemly, handsome, fine, 1 defricō (1): to rub down, rub hard, 1 discingō, -ere, -xī, -nctum: ungrid, loosened 3 duo, duae, duo: two, 3 etiam: besides, also, even, 3 excēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum; depart, go out, 1 expoliō (1): to smooth, polish, adorn, 1 fastigium, -iī n.: top, height; gable, roof, 1 fautor, -ōris m.: promoter, favorer, patron, 1 favīsor, -ōris m.: favorer, supporter, patron, 2 ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus: carry, bear, endure, 2 foedus, -a, -um: foul, loathsome, ugly, 1 gallicula, -ae f.: Gallic shoe, 2 indūcō -ere -duxī -ductum: lead or bring in 2 ingēns, ingentis: huge, immense, 1 iste, ista, istud: that or those (of yours), 1 lanista, -ae m.: trainer (of gladiators), 1 māgnitūdō, -tūdinis f.: size, greatness, 3 mālum, -ī n.: apple, 1 masculus, -a, -um: male, masculine; a male, 1


mīror, -ārī, -ātus sum: wonder, be amazed, 1 mīrus, -a, -um: wonderful, marvelous, 3 multi-formis, -e: many-shaped, diverse, 1 nōlō, nolle, noluī: to refuse, be unwilling, 4 occīdō, -ere, occidī, occīsus: kill, cut down 2 oleum, -ī n.: oil, olive-oil, 1 paveō, -ēre, pāvī: panic, be terrified, fear, 2 pectus, pectoris n.: breast, chest, heart, 1 pēs, pedis m.: foot, 2???? populus, -ī m.: people, nation, 11 pugnus, -ī m.: a fist, 1 purpura, -ae f.: crimson, purple, 1 quōmodo: how, in what way; just as, 4 rāmus, -ī m.: branch, 3

recēdō, -ere, recessī, recessum: to go back, withdraw, 2 sciō, -īre, -īvī (iī), -ītus: know (how), 4 silentium, -iī n.: silence, 2 soleō, -ēre, -luī: be accustomed, 1 species, -ēi f.: sight, appearance, aspect, 1 tandem: finally, at last, at length, 1 vincō, -ere, vīcī, victum: conquer, defeat, 3 vir, virī m.: man, male, 2 virga, -ae f.: rod, switch, wand; branch, twig 2 viridis, -e: green, 1 vix: with difficulty, with effort, scarcely, 1 volūtō (1): to roll, twist, tumble, 1

1 Nōlī pavere: Don’t panic; ‘be unwilling to panic,’ a typical negative command (imperative of nōlō, nolle + pres. inf.) 2 tēcum: cum tē 4 mē…damnātam esse: that…; ind. disc. with a pf. pass. inf. mīrābar: impf. deponent mīror, translate the impf. passive as active 5 mihī: against me; dat. indirect object, in most cases Classical Latin prefers ‘ad tē, acc. place to which speciē: in appearance; abl. of respect following the adjective foedus 6 pugnātūrus: to fight; ‘intending to fight,’ the fut. pple can be used, as here, to express purpose mēcum: cum mē: abl. of association, which serves a different function from the more common abl. of assocation 8 masculus: predicate 9 quōmodō: in which way; quō modō, a relative adjective, abl. of manner

contrā: on the other side 11 mīrae magnitūdinis: of…; gen. of description ut…excēderet: that…exceeded; result clause + impf. subj. i.e the man was so tall that he surpassed 13 habēns: wearing 15 māla: the long ‘a’ distinguishes the fruit from the adjective ‘bad’ sī…vīcerit…occidet: future-more-vivid condition (sī fut. pf., fut. ), in English, t ranslate the fut. pf. (here vincō) as a pres. tense with future sense 16 hanc: this (women); i.e. Perpetua Haec: this one; i.e. Perpetua, subject of both verbs sī…vīcerit, accipiet: future-more-vivid condition, see above 18 mihī: dat. of possession, translate as a possessive 19 illī: that one’s; dat. of possession, translate as a possessive


11. et sublātā sum in aere et coepī eum sīc caedere quāsī terram nōn calcāns. at ubi vīdī moram fiērī, iūnxī manūs ut digitōs in digitōs mitterem et apprehendī illī caput; et cecidit in faciem et calcāvi illī caput. 12. Et coepit populus clamāre et favisōrēs meī psallere. Et accessī ad lanistam et accēpī ramum. 13. Et osculātus est mē et dīxit mihī: Fīlia, pāx tēcum. Et coepī īre cum glōriā ad portam Sanavivariam. Et experrecta sum. 14. Et intellēxī mē nōn ad bestiās, sed contrā diābolum esse pugnātūram; sed sciēbam mihī esse victōriam. 15. Hoc ūsque in prīdiē mūneris ēgī; ipsīus autem mūneris actum, sī quis uoluerit, scrībat. 11. Sed et Saturus benedictus hanc visiōnem suam ēdidit, quam ipse conscrīpsit. 2. Passī, inquit, erāmus, et exīvimus dē carne, et coepimus ferrī ā quattuor angelīs in orientem, quōrum manūs nōs nōn tangēbant. 3. Ībāmus autem nōn supīnī sursum versī, sed quāsī mollem clivum ascendentēs. 4. Et līberātō prīmō mundō vīdimus lūcem immensam, et dīxī Perpetuae (erat enim haec in latere meō): Hoc est quod nōbīs Dominus promittēbat: percēpimus

promissiōnem.

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aes, aeris n.: bronze, 1 agō, agere, ēgī, āctum: drive, lead, do, 3 apprehendō, -ere, ndī, -nsum: seize, arrest, 4 at: but; mind you; but, you say, 1 benedicō, -ere, -dīxī, -dictum: to bless, 2 cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrum: to fall, 2 caedō, -ere, caesī, caesum: beat, kill, 2 clamō (1): shout, cry out, 2 clīvus, -ī m.: incline, slope, sloping ground, 1 conscribō, -ere, -scripsī, -ptum: write up, 4 contrā: opposite, facing (acc.), 3 diābolus, -ī m.: Satan (Gk. Slanderer), 3 digitus, -ī m.: finger, 3 Dominus, -ī m.: Lord, Master, 4 ēdō, -ere, ēdidī, ēditum: put forth, publish, 1 favīsor, -ī m.: favorer, supporter, patron, 2 ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus: carry, bear, endure, 2 fiō, fierī, factus: become, be made, 3 immensus, -a, -um: huge, vast, immense, 4

intellegō, -ere, -lēxī, -lēctum: realize, understand, 4 iungō, -ere, iunxī, iunctum: join, attach, 2 lanista, -ae m.: trainer (of gladiators), 1 latus, -eris n.: side, flank, 3 līberō (1): to free, release, deliver, 1 lūx, lūcis, f.: light, 2 mollis, -e: soft, 1 mora, -ae f.: delay, hesitation, hindrance, 1 mundus, -ī m.: world, 1 orior, orīrī, ortus sum: arise, spring up, 1 osculor, -ārī, -ātus sum: to kiss, 3 pāx, pācis f.: peace, quiet, rest, 3 percipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: receive, get, 1 prīdiē: on the day before, the previous day, 3 prīmus -a -um: first, 2 prōmissio, -ōnis f.: promise, promising, 1 promittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum: send forth, 2 psallō, -ere: Grk. sing or play with a cithara, 2


rāmus, -ī m.: branch, 3 Sanavivāria, -ae f.: Sanavivaria, 2 sciō, -īre, -īvī (iī), -ītus: know (how), 4 scrībō, -ere, -scripsī, -scriptum: write, 1 supīnus, -a, -um: backwards, thrown back, 1 sursum: from below, upwards, on high, 2

tangō, -ere, tetigī, tactum: to touch, 1 terra, -ae. f.: earth, ground, land, 2 tollō, ere, sustulī, sublātum: raise, destroy, 1 vertō, -ere, vertī, versum: to turn, 2 victoria, -ae f.: victory, 2

1 sublāta sum: pf. pass. tollō 2 fiērī: inf. of fiō in ind. discourse ut…mitterem: so that I put; result clause; i.e. I joined hands in such away that 3 illī: dat. of possession, translate as a possesive 3 illī: dat. of possession, translate as a cecidit: the opponent is the subject illī: dat. of possession, translate as a 6 Fīlia: vocative direct address 7 mē…esse pugnātūrum: that…; ind. disc. with fut. inf. pugnātūrum esse 8 mihī esse: dat. of possession, common with the verb sum, literally ‘there is to me’ but you may also translate it as ‘I have’ 9 Hoc…ēgī: I did this prīdiē mūneris: on the day before the spectacle ipsīus autem…scrībat: if anyone wishes,

let him write what was done (on the day) of the spectacle itself; supply diē; actum, ‘the thing done’ is neuter sg.; quis is indefinite after sī; voluerit is fut. pf. (translate as a pres. with fut. sense); and scrībat is pres. jussive subjunctive in 3rd sg. 12 hanc: i.e. the following vision 13 Passī erāmus: plpf. deponent patior inquit: (Saturnus) said; inquit is common in direct speech 14 ferrī: pass. inf. ferō orientem: supply the word sōlem, ‘sun;’ the pple is indicating the direction of motion 15 Ībāmus: impf. eō, īre 16 mollem: i.e. a gradual slope līberātō…mundō: abl. absolute 18 quod: (that) which; or ‘what’ percēpimus: we have received in the end


5. Et dum gestāmur ab ipsīs quattuor angelīs, factum est nōbīs spatium grande, quod tāle fuit quāsī viridiārium arborēs habēns rosae et omne genus flōris. 6. Altitūdō arborum erat in modum cypressī, quārum folia cadēbant sine cessātiōne. 7. Ibi autem in viridiāriō aliī quattuor angelī fuērunt clariōrēs cēterīs: quī, ubi vīdērunt nōs, honōrem nōbīs dēdērunt, et dīxērunt cēterīs angelīs, Ecce sunt, ecce sunt, cum admirātiōne. et expavescentēs quattuor illī angelī quī gestābant nōs, dēposuērunt nōs. 8. et pedibus nostrīs trānsīvimus ad stadium viā lātā. 9. Ibi invēnimus Iocundum et Saturnīnum et Artaxium, quī eādem persecūtiōne vīvī arsērunt, et Quintum, quī et ipse martyr in carcere exīerat. et quaerēbāmus dē illīs, ubi essent. 10. Cēterī angelī dīxērunt nōbīs: Vēnite prius, introīte et salutāte Dominum. 12. Et vēnimus prope locum cuius locī pariētēs tālēs erant quāsī dē luce aedificātī; et ante ostium locī illīus angelī quattuor stābant, quī introeuntes vestiērunt stolās candīdās. 2. et introīvīmus, et audīvīimus vōcem ūnitam dīcentem, agiōs agiōs agiōs, sine cessātiōne. 3. et vīdimus in eōdem locō sedentem quāsī hominem canum, niveōs habentem capillōs et vultū iuvenīlī, cuius pedēs nōn vīdimus. 4. Et in dexterā et in sinistrā seniōres quattuor, et post illōs cēterī seniōres complurēs stābant.

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admirātiō, -tiōnis f.: admiration, wonder, 2 aedificō (1): make a building, build, 2 agios, -a, -um: Grk. holy, sacred, 3 altitūdō, -tūdinis f.: height, depth, 2 arbor, -is f.: tree, 3 ardeō, -ēre, arsī, arsum: to burn, 1 Artaxius, -ī m.: Artaxius, 1 cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrum: to fall, 2 candidus, -a, -um: bright white, white, 2 canus, -a, -um: white, gray; pl. gray hair, 4 capillus, -ī m.: hair, 3 cessātiō, -tiōnis f.: cessation, letup; idleness, 3 clārus, -a, -um: bright, clear; distinguished, 1 complūrēs, -plūra: several, many, 2 cypressus, -ī m.: cypress tree, 1

dēpōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum: put down, 2 dexter, -tera, -terum: right, the right hand, 3 dō, dare, dedī, datum: give; grant, 4 Dominus, -ī m.: Lord, Master, 4 dum: while, as long as, until, 3 ecce: behold!, look!, 3 expavescō, -ere, expāvī: panic, be terrified, 2 flōs, flōris m.: flower, blossom, 2 folium, -ī m.: leaf, foliage, 1 genus, generis, n.: origin, kind, sort, 3 gestō (1): to bear, wear, carry on, 3 grandis, -e: large, grand, great, 3 honor(s), -ōris m.: honor, glory; offering, 2 introeō, -īre, -īvī, itum: to enter, 5 inveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum: find, 1


Iocundus, -ī m.: Jocundus, 1 iuvenilis, -e: youthful, juvenile, 1 lātus, -a, -um: wide, broad, 1 lūx, lūcis, f.: light, 2 niveus, -a, -um: snowy, of snow, 1 ostium, -iī m.: entrance, opening, 2 pariēs, -etis m.: wall, 1 persecūtio, -ōnis f: prosecution, persecution 1 pēs, pedis m.: foot, 3???? prope: near; nearly, 1 quaerō -ere -sīvī -sītum: seek, ask, inquire, 1 Quintus, -ī m.: Quintus, 1 rosa, -ae f.: rose, 2 salutō (1): to greet, wish health; keep safe, 1 Saturnīnus, -ī m.: Saturninus, 4

sedeō, -ēre, sēdī, sessum: to sit, 2 sine: without (abl.), 4 sinister, -tra, -trum: left (hand), 2 spatium, -iī n.: space, room, extent, 4 stadium, -iī n.: Grk. stadium, racetrack, 1 stola, -ae f.: stola, robe (female garment), 1 trānseō, -īre, -iī (īvī), itus: pass (by), 2 ūnitus, -a, -um: single, singular, one, 2 vestiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: to clothe, dress, 3 via, -ae, f.: road, way, path, 2 viridiārium, -ī n.: orchard, pleasure-garden, 3 vīvus, -a, -um: alive, living, 1 vōx, vōcis, f.: voice; utterance, word, 3 vultus, -ūs m.: face, expression, 3

1 gestāmur: we are carried 2 nōbīs: for…; dat. of interest habēns: neuter modifying viridiārium 3 rosae: gen. modifies arborēs, or parallel with flōris, it modifes omne genus: ‘rosae et flōris’ omne genus: omne is neuter sg. modifies genus, which is neuter acc. sg. 4 quārum: whose…; a relative whse antecedent is fem. pl. arborum cēterīs: than…; abl. of comparison 7 Ecce sunt: Behold, they are (here); i.e. ‘Here they are!’ 9 trānsīvimus: pf. trānseō viā lātā: with…; abl. of quality 10 vīvī: nom. pl. serving as a predicate adj.

11 martyr: as a martyr, predicative 12 ubi essent: indirect question with impf. subj. of sum 13 introīte, salutāte: pl. imperatives cuius locī: of which place; modifying pariētēs, a relative adjective 16 locī illīus: of that place 17 introeuntēs: nom. pl. pres. pple. of intro- eō 18 agiōs, agiōs, agiōs: direct speech, following the pple dīcentem 20 canum: of grey hair; acc. sg. vultū iūvenīlī: with…; abl. of quality, there is a lack of parallism with habentem 20 seniōrēs: elder; i.e. angelōs


5. Et introeuntēs cum admirātiōne stetimus ante thronum, et quattuor angelī sublevāvērunt nōs et osculātī sumus illum, et dē manū suā trāiēcit nōbīs in faciem. 6. Et cēterī seniōrēs dīxērunt nōbīs: Stēmus; et stetimus et pācem fēcimus. et dīxērunt nōbīs seniōrēs: Īte et lūdite. 7. Et dīxī Perpetuae: Habēs quod vīs. et dīxit mihī: Deō grātiās, ut, quōmodo in carne hilaris fuī, hilārior sim et hīc modō. 13. Et exīvimus et vīdimus ante forēs Optātum, episcopum, ad dexteram et Aspasium presbyterum doctōrem ad sinistram separātōs et tristēs. 2. Et mīsērunt sē ad pedēs nōbīs et dīxērunt: Compōnite inter nōs, quia exīstis, et sīc nōs relīquistis. 3. Et dīximus illīs: Nōn tū es papa noster et tū presbyter, ut vōs ad pedēs nōbīs mittātis? et mōtī sumus et complexī illōs sumus. 4. Et coepit Perpetua Graece cum illīs loquī, et segregāvimus eōs in viridiārium sub arbore rosae. 5. Et dum loquimur cum eīs, dīxērunt illīs angelī: Sinite illōs refrigerent; et sī quās habētis inter vōs dissensiōnēs, dīmittite vōbīs invicem. 6. Et conturbāvērunt eōs. et dīxērunt Optātō: Corrige plebem tuam, quia sīc ad tē conveniunt quāsī dē circō redeuntēs et dē factiōnibus certantēs.

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admirātiō, -tiōnis f.: admiration, wonder, 2 arbor, -is f.: tree, 3 Aspasius, ī m.: Aspasius, 1 certō (1): to contest, fight over, contend, 1 circus, -ī m.: racetrack, circus, 1 complector, -ī, complexus sum: embrace, 1 compōnō, -ere, -posuī: gather, join, arrange, 1 conturbō (1): to confuse, set in confusion, 2 conveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus: come together, convene, assemble, 2 corrigō, -ere, -rexī: straighten, correct, 1 dexter, -tera, -terum: right, the right hand, 3 dīmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus: send (away), 1 dissensio, -ōnis f.: disagreement, dissension, 1 doctor, -ōris m.: instructor, teacher, 1 dum: while, as long as, until, 3 epīscopus, -ī m.: bishop, Grk. overseer, 1 factio, factiōnis f. f.: faction, sect, party, 1

foris, -is m.: door, gate, 1 graece: in Greek, 1 hilaris, -e: cheerful, merry, joyous, 4 loquor, -ī, locūtum: speak, say, 3 lūdō, -ere, lūsī, lūsum: to play; mock, 2 moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtum: move, rouse 4 optātus, a, -um: longer for, hoped for, dear, 2 osculor, -ārī, -ātus sum: to kiss, 3 papa, -ae m.: father, papa; bishop, 1 pāx, pācis f.: peace, quiet, rest, 3 pēs, pedis m.: foot, 4???? plebs, plēbis, f.: common people, masses, 1 presbyter, -erī m.: Grk. elder, presbyter, 2 quōmodo: how, in what way; just as, 4 redeō, -īre, -īvī: go back, return, 1 relinquō, -ere, -līquī, -lictum: leave behind, 4 rosa, -ae f.: rose, 2 sēgregō (1): to set apart, separate, 1


sēparō (1): to sever, separate, divide, 1 sinister, -tra, -trum: left (hand), 2 sinō, -ere, sīvī, situm: allow, let, permit, 1 sub: under, below, beneath, underneath, 3 sublevō (1): lift up, raise up, support, assist 1

thronus, ī n.: Grk. throne, elevated seat, 1 trāiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: throw across, 1 tristis, -e: sad, sullen, 1 viridiārium, -ī n.: orchard, pleasure-garden, 3

1 introeuntēs: nom. pl. pple. intro-eō 2 osculātī sumus: pf. deponent osculor 3 dē manū suā…faciem: with his hand he crossed us on the face; i.e. passed his hand over our faces Stēmus: let us…; jussive present subj. stō 5 Īte, lūdite: imperatives, eō, lūdō vīs: 2nd sg. pres. volō 6 Deō grātiās (agō): ellipsis, supply the verb agō, ‘I give’ ut…sim: that I am…; pres. subj. sum quōmodō…modō: in what way…in (this way; relative, the antecedent of quōmodō is modō 9 Optātum: a proper name, Optatus is a bishop; ‘episcopum’ is in apposition 10 dexteram (manum): add fem. manum sinistram (manum): add fem. manum 11 separātōs et tristēs: modifies Optatus and Aspasius, viewed collectively in the plural mīsērunt: i.e. threw nōbīs: dat. of possession, translate as possessive

12 Compōnite: make peace; i.e. ‘settle’ ex(īv)īstis: you have gone out; pf. exeō 13 papa: father; a modern English derivative is ‘Pope’ ut…mittātis: that you…; result clause with pres. subj. 14 mōtī sumus: i.e. to move emotionally complexī…sumus: pf. complector 15 loquī: deponent inf. loquor, translate pass. as active 17 Sinite (ut)…refrigerent: allow that…; noun result clause; supply the ‘ut’ which is commonly missing after the imperative of sinō; pres. subj. refrigerō 18 quās: any; pronoun becomes indefinitie after sī dīmittite (dissensiōnēs) vōbīs: dismiss your quarrels in turn; i.e. forgive one another conturbāvērunt: i.e. drove them away, made them get up and move away dē circō: from the racetrack 20 redeuntēs: nom. pl. pple redeō


7. Et sīc nōbīs vīsum est quāsī vellent claudere portās. 8. Et coepimus illīc multōs frātrēs cognōscere sed et martyrās. Universī odore inēnarrābilī alēbāmur quī nōs satiābat. Tunc gaudēns experrectus sum. 14. Hae visiōnēs insigniōrēs ipsōrum martyrum beātissimōrum Saturī et Perpetuae, quās ipsī conscripsērunt. 2. Secundulum vērō Deus matūriōre exitū dē saeculō adhūc in carcere ēvocāvit nōn sine grātiā ut bestiās lucrārētur. 3. Gladium tamen etsī nōn anima certē carō eius agnōvit. 15. Circā Fēlīcitātem vērō et illī grātia dominī eiusmodī contigit. 2. Cum octo iam mensium ventrem habēret (nam praegnāns fuerat apprehensa), instante spectaculī diē in magnō erat luctū nē propter ventrem differrētur (quia nōn licet praegnantēs poenae repraesentārī) et nē inter aliōs posteā scelerātōs sanctum et innocentem sanguinem funderet. 3. Sed et conmartyrēs graviter contristābantur nē tam bonam sociam quāsī comitem solam in viā eiusdem speī relinquerent. 4. Coniunctō itaque ūnitō gemitū ad Dominum ōrātiōnem fūderunt ante tertium diem mūneris. 5. Statim post ōrātiōnem dolōrēs invāsērunt. Et cum prō nāturālī difficultāte octāvī mensis in partū labōrāns dolēret, ait illī quīdam ex ministrīs cataractāriōrum: Quae sīc modo dolēs, quid facies obiecta bestiīs, quās contempsistī cum sacrificāre nōluistī?

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agnōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum: recognize, 3 ait: say, assert, tell (pres. and impf.), 3 alō, -ere, aluī: to nourish, feed, nurture, 1 anima, -ae f.: breath, soul, life, 2 apprehendō, -ere, ndī, -nsum: seize, arrest, 4 beatus, -a, -um: blessed, happy, 2 bonus, -a, -um: good, kind(ly), useful 1 cataractārius, ī m.: prison (?), 1 certus, -a, -um: certain, reliable, sure, 2 circā: around, about, 1 claudō, -ere, clausī, -sum: close, shut off, 1 comes, -itis m. f.: companion, comrade, 2

coniungō, -ere, -nxī, -nctum: join together, 1 conmartyr, martyris m./f.: fellow martyr, 1 conscribō, -ere, -scripsī, -ptum: write up, 4 contemnō, -ere, -psī, -ptum: look down on, 1 contingō, -ere, -tigī, -tactum: happen, touch 1 contristō (1): to sadden, cast gloom over, 2 differō, ferre, tulī, lātus: spread out, differ, 1 difficultās, -tātis f.: difficulty, 1 dolor, -ōris m.: pain, grief, anger, passion, 4 Dominus, -ī m.: Lord, Master, 4 eiusmodī: adv, in such manner, of such kind 1 ēvocō (1): call out, challenge, 1


exitus, -ūs, m.: death, destruction, 2 fundō, -ere, fūdī, fūsum: to pour (out), shed 2 gaudeō, -ēre, gāvīsus sum: enjoy, rejoice, 4 gemitus, -ūs m.: groan, sign, moan, 1 graviter (1): heavily, severely, seriously, 1 illīc: there, in that place, 3 inēnarrābilis, -e: indiscribable, 1 innocēns, -entis: blameless, harmless, 1 insignis, -e: distinguished, remarkable, 1 instō, -āre, -stitī, stand on, press on, 1 invādō, -ere, -vāsī, vāsum, enter, go into, 1 labōrō (1): work, toil, labor, strive, 2 licet, -ēre, -uit: is allowed, permitted, 1 lucror, -ārī, lucrātus sum: gain ,win, make, 1 luctus, -ūs m.: grief, distress, sorrow, 1 magnus, -a, -um: great, large; important, 3 mātūrus -a –um: early, timely, seasonable, 1 mensis, -is m.: month, 2 minister, -trī m.: servant, attendant, 1 nam: for, 3 nātūrālis, -e: of one's birth; natural, 1 nōlō, nolle, noluī: to refuse, be unwilling, 4 obiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: throw at or to, 3 octāvus, -a, -um: eighth, 1

octo: eight, 1 odor, odoris m.: scent, smell, odor; perfume 1 partus, -ūs, m.: birth, bringing forth, 3 poena, poenae, f.: punishment, penalty, 2 posteā: thereafter, afterwards, 2 praegnāns, -antis: pregnant, full of, 2 propter: on account of, because of, 4 recognōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum: recognize, 2 relinquō, -ere, -līquī, -lictum: leave behind, 4 repraesentō (1): show, exhibit, display, 1 sacrificō (1): to sacrifice, perform sacrifice, 1 satiō (1): to satisfy, appease, do enough, 2 scelerātus, -a, -um: wicked, defiled, profane 1 Secundulus, -ī m.: Secundulus, 2 sine: without (abl.), 4 spectāculum, -ī n.: spectacle, game, show, 3 spēs, -ēī f.: hope, expectation, 2 tam: so, so much, so very, such, 1 tamen: however, nevertheless, 4 tertius, -a, -um: third, 1 ūnitus, -a, -um: single, singular, one, 2 venter, ventris m.: belly, 2 vērō: in truth, in fact, certainly, 3 via, -ae, f.: road, way, path, 2

1 vellent: impf. subj. volō, velle 2 martyrās: a Greek 3rd decl. acc. plural 3 inēnarrābilī: abl. sg., 3rd decl. i-stem adj. 4 experrectus sum: pf. deponent 6 Hae: these (above) were the visions…; supply the verb erant insigniōrēs: quite remarkable; comparative can have the meaning of ‘rather remarkable,’ ‘quite remarkable,’ when there is no object of comparison 8 dē saeculō: from life nōn sine: not without…; litōtes, the two negatives are an understated way of expressing a positive: ‘with…’ 9 ut…lucrārētur: so that…; purpose clause with impf. subj. etsī…certē carō: although not his soul, certainly his flesh…; nom. subject 12 Circā Fēlīcitātem: about Felicitas illī: to that one; i.e. Felicitas, dat. of interest following contigit 13 octo…mensium: gen. of description modifiying ventrem fuerat apprehensa: periphrastic plpf. pass. (plpf. sum + PPP) 14 instante…die: on…; abl. time when

erat: (she) was; Felicitas is the subject luctū: object of ‘in magnō’ nē…differrēntur: lest…would; fearing clause with impf. subj. (inf. + endings) 15 licet: it is allowed that; a popular impersonal verb, here followed by an acc. + inf. construction poenae: for…; dat. of purpose 16 nē…funderet: lest…; second fearing clause with impf. subj. 18 nē…relinquerent: lest…; a third clause of fearing, impf. subj. eiusdem speī: gen. sg. 19 coniunctō…gemitū: abl. absolute 21 dolōrēs: i.e. the pangs of childbirth prō: before…; i.e. earlier in time 22 octāvī mensis: gen. sg. modifies difficultāte illī: dat. ind. object, i.e. Felicitas quīdam…cataractāriōrum: a certain one from the attendants of the prison 23 Quae: who are you to suffer now already? quid: what…?; fut. of faciō 24 nōluistī: only those who call themselves Christian and refuse to sacrifice are punished


6. et illa respondit: Modo ego patior quod patior; illīc autem alius erit in mē quī patiētur prō mē, quia et ego prō illō passūra sum. 7. ita ēnixa est puellam, quam sibi quaedam soror in fīliam ēdūcāvit. 16. Quoniam ergo permīsit et permittendō voluit Spiritus Sanctus ordinem ipsius mūneris conscrībī, etsī indignī ad supplementum tantae glōriae dēscribendae, tamen quāsī mandātum sanctissimae Perpetuae, immo fīdeī commissum eius exsequimur, ūnum adicientēs documentum dē ipsīus constantiā et animī sublimitāte. 2. cum tribūnus castigātius eōs castigāret, quia ex admonitiōnibus hominum vanissimōrum verēbātur nē subtraherentur dē carcere incantatiōnibus aliquibus magicīs, in faciem eī Perpetua respondit: 3 Quid utique nōn permittis nōbīs refrigerāre noxiīs nobilissimīs, Caesaris scīlicet, et natālī eiusdem pugnātūrīs? aut nōn tua gloria est, sī pinguiōrēs illō prōducāmur? 4. Horruit et ērubuit tribunus; et ita iussit illōs hūmānius habērī ut frātribus eius et cēterīs facultās fieret introeundī et refrigerandī cum eīs, iam et ipsō optiōne carceris crēdente.

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adiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: throw to, hurl, 1 admonitio, -ōnis f.: warning, admonition, 1 aliquid, -cūius: something, anything, 4 animus, -ī m: mind, spirit; pl. courage, 2 aut: or (aut...aut – either…or), 4 Caesar, -aris m.: Caesar, 2 castigātius: firmly, 1 castigō (1): correct, reprove, find fault with, 1 committō, -ere, mīsī, missum: to entrust, 1 conscribō, -ere, -scripsī, -ptum: write up, 4 constantia, -ae f.: perseverance, constancy, 3 dēscrībō, -ere, -scripsī: write down, 1 documentum, -ī n.: example, lesson, 2 ēdūcō (1): to bring up, rear, foster, 1 ēnītor, -ī, ēnixus sum: bring forth; strive, 1 ergo: therefore, consequently, 2 ērubeō, -ēre, -uī: to be red, blush, 1 etsī: even if, although, though, 2 exsequor, -ī, exsecūtus sum: follow through 1 facultās, -tātis f.: ability, opportunity, 1 fiō, fierī, factus: become, be made, 3

horreō, -ēre, -uī: shudder, bristle with fear, 2 hūmānus, -a, -um: humane, refined, 1 illīc: there, in that place, 3 immo: nay, no indeed, in reality, 1 incantātio, -tiōnis f.: enchantment, 1 indignus, -a, -um: unworthy of (abl), 1 iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum: to order, bid, 2 magicus, -a, -um: magical, of magic, 1 mandō (1): order, command, commit, 1 natālis, -e: of birth, 2 nobilis, -e: noble, good, shonorable, 1 noxius, -a, -um: harmful, injurious, 1 optio, -iōnis m.: adjutant, military adjutant, 2 ordō, -inis m.: order, line, array; status, 3 permittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum: allow, let, 3 pinguis, -e: rich, luxurious, fat, plump, 1 prōducō, -ere, -duxī, ductum: lead forward 3 puella, -ae f.: girl, 3 quoniam: since now, seeing that, 1 respondeō, -ēre, -dī, -ōnsum: to answer, 4 scīlicet: it is evident, evidently, clearly, 2


soror, sorōris f.: sister, 2 sublimitās, -tātis f.: loftiness, elevation, 1 subtrahō, -ere, trāxī, tractum: to draw up, 1 supplementum, -ī n.: fulfillment, supplies 1 tamen: however, nevertheless, 4

tribūnus, -e: tribune, 3 utique: in any case, at any rate, at least, 4 vanus, -a, -um: empty, idle; lying, deceptive 1 vereor, -ērī, veritus sum: fear, revere, 1

1 modo…illīc autem: now…but there; modo is adverbial in contast to illīc quod: (that) which; or ‘what’ 2 patiētur: fut. deponent et: also; or ‘too,’ adverbial passūra sum: periphrastic future 3 ēnixa est: pf. deponent ēdūcāvit: has brought up; present perfect from the perspective of the narrator in fīliam: as her daughter 5 permittendō: abl. of means, a gerund (verbal noun) 6 ordinem: the sequence; i.e the account of events etsī: although; ‘even if,’ the clause is conccessive in sense indignī: (we are) unworthy ad supplementum: for the fulfillment of… i.e. for concluding this account; ad + acc. expresses purpose, 7 tantae glōriae dēscribendae: gen. sg. modifying supplementum; noun + gerundive: employ a gerundive-gerund flip and translate as a gerund (-ing) + object quāsī…Perpetuae: as if the command of most saintly Perpetua; neuter sg. PPP: ‘(the thing) having been commanded’

8 immo fīdeī commisum: nay, (something) entrusted to her faith ūnum documentum: one indication 9 ipsīus: of (Perpetua) herself 10 castigātius: comparative adverb castigāret: corrected; i.e. punished 11 nē…: lest…; fearing clause with impf. subj. 12 in faciem eī: to his face; ‘in his face,’ dat. of possession 13 Quid: why…? utique: at least; a particle, see the dictionary entry noxiīs…pugnātūrīs: (since being) harmful to the most noble (men) and of course about to fight on the birth(day) of Caesar himself; ‘the same Caesar,’ noxiīs and pugnātūrīs modify nōbīs above; natālī is abl. sg. i-stem modifying a missing diē 16 hūmānius: comparative adverb 16 ut…fieret: so that….was made; a result clause with impf. subj. fiō 16 frātribus…cētērīs: for…; dat. of interest 17 introeundī, refrigerandī: gen. sg. gerunds eīs: i.e. Perpetua and the other martyrs et: even; adverbial ipsō optiōne…crēdente: abl. absolute


17. Prīdiē quoque cum illam cēnam ūltimam quam līberam vōcant, quantum in ipsīs erat, nōn cēnam līberam sed agapem cēnārent, eādem constantiā ad populum verba iactābant, comminantās iudicium Deī, contestantēs passiōnis suae fēlīcitātem, inridentēs concurrentium curiōsitātem, dīcente Satūrō: 2 Crāstīnus satis vōbīs nōn est? Quid libenter vidētis quod ōdistis? hōdiē amīcī, crās inimīcī. Notāte tamen vōbīs faciēs nostrās diligenter, ut recognoscātis nōs in diē illō. 3. Ita omnēs inde attonitī discēdēbant, ex quibus multī crēdidērunt. 18. Illūxit diēs victoriae illōrum, et processērunt dē carcere in amphitheātrum quāsī in caelum hilarēs, vultū decorī, sī forte gaudiō paventes nōn timore. 2. sequēbātur Perpetua lūcidō vultū et placidō incessū ut mātrōna Christī, ut Deī dēlicāta, vīgōre oculōrum dēiciēns omnium conspectum. 3. Item Fēlīcitās, salvam sē peperisse gaudēns ut ad bestiās pugnāret, ā sanguine ad sanguinem, ab obstētrice ad retiārium, lōtūra post partum baptismō secundō. 4. et cum ductī essent in portam et cōgerentur habitum induere, virī quidem sacerdōtum Saturnī, fēminae vērō sacrātārum Cererī, generōsa illa in fīnem ūsque constantiā repugnāvit. 5. dicēbat enim: Ideō ad hoc sponte pervēnimus nē lībertās nostra obdūcerētur; ideō animam nostram addīximus, nē tale aliquid facerēmus; hoc vōbīscum pactī sumus. 6. agnōvit iniūstitia iūstitiam: concessit tribūnus. Quōmodō erant, simpliciter inducerentur.

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addīcō, -ere, dīxī, -dictum: to assent to, 1 agape, -is f.: Grk. love, fellowship, 1 agnōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum: recognize, 3 aliquid, -cūius: something, anything, 4 amīcus, -a, -um: friendly; noun, friend, 1 amphitheātrum, -ī n.: amphitheater, arena, 3 anima, -ae f.: breath, soul, life, 2 attonitus, -a, -um: stun, stupefy; thunder at 2 baptismum, -ī n.: baptism, 1 caelum, -ī n.: sky, 2

cēna, -ae f.: dinner, 2 cēnō (1): to dine, eat dinner, 1 cōgō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctum: to collect; compel, 1 comminor, -ārī, ātus sum: threaten, 1 concēdō, -ere; go away, withdraw, yield, 1 concurrō, -ere, -currī, -cursus: assemble, 1 conspectus, -ūs m.: sight, view, 2 constantia, -ae f.: perseverance, constancy, 3 contestor, -ārī, -ātus sum: attest, prove, 1 crās: tomorrow, 1


crastīnus, -a, -um: (of) tomorrow, 2 curiōsitās, -tātis f.: curiosity, 1 decus, decoris n.: splendor, ornament, 1 dēiciō, -ere, -iēcī: throw off; dissuade, 4 dēlicāta, -ae f.: a favorite slave or servent, 1 diligenter: carefully, diligently, 1 discēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum: to go away, 1 dūcō, -ere, dūxī, ductus: lead, draw, 1 fēmina, -ae f.: a woman, 2 fīnis, -is m./f.: end, border; territory, 2 fortis, -e: strong, brave, valiant, 2 gaudeō, -ēre, gāvīsus sum: enjoy, rejoice, 4 gaudium, -iī n.: gladness, joy, 1 generōsus, -a, -um: noble, dignified, 1 habitus, --ūs, m.: dress, attire, deportment, 3 hilaris, -e: cheerful, merry, joyous, 4 hodiē: today, this day, 1 iactō (1): to throw, hurl, cast, 3 ideō: therefore, to that extent, 4 illūceō, -ēre, illūxī: to light up, give light on 1 incessus, -ūs m.: gait, walk, (incēdō) 1 inde: from there, then, afterward, 2 indūcō -ere -duxī -ductum: lead or bring in 2 induō, -ere, induī, indūtum: put on, 3 inimīcus, -a, -um: unfriendly, hostile, 1 iniūstitia, -ae f.: injustice, 1 inrīdeō, -ēre, -rīsī, -rīsum: laugh at, mock, 1 item: also, likewise, in like manner, 2 iudicium, -ī n.: decision, judgment; trial 1 iustitia, -ae f.: justice, fairness, equity, 1 libenter: gladly, willingly, 1 līber, lībra, lībrum: free, 2 lībertās, -tātis f.: freedom, liberty, 1 lōtūra, ae f.: washing, bathing, 1 lūcidus, -a, -um: clear, bright, shining, 1 mātrōna, -ae: married woman, wife, 1 nōtō (1): to note, mark, designate, 1

obdūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus: cover, draw, 1 obstētrix, -īcis f.: midwife, 1 oculus, -ī, m.: eye, 3 odī, odisse: to hate (pf. with pres. sense), 1 paciscor, -iscī, pactus sum: agree upon/to, 1 pariō, -īre, peperī, partum: give birth, bear 1 partus, -ūs, m.: birth, bringing forth, 3 paveō, -ēre, pāvī: panic, be terrified, fear, 2 placidus, -a, -um: peaceful, calm, placid, 1 prīdiē: on the day before, the previous day, 3 prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum; proceed, 1 quantus, -a, -um: how great, much, many, 1 quidem: indeed, in fact, certainly, 3 quōmodo: how, in what way; just as, 4 quoque: also, 2 recognōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum: recognize, 2 repugnō (1): fight against, oppose, resist, 1 rētiārius, -ī m.: retiarius, net-fighter, 1 sacerdōs, -dōtis m. f.: priest(ess), 1 sacrātus, -ā, -um: hollowed, consecrated, 1 salvus, -a, -um: saved; sound, unharmed, 4 satis: enough, sufficient, 1 Saturnus, -ī m.: Saturn, 1 secundus, -a, -um: following, favorable, 4 sequor, -ī, secūtus: follow, accompany, 1 simpliciter: simply, plainly, directly, 1 sponte: willingly, voluntarily, 1 tamen: however, nevertheless, 4 timor, -oris m.: fear, dread, anxiety, 1 tribūnus, -e: tribune, 3 ultimus, -a, um: last, final, 2 vērō: in truth, in fact, certainly, 3 victoria, -ae f.: victory, 2 vigor, vigōris m.: liveliness, strength, force, vir, virī m.: man, male, 2 vōcō (1): call, name, address, summon, 4 vultus, -ūs m.: face, expression, 3

1 illam cēnam ūltimam: object of cēnārent, cēnam is a cognitive acc. of cēnārent 2 quantum in ipsīs erat: insomuch as was in them themselves; i.e. as they were able 3 verba iactābant: were casting (such) words; i.e. shouting 5 dīcente Satūrō: abl. absolute Crāstīnus: tomorrow; subject satis: predicate noun vōbīs: dat. of interest 6 Quid: why…? ōdistis: pf. in form but present in sense 7 vōbīs: for yourselves; dat. of interest

ut…recognoscātis: so that…may; purpose 12 vultū decorī: with…; abl. of quality 13 gaudiō…timore: because of…; abl. cause lūcidō…incessū: abl. of manner 14 ut…ut: just as…just as 15 salvam sē peperisse: that she had given birth safely 17 baptismō secundō: means; i.e in blood 18 cōgerentur: were forced virī, fēminae: add cōgerentur…inducere 21 nē…: so that…not; neg. purpose clause 22 nē…facerēmus: that...we might not do; purpose in apposition to ideō


7. Perpetua psallēbat caput iam Aegyptiī calcāns. Revocātus et Saturnīnus et Saturus populō spectantī comminābantur. 8. Dehinc ut sub conspectū Hilariānī pervēnērunt, gestū et nūtū coepērunt Hilariānō dīcere: Tū nōs, inquiunt, tē autem Deus. 9. ad hoc populus exasperātus flagellīs eōs vexārī per ordinem vēnātorum postulāvit; et utique grātulātī sunt quod aliquid et dē Dominicīs passiōnibus essent consecūtī. 19. Sed quī dīxerat: Petīte et accipiētis, petentibus dederat eum exitum quem quis desiderāverat. 2. Nam, sī quando inter sē dē martyriī suī vōtō sermōcinābantur, Saturnīnus quidem omnibus bestiīs velle sē obīcī profitēbātur, ut scīlicet gloriōsiorem gestāret coronam. 3. Itaque in commissiōne spectaculī ipse et Revocātus leopardum expertī etiam super pulpitum ab ursō vexātī sunt. 4. Saturus autem nihil magis quam ursum abominābātur; sed ūnō morsū leopardī conficī sē iam praesumēbat. 5. Itaque cum aprō subministrārētur, vēnātor potius quī illum aprō subligāverat, subfossus ab eādem bestiā post diēs mūneris obiit; Saturus solummodo tractus est. 6. Et cum ad ursum substrictus esset in ponte, ursus dē caveā prodīre nōluit. itaque secundō Saturus inlaesus revōcātur.

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abōminor, -ārī, -ātus sum: deprecate; abhor 1 Aegyptius, -ī m.: Egyptian, 4 aliquid, -cūius: something, anything, 4 aper, aprī m.: wild boar, 2 cavea, -ae f.: hollow, cavity; cage, stall, 1 comminor, -ārī, ātus sum: threaten (dat) 1 commissiō, -ōnis f.: commencement, 1 conficiō, -ere: to exhaust, finish, 1 consequor, -ī, secūtus: follow after; pursue 1 conspectus, -ūs m.: sight, view, 2 corōna, -ae, f.: crown, 1 dehinc: from here, from now on, then, next, 2 dēsiderō, (1): to long for, miss; require, 2 dō, dare, dedī, datum: give; grant, 4 dominicus, -a, -um: of the lord or master, 1 etiam: besides, also, even, 3

exasperō (1): to roughen up, irritate, incite, 1 exitus, -ūs, m.: death, destruction, 2 experior, -īrī, -rtus sum: experience, try, 3 flagellum, -ī n.: whip, scourge, 1 gestō (1): to bear, wear, carry on, 3 gestus, -ūs m.: gesture, posture, attitude, 1 glōriōsus, -a, -um: glorious, renowned, 1 grātulor, -ārī, -ātus sum: be grateful, thank 1 inlaesus, -a, -um: unharmed, unhurt, 1 leopardus, -ī m.: leopard, 4 magis: more, rather, 2 martyrium, -iī n.: testimony, martyrdom, 3 morsus, -ūs m.: bite; grip, gnawing pain, 3 nam: for, 3 nihil: nothing, 1 nōlō, nolle, noluī: to refuse, be unwilling, 4


nūtus, -ūs m.: a nod, nodding, 1 obeō, -īre, -īvī, -itum: to die, pass (away), 2 obiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: throw at or to, 3 ordō, -inis m.: order, line, array; status, 3 pōns, pontis m.; a bridge, flooring, 1 potius: rather, more, more preferably, 2 praesumō, -ere, -mpsī: presume, take up, 3 prōdeō, -īre, -i(v)ī: to come or go forth, 1 profiteor, -ērī, professus sum: declare, say, 1 psallō, -ere: Grk. sing or play with a cithara, 2 pulpitum, -ī n.: platform, staging, scaffold, 1 quandō: when, since, ever, 3 quidem: indeed, in fact, certainly, 3 Revocātus, ī m.: Revocatus, 3 revocō (1): to call back, recall, 3 Saturnīnus, -ī m.: Saturninus, 4 scīlicet: it is evident, evidently, clearly, 2

secundus, -a, -um: following, favorable, 4 sermōcinor, -ārī, -ātus sum: converse, talk 1 spectāculum, -ī n.: spectacle, game, show, 3 spectō (1): to watch, look at, 1 sub: under, below, beneath, underneath, 3 subfodiō, -īre, -fōdī, -fossum: dig up, dig, 1 sublīgō (1): to tie up, 1 subministrō (1): provide, furnish, supply, 1 substringō, -ere, -xī, -nctum: bind up, 1 super: above, 4 trahō, -ere, trāxī, tractum: to draw, drag, 2 ursus, -ī m.: bear, 4 utique: in any case, at any rate, at least, 4 vēnātor, -ōris m.: hunter, beast-fight, 2 vexō (1): agitate, shake, move violently, 3 vōtum, -ī n.: pledge, vow; prayer, 1

1 caput…calcāns: not literally but in song 2 populō spectantī: dat. obj. of the compound verb 3 ut: when…; as often when followed by the indicative mood gestū et nūtū: abl. of means 4 Tū nōs, tē…Deus: You (judge) us but God (will judge) you; supply two verbs 5 per ordinem…: through the rank(s)…; today, we use the term ‘gauntlet’ when one must pass between two columns of men as they strike; this passage may refer to only one column of men 6 grātulātī sunt: pf. deponent quod: because et: also; adverbial essent consecūtī: they had followed; plpf. subj. deponent, translate in active 9 quī: (he) who…; supply an antecedent as subject of the main verb dederat petentibus: to (those)…; dat. ind. object eum exitum: eum is a demonstrative adj. 10 quis: each one…; indefintite sī quando: if ever; quando becomes indefinite after sī 11 martyriī suī: for their martyrdom; object genitive followin vōtō: ‘they pray for their

martyrdom’ omnibus bestiīs: to…; dat. of compound verb obīcī; as often, make the dat. the obj. of the prefix, here ob- ‘to’ 12 velle: irregular inf. of volō, the acc. subj. is sē obīcī: present pass. inf. obīciō 13 ipse: i.e. Saturus 14 expertī: having experienced; deponent pf. pple 15 quam: than…; following a comparative 16 conficī sē: that…; ind. dise. with pass. inf. praesumēbat: presumed; expected cum…: when…; aprō is abl. of means and not accompaniment following cum 17 illum: that one; i.e. Saturus aprō: dat. of interest 18 ab eādem bestīa: agent with subfossus 19 sōlummodo: alone; modo, ‘just’ or ‘only’ strengthens sōlum, an adverbial acc. form of the adjective sōlus ad: near 20 ponte: perhaps ‘flooring,’ rather than a ‘bridge;’ it is difficult to establish the topology of the circus secundō: for a second time


20. Puellīs autem ferōcissimam vaccam ideōque praeter consuetūdinem comparātam diābolus praeparāvit, sexuī eārum etiam dē bestiā aemulātus. 2. Itaque dispoliātae et reticulīs indūtae prōducēbantur. Horruit populus alteram respiciēns puellam dēlicātam, alteram ā partū recentem stillantibus mammīs. 3. Ita revōcātae et discinctīs indūtae. Prior Perpetua iactāta est et concidit in lumbōs. 4. Et ubi sedit, tūnicam ā latere discissam ad velāmentum femōris redūxit pudōris potius memor quam dolōris. 5. dehinc acū requīsītā et dispersōs capillōs infībulāvit; nōn enim decēbat martyram sparsīs capillīs patī, nē in suā glōriā plangere vidērētur. 6. Ita surrēxit et elīsam Fēlīcitātem cum vīdisset, accessit et manum eī trādidit et suscitāvit illam. Et ambae pariter stetērunt. 7. Et populī dūritiā dēvictā, revōcātae sunt in portam Sanavivāriam. 8. Illīc Perpetua ā quōdam tunc catechūmenō Rusticō nōmine quī eī adhaerēbat, suscepta et quāsī ā somnō expergita (adeō in spiritū et in extāsī fuerat) circumspicere coepit et stupentibus omnibus ait: Quandō, inquit, prōdūcimur ad vaccam illam nesciōquam? 9. et cum audīsset quod iam ēvēnerat, nōn prius crēdidit nisi quāsdam nōtās vexātiōnis in corpore et habitū suō recognōvisset. 10. Exinde accersitum frātrem suum et illum catechūmenum, adlocūta est dicēns: In fīde stāte et invicem omnēs diligite, et passiōnibus nostrīs nē scandalizēmini.

1 5 10 15 20

accersō, -ere, -īvī, -ītum: summon, send for, 1 acus, -ūs f.: pin, needle, 1 adeō: thus far, so far, to this extent, 1 adhaereō, -ēre, -esī, -esum: cling or stick to 1 adloquor, -quī, -locūtum: to address, 2 aemulor -ārī -ātus sum: rival, emulate (dat) 1 ait: say, assert, tell (pres. and impf.), 3 alter, -era, -erum: other (of two), 3 ambo, -ae, -o: both, 1 capillus, -ī m.: hair, 3 catechūmenus, -ī, m.: one being instructed for baptism, a convert (before baptism) 4 circumspiciō, -ere: look around, be cautious 1 comparō (1): to prepare, acquire, furnish, 1 concidō, -ere, -cīdī: to fall, 1

consuescō, -ere, -ēvī, -suētum: to accustom, 1 corpus, corporis, n.: body, 3 decet: it is fitting, proper, or suitable, 1 dehinc: from here, from now on, then, next, 2 dēlicātus, -a, -um: delicate, tender; alluring, 1 dēvincō, -ere, -vīcī, -ctum: overcome utterly1 diābolus, -ī m.: Satan (Gk. Slanderer), 3 diligō, -ere, -lexī, -lectum: esteem, value, love dīscindō, -ere, -dī, -cissum: cut or tear apart 1 discingō, -ere, -xī, -nctum: ungrid, loosened 3 dispergō, -ere, -spersī, -spersum: disperse, 1 dispoliō (1): strip, plunder, despoil, 1 dolor, -ōris m.: pain, grief, anger, passion, 4 dūritia, -ae f.: hardness, harshness, 1 ēlīdō, -ere, -līsī, -līsum: strike down, dash, 1


etiam: besides, also, even, 3 ēveniō, -īre: turn out, happen, 1 exinde: from there, from that place, 2 expergō, -ī, -gī, -gitum: awake, rouse, up, 1 extasis, -is f.: Grk. extasy, 1 femur, fremoris n.: upper leg, thigh, 1 ferōx, -ōcis: fierce, savage, 1 habitus, --ūs, m.: dress, attire, deportment, 3 horreō, -ēre, -uī: shudder, bristle with fear, 2 iactō (1): to throw, hurl, cast, 3 illīc: there, in that place, 3 induō, -ere, induī, indūtum: put on, 3 infībulō (1): fasten (with pin), clasp, 1 latus, -eris n.: side, flank, 3 lumbus, -ī, m.: loin, genitals, 1 mamma, -ae f.: breast, 4 memor, memoris: mindful, recalling (gen) 1 nēscioquam: I-do-not-know-what, some, 1 nōmen, nōminis n.: name, 3 nōta, -ae f.: mark, sign; note, 1 pariter: equally, side by side, 1 partus, -ūs, m.: birth, bringing forth, 3 plangō, -ere, -nxī, -nctum: to wail; mourn, 1 potius: rather, more, more preferably, 2 praeparō (1): prepare, make ready before, 1 praeter: beyond, past (+ acc.), 1 prōducō, -ere, -duxī, ductum: lead forward 3 pudor, pudōris m.: sense of shame or honor 1

puella, -ae f.: girl, 3 quandō: when, since, ever, 3 recēns, recentis: fresh, new, young, recent, 1 recognōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum: recognize, 2 redūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus: draw back, 1 requīrō, -ere, -sīvī, -sītum:: to seek again, 1 respiciō, -ēre, -exī, -ectum: look back on, 1 rēticulum, -ī n.: small net, fishing net, net, 1 revocō (1): to call back, recall, 3 Rusticus, -ī m.: Rusticus, 1 Sanavivāria, -ae f.: Sanavivaria, 2 scandalizō (1): Grk. cause to stumble, tempt 1 sedeō, -ēre, sēdī, sessum: to sit, 3 sexus, -ūs m.: gender (i.e. male, female), 1 somnus, -ī m.: sleep, 1 spargō, -ere, -sī, -sum: splatter, sprinkle, 1 stillō (1): to drop, drip, trickle, 1 stupeō, -ēre, -uī: be stunned, be astounded, 1 surgō, -ere, -rēxī, -rectum: to rise, stand up, 2 suscipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: undertake, take up, sustain, 1 suscitō (1): lift up, raise, stir; build, 1 trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditum: give, hand over, 2 tunica, -ae f.: tunic, 1 vacca, -ae f.: cow, 1 vēlāmentum, -ī n.: cover, covering, 1 vexātio, -ōnis f.: agitation, distress, hardship 1

1 Puellīs: dat. of interest ideōque…comparātam: and acquired in particular contrary to custom; parallel to ferōcissimam 3 dē: concering, about 5 stillantibus mammīs: abl. absolute 6 discinctīs: with unbound clothing, unbound tunics 7 ad: for; ad + acc. expressing purpose 8 pudōris, dolōris: gen. object of memor quam: following the comparative potius 9 acū requīsītā: abl. absolute 10 decēbat: it was fitting that; impersonal impf. patī: deponent inf. patior sparsīs capillīs: abl. absolute nē…vidērētur: lest…; fearing clause 11 elīsam Fēlīcitātem: object within the following cum-clause 12 eī: dat. ind. object, is, ea, id 13 dūritiā dēvictā: abl. absolute

14 nōmine: by name; abl. of respect eī: dat. of compound verb, translate as the obj. of the prefix ‘ad’ 16 extāsī: Grk. abl. sg. 17 Quandō…prōdūcimur: when are we being led out…” 18 aud(īv)isset: syncopated plpf. subj. ēvēnerat: ēveniō often means ‘to happen’ or ‘to turn out’ nōn prius…nisi: not previously…until; ‘not previously…except’ 20 accersitum…adlocūta est: whereas in English we prefer to say ‘she summoned and addressed…’ the Latin says ‘she addressed her brother…having been summoned’ 21 stāte, diligite: pl. imperatives invicem: one another, ‘in turn’ 22 nē scandalizēminī: Don’t let…; or ‘you should not…’ negative jussive subjunctive, pres. subj.


21. Item Saturus in aliā portā Pudentem mīlitem exhortābātur dīcēns: Ad summam, inquit, certē, sīcut praesumpsī et praedīxī, nūllam ūsque adhūc bestiam sensī. Et nunc dē tōtō corde crēdās: ecce prōdeō illō, et ab ūnō morsū leopardī consummor. 2. et statim in fīne spectāculī leopardō obiectus dē ūnō morsū tantō perfūsus est sanguine, ut populus revertentī illī secundī baptismātis testimōnium reclāmāverit: Salvum lōtum! Salvum lōtum! 3. Plānē utique salvus erat quī hōc modō lāverat. 4. Tunc Pudentī mīlitī, [inquit] Valē, inquit, et memento fīdeī et meī; et haec tē nōn conturbent, sed confirment. 5. simulque ansulam dē digitō eius petiit, et vulnerī suō mersam reddidit eī hereditātem, pignus relinquēns illī et memōriam sanguinis. 6. Exinde iam exanimis prosternitur cum cēterīs ad iugulātiōnem solitō locō. 7. Et cum populus illōs in mediō postulāret, ut gladiō penetrantī in eōrum corpore oculōs suōs comitēs homicīdiī adiungerent, ultrō surrēxērunt et sē quō volēbat populus trānstulērunt, ante iam osculātī invicem, ut martyrium per sollemnia pācis consummārent.

1 5 10 15

animus, -ī m: mind, spirit; pl. courage, 2 ansula, -ae f.: small ring; hook, sandal-loop, 1 baptisma, -matis n.: washing, dip; baptism, 1 certus, -a, -um: certain, reliable, sure, 2 comes, -itis m. f.: companion, comrade, 2 confirmō (1): make strong, confirm strengthen, 1 consummor, -ārī, -ātus sum: complete, 2 conturbō (1): to confuse, set in confusion, 2 cor, cordis n.: heart, 1 corpus, corporis, n.: body, 3 digitus, -ī m.: finger, 3 ecce: behold!, look!, 3 exanimis, -e: lifeless, dead, imcapacitated, 1 exhortor, -ārī, -tātus sum: urge, 1 exinde: from there, from that place, 2 fīnis, -is m./f.: end, border; territory, 2 hereditās, -tātis f.: inheritance, heirship, 1 homicīdium, -iī n.: murder, manslaughter, 1 item: also, likewise, in like manner, 2 iugulātio, -ōnis n.: slitting the throat (ritual) 1 iungō, -ere, iunxī, iunctum: join, attach, 2 lavō (1): to wash, bathe, 1

leopardus, -ī m.: leopard, 4 lōtus, -ūs m.: wash, bath, 2 martyrium, -iī n.: testimony, martyrdom, 3 meminī, -isse: remember (gen), 1 memōria, -ae. f.: memory, 1 mergō, -ere, -sī, -sum: dip, immerse, plunge 1 mīles, mīlitis, m.: soldier, 3 morsus, -ūs m.: bite; grip, gnawing pain, 3 nūllus, -a, -um: none, no, no one, 2 nunc: now, at present, 2 obiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum: throw at or to, 3 oculus, -ī, m.: eye, 3 osculor, -ārī, -ātus sum: to kiss, 3 pāx, pācis f.: peace, quiet, rest, 3 penētrō (1): to penetrate, pierce, enter, 1 perfundō, -ere, -ūdī, -ūsum: pour over, wet 1 pignus, pignoris n.: pledge, security, 1 plānē: clearly, plainly, simply, 1 praedīcō (1): proclaim, publish, declare, 1 praesumō, -ere, -mpsī: presume, take up, 3 prōdeō, -īre, -i(v)ī: to come or go forth, 1 prosternō -ere -strāvī -strātum: spread out 2 Pudēns, Pudentis m.: Pudens, 3


reclamō (1): shout again, shout repeatedly, 1 reddō, -ere, -didī, -ditus: give back, return, 2 relinquō, -ere, -līquī, -lictum: leave behind, 4 revertō, -ere, reversī: turn back, return, 1 salvus, -a, -um: saved; sound, unharmed, 4 secundus, -a, -um: following, favorable, 4 sentiō, -īre, -nsī, -sum: perceive, feel, sense, 1 sicut: just as as, so as, 3 simul: at the same time, at once, 1 solitus, -a, -um: accustomed, usual, habitual 1 sollemne, is n.: rite, ritual, solemn game, 1

spectāculum, -ī n.: spectacle, game, show, 3 summus, -a, -um: top of, highest (part of) 1 surgō, -ere, -rēxī, -rectum: to rise, stand up, 2 testimōnium, ī n.: witness, evidence, 2 tōtus -a, -um: whole, entire, 3 trānsferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum: carry across 3 ultrō: voluntarily; of one's will; beyond, 2 utique: in any case, at any rate, at least, 4 valeō, valēre, valuī: fare well, be strong, 1 vulnus, -eris n.: wound, blow, 3

1 Ad summam: on the whole, in short, in a word 3 ūsque adhūc: up to now 3 dē: abl. of source; English prefers ‘with’ 4 illō: forth to…;dat. of compound verb, translate the dat. as the object of the prefix ‘prō’ 5 leopardō: at…; dat. of compound verb obiectus perfūsus est: pf. pass. perfundō 6 ut: when…; ut + indicative revertentī illī: to him (when) returning; the pple is circumstantial; dat. ind. object 7 testimōnium: as testimony… Plānē utique: clearly in any case 8 quī…: (he) who…; supply the antecedent, which is the subject of erat hōc modō: in…; abl. of manner Pudentī mīlitī…inquit: he said to the soldier Pudens 9 Valē: Farewell!; imperative memento: fut. imperative of meminī, verbs of remembering and forgetting govern a gen. obj. meī: gen. sg. of ego 10 conturbent…confirment: let…; jussive

subjunctives simulque: and at the same time 11 ansulam: i.e. Saturus is passing a small ring to the soldier vulnerī suō: i.e. blood, abl. of means mersam: supply ansulam as obj. of reddidit eī hereditātem: as his inheritance; the acc. is predicative; the dative is possessive pignus…memōriam: in apposition to hereditātem 13 ad: for…; expressing possession solitō locō: abl. of place where 14 ut…adiungerent: so that they might join…; the subject is the populus in 3rd pl. gladiō penetrantī: abl. absolute 15 comitēs homicīdiī: as accomplices… sē…trānstulērunt: they transferred themselves; i.e. the victims moved themselves quō: to where; ubī is ‘where; unde is ‘from where;’ quō is ‘to where’ or ‘whither’ osculātī: having kissed; deponent pf. pple 17 invicem: each other; ‘in turn’ ut…consummārent: so that…; purpose


8. Cēterī quidem immobilēs et cum silentiō ferrum recēpērunt: multō magis Saturus, quī et prior ascenderat, prior reddidit spiritum; nam et Perpetuam sustinēbat. 9. Perpetua autem, ut aliquid dolōris gustāret, inter ossa compuncta exululāvit, et errantem dexteram tirunculī gladiātōris ipsa in iugulum suum trānstulit. 10. Fortasse tanta fēmina aliter nōn potuisset occidī, quae ab inmundō spiritū timēbātur, nisi ipsa voluisset. 11. Ō fortissimī ac beatissimī martyrēs! Ō vērē vōcātī et electī in glōriam Dominī nostrī Iēsū Christī! quam quī magnificat et honorificat et adorat, utique et haec nōn minora veteribus exempla in aedificātiōnem Ecclēsiae legere debet, ut novae quoque virtūtēs ūnum et eundem semper Spiritum Sanctum ūsque adhūc operārī testificentur, et omnipotentem Deum Patrem et Fīlium eius Iēsum Christum dominum nostrum, cui est clāritās et immensa potestās in saecula saeculōrum. Amen.

1 5 10 15

ac: and, and also, and even, 1 adorō (1): pray to, supplicate; plead to, 1 aedificātio, -ōnis f.: edification; building, 2 aliquid, -cūius: something, anything, 4 aliter: otherwise, in another way, 1 āmēn: truly, truly indeed; so be it, 3 beatus, -a, -um: blessed, happy, 2 Christus, -a, -um: Christ, Annointed One, 5 clāritās, -itātis f.: brightness, clarity, 2 compungō, -ere, -nxī, -nctum: prick, puncture, 1 debeō, -ēre, -uī, debitum: to owe, ought, 2 dexter, -tera, -terum: right, the right hand, 3 dolor, -ōris m.: pain, grief, anger, passion, 4 Ecclēsia, -ae f.: Grk. church; assembly, 1 eligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lectum: pick out, choose, 1 errō (1): to wander, 1 exemplum, -ī n.: example, 2 exululō (1): to howl, shout out, 1 fēmina, -ae f.: a woman, 2 ferrum, -ī n.: iron; sword, knife, 1 fortasse: perhaps, possibly, 1 fortis, -e: strong, brave, valiant, 2 gladiātor, -ōris m.: gladiator, 1

gustō (1): to taste, 1 honōrificō (1): to do honor to, honor, 1 Iēsū: Jesus, 4 immensus, -a, -um: huge, vast, immense, 4 immobilis, -e: immovable, immobile, 1 immundus, -a, -um: unclean, impure, dirty, 1 iugulum, -ī n.: throat, 1 legō, legere, lēgī, lectum: read, 1 magis: more, rather, 2 magnificō (1): to make much of, magnify, 2 minor, minus: less, smaller, 2 nam: for, 3 ō: o, oh (introduces vocative), 3 occīdō, -ere, occidī, occīsus: kill, cut down 2 omnipotēns, -tentis: all-powerful, 1 operor, -ārī, -ātus sum: work, labor, toil, 3 os, ossis n.: bone, 1 potestās, -tātis f.: power, influence, might, 2 quidem: indeed, in fact, certainly, 3 quoque: also, 2 recipiō, -ere, recēpī, receptum: take back, 2 reddō, -ere, -didī, -ditus: give back, return, 2 semper: always, ever, forever, 2 silentium, -iī n.: silence, 2


sustineō, -ēre, -uī: hold up, sustain, 2 testificor, -ārī, -ātus sum: to bear witness, 2 timeō, -ēre, timuī: to be afraid, be scared, 2 tīrunculus, -ī m.: young beginning, novice, 1 trānsferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum: carry across 3

utique: in any case, at any rate, at least, 4 vērē: truly, certainly, in fact, 1 vetus, veteris: old, experienced, 4 virtūs, -ūtis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 4 vōcō (1): call, name, address, summon, 4

1 multō: much; ‘by much,’ abl. of degree of difference 2 reddidit: rendered; ‘returned’ 3 sustinēbat: holding up for; i.e. ‘awaiting’ ut…: so that…; purpose clause with impf. subj. 4 inter ossa: i.e. between the ribs, perhaps compuncta: PPP modifies Perpetua 5 ipsa: nom.sg., i.e. Perpetua 6 potuisset….nisi ipsa voluisset: would not have been able…if she herself had not wished (it); past contrafactual (sī plpf. subj., plpf. subj.), possum, volō occidī: pass. inf. 9 Ō…vōcātī et electī: vocative direct address 10 quam quī: which (anyone) who…; a relative clause within a relative clause, the missing antecedent is subject of dēbet

11 utique et: in any case also…; adverbial nōn minora veteribus: no less than the old (examples); neuter pl. comparative: translate as an adverbial acc. and abl. of comparison 12 in aedificātiōnem: in the instruction ut…testificentur: so that… may attest that; purpose 13 Spiritum…operārī: ind. disc. with a pres. deponent inf. ūsque adhūc: up to now cui est: dat. of possession: one may translate it literally ‘to whom there is,’ with a verb of possession ‘who has’ or finally as a possessive ‘whose.’ In saecula saeculōrum: forever and ever; ‘for ages of ages’

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives 42

1st Declension 2nd Declension (m.) 2nd Declension (n.)

Nom. copia copiae legatus legatī proelium proelia Gen. copiae copiārum legatī legatōrum proeliī proeliōrum Dat. copiae copiīs legatō legatīs proeliō proeliīs Acc. copiam copiās legatum legatōs proelium proelia Abl. copiā copiīs legatō legatīs proeliō proeliīs 3rd Declension (m/f) 3rd Declension (n.)

Nom. mīles mīlites iter itinera Gen. mīlitis mīlitum itineris itinerum Dat. mīlitī mīlitibus itinerī itineribus Acc. mīlitem mīlitēs iter itinera Abl. mīlite mīlitibus itinere itineribus 4th Declension (m/f) 4th Declension (n.)

Nom. manus manūs cornū cornua Gen. manūs manuum cornūs cornuum Dat. manuī manibus cornū cornuibus Acc. manum manūs cornū cornua Abl. manū manibus cornū cornuibus 5th Declension (m/f)

Nom. rēs rēs Gen. rēī rērum Dat. rēī rēbus Acc. rem rēs Abl. rē rēbus

Selected Pronouns

Nom. is he ea she id it Gen. eius his eius her eius its Dat. eī to/for him eī to/for her eī to/for it Acc. eum him eam her id it Abl. eō with/from him eā with/from her eō with/from it Nom. eī they eae they ea they Gen . eōrum their eārum their eōrum their Dat. eīs to/for them eīs to/for them eīs to/for them Acc. eōs them eās them ea them Abl. eīs with/from them eīs with/from them eīs with/from them Nom. quī quae quod quī quae quae who, which, that Gen. cuius cuius cuius quōrum quārum quōrum whose, of whom/which Dat. cuī cuī cuī quibus quibus quibus to whom/which Acc. quem quam quod quōs quās quae whom, which, that Abl. quō quā quō quibus quibus quibus by/with/from whom/which

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives 43

Nom. ille illa illud that hic haec hoc this Gen. illīus illīus illīus of that huius huius huius of this Dat. illī illī illī to/for that huic huic huic to/for this Acc. illum illam illud that hunc hanc hoc this Abl. illō illā illō with/from that hōc hāc hōc b/w/f this Nom. illī illae illa those hī hae haec these Gen. illōrum illārum illōrum of those hōrum hārum hōrum of these Dat. illīs illīs illīs to those hīs hīs hīs to these Acc. illōs illās illa those hōs hās haec these Abl. illīs illīs illīs with/from those hīs hīs hīs with/from these reflexive pronoun possessive reflexive adjective

Nom. --- suus sua suum suī suae sua Gen. suī suī suae suī suōrum suārum suōrum Dat. sibi suō suae suō suīs suīs suīs Acc. sē suum suam suum suōs suās sua Abl. sē suō suā suō suīs suīs suīs

Adjectives and Adverbs Decl. Positive Comparative Superlative 1st/2nd altus, -a, -um altior, altius altissimus, -a, -um high (deep) higher (deeper) highest, very high (deepest)

3rd fortis, forte fortior, fortius fortissimus, -a, -um brave braver, more brave bravest, most brave, very brave

1st/2nd altē altius altissimē deeply more deeply very deeply

3rd fortiter fortius fortissimē bravely more bravely very bravely

Irregular Adjectives and Adverbs Positive Comparative Superlative bonus, -a, -um melior, melius optimus, -a, -um good better best

magnus, -a, -um maior, maius maximus, -a, -um great greater greatest

parvus, -a, -um minor, minus minimus, -a, -um small smaller smallest

multus, -a, -um ---, plus plurimus, -a, -um much more most

Synopsis: 1st Conjugation 44

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum: to love

active translation passive translation Indicative Pres. amō amāmus I love amor amāmur I am loved amās amātis amāris amāminī amat amant amātur amantur

Impf. amābam amābāmus I was loving amābar amābāmur I was being loved amābās amābātis amābāris amābāminī amābat amābant amābātur amābantur

Fut. amābō amābimus I will love amābōr amābimur I will be loved amābis amābitis amāberis amābiminī amābit amābunt amābitur amābuntur

Perf. amāvī amāvimus I have loved amāta sum amātae sumus I have been loved amāvistī amāvistis amāta es amātae estis was loved amāvit amāvērunt amāta est amātae sunt

Plpf. amāveram amāverāmus I had loved amāta eram amātae erāmus I had been loved amāverās amāverātis amāta erās amātae erātis amāverat amāverant amāta erat amātae erant

Fut. Pf amāverō amāverimus I will have amāta erō amātae erimus I will have been amāveris amāveritis loved amāta eris amātae eritis loved amāverit amāverint amāta erit amātae erunt Subjunctive Pres. amem amēmus same as amer amēmur same as amēs amētis indicative amēris amēminī indicative amet ament ametur amentur

Impf. amārem amārēmus amārer amārēmur amārēs amārētis amārēris amārēminī amāret amārent amāretur amārentur

Perf. amāverim amāverīmus amāta sim amātae sīmus amāverīs amāverītis amāta sīs amātae sītis amāverit amāverint amāta sit amātae sint

Plpf. amāvissem amāvissēmus amāta essem amātae essēmus amāvissēs amāvissētis amāta essēs amātae essētis amāvisset amāvissent amāta esset amātae essent Imperative amā amāte love!

Participle Pres. amāns (amantis) loving Perf. amātus, -a, -um having been loved Fut. amātūrus, -a, -um going to love amandus, -a, -um going to be loved

Infinitive Pres. amāre to love amārī to be love Perf. amāvisse to have loved amātum esse to have been loved Fut. amātūrum esse to be going to loved

Synopsis: 2nd Conjugation 45

videō, vidēre, vīdī, visum: to see

active translation passive translation Indicative Pres. videō vidēmus I see videor vidēmur I am seen vidēs vidētis vidēris vidēminī videt vident videtur videntur

Impf. vidēbam vidēbāmus I was seeing vidēbar vidēbāmur I was being seen vidēbās vidēbātis vidēbāris vidēbāminī vidēbat vidēbant vidēbātur vidēbantur

Fut. vidēbō vidēbimus I will see vidēbōr vidēbimur I will be seen vidēbis vidēbitis vidēberis vidēbiminī vidēbit vidēbunt vidēbitur vidēbuntur

Perf. vīdī vīdimus I have seen vīsa sum vīsae sumus I have been seen vīdistī vīdistis vīsa es vīsae estis was seen vīdit vīdērunt vīsa est vīsae sunt

Plpf. vīderam vīderāmus I had seen vīsa eram vīsae erāmus I had been seen vīderās vīderātis vīsa erās vīsae erātis vīderat vīderant vīsa erat vīsae erant

Fut.pf. vīderō vīderimus I will have vīsa erō vīsae erimus I will have been vīderis vīderitis seen vīsa eris vīsae eritis seen vīderit vīderint vīsa erit vīsae erunt Subjunctive Pres. videam videāmus same as videar videāmur same as videās videātis indicative videāris videāminī indicative videat videant videatur videantur

Impf. vidērem vidērēmus vidērer vidērēmur vidērēs vidērētis vidērēris vidērēminī vidēret vidērent vidērētur vidērentur

Perf. vīderim vīderīmus vīsa sim vīsae sīmus vīderīs vīderītis vīsa sīs vīsae sītis vīderit vīderint vīsa sit vīsae sint

Plpf. vīdissem vīdissēmus vīsa essem vīsae essēmus vīdissēs vīdissētis vīsa essēs vīsae essētis vīdisset vīdissent vīsa esset vīsae essent Imperative vidē vidēte see!

Participle Pres. vidēns (videntis) seeing Perf. vīsus, -a, -um having been seen Fut. vīsūrus, -a, -um going to see videndus, -a, -um going to be seen

Infinitive Pres. vidēre to see vidērī to be seen Perf. vīdisse to have seen vīsum esse to have been seen Fut. vīsūrum esse to be going to see

Synopsis: 3rd Conjugation 46

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum: to lead

active translation passive translation Indicative Pres. dūcō dūcimus I lead dūcor dūcimur I am led dūcis dūcitis dūceris dūciminī dūcit dūcunt dūcitur dūcuntur

Impf. dūcēbam dūcēbāmus I was leading dūcēbar dūcēbāmur I was being led dūcēbās dūcēbātis dūcēbāris dūcēbāminī dūcēbat dūcēbant dūcēbātur dūcēbantur

Fut. dūcam dūcēmus I will lead dūcar dūcēmur I will be led dūcēs dūcētis dūcēris dūcēminī dūcet dūcent dūcetur dūcentur

Perf. dūxī dūximus I have led ducta sum ductae sumus I have been led dūxistī dūxistis ducta es ductae estis was led dūxit dūxērunt ducta est ductae sunt

Plpf. dūxeram dūxerāmus I had led ducta eram ductae erāmus I had been led dūxerās dūxerātis ducta erās ductae erātis dūxerat dūxerant ducta erat ductae erant

Fut. Pf dūxerō dūxerimus I will have ducta erō ductae erimus I will have been dūxeris dūxeritis led ducta eris ductae eritis led dūxerit dūxerint ducta erit ductae erunt Subjunctive Pres. dūcam dūcāmus same as dūcar dūcāmur same as dūcās dūcātis indicative dūcāris dūcāminī indicative dūcat dūcant dūcatur dūcantur

Impf. dūcerem dūcerēmus dūcerer dūcerēmur dūcerēs dūcerētis dūcerēris dūcerēminī dūceret dūcerent dūceretur dūcerentur

Perf. dūxerim dūxerīmus ducta sim ductae sīmus dūxerīs dūxerītis ducta sīs ductae sītis dūxerit dūxerint ducta sit ductae sint

Plpf. dūxissem dūxissēmus ducta essem ductae essēmus dūxissēs dūxissētis ducta essēs ductae essētis dūxisset dūxissent ducta esset ductae essent Imperative dūc ducite lead!

Participle Pres. ducēns (dūcentis) leading Perf. ductus, -a, -um having been led Fut. ductūrus, -a, -um going to lead ducendus, -a, -um going to be led

Infinitive Pres. dūcere to lead dūcī to be lead Perf. dūxisse to have led ductum esse to have been led Fut. ductūrum esse to be going to led

Synopsis: 3rd-io Conjugation 47

capiō, capere, cēpī, captum: to take

active translation passive translation Indicative Pres. capiō capimus I take capior capimur I am taken capis capitis caperis capiminī capit capiunt capitur capuntur

Impf. capiēbam capiēbāmus I was taking capiēbar capiēbāmur I was being taken capiēbās capiēbātis capiēbāris capiēbāminī capiēbat capiēbant capiēbātur capiēbantur

Fut. capiam capiēmus I will take capiar capiēmur I will be taken capiēs capiētis capiēris capiēminī capiet capient capietur capientur

Perf. cēpī cēpimus I have taken capta sum captae sumus I have been taken cēpistī cēpistis capta es captae estis was taken cēpit cēpērunt capta est captae sunt

Plpf. cēperam cēperāmus I had taken capta eram captae erāmus I had been taken cēperās cēperātis capta erās captae erātis cēperat cēperant capta erat captae erant

Fut. Pf cēperō cēperimus I will have capta erō captae erimus I will have been cēperis cēperitis taken capta eris captae eritis taken cēperit cēperint capta erit captae erunt Subjunctive Pres. capam capāmus same as capar capāmur same as capās capātis indicative capāris capāminī indicative capat capant capatur capantur

Impf. caperem caperēmus caperer caperēmur caperēs caperētis caperēris caperēminī caperet caperent caperetur caperentur

Perf. cēperim cēperīmus capta sim captae sīmus cēperīs cēperītis capta sīs captae sītis cēperit cēperint capta sit captae sint

Plpf. cēpissem cēpissēmus capta essem captae essēmus cēpissēs cēpissētis capta essēs captae essētis cēpisset cēpissent capta esset captae essent Imperative cape capite take!

Participle Pres. capiēns (capientis) taking Perf. captus, -a, -um having been taken Fut. captūrus, -a, -um going to take capiendus, -a, -um going to be taken

Infinitive Pres. capere to take capī to be take Perf. cēpisse to have taken captum esse to have been taken Fut. captūrum esse to be going to taken

Synopsis: 4th Conjugation 48

audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum: to hear

active translation passive translation Indicative Pres. audīō audīmus I hear audior audīmur I am heard audīs audītis audīris audīminī audīit audiunt audītur audiuntur

Impf. audiēbam audiēbāmus I was hearing audiēbar audiēbāmur I was being heard audiēbās audiēbātis audiēbāris audiēbāminī audiēbat audiēbant audiēbātur audiēbantur

Fut. audiam audiēmus I will hear audiar audiēmur I will be heard audiēs audiētis audiēris audiēminī audiet audient audiētur audiēntur

Perf. audīvī audīvimus I have heard audīta sum audītae sumus I have been heard audīvistī audīvistis audīta es audītae estis was heard audīvit audīvērunt audīta est audītae sunt

Plpf. audīveram audīverāmus I had heard audīta eram audītae erāmus I had been heard audīverās audīverātis audīta erās audītae erātis audīverat audīverant audīta erat audītae erant

Fut.pf audīverō audīverimus I will have audīta erō audītae erimus I will have been audīveris audīveritis heard audīta eris audītae eritis heard audīverit audīverint audīta erit audītae erunt Subjunctive Pres. audiam audiāmus same as audiar audiāmur same as audiās audiātis indicative audiāris audiāminī indicative audiat audiant audiātur audiantur

Impf. audīrem audīrēmus audīrer audīrēmur audīrēs audīrētis audīrēris audīrēminī audīret audīrent audīretur audīrentur

Perf. audīverim audīverīmus audīta sim audītae sīmus audīverīs audīverītis audīta sīs audītae sītis audīverit audīverint audīta sit audītae sint

Plpf. audīvissem audīvissēmus audīta essem audītae essēmus audīvissēs audīvissētis audīta essēs audītae essētis audīvisset audīvissent audīta esset audītae essent Imperative audī audīte hear!

Participle Pres. audiēns (audientis) hearing Perf. audītus, -a, -um having been heard Fut. audītūrus, -a, -um going to hear audiendus, -a, -um going to be heard

Infinitive Pres. audīre to hear audīrī to be heard Perf. audīvisse to have heard audītum esse to have been heard Fut. audītūrum esse to be going to heard

Synopsis: sum and possum 49

sum, esse, fuī, futūrum: to be possum, posse, potuī, -- : to be able, can

translation translation Indicative

Pres. sum sumus I am possum possumus I am able, can es estis potes potestis es estis potes potestis

Impf. eram erāmus I was poteram poterāmus I was able, could erās erātis poterās poterātis erat erant poterat poterant

Fut. erō erimus I will be poterō poterimus I will be able eris eritis poteris poteritis erit erunt poterit poterunt

Perf. fuī fuimus I have been, potuī potuimus I have been able, fuistī fuistis I was potuistī potuistis I was able, could fuit fuērunt potuit potuērunt

Plpf. fueram fuerāmus I had been potueram potuerāmus I had been able fuerās fuerātis potuerās potuerātis fuerat fuerant potuerat potuerant

Fut. Pf. fuerō fuerimus I will have been potuerō potuerimus I will have been able fueris fueritis been potueris potueritis fuerit fuerint potuerit potuerint Subjunctive

Pres. sim sīmus same as possim possīmus same as sīs sītis indicative possīs possītis indicative sit sint possit possint

Impf. essem essēmus possem possēmus essēs essētis possēs possētis esset essent posset possent

Perf. fuerim fuerīmus potuerim potuerīmus fuerīs fuerītis potuerīs potuerītis fuerit fuerint potuerit potuerint

Plpf. fuissem fuissēmus potuissem potuissēmus fuissēs fuissētis potuissēs potuissētis fuisset fuissent potuisset potuissent Imperative xxx xxx Infinitive

Pres. esse to be posse to be able Perf. fuisse to have been potuisse to have been heard Fut. futūrum esse* to be going to be ----

* fore is a common indeclinable alternative for futūrum esse.

Synopsis: eō, īre 50

eō, īre, i(v)ī, itūrum: to go

active translation Indicative Pres. eō īmus I go īs ītis it eunt

Impf. ībam ībāmus I was going ībās ībātis ībat ībant

Fut. ībō ībimus I will go ībis ībitis ībit ībunt

Perf. iī iimus I went, have gone īstī īstis iit iērunt

Plpf. ieram ierāmus I had gone ierās ierātis ierat ierant

Fut. Pf. ierō ierimus I will have gone ieris ieritis ierit ierint

Subjunctive Pres. eam eāmus same as indicative eās eātis eat eant

Impf. īrem īrēmus īrēs īrētis īret īrent

Perf. ierim ierimus ieris ieritis ierit ierunt

Plpf. īssem īssēmus īssēs īssētis īsset īssent

Imperative Compound verbs ī īte abeō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum: go away, depart, 4 adeō, -īre, i(v)ī, itus: go to, approach, 4 Participle eō, īre, īvī, itum: to go, come, 1 Pres. iēns (euntis) going exeō, -īre, -iī (īvī), -itus: go out, 5 Perf. --- ineō, -īre, iī, -itum: go into, enter, 4 Fut. itūrus, -a, -um going to go praetereō, -īre, iī, -itum: go pass, pass, 1 redeō, -īre, -īvī: go back, return, 19 Infinitive subeō, -īre, -iī -itum: approach, undergo 6 Pres. īre to go trānseō, -īre, -iī (īvī), itus: go across, 10 Perf. īsse to have gone Fut. ītūrum esse to be going to go

Synopsis: volō, velle, voluī 51

volō, velle, voluī: to wish, want

active translation Indicative Pres. volō volumus I wish ß Irregular Present Indicative vīs vultis vult volunt

Impf. volēbam volēbāmus I was wishing volēbās volēbātis volēbat volēbant

Fut. volam volēmus I will wish volēs volētis volet volent

Perf. voluī voluimus I have wished voluistī voluistis voluit voluērunt

Plpf. volueram voluerāmus I had wished voluerās voluerātis voluerat voluerant

Fut. Pf. voluerō voluerimus I will have wished volueris volueritis voluerit voluerint

Subjunctive Pres. velim velimus same as indicative ß Irregular Present Subjunctive velis velitis velit velint

Impf. vellem vellēmus ß Irregular Imperfect Subjunctive vellēs vellētis vellet vellent

Perf. voluerim voluerīmus voluerīs voluerītis voluerit voluerint

Plpf. voluissem voluissēmus voluissēs voluissētis voluisset voluissent Imperative xxxx xxxx wish! Participle Pres. volēns (gen. volentis) wishing Perf. xxxx Fut. xxxx Infinitive Pres. velle to wish ß Irregular Infinitive Perf. voluisse to have wished Fut. xxxx

Synopsis: Deponent Verb 52

sequō, sequī, secūtus-a-um sum: to follow

Indicative Pres. sequor sequimur I follow sequeris sequiminī sequitur sequuntur

Impf. sequēbar sequēbāmur I was following sequēbāris sequēbāminī sequēbātur sequēbantur

Fut. sequar sequēmur I will follow sequēris sequēminī sequētur sequentur

Perf. secūta sum secūtae sumus I have followed secūta es secūtae estis secūta est secūtae sunt

Plpf. secūta eram secūtae erāmus I had followed secūta erās secūtae erātis secūta erat secūtae erant

Fut.. pf. secūta erō secūtae erimus I will have followed secūta eris secūtae eritis secūta erit secūtae erunt Subjunctive Pres. sequar sequāmur same as indicative sequāris sequāminī sequātur sequantur

Impf. sequerer sequerēmur sequerēris sequerēminī sequerētur sequerentur

Perf. secūta sim secūtae sīmus secūta sīs secūtae sītis secūta sit secūtae sint

Plpf. secūta essem secūtae essēmus secūta essēs secūtae essētis secūta esset secūtae essent Imperative sequere sequitor follow! Participle Pres. sequēns (gen. sequentis) following Perf. secūtus, -a, -um having followed Fut. secūtūrus, -a, -um going to follow sequendus,-a -um going to be followed Infinitive Pres. sequī to follow Perf. secūtum esse to have followed Fut. secūtūrum esse to be going to follow

53

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary List (Words 4 or More Times)

This is an alphabetized list of the running core vocabulary found at the beginning of this commentary. To use this book properly, readers should review and memorize the running core vocabulary as they read the stories. If they encounter a word in the text that is not found in the facing vocabulary, it is most likely in the running vocabulary and the list below. The number of occurrences of each word was tabulated by the author. ā, ab: (away) from, 18 accēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessus: approach, 6 accipiō, -ere, accēpī: to receive, accept, 6 ad: to, toward; near, at 47 adhuc: still, 5 Aegyptius, -ī m.: Egyptian, 4 aliquid, -cūius: something, anything, 4 alius, -a, -ud: other, another, else, 9 angelus, -ī m.: messenger, message, angel, 9 ante: before, in front of (acc); adv. before, 5 apprehendō, -ere, ndī, -nsum: seize, arrest, 4 aqua, -ae f.: water, 6 ascendō, -ere, -ī, -ēnsus: ascend, mount 10 aspiciō, -ere, -spēxī, -spectum: look on, look at, 5 audiō, -īre, -īvī, audītum: to hear, listen to, 6 aut: or (aut...aut – either…or), 4 autem: however, moreover, 13

beneficium, -ī n.: favor, benefit, kindness, 4 bestia, -ae f.: beast, 11

calcō (1): trample, tread, step on; trip upon, 5 canus, -a, -um: white, gray; pl. gray hair, 4 caput, -itis, n.: head; leader; beginning; life, 7 caput, -itis, n.: head; leader; beginning; life, 7 carcer, carceris, m.: prison, 15 carō, carnis f.: flesh, meat, 6 catechūmenus, -ī, m.: converted (not baptism) 4 cēterī, -ae, -a: the remaining, rest, others, 10 Christus, -a, -um: Christ, Annointed One, 5 coepī, coepisse, coeptum: to begin, 16 cognōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum: learn, come to know, perf. know, 4 conscribō, -ere, -scripsī, -scriptum: enlist, register, 4 crēdō, -ere, -didī, -ditum: believe, trust, 6 cum: with (+ abl.); when, since, although, 40 cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītum: desire, long for, 4

dē: (down) from; about, concerning, 31 dēiciō, -ere, -iēcī: drive out, cast down, 4

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary 54

Deus, -ī m.: God, 13 dīcō, -ere, dīxī, dictus: say, speak, tell, call, name, 37 diēs, -ēī m./f.: day, time, season, 20 Dinōcratēs m.: Dinocrates, 7 dō, dare, dedī, datum: give; grant, 4 doleō, -ēre, doluī: to grieve, suffer, 8 dolor, -ōris m.: pain, grief, anger, passion, 4 Dominus, -ī m.: Lord, Master, 4 dominus, -ī m.: master, lord, 9

ē, ex: out from, from, out of (+ abl.), 5 ego, mihi, mē, mē: I, 72 enim: for, indeed, in truth, 7 eō, īre, īvī, itum: to go, come, 13 et: and, also, even, 316 exeō, -īre, -iī (īvī), -itus: go out, 9 expergiscor, -ī, experrectus sum: wake up, 5

faciēs, -ēī, f.: face, expression; for, 8 faciō, -ere, fēcī, factum: do, make, perform; grant, 13 Fēlicitās, -tātis f.: Felicity, 5 fīdēs, eī f.: faith, belief, 5 fīlia, -iae f.: daughter, 5 fīlius, -iī m.: son; child, 6 frāter, -tris m.: brother, 12

gaudeō, -ēre, gāvīsus sum: enjoy, rejoice, 4 gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum: enjoy, rejoice, 4 gladius, -ī m.: sword, 5 glōria, -ae, f.: glory, fame, 7 grātia, -ae f.: grace; favor; gratitude, 8

habeō, -ēre, habuī, -itus: have, hold; consider, 14 hic, haec, hoc: this, these, 32 Hilāriānus, -ī m.: Hilarianus, 5 hilaris, -e: cheerful, merry, joyous, 4 homō, -inis m./f.: man, mortal, human, 7

iam: now, already, soon, 12 ibi: there, in that place, 5 īdem, eadem, idem: the same, 8 ideō: therefore, to that extent, 4 Iēsū: Jesus, 4 ille, illa, illud: that, those, 48 immensus, -a, -um: huge, vast, immense, 4 in: in, on (abl.), into, to (acc.) 86 infāns, infantis n.: infant, baby, 11 inquam: to say, speak, 10 intellegō, -ere, -lēxī, -lēctum: realize, understand, 4


inter: between, among (+ acc.), 8 introeō, -īre, -īvī, itum: to enter, 5 invicem: in turn, one after another, 6 ipse, ipsa, ipsum: -self; the very, 21 is, ea, id: this, that; he, she, it, 40 ita: so, thus, 8 itaque: and so, 7

leopardus, -ī m.: leopard, 4 locus, -ī m.: place, region, location, 11

mamma, -ae f.: breast, 4 manus, manūs, f.: hand; group, 9 margo, marginis, m./f.: border, edge, 4 martyr, martyris m./f.: witness, martyr, 10 martyr, martyris m./f.: witness, martyr, 9 medius -a –um: in the middle of, 5 meus, -a, -um: my, mine, 22 mittō, -ere, mīsī, missus: send, hurl, dismiss 9 modus, -ī m.: way, manner; adv. modo only 6 morior, morī, mortuus sum: to die, 4 multus, -a, -um: much, many, 7 mūnus, -eris n.: spectacle, show; duty, gift, 7

nē: lest, that not, no, not, 14 nisi: if not, unless, except, 6 nōlō, nolle, noluī: to refuse, be unwilling, 4 nōn: not, by no means, not at all, 37 nōs, nōbīs, nōs, nōbīs: we, 20 noster, nostra, nostrum: our, 11 novus, -a, -um: new, fresh, young, recent, last, 6

omnis, omne: every, all, 13 ōrātio, -ionis f.: speech, speaking, 6 ostendō, -ere, -ī, ntus: show, promise, 4

passio, -iōnis f.: passion, suffering, 6 pater, patris, m.: father, 18 patior, -ī, passus: suffer, endure; allow, 8 paucī, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 7 per: through, across (acc) 9 Perpetua, -ae f.: Perpetua 15 perveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum: arrive, 5 pēs, pedis m.: foot, 6 petō, petere, petīvī, petītum: seek, aim at, 6 populus, -ī m.: people, nation, 11 porta, -ae f.; door, gate, 5 possum, posse, potuī: be able, can, avail, 6 post: after, behind (+ acc.); afterward, next, 9


postulō (1): demand, claim, request, ask, 5 prīdiē: on the day before, the previous day, 3 prior, prius: earlier, before, 6 prō: before, for, in behalf of (abl.), 14 propter: on account of, because of, 4 pugnō (1): to fight, 6

quāsī: as it were, so to speak, as if, 19 quattuor: four, 7 que: and, 7 quī, quae, quod (quis? quid?): who, which, that, 65 quia: because, 10 quīdam, quaedam, quiddam: certain, a certain, 5 quōmodo: how, in what way; just as, 4

refrigerō (1): to cool, cool off; refresh, 7 relinquō, -ere, -līquī, -lictum: leave behind, 4 reprōmittō, -ere, -mīsī: promise in return, 3 rēs, reī, f.: thing, matter, affair, business, 71 respondeō, -ēre, -dī, -ōnsum: to answer, 4

saeculum, -ī n.: generation, lifetime; fashion 7 salvus, -a, -um: saved; sound, unharmed, 4 sanctus, -a, -um: sacred, holy, 7 sanguis, sanguinis m.: blood, 5 Saturnīnus, -ī m.: Saturninus, 4 Saturus, -ī m.: Saturus, 10 scala, -ae f.: ladder; flight of stairs, 5 sciō, -īre, -īvī (iī), -ītus: know (how), 4 sē: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 15 secundus, -a, -um: following, favorable, 4 sed: but, moreover, however, 17 senex, senis m.: old, old man, 5 sī: if (only), whether, in case that, 14 sīc: thus, in this way, 7 sine: without (abl.), 4 socius, -ī m.: comrade, ally, companion, 9 sōlus, -a, -um: alone, only, lone, sole, 10 spatium, -iī n.: space, room, extent, 4 Spiritus, -ūs m.: (Holy) Spirit; breath, 10 Spiritus, -ūs m.: hope, expectation, 10 statim: immediately, at once, 7 stō, -āre, stetī, statum: to stand, set, 8 sum, esse, fuī, futūrum: to be, 113 super: above, 4 suus, -a, -um: his, her, its, their own, 19 talis, -e: such, of such a kind, 5 tamen: however, nevertheless, 4


tantus, -a, -um: so great, so large, 8 tū, tibi, tē, tē: you 21 tunc: then, at that time, 15 tuus, -a, -um: your, yours, 7

ubi: where, when, 7 universus, -a, -um: entire, whole, 6 ūnus, -a, -um: one, 8 ursus, -ī m.: bear, 4 usque: all the way to, up to, continuously, 6 ut: as, just as, when (+ ind.); (so) that, in order that, 34 utī: as, just as, when (+ ind.); (so) that, in order that, 5 utique: in any case, at any rate, at least, 4

veniō, -īre, vēnī, ventus: come, go, 8 verbum, -ī n.: word, speech, 5 vetus, veteris: old, experienced, 4 videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum: to see, 25 virtūs, -ūtis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 4 vīsio, -ōnis f.: vision, apparition, conception, 5 vōcō (1): call, name, address, summon, 4 volō, velle, voluī: will, wish, be willing, 10 vōs, vōbīs, vōs, vōbīs: you, 8

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Passio Perpetuae et Felicitatis · v Introduction to Passio Perpetuae et Felicitatis The following is a beta edition of an intermediate-level commentary on the Passion of Saint Perpetua