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Passages: Unit 1Friends & Family

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In this Chapter you will learn: Structure:

Gerunds

Noun Clauses

Reading & WritingMain ideas

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A gerund is a noun that is formed from averb by addinging to the base verb (V1)

Simple gerund

VERB + ing

Eating ice cream is wonderful.

There can also be perfect gerunds

Perfect gerund

Having + past participle Having passed the entrance exam was cause for

celebration.

What is a gerund?

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Notes on Gerunds Gerunds can have modifiers (e.g. prepositional

phrases) to make gerund phrases

Be careful, gerunds look the same as presentparticiples

Some words ending iningmay not be gerunds, they

may be nouns

A gerund must have a verb as its base

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The Functions of GerundsFUNCTION EXAMPLESSubject Studying is an effective way to get an A.

Object of a verb Tongchai enjoysswimming in the sea.

Subject Complement Johns problem issleeping in class.

Object of a preposition I read a book aboutprogramming.

NOTES: A gerund or gerund phrase always acts like a noun

A gerund or gerund phrase can be replaced by the pronoun it Gerunds are often used in compound nouns (be careful of presentparticiple adjectives)

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Verbs Commonly Followed byGerunds

Enjoy

I enjoy teachingEnglish.

Avoid I avoid going to loud discos.

Dont mind

I dont mind helpingstudents who ask forhelp.

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Verb Phrases Commonly Followed byGerunds

Insist on

My mother insists on callingme every day.

Feel like (going) I dont feel like studying today.

Be into She is into designingweb pages.

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More Verbs/Verb Phrases CommonlyFollowed by Gerunds

admit delay forgive practice tolerateanticipate deny imagine recall understandappreciate discuss involve recommend have troublebe worth dislike keep (on) regret give upcant help dread mention risk forget aboutcomplete escape miss spend time count onconsider finish postpone suggest approve of

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Verbs which can take either the gerundor infinitive with no change of meaningBegin LikeCant bear LoveCant stand NeglectContinue PreferHate Start

I cant stand being alone for

Christmas.

I cant stand to be alone for

Christmas.

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Topic Sentences The topic sentence expresses the main

idea of a paragraph.

It is usually the first sentence, but alsocan be the last sentence or even in themiddle of a paragraph.

Almost every paragraph has a topicsentence.

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Noun Clauses First, lets review what a clause is.

A clause is a group of wordscontaining a subject and a verb.

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Noun Clauses

A noun clause acts as a single noun in asentence.

A noun clause begins with a clause connectorNOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS

what when where why who how

whether whatever whenever if thatNOUN CLAUSE (AS A SUBJECT COMPLEMENT)

SUBJECT, VERB, CONNECTOR, SUBJECT, VERB

A holiday is when you dont work.NOUN CLAUSE (AS A SUBJECT)

CONNECTOR, SUBJECT, VERB, VERB

Why Steve is ugly is a mystery.

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Noun Clauses Sometimes the connector can be a subject of

the clauseNOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS

what which whowhatever whichever whoever

NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT

SUBJECT, VERB, CONNECTOR, VERB

I know who passed the exam.NOUN CLAUSE AS SUBJECT

CONNECTOR, VERB, VERB

What happened was great.