PARTS OF SPEECH...The young boy brought me a very soft chair from his house, and then he quickly disappeared. Oh my God! In this sentence – boy, chair, house refer to names of different

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PARTS OF SPEECH

Learning Parts of Speech is very important as each of the words of a sentence is a part of speech.

To make proper sentences, learners have to learn parts of speech properly. Without knowing and

learning parts of speech accurately learners will not be able to join words and make meaningful

sentences. Moreover, understanding the Parts of Speech is also essential for putting proper

punctuation marks in the sentences.

In this Unit ‘Parts of Speech’ has been discussed elaborately. There are 9 lessons in this Unit.

Each lesson will discuss the definition and kinds with some supporting examples. The first

lesson discusses the definition and kinds of Parts of Speech and the next 8 lessons discuss 8

kinds of Parts of Speech along with their classification and examples.

Time of completion 2 weeks

Lessons of the Unit:

Lesson-1.1 : Parts of Speech and Kinds

Lesson-1.2 : Noun and Kinds

Lesson-1.3 : Pronoun and Kinds

Lesson-1.4 : Verb and Kinds

Lesson-1.5 : Adjective and Kinds

Lesson-1.6 : Adverb and Kinds

Lesson-1.7 : Preposition and Kinds

Lesson-1.8 : Conjunction and Kinds

Lesson-1.9 : Interjection and Kinds

1

General English (Parts of Speech)

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Parts of Speech and Kinds

Objectives:

At the end of this lesson you will be able to:

• understand the definition of different parts of speech;

• find out the kinds of parts of speech;

• determine the correct definition of a word when using the dictionary;

• use parts of speech properly in your conversation and writing;

• complete the exercise by yourself.

Definition of parts of speech

Basically, the term ‘parts of speech’ refers to each and every part of a sentence. So, each and

every part of a sentence is ‘parts of speech’. But, according to the definition, a part of speech

is a category of words based on the word’s function or grammatically the way it works in a

sentence. A particular word can function more than one part of speech when used in different

circumstances.

Classification of parts of speech:

There are eight parts of speech in the English language:

1. Noun:

Noun indicates any kinds of names of living beings or things. As –

Raihan is a responsible person.

Here, person is a noun and Raihan is also a noun.

2. Pronoun:

Pronoun indicates words which take place instead of noun. As –

Raihan is a responsible person. He completes all of his tasks before deadlines.

Here, Raihan is replaced by he in the previous sentence and this he is a pronoun.

3. Verb:

Verb indicates words which express works or action. As –

Raihan helps people whenever needed.

Whatever Raihan does is an example of verb. Here, helps is the verb as it indicates a work.

4. Adjective:

Adjective indicates words which modifies the noun or pronoun. As –

Raihan is a responsible person.

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Words which express how Raihan is are examples of adjective. Here, responsible is the

example of adjective.

5. Adverb:

Adverb indicates words which modifies the verb or adverb. As –

Raihan walks fast.

Words that describe how Raihan works are examples of adverb. Here, fast is the example of

adverb.

6. Preposition:

Preposition indicates words governing and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and

expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause. As –

Raihan is going to school.

This to takes place before a noun ‘school’ and expresses a relationship between “go” and

“school”. This to is a preposition.

7. Conjunction:

Conjunction indicates words which connect words or clauses or sentences. As –

Raihan and Sumon are good friends.

This and is connecting Raihan and Sumon. This and is a conjunction.

8. Interjection:

Interjection indicates remarks, expressions or feelings. As –

Wow! What a brilliant student Raihan is!

This Wow! is expressing a good feeling of excitement. This is an example of Interjection.

Summary

Each and every part of a sentence is ‘parts of speech’. There are eight parts of speech: noun,

pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection. These eight parts of

speech work in different ways in sentences. Therefore, learning parts of speech is very

essential. Without knowing and learning parts of speech accurately learners will not be able to

join words and make meaningful sentences.


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Noun and Kinds

Objectives:


• understand the definition of noun;

• find out the kinds of noun;

• use nouns properly in your conversation and writing;

• capitalize nouns properly when needed.

Definition of noun

A noun refers to the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.

Man, Ritu, Rahim, Dhaka College, house, happiness, friendship, etc. are the examples of noun.

As –

Ritu is a good girl.

Here, Ritu refers to a name. This is a noun.

A noun is a word for a person, place, thing, or idea. In most cases nouns are used with an article

(the, a, an), but not always. The functions of nouns in a sentence are versatile: for example, a

noun can work as a subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, or object of a

preposition. Nouns can be singular or plural, concrete or abstract.

The young boy brought me a very soft chair from his house, and then he quickly

disappeared. Oh my God!

In this sentence – boy, chair, house refer to names of different kinds or things. They are nouns.

Classification of nouns

There are many types of nouns. Some most used nouns are –

1. Common nouns

Common nouns refer to general, unspecific categories. So, while “Dhaka” is a proper noun

because it names a specific city, city is a common noun because it can refer to any city.

While "Dhaka College" refers to a particular place of higher learning, the common

noun college can refer to any college of that type. As –

Dhaka is the capital city of Bangladesh.

Dhaka College is one of the most famous colleges in Bangladesh.

Here, city and colleges are the examples of common noun.

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2. Proper nouns

Proper nouns are nouns that refer to specific people, places or things. Proper nouns

like Rahim, Ritu or Jamuna are capitalized to show their distinction from common nouns,

such as “man”, “woman” or “river”. Proper nouns start with a capital letter while the other

nouns do not. As –

Dhaka is the capital city of Bangladesh.

Dhaka College is one of the most famous colleges in Bangladesh.

Here, Dhaka and Dhaka College are the examples of proper noun.

3. Concrete nouns

Concrete nouns refer to things that exist physically and can be touched, seen, smelled, felt, or

tasted that means concrete nouns can be perceived by at least one of our five senses. As –

I can hold the cat.

Honey tastes sweet.

Here, cat and honey are the examples of concrete noun.

4. Abstract nouns

The name ‘Abstract’ refers to something which is not material or concrete, which cannot be

touched physically or eaten or smelt, which can only be felt and abstract nouns refer to them.

The things which are classified as Abstract Nouns are – theoretical concepts, qualities, ideas,

conditions like love, hate, anger, hate, power, time, etc. As –

All the world needs are love and peace.

Asif hates his new hostel.

Here, love, peace and hates are the examples of abstract noun.

5. Collective nouns

Collective nouns are nouns that refer to a group of something in particular. Often, Collective

Nouns are used to refer to groups of animals. Consider the following sentences. As –

Look at that gaggle of geese.

There used to be herds of wild buffalo on the prairie.

Here, gaggle of geese and herds are the examples of collective noun.

6. Compound nouns

The word ‘compound’ refers to something plural or added. A compound noun refers to two

or more words that join together to make a single noun. Compound nouns can be two words

written as one (closed form), such as softball and toothpaste; words that are hyphenated

(hyphenated form), such as six-pack and son-in-law; or separate words (open form), such

as post office and upper class that go together by meaning. As –

Every parent is a superhero.


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Use your old toothbrush to clean the comb.

Here, superhero and toothbrush are the examples of compound noun.

7. Countable nouns

Countable nouns refer to nouns which can be counted. Countable nouns can be used in both

single and plural forms, can be modified by numbers, and can co-occur with quantifying

determiners, such as many, most, more, several etc.

For example, the noun car is a countable noun. As –

There is a car in that showroom.

In this example, the word car is singular because it refers to one car that is in a particular

showroom.

However, car can also take the plural form. As –

There are six cars in that showroom.

In this example, the plural noun “cars” refers to more than one car because it is being

modified by a particular number ‘six’.

In addition, countable nouns can be used with determiners like “several” rather than a

number. As –

In that showroom, there are several cars.

8. Uncountable nouns

On the other hand, uncountable nouns refer to nouns which are not countable. They are

uncountable, non-countable or mass nouns. For example, the word clutter is an uncountable

noun. As –

The garage is full of clutter.

This sentence makes grammatical sense. However, the following example does not.

That garage is full of clutters.

Uncountable nouns usually cannot take plural forms. Therefore, “clutters” is not

grammatically correct.

Liquids and powders are among the items that are considered Mass Nouns, such

as milk, rice, wood, sand, water and flour. Other more abstract examples that cannot be

counted would be air, freedom or intelligence. As –

Give me some water.

9. Material nouns

Material nouns refer to materials or substances from which things are made. As – gold. Gold

is an adjective when used in "Gold earring." However, gold is a material noun when used to

describe the metal. As –

Gold can be found from some rivers.

Here, Gold is the example of material noun.

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10. Possessive nouns

Possessive nouns refer to ownership over something else. They can be easily found if there is

an apostrophe. These nouns are demonstrating ownership, but they're also still persons,

places, or things. As –

Ritu's phone is not working.

Bangladesh’s beauty is truly breathtaking.

Here, the apostrophes after Ritu (Ritu's) and Bangladesh (Bangladesh’s beauty) indicate

possessive nouns.

Summary

A noun refers to the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. There are many classifications of

noun. Some nouns take capital form whereas some do not. Learning and identifying nouns are

very essential for learners to write grammatically correct sentences and capitalize words


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Pronoun and Kinds

Objectives:


• understand the definition of pronoun;

• find out the kinds of pronoun;

• use pronouns properly in your conversation and writing.

Definition of pronoun

A pronoun refers to a word used in place of a noun.

She, he, we, they, it etc are the examples of pronoun. As –

Ritu is a good girl. She goes to school every day.

Here, the word she is a substitute of Ritu. It is a pronoun.

The young boy brought me a very soft chair from his house, and then he quickly disappeared.

Oh my God!

In this sentence – me, his and he are the pronouns.

Classification of pronouns

There are many different types of pronouns. They are –

1. Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns refer to demonstrate or indicate. This, that, these and those are the

examples of demonstrative pronouns. As –

This is the pen drive I left in the classroom.

I should have taken those.

Here, This and those are the examples of demonstrative pronouns.

2. Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns refer to non-specific things. This is the largest group of

pronouns. All, some, any, several, anyone, nobody, each, both, few, either, none, one

and no one are the examples of indefinite pronoun. As –

Somebody should take the responsibility.

(Somebody is not a specific person.)

We were all in the group, but some of us are not cooperating.

Here, Somebody, all and some are the examples of indefinite pronouns.

3. Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns refer to pronouns those are used in questions.

Who, which, what, where and how are all interrogative pronouns. As –

Who is coming to the party?

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Which book is yours?

Here, Who and Which are the examples of interrogative pronouns.

4. Personal pronouns

The personal pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we, they and who. In most cases, they replace

nouns representing people. When most people think of pronouns, it is the personal pronouns

that usually come to mind. As –

We can easily win the match.

They will visit us soon.

Here, Who and Which are the examples of personal pronouns.

5. Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns refer to show possession. The possessive pronouns are mine, yours, his,

hers, ours and theirs. As –

The pen is mine.

This is her dog.

Here, mine and her are the examples of possessive pronouns.

6. Relative pronouns

A relative pronouns refer to nouns mentioned earlier which include people, places, things,

animals, or ideas. Relative pronouns can be used to join two sentences.

Which, that, who (including whom and whose) and where are the examples of relative

pronouns. As –

I saw the boy who stood first last year.

The girl became a police officer whose father is a teacher.

Here, who and whose are the examples of relative pronouns.

7. Reciprocal pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns refer to actions or feelings that are reciprocated which mean two or

more people receive the consequence of an action simultaneously. The reciprocal pronouns

are each other and one another. As –

They hate each other.

Don’t go against one another.

Here, each other and one another are the examples of reciprocal pronouns.

8. Reflexive pronouns

A reflexive pronoun refers to another noun or pronoun in the sentence. Reflexive pronouns

end with ...self or ...selves. The reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, herself, himself,

itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves. As –

Do the homework by yourself.

Zahid made the cake himself.

Here, yourself and himself are the examples of reflexive pronouns.


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9. Intensive (or Emphatic) pronouns

An intensive pronoun (or an emphatic pronoun) refers back to another noun or pronoun in

the sentence to emphasize it. As –

John bakes all the bread himself.

She hit herself.

Here, himself and herself are the examples of intensive pronouns.

Summary

A pronoun refers to a word used in place of a noun. There are different types of pronouns.

However, finding out the different classifications of pronouns are very interesting and easy.

Pronoun is quite useful as using nouns several times in sentences is not possible and that looks

weird as well. Thus, learning the use of pronouns helps a lot to make correct and rich

sentences.

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Verb and Kinds

Objectives:


• understand the definition of verb;

• find out the kinds of verb;

• use verbs properly in your conversation and writing;

• make proper sentences using right kind of verbs.

Definition of verb

A verb refers to an action or being. Without a verb there cannot be any sentence. The most

interesting thing is that only one verb can make a complete meaningful sentence. As –

Go.

Eat.

Come. All of them are the examples of verb. As –

She is going to school.

In a sentence there is a main verb and sometimes one or more helping verbs. Going is the main

verb in the above mentioned sentence while is is the helping or auxiliary verb. Verbs also take

different forms to express tense.

The young boy brought me a very soft chair from his house, and then he quickly disappeared.

Oh my God!

In this sentence, brought and disappeared refer to actions and they indicate about incidents

which happened in the past. These parts of speech are called verb.

Classification of verbs There are different kinds of verbs. They are –

1. Action verbs:

Action verbs refers to action (go, eat, write, etc.) or possession (have, own, etc.). As –

I eat rice.

I have a black fountain pen.

Here, eat and have are the examples of action verb.

Action verbs can be either transitive or intransitive.

i. Transitive verbs:

A transitive verb refers to a verb that accepts one or more objects. As –

Ritu eats rice.

Here, the verb is eats. ‘Rice’ is the object receiving the verb eats action.

Therefore, eats is a transitive verb. Transitive verbs can have more than one object.

As –

Abdul gave Rajib the pencil.

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Here, the verb is gave. The direct object is the pencil. (What did he give? – The

pencil.) The indirect object is Rajib. (To whom did he give it? – To Rajib.)

ii. Intransitive verbs:

An intransitive verb never takes a direct or indirect object. As –

Ritu goes slowly to her school.

Here, the verb is goes. The phrase ‘slowly to her school’ modifies the verb, but no

object receives the action.

Note : If ‘what’ or ‘whom’ is asked to the verb and an answer or more than one

answer comes, we can find out that the verb has one or more than one object. Like

in the first sentence, we get the answer of what.

Ritu eats rice.

What does she eat? The answer is ‘rice’. That is mono transitive verb.

Abdul gave Rajib the pencil.

What does Abdul give? – A pencil. Whom does he give the pencil? – To Rajib.

Two answers of ‘what’ and ‘whom’ are found. This is an example of di transitive

verb.

2. Linking verbs:

A linking verb connects the subject of a sentence to a noun or adjective that renames or

describes the subject. As –

Rajib became a business major.

The verb became, links the subject Rajib to its complement ‘a business major’.

The most common linking verb is the verb to be in all of its forms (am, are, is, was, were

etc.). These verbs are also known as helping verbs.

3. Helping verbs/ Auxiliary verbs:

Helping verbs or auxiliary verbs are used before action or linking verbs to provide with

additional information regarding aspects of possibility (can, could etc.) or time (was, did,

has etc.). As –

Sajib is flying to China. The trip might be enjoyable.

The verbs in the above mentioned sentence are – Sajib is (helping/auxiliary verb) flying

(main verb) to China. The trip might (helping/auxiliary verb) be (main verb) enjoyable.

Can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to etc. are called modals and

they always work as helping verbs.

Summary

A verb refers to an action or being. Verbs are very essential for making sentences as without a

verb there cannot be a sentence and only one verb can make a completely sound and correct

sentence. There are many kinds of verbs. Learning and identifying all kinds of verbs are very

important to make meaningful and correct sentences.

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Adjective and Kinds

Objectives:


• understand the definition of adjective;

• find out the kinds of adjective;

• use adjectives properly in your conversation and writing.

Definition of adjective

An adjective is a part of speech which modifies or describes the quality, quantity, situation,

state or feature of a noun or pronoun. Pretty, ugly, blue, smart etc are the examples of

adjectives. As –

The young boy brought me a very soft chair from his home, and then he quickly disappeared.

Oh my God!

In this sentence young refers to the feature of the boy and soft refers to the feature of the chair.

They are the adjectives of that sentence.

Classification of adjectives

Adjectives can be classified into three parts:

1. Descriptive adjectives

Descriptive adjectives refer to the features or characteristics of a noun. They can tell you

about a noun’s size, color, shape, taste, and more. Some examples are good, bad

small, yellow, round, friendly and salty. As −

The golden wooden pen is mine.

Here, golden and wooden are descriptive adjectives that describe the pen.

2. Quantitative adjectives

Quantitative adjectives describe the exact or approximate amount of a noun.

All, no, few, many and little are the examples of qualitative adjectives.

My brother has four cars.

There are 28 boys and 30 girls are in this class.

Here, four, 28 and 30 are the examples of Quantitative Adjective.

i. Numeral adjective: Numeral adjectives are quantitative adjectives that give exact number amounts

(like – five, seven, twentieth, first and fifth). As −

She stood first in the class.

In this case, first is a numeral adjective that refers to her position in the class.

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3. Demonstrative adjectives

Demonstrative adjectives refer to particular nouns. This, that, these and those are some

examples of demonstrative adjectives. As −

He went to that road.

Here, that is a demonstrative adjective that describes which road we’re referring to.

Summary

An adjective is a part of speech which modifies or describes the quality, quantity, situation,

state or feature of a noun or pronoun. In other words, an adjective indicates or tells how a noun

or pronoun is. There are many kinds of adjectives. Learning and identifying adjectives are very

important as without adjectives the description of a person or object is impossible.

.

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Adverb and Kinds

Objectives:


• understand the definition of adverb;

• find out the kinds of adverb;

• use adverbs properly in your conversation and writing.

Definition of adverb:

An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It usually answers

the questions of when, where, how, why, under what conditions, or to what degree. Adverbs

often (but obviously not always) end in -ly.

Beautifully, extremely, very, well are some examples of adverbs.



In this sentence very modifies the adjective soft, then gives the answer of when and quickly

gives the answer of how. So, these are the adverbs of this sentence.

Classification of adverbs

There are different kinds of adverbs. They are –

1. Adverbs of time An adverb of time refers to the time when an action happens or when a verb takes place.

Adverbs of time are usually placed at the beginning or end of a sentence. Never, lately, just,

always, recently, during, yet, soon, sometimes, usually, so far etc. are the examples of

Adverbs of Time. As −

Sometimes we can overlook some mistakes, but not always.

I have not seen him recently.

Here, Sometimes, always and recently are the examples of adverbs of time.

2. Adverbs of place Adverbs of place refer to the place where the verb is taking place. These are usually placed

after the main verbs or objects, or at the end of the sentences.

Here, there, nowhere, everywhere, out, in, above, below, inside, outside, into etc. are the

examples of Adverbs of Place. As −

He has just vanished into nowhere.

She is inside the room.

Here, nowhere and inside are the examples of adverbs of place.

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3. Adverbs of manner Adverbs of manner provide more information about how an action or a verb is done.

Adverbs of manner are probably the most common of all adverbs. Most of them will end in

–ly.

Neatly, slowly, quickly, sadly, calmly, politely, loudly, kindly, lazily are the examples of

Adverbs of manner. As –

He politely thanked us for inviting his party.

We slowly entered into the hall room.

Here, politely and slowly are the examples of adverbs of manner.

4. Adverbs of degree

Adverbs of degree refer to the level or intensity of or modify a verb, adjective, or even

another adverb.

Almost, quite, nearly, too, enough, just, hardly, simply, so etc. are the examples of Adverbs

of Degree. As –

The room is exclusively adorned.

Antora is a very fast reader.

Here, exclusively and very are the examples of adverbs of degree.

5. Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of frequency refer to how often the verb occurs. They’re often placed directly

before the main verb of a sentence.

Never, always, rarely, sometimes, normally, seldom, usually, again etc are the examples of

Adverbs of Frequency. As –

Barking dog seldom bites.

I normally don’t take medicines.

Here, seldom and normally are the examples of adverbs of frequency.

6. Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of quantity refer to the quantity or how much or how many of something you have.

As –

We need more food.

We are almost there.

Here, more and almsot are the examples of adverbs of quantity.

Summary

An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It usually answers the

questions of when, where, how, why, under what conditions, or to what degree. Adverbs often

(but obviously not always) end in -ly. However, all the adverbs do not end in -ly. There are

many kinds of adverbs. Adverbs are very essential to describe a verb, an adjective or an

adverb.

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Preposition and Kinds

Objectives:


• understand the definition of preposition;

• find out the kinds of preposition;

• use prepositions properly in your conversation and writing.

Definition of preposition:

A preposition refers to a word placed before a noun or pronoun expressing a relation to

another word or element in the clause.

By, with, about, until, on, in etc. are the examples of preposition.

(by the river, with our family, about the film, until next week, on the roof, in the book)

A young boy brought me a very soft chair from his house, and then he quickly disappeared.

Oh my God!

Here from is making relationship between ‘chair’ and ‘his house’. Thus, from is the preposition

in the sentence.

Classification of preposition

There are five different types of prepositions:

1. Simple prepositions

Simple prepositions refer to indicate a location, time or place. At, for, in, off, on, over

and under are the examples of Simple Preposition. As –

The bird is over my head.

The book is on the table.

Here, over and on are the examples of simple prepositions.

2. Double prepositions

Double prepositions refer to two simple prepositions added together, often indicating

direction. Into, upon, onto, out of, from within are the examples of Double Preposition.

As−

The teacher entered into the classroom.

We have to submit the assignment within this week.

Here, into and within are the examples of double prepositions.

3. Compound prepositions

Compound prepositions (or complex prepositions) refer to prepositions consist of two or

more words, usually a simple preposition and another word, to indicate location. In addition

to, on behalf of and in the middle of are the examples of Compound Preposition. As –

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In the middle of his conversation, the Chairman had to leave the party.

On behalf of our teacher, we attended the conference.

Here, In the middle of and On behalf of are the examples of compound prepositions.

4. Participle prepositions

Participle prepositions refer to verbs which have endings like -ed and -ing.

Considering, during, concerning, provided are the examples of Participle Preposition. As −

Do not leave anything pending for later.

According to our Chairman, the apology is unacceptable.

Here, pending and According are the examples of participle prepositions.

5. Phrase prepositions

Phrase prepositions (or prepositional phrases) refer to ‘a preposition, an object, and the

object's modifier’ altogether. On time, at home, before class and on the floor are the

examples of Phrase Preposition. As −

I eat at the dining hall.

Deliver the products on time.

Here, at the dining hall and on time are the examples of phrase prepositions.

Summary

A preposition refers to a word placed before a noun or pronoun expressing a relation to another

word or element in the clause. There are different kinds of preposition. The incorrect use of

preposition can change the meaning of a sentence. Thus, learning the use of appropriate

preposition is very important.

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Conjunction and Kinds

Objectives:


• understand the definition of conjunction;

• find out the kinds of conjunction;

• use conjunctions properly in your conversation and writing.

Definition of conjunction

A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses and refers to the relationship between the

elements it joined. And, but, or, while, because etc are the examples of conjunction.



In this sentence and joins two independent clauses. Thus, and is the conjunction in the sentence.

Classification of conjunction

There are three classification of conjunction.

1. Coordinating conjunction

As the name suggests, Coordinating Conjunctions add two or more grammatically equal

words or clauses or phrases. They do not usually take place in the beginning or at the end of a

sentence, rather in the middle of the words or groups of words. As –

Keya and Ritu are two sisters.

Here, and is the example of coordinating conjunction.

There is an easy formula to remember Coordinating Conjunctions which is “FANBOYS,”

and that stands for:

F – For

A – And

N – Nor

B – But

O – Or

Y – Yet

S – So

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2. Subordinating conjunction

This type of conjunctions is often used to add two different clauses together.

While, as soon as, although, since, as are the examples of subordinating conjunctions. As –

Since yesterday was a holiday, I did not go to school.

I’ll go, if you come.

Here, Since and if are the examples of subordinating conjunction.

It can be easily noticed that subordinating conjunctions can take their places in the beginning

or in the middle of the sentence to add two different clauses together. Moreover, between

these two clauses (independent clause and dependent clause), a comma is needed as well.

3. Correlative conjunction

The correlative conjunctions refer to pairs of conjunctions which are used to join equal

sentence elements together.

Either… or, neither… nor, not only… but also, both… and, whether… or, so… as etc. are

the examples of correlative conjunction. As –

Either Keya or Ritu will attend the party.

He is not only a good student, but also a good singer.

Here, Either… or and not only… but also are the examples of correlative conjunction.

Summary

A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses and refers to the relationship between the

elements it joined. There are different types of conjunctions. Some conjunctions take place at

the beginning of the sentence, some at the middle and some at the end. Thus, learning the use

of the conjunction is very important for making accurate sentences.

BBA Program

Unit-1 Page 21

Interjection and Kinds

Objectives:


• understand the definition of interjection;

• find out the kinds of interjection;

• use interjections properly in your conversation and writing.

Definition of interjection

An interjection is a word used to express emotion. Oh!, Wow!, Oops!, Hurray! Etc are the examples of Interjection.

The young boy brought me a very soft chair from his home, and then he quickly


Oh my God! is explaining the expression of being astonished in the sentence. That is why it is

the example of Interjection.

Classification of interjection

Interjection can be classified into different categories. The most common categories are –

1. Interjections for greeting

These types of interjections refer to indicate the emotion of warmth to the person meeting

with words like – hey, hello, hi etc. As –

Hey! Where have you been?

Hello! I am Rajib.

Here, Hey! and Hello! are the examples of interjections of greeting.

2. Interjections for joy

These types of interjections refer to immediate joy and happiness on any happy occasion

occurred like – hurrah, wow, hurray etc. As –

Wow! What a great news!

Hurray! We have won this trophy.

Here, Wow! and Hurray! are the examples of interjections of joy.

3. Interjections for approval

These types of interjections refer to the strong sense of approval or agreement for something

that has happened like – well done, bravo, brilliant etc. As –

Well done! You got an A+.

Lesson-1.9


Unit-1 Page 22

Bravo! This is a great decision.

Here, Well done! and Bravo! are the examples of interjections of approval.

4. Interjections for attention

These types of interjections refer to draw attention of someone like – look, behold, listen,

hush etc. As –

Look! I do not have any time to waste.

Behold! Someone strange is standing there.

Here, Look! and Behold! are the examples of interjections of attention.

5. Interjections for surprise

These types of interjections refer to express the strong sense of surprise about something that

has happened like – ha, what, hey, ah, oh, eh etc. As –

What! I can’t believe that.

Oh! How did you get hurt?

Here, What! and Oh! are the examples of interjections of surprise.

6. Interjections for sorrow

These types of interjections refer to express the emotion of sadness about something

unfortunate has happened like – alas, ouch, ah, oh etc. As –

Alas! I am undone.

Ouch! That really hurts.

Here, Alas! and Ouch! are the examples of interjections of sorrow.

7. Interjections for understanding/misunderstanding

Interjections of understanding and misunderstanding refer to one’s understanding of a subject

being talked about or something which wasn’t well understood before the moment or

misunderstood. As –

Oh! I did not get it.

So! This is the way we should do it.

Here, Oh! and So! are the examples of interjections of understanding and misunderstanding.

There are some other Interjections like –

Interjections of Anger/Annoyance/Frustration/Disappointment/Dismissive etc which are

more or less similar to the other categories of interjection.

Summary

An interjection is a word used to express emotion. One particular interjection can be used in

different ways in different situation. There are many kinds of interjections. However, all of

them are used to express emotion or feeling. Interjections are very interesting to learn and use

to explain feelings.

BBA Program

Unit-1 Page 23

EXERCISE

1. What is ‘Parts of Speech’? Write down the kinds of ‘Parts of Speech’ along with

definitions and examples.

2. What is ‘Verb’? Write down the classification of Verbs along with examples.

3. Find out the parts of speech:

a) I have learned many things from my mother.

b) My mother is a learned person.

c) I know him personally.

d) He is a friendly person.

e) He behaves in a friendly manner.

f) Why don’t you go there?

g) The book is on the table.

h) I want to get a permanent job.

i) Well, I don’t think it can be done in this way.

j) I called him, but he did not reply.

4. Write down the correct answer: a) ‘Water’ is a part of speech.

i) Yes ii) No iii) May be iv) Can be

b) How many parts of speech are there? i) 10 ii) 9 iii) 8 iv) 5

c) Ritu is a good girl. In this sentence ‘is’ is a/an – i) Noun ii) Main verb iii) Auxiliary Verb iv) Pronoun

d) Rabbits run fast. – Who is the adverb in this sentence? i) Rabbits ii) Run iii) Fast iv) None

e) Your mother is calling you. Here ‘mother’ is a/an – i) Noun ii) Pronoun iii) Verb iv) Adverb

f) “Although” is a/an – i) Coordinating conjunction ii) Subordinating conjunction iii) Correlative conjunction


Unit-1 Page 24

iv) Interjection

g) “Each other” is a –

i) Personal Pronoun

ii) Reflexive Pronoun

iii) Reciprocal Pronoun

iv) Relative pronoun

h) Walking is a good exercise. Here ‘walking’ is a –

i) Noun

ii) Verb

iii) Pronoun

iv) Main verb

i) I am wearing washed clothes. Here ‘washed’ is a/an –

i) Adverb

ii) Verb

iii) Adjective

iv) Main verb

j) We should obey our teachers. Here ‘should’ is a/an –

i) Intransitive Verb

ii) Main Verb

iii) Transitive Verb

iv) Modal/ Auxiliary Verb

3. Answer:

a) Verb

b) Adjective

c) Pronoun

d) Adjective

e) Adverb

f) Verb

g) Preposition

h) Noun.

i) Interjection

j) Conjunction

4. Answer:

a) Yes

b) 8

c) Main Verb

d) Fast

e) Noun

f) Subordinating conjunction

g) Reciprocal Pronoun

h) Noun

i) Adjective

j) Modal/ Auxiliary

Documents

PARTS OF SPEECH...The young boy brought me a very soft chair from his house, and then he quickly disappeared. Oh my God! In this sentence – boy, chair, house refer to names of different