Parts of Speech

The Eight, The Rules and Sentence Types

Nouns…

…are the name of a person, place, thing (all Concrete), or idea (feeling).Abstract

WILL ONLY BE ONE WORD UNLESS IT IS PROPER!!!

ALL nouns are…

1. Common (farmer, hospital, ocean, giraffe, love, doubt)

OR

2. Proper (Jordan, Dodgers Stadium, Beanie Baby, The New York Times)

Two specific types of nouns are…1) Collective Nouns

jury, herd, school, club, class, group

2) Compound Nouns (ONE WORD)

basketball, sister-in-law, hotdog

My favorite subject is history.

Basketball is fun.

Class is hard.

Pronouns….

There are 6 types of pronouns:1. Personal2. Reflexive3. Interrogative4. Demonstrative5. Indefinite6. Relative

A pronoun refers to a noun or another pronoun in a sentence.

Personal Pronouns…Singular Plural

________________________________________

First person I, my,mine,me We, our,ours, us

(the person speaking)

Second person you, your, yours you, your, yours

(the person spoken to)

Third person he, his, him, she, they, their,

(some other person her, hers, it, its theirs, themor thing)

Reflexive Pronouns…

…are formed by adding –self or –selves to certain personal pronouns.

Examples:

Myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves, yourself, and yourselves

Hisself and theirselves ARE NOT WORDS!!!!!

Interrogative Pronouns…

…are used to ask a question.

They include:

Which, Who, Whom, and Whose

Relative Pronouns…

…are used to introduce subordinate clauses and are related to nouns usually right before them:

• Who: animate subjects of clause

• Which: inanimate subjects/object

Example:

The kids who take class with Ralph think he is dumb.

The crayons which Mrs. Modarelli gave us were all broken.

Demonstrative Pronouns…

…are used to point out a specific person or thing.

They include:

This, that, these, and those

Indefinite Pronouns……do not refer to a definite person or thing.

These are ALL the indefinite pronouns:

All each more one

Another either most other

Any everybody much several

Anybody everyone neither some

Anyone everything nobody somebody

Anything few none someone

Both many no one

A pronoun’s antecedent is…

…simply the word that the pronoun refers to.

Examples:

Each of the men went to the game.

Everybody in the class wanted to know his or her grade.

The mechanics use their own tools.

Adjectives…

…modify a noun or pronoun.

Ask yourself the question What kind? Which one(s)? How many? How much? when in doubt.

Carrie read an interesting story. (What kind of story?)

The recent article has that information. (Which article? Which information?)

*Why isn’t that a pronoun in this case?

*Ask these questions and if a noun is following the word, it is probably an adjective!

3 kinds of adjectives…Proper adjectives:

Italian bread- She is Italian.

Midas touch

Herculean strength

Compound adjectives:

Landmark decision- The decision was landmark.

Black-and-blue mark

Hometown hero

Possessive adjectives:

Bob’s, girl’s, groups’, students’, student’s

Degrees of Adjectives…

Comparative adjectives:

Adjectives that compare 2 things

Magic Johnson is taller than Matt Kemp.

N*Sync is a better boy band than One Direction.

Superlative adjectives:

Adjectives that compare 3 or more things

Marisol is the smartest girl in her class.

Out of steak, chicken or shrimp, shrimp is the best.

Capitalization Rules…1) Proper adjectives= Greek food, American cheese

2) Proper Nouns= Mount Whitney, Matt Kemp, Earth

3) Languages= Spanish, English

4) Brand names= Ford car, Spalding football

5) Major time periods/ Events= Great Depression

6) Months and Days= September, Tuesday

7) Religions= Catholic

8) Titles with Names= Dr. Smith, Senator Richards

9) Books/Movies/Art= Of Mice and Men, The Replacements, Mona Lisa

10) Buildings/Ships/Monuments= World Trade Center, Voyager of the Seas, Mount Rushmore

11) Races/Nationalities= African American, Irish, German hotdog

Verbs…The three types of verbs include:1) Action- tells the action the subject is performing

       (Can be physical or mental)• Physical: hit, sing, jump, sing,

snore, cry, etc.• Mental: think, dream, hear, love, wonder,

believe, etc. *Transitive, IF followed by a noun (direct object)

2) Linking- connect the subject to a noun, pronoun, or adjective in the predicate (ALWAYS intransitive)

Most common are “to be” forms (is, are, was, were, been, being, am) AND

Appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smells

Verbs continued…Example:

My sister is a doctor.

He appeared tired. (appeared is NOT an action)

NOTE: Sometimes a verb can be either a LV or

an AV. Think of a LV as an = sign.

Example: 

The tree grew to be quite tall. 

Grew is an AV here b/c the tree physically grew.

The man grew weary. 

Grew is a LV here b/c it makes a statement and expresses a relationship between "man" and "weary".

Verbs continued…

3) Helping- assist the main verb (action verb) in a sentence. These words are the same as LVs but called helping when they have a partner.

HV (can be more than one) + AV= Verb PhraseMost common are:Am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being, has, had,

have, do, does, did, may, might, must, can, could, shall, should, will, would

Examples:The members are going to the city tomorrow evening.Are the members going to the city tomorrow evening?That joke has been heard around the office.Has that joke been heard around the office?

Verbals…

The gerund ends in -ing and functions as a noun. Jumping is fun. He liked skiing.

The infinitive is the base form of a verb with to. Usually it functions as a noun, although it can also function as an adjective or adverb. To jump is fun. (noun; subject of the verb is) I like to ski. (noun; direct object of the verb like) She had a suggestion to offer. (adjective modifying suggestion) He called to warn her. (adverb modifying the verb called)

A participle is a verb that ends in -ing (present participle) or -ed, -d, -t, -en, -n (past participle). Participles may function as adjectives, describing or modifying nouns. The dancing parrots entertained the crowd. The wrecked sailboat washed up on shore.

Homonym OR Homograph

• Words that are spelled the same, may sound different and have different meanings

• Examples:

The back of the room is filled with boxes.

My back is hurting me because I fell.

The train leaves the station at 3:00.

I will need to train the new employees.

The drain is clogged.

Please drain the pasta before adding the sauce.

Homophone

• Words that sound the same, but are spelled differently and have different meanings

• Examples:

The towel rack is made of steel.

It is not right to steal.

There is nothing I want more.

That is their stuff on the table.

Where are you going?

I would like to wear the red dress.

Subject of a sentence…

- the person, place, thing, or idea that is doing or being something

- Ask the question, "Who or what 'verbs' or 'verbed'?" and the answer to that question is the subject.

- The subject of a sentence is always a noun or a pronoun.

Predicate of a sentence…

• The VERB in the sentence

• The thing the subject is doing

Subject Predicate

Jill walked.

Michael ran.

Subject

Predicate

Simple Subject & Complete Subject

• The simple subject is one word

• The complete subject includes all the words describing that one word

• The complete subject is everything BEFORE the verb

The little girl named Jill ran to the store.

The curious and clumsy Michael fell off of his bike.

Simple Predicate & Complete Predicate

• The simple predicate is one word

• The complete predicate includes all the words describing that one word

• The complete predicate is the verb + everything AFTER it

The little girl named Jill ran to the store.

The curious and clumsy Michael fell off of his bike.

Subject??? Verb???

1) Sam and I ran the New York City Marathon.

2) Jill is going to be fifteen on Thursday.

3) Joe went to the party, but Tim did not invite him.

4) Erin had been sick for days, so Steve went to the store for her.

Clauses...

Have a subject and a verb!!!

Phrases... Do not contain the subject of the sentence or a

verb. All phrases can be taken out of the sentence. They simply add DETAIL!!!

Independent Clauses…

• A fancy name for a sentence

• It contains a subject and a verb AND is a COMPLETE thought!!!

• Examples:

I went to the store.

He ate cake.

Mom likes to cook.

Subordinate Clauses…

• NOT a complete sentence

• It has a subject and a verb because it is a clause, but is NOT a complete thought!!!

Examples:

After I went to the store

When he ate cake

Because my mom likes to cook

HINT: Usually, at the very beginning or very end of the sentence. (SEE LIST OF TRIGGER WORDS!!!)

Interjections…

- Words that express emotion and are not frequently used words

- Are always followed by an exclamation point

Examples:

Ouch!

Wow!

Bang!

Prepositions…

• Check your list for the most common prepositions

• A word that introduces a prepositional phrase and adds detail to nouns/pronouns in the sentence.

The house on the right side of the street is for sale.

Prepositional Phrases…• Add detail to a sentence.

• Always begin with a prepostion

• Do not contain the subject of the sentence or a verb!!!!

• Can be omitted from the sentence and it will still make sense because it is just a phrase!

• Remember clauses have verbs; phrases do not!!!

Phraseor

Clause?

CLAUSE

That he saw at the mall

PHRASE

Of all the time in the world

CLAUSE

Because she is having trouble

CLAUSE

Before the light turned red

PHRASE

Before eight o’clock

CLAUSE

When she appeared tired

2 PHRASES!!!

Among all of the classmates

Conjunctions…

For And Nor But Or Yet So= FANBOYS

*The FANBOYS (Coordinating Conjunctions) are the most common conjunctions that join sentences or parts of sentences together!

The girl and boy are going to the park.

The girl is going to the park, but the boy is staying home.

My mom and Dad were mad at me, so I wrote them an apology.

Simple Sentences…

• Have one subject or one group of subjects doing one verb or a group of verbs.

Jill ate the cake.

Jack and Jill ate the cake.

Jack ate and drank at the party.

Jack and Jill ate and drank at the party.

Compound Sentences…

• Is two simple sentences joined by a comma AND a conjunction

Jill ate the cake, and Tim watched the movie.

Taylor went to the party, but Tom decided to stay home.

Peter found my keys, so I could go home.

Complex Sentences…

• Have 1 independent clause and 1 or more subordinate clauses

Example:

I went to the store because my mom was out of flour.

We ate ice cream after we sang “Happy Birthday.”

She likes to play tennis when she come home from

school because it is a good workout.

IndependentSubordinate

Independent

Independent

Subordinate

Subordinate

Subordinate

Compound-Complex Sentences…• Have 2 or more independent clauses and 1 or more

subordinate clauses

Example:

I went to the store because my mom was out of flour, and I needed to bake a cake.

We ate ice cream after we sang “Happy Birthday,” so it was the best birthday ever!

She likes to play tennis when she comes home from school because it is a good workout, but she is really tired after.

Sentence Types Chart

Independent Subordinate

SIMPLE 1 0

COMPOUND 2 or more 0

COMPLEX 1 1 or more

COMPOUND- 2 or more 1 or more

COMPLEX

Direct Object

• The object that directly receives the action of the verb (transitive)

• Always comes after an action verb in the sentence

• NEVER part of a prepositional phrase

Examples: All the verbs in these sentences are transitive because the have direct objects!

She gave a present.

He likes strawberry pie.

Jill broke the bat.

Indirect Object• Indirectly receives the action of the sentence,

but is not really what the action is doing

• Always comes before the direct object when it is in a sentence

• NEVER part of a prepositional phrase

Examples:

She gave me a present.

Is she giving me or a present?

She is giving a present, so that is direct.

Me is indirect.

He likes her strawberry pie.

Indirect Object Direct Object

Predicate Noun (Nominative)• A noun in the predicate

• Always comes after a linking verb

• NEVER part of a prepositional phrase

• Another name for the subject

Examples:

She is a doctor.

I am a good person.

My students are girls and boys.

Predicate adjective• Always comes after a linking verb

• NEVER part of a prepositional phrase

• An adjective in the predicate that describes the subject

Examples:

She is pretty.

I am happy.

My students are nice and kind to me.

Adverbs…

…are a word that describe a verb, an adjective (INTENSIFIER), or another adverb(INTENSIFIER).

MOST adverbs end in –ly (When in doubt!)

Ask yourself these questions to figure out whether a word is an adverb. Where? When? How? To what extent?

Adverbs that don’t end in –ly:Again Away Never Yet (Conjunction??)Always Later Perhaps Already SomewhereJust Often Sometimes Ever Not Quite SomewhatNowhere So There (NOT A SUBJECT) Here (NOT A

SUBJECT)Seldom Then (NOT THAN) Today Also Now RatherSoon Yesterday TooVery AloneAlmost Even

Adverbs that describe verbs:

John ate quickly.

I walk there.

Ashley will eat soon.

Adverbs that describe adjectives:

Rex is very happy.

The program was too unrealistic.

Adverbs that describe other adverbs:

Warren walks too quickly.

He moved rather recently.

PRACTICE Adjective or Adverb?

My friend wore a red dress to the birthday party.

ADJECTIVE

ADVERB

Nina was rather late to school.

ADVERB

He walks fast.

ADJECTIVE

She was a good student.

ADVERB

Why are you so tired?

ADJECTIVE

Why are you so tired?

ADVERB

I am not purposefully insulting you.

ADVERB

I am not purposefully insulting you.

ADJECTIVE

Tired and hungry, the kids arrived at camp.

ADJECTIVE

She is jealous.