Parts of Speech ReviewParts of Speech Review

Pre-AP English 2Pre-AP English 2

NounsNouns A noun is a word used to name a A noun is a word used to name a

person, place, thing, or idea. person, place, thing, or idea. A proper noun names a particular A proper noun names a particular

person, place, thing, or idea. It begins person, place, thing, or idea. It begins with a capital letter. Examples: St. with a capital letter. Examples: St. Louis, Margaret Mead, Chevrolet, Louis, Margaret Mead, Chevrolet, Republican.Republican.

A common noun does not name a A common noun does not name a particular person, place, thing, or particular person, place, thing, or idea. Examples: city, woman, idea. Examples: city, woman, automobile, political party.automobile, political party.

***Frame Sentence******Frame Sentence***

Most nouns fit into this frame Most nouns fit into this frame sentence:sentence:

(The) ________ is (are) important (The) ________ is (are) important (unimportant, interesting, (unimportant, interesting, uninteresting).uninteresting).

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PronounsPronouns A pronoun is a word used in place of a A pronoun is a word used in place of a

noun or of more than one noun. It may noun or of more than one noun. It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea.stand for a person, place, thing, or idea.

A pronoun usually takes the place of a A pronoun usually takes the place of a previously mentioned noun or noun previously mentioned noun or noun phrase known as an antecedent.phrase known as an antecedent.

The pronoun and its antecedent may be The pronoun and its antecedent may be in either the same sentence or in either the same sentence or separate, but usually adjacent, separate, but usually adjacent, sentences.sentences.

ExampleExample

Dan said he will have the report done Dan said he will have the report done by Friday. by Friday.

He He is the pronoun. is the pronoun. Dan Dan is the is the antecedent.antecedent.

ExampleExample

The students worked in the field for The students worked in the field for an entire semester. At the end of the an entire semester. At the end of the school year, they presented their school year, they presented their findings at a conference. findings at a conference.

TheyThey is the pronoun. is the pronoun. The students The students is is the antecedent.the antecedent.

Why is the following passage Why is the following passage somewhat unclear?somewhat unclear?

The study found that students The study found that students succeed when they have clear succeed when they have clear directions, consistent and focused directions, consistent and focused feedback, and access to help. feedback, and access to help. ThisThis led administrators to create a led administrators to create a tutoring center at our university.tutoring center at our university.

Better said…Better said…

The study found that students The study found that students succeed when they have clear succeed when they have clear directions, consistent and focused directions, consistent and focused feedback, and access to help. feedback, and access to help. The The results of this studyresults of this study led led administrators to create a tutoring administrators to create a tutoring center at our university. center at our university.

Pronouns include…Pronouns include…

I, meI, me youyou he, himhe, him she, hershe, her itit we, uswe, us they, themthey, them my, minemy, mine

your, yoursyour, yours hishis her, hersher, hers itsits our, oursour, ours their, theirstheir, theirs

and these…and these…*also used as adjectives*also used as adjectives

whowho whomwhom *which*which *that*that *what*what whosewhose *this*this *these*these

*that*that *those*those *all*all anotheranother *any*any anybodyanybody *both*both *each*each

……and these.and these.

*either*either everybodyeverybody everyoneeveryone *few*few *many*many mostmost *neither*neither nobodynobody

no one no one *one *one otherother *several*several *some*some SomebodySomebody SomeoneSomeone suchsuch

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AdjectivesAdjectives An adjective is a word used to modify a An adjective is a word used to modify a

noun or a pronoun.noun or a pronoun. Most adjectives answer one of these Most adjectives answer one of these

questions: questions: Which one? What kind of…? How Which one? What kind of…? How many? What color (or size or shape, and so many? What color (or size or shape, and so on)?on)?

Adjectives usually precede the nouns they Adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify, but occasionally follow them: modify, but occasionally follow them: enough enough time, time time, time enough.enough.

The most common adjectives are the The most common adjectives are the articles articles a, an, a, an, and and the.the.

***Frame Sentences******Frame Sentences***

He told us about a/an ________ idea He told us about a/an ________ idea (person, animal, object).(person, animal, object).

The idea (person, animal, object) is The idea (person, animal, object) is very _______.very _______.

The _______ one seems very _______.The _______ one seems very _______.

ExamplesExamples

Jeff brought the pizza, golden and Jeff brought the pizza, golden and bubbly, to the table.bubbly, to the table.

The day seemed endless.The day seemed endless.

You are wrong.You are wrong.

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Homework:Homework:Complete the exercise over Complete the exercise over

nouns, pronouns and nouns, pronouns and adjectives!adjectives!

GOOD LUCK!GOOD LUCK!

Review!Review!

Parts of Speech ReviewParts of Speech Review

Day 2Day 2

VerbsVerbs

A verb is a word that expresses A verb is a word that expresses action OR helps to make a statement action OR helps to make a statement by expressing being or experiencing.by expressing being or experiencing.

Helping verbs add meaning to a main Helping verbs add meaning to a main verb, such as information about time, verb, such as information about time, ability, or certainty.ability, or certainty.

***Frame Sentence******Frame Sentence***for Action Verbsfor Action Verbs

We should _______ (it).We should _______ (it).

NOTE: With some verbs, NOTE: With some verbs, it it is not used.is not used.

Linking Verbs include…Linking Verbs include… AmAm IsIs WasWas WereWere BeBe BeingBeing BeenBeen AreAre

Often called “state-Often called “state-of-being” verbs.of-being” verbs.

AppearAppear BecomeBecome FeelFeel GrowGrow LookLook RemainRemain SeemSeem SmellSmell SoundSound StayStay TasteTaste

Some can also be action Some can also be action words.words.

***Frame Sentence******Frame Sentence***for Linking Verbsfor Linking Verbs

It should ________ good (terrible, It should ________ good (terrible, fine).fine).

Which sentence evokes a Which sentence evokes a clearer image?clearer image?

The team captain was absolutely The team captain was absolutely ecstatic.ecstatic.

OROR

Grinning broadly, the team captain Grinning broadly, the team captain shot both her arms into the air.shot both her arms into the air.

Action or Linking?Action or Linking?

Look at the map, and tell me what Look at the map, and tell me what town we are approaching. town we are approaching.

ACTION – look, tell, are approachingACTION – look, tell, are approaching This could be clearer; it does not This could be clearer; it does not

show the new expressway.show the new expressway. LINKING – could beLINKING – could be ACTION – does showACTION – does show

Action or Linking?Action or Linking?

A climate map looks different from a A climate map looks different from a political map, but it is not as political map, but it is not as interesting to me.interesting to me.

LINKING – looks, isLINKING – looks, is Along the coast the deposits of a Along the coast the deposits of a

river may build a delta, which forms river may build a delta, which forms at the mouth of the river.at the mouth of the river.

ACTION – may build, formsACTION – may build, forms

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AdverbsAdverbs

An adverb is a word used to modify a An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another verb, an adjective, or another adverb.adverb.

They provide information about time, They provide information about time, manner, place, and frequency, thus manner, place, and frequency, thus answering one of these questions: answering one of these questions: When? How? Where? How often? When? How? Where? How often? How much? To what extent?How much? To what extent?

***Frame Sentence******Frame Sentence***

They _____________ moved (danced, They _____________ moved (danced, walked) across the room.walked) across the room.

She/He thinks ______.She/He thinks ______.

She/He __________ thinks fast.She/He __________ thinks fast.

What do the adverbs add to What do the adverbs add to the following sentences?the following sentences?

The scientist The scientist delicatelydelicately places the places the slide under the microscope.slide under the microscope.

““You’re late,” he scolded You’re late,” he scolded vehementlyvehemently..

She is She is wistfullywistfully hopeful. hopeful.

ExamplesExamples

Rita measured the chemicals carefully.Rita measured the chemicals carefully.

We will leave early.We will leave early.

I have been there.I have been there.

We went far.We went far.

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ConjunctionsConjunctions

A conjunction is a word that joins A conjunction is a word that joins words and groups of words.words and groups of words.

The three kinds of conjunctions are The three kinds of conjunctions are coordinating, subordinating, and coordinating, subordinating, and correlative.correlative.

When the words join words or groups When the words join words or groups of words, they are conjunctions.of words, they are conjunctions.

Coordinating ConjunctionsCoordinating Conjunctions“FAN BOYS”“FAN BOYS”

ForFor AndAnd NorNor ButBut OrOr YetYet SoSo

Subordinating ConjunctionsSubordinating Conjunctions

AfterAfter AlthoughAlthough AsAs As ifAs if As long asAs long as As thoughAs though BecauseBecause BeforeBefore Even ifEven if Even thoughEven though ExceptExcept IfIf In order thatIn order that

OnceOnce Since Since So thatSo that ThanThan ThoughThough UnlessUnless UntilUntil WhenWhen WheneverWhenever WhereWhere WhereverWherever WhetherWhether WhileWhile

Correlative ConjunctionsCorrelative Conjunctions

Either…orEither…or Neither…norNeither…nor Both…andBoth…and Not only…but (also)Not only…but (also) Whether…orWhether…or

NOTE: These conjunctions are NOTE: These conjunctions are always used in pairs!always used in pairs!

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Homework:Homework:Complete the exercise over Complete the exercise over

verbs, adverbs and verbs, adverbs and conjunctions!conjunctions!

GOOD LUCK!GOOD LUCK!

Parts of Speech ReviewParts of Speech Review

Day 3Day 3

PrepositionsPrepositions A preposition is a word used to show A preposition is a word used to show

the relation of a noun or pronoun that the relation of a noun or pronoun that follows it to some other word in the follows it to some other word in the sentence.sentence.

Prepositions set up relationships Prepositions set up relationships between words.between words.

A preposition combines with a A preposition combines with a pronoun, noun, or noun phrase to pronoun, noun, or noun phrase to create a prepositional phrase which create a prepositional phrase which functions as an adjective or adverb.functions as an adjective or adverb.

““Anywhere a mouse can Anywhere a mouse can go…” go…”

AboutAbout AboveAbove AcrossAcross AfterAfter AgainstAgainst AlongAlong AmongAmong AroundAround AtAt BeforeBefore

BehindBehind BelowBelow BeneathBeneath BesideBeside BesidesBesides BetweenBetween BeyondBeyond But But

(meaning (meaning exceptexcept))

ByBy

ConcerningConcerning DownDown Due toDue to DuringDuring ExceptExcept ForFor FromFrom InIn IntoInto In spite ofIn spite of

““Anywhere a mouse can Anywhere a mouse can go…”go…”

Instead ofInstead of LikeLike OfOf OffOff OnOn OverOver PastPast SinceSince ThroughThrough ThroughoutThroughout

To To TowardToward UnderUnder UnderneathUnderneath UntilUntil UpUp UponUpon WithWith WithinWithin WithoutWithout

and Phrasal Prepositionsand Phrasal Prepositions

According toAccording to As forAs for Because ofBecause of Due toDue to Except forExcept for In addition toIn addition to In spite ofIn spite of Instead ofInstead of With regard toWith regard to

Prepositional PhrasesPrepositional Phrases

A phrase is a group of words used as A phrase is a group of words used as a single part of speech and NOT a single part of speech and NOT containing a subject and its verb.containing a subject and its verb.

A prepositional phrase used as an A prepositional phrase used as an adjective is an adjective phrase.adjective is an adjective phrase.

A prepositional phrase used as an A prepositional phrase used as an adverb is an adverb phrase.adverb is an adverb phrase.

Adjective PhrasesAdjective Phrases Remember: Adjectives modify nouns or Remember: Adjectives modify nouns or

pronouns.pronouns.

Our struggle against nature is unending.Our struggle against nature is unending.

The guard at the entrance let us in.The guard at the entrance let us in.

At the end of the day everyone was At the end of the day everyone was tired.tired.

Adverb PhrasesAdverb Phrases Remember: Adverbs modify verbs, Remember: Adverbs modify verbs,

adjectives, and other adverbs.adjectives, and other adverbs.

Please call in the morning.Please call in the morning.

We spent the afternoon at the museum.We spent the afternoon at the museum.

Broken china can be mended with glue.Broken china can be mended with glue.

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And finally, Interjections!And finally, Interjections!

Interjections are expressions of Interjections are expressions of surprise or strong feeling.surprise or strong feeling.

They are most commonly used They are most commonly used before a sentence or at the before a sentence or at the beginning of a sentence to indicate beginning of a sentence to indicate surprise, dread, or some other strong surprise, dread, or some other strong emotion.emotion.

They are generally followed by an They are generally followed by an exclamation point or a comma.exclamation point or a comma.

ExamplesExamples

Wow! Your design is astounding.Wow! Your design is astounding.

Oh no, you can’t be telling the truth.Oh no, you can’t be telling the truth.

Now watch this!Now watch this!

HomeworkHomeworkComplete the exercises on Complete the exercises on

conjunctions (to review some conjunctions (to review some more), interjections, and more), interjections, and

prepositions.prepositions.GOOD LUCK!GOOD LUCK!

Review!Review!

Subject, Verb, ComplementsSubject, Verb, Complements

Every sentence consists of two parts: Every sentence consists of two parts: the subject and the predicate. the subject and the predicate.

The subject of a sentence is that part The subject of a sentence is that part about which something is being said.about which something is being said.

The predicate is that part which says The predicate is that part which says something about the subject.something about the subject.

The simple subject and the simple The simple subject and the simple predicate are essential parts of all predicate are essential parts of all sentences.sentences.

ComplementsComplements Many sentences have a third basic part, a Many sentences have a third basic part, a

complement, or completer, which completes complement, or completer, which completes the meaning begun by the subject and verb.the meaning begun by the subject and verb.

There are four kinds of complements: the There are four kinds of complements: the direct objectdirect object, the , the indirect objectindirect object, the , the predicate predicate nominatornominator, and the , and the predicate adjectivepredicate adjective..

The predicate nominative and predicate The predicate nominative and predicate adjective are also called adjective are also called subject complementssubject complements because they refer to the subject.because they refer to the subject.

The direct object and indirect object are also The direct object and indirect object are also called the called the objective complementsobjective complements because because each is an object that completes the meaning each is an object that completes the meaning of the verb.of the verb.

ExamplesExamples

Simple SubjectSimple Subject VerbVerb ComplementComplement

The The teacherteacher gavegave the the answersanswers..direct objectdirect object

The The teacherteacher gavegave himhim the answers. the answers.indirect objectindirect object

My My brotherbrother isis a a pianist.pianist.subj. comp.subj. comp.

Her Her gradesgrades have beenhave beensatisfactory.satisfactory.

subj. comp.subj. comp.

Direct ObjectsDirect Objects

The direct object is a word or group The direct object is a word or group of words that receives the action of of words that receives the action of the verb or shows the result of the the verb or shows the result of the action.action.

It answers the question It answers the question whomwhom or or whatwhat after an after an actionaction verb. verb.

They are usually pronouns, nouns, or They are usually pronouns, nouns, or noun phrases.noun phrases.

To identify a direct object…To identify a direct object…

……find the subject and the verb and find the subject and the verb and then use them in a question ending then use them in a question ending with with whatwhat or or whom.whom.

Marie Curie discovered WHAT?Marie Curie discovered WHAT?

The direct object would be: radium.The direct object would be: radium.

ExamplesExamples

I.M. Pei designed I.M. Pei designed the East Building the East Building of the National Gallery.of the National Gallery.

Steve McQueen invented Steve McQueen invented the the bucket seatbucket seat in 1960. in 1960.

Indirect ObjectsIndirect Objects

The indirect object precedes the direct The indirect object precedes the direct object and usually tells to whom or for object and usually tells to whom or for whom the whom the actionaction of the verb is done. of the verb is done.

They are typically pronouns, nouns, or They are typically pronouns, nouns, or noun phrases.noun phrases.

They commonly appear after the verbs They commonly appear after the verbs bring, buy, give, lend, offer, sell, bring, buy, give, lend, offer, sell, and and send.send.

ExamplesExamples

I gave her your message.I gave her your message.

I gave I gave what?what?

your messageyour message

To whom?To whom?

herher