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Parts of Speech

ContextDetermines

Usage

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NounsNouns name a person, place, thing, or idea.

(i.e. persons: George Solti, conductor,musicians, audience. Places: theater,

Symphony Center. Things: instruments,

chairs, podium, music stands. Ideas:

inspiration, joy, cooperation, freedom.)

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Pronouns Pronoun: a word used

in place of a noun

(antecedent) or another 

pronoun. (i.e. personal

pronouns.)

They, them,

their, theirs

He, him, she, it,

his, her,

hers, its

Third person

You, your, yoursYou, your, yoursSecond person

We, us, our, oursI, me, my, mineFirst person

PluralSingular 

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Verbs

A verb is a word used to express an action, a

condition, or a state of being.The Mexicans fought a French army. (action)

They wanted independence. (action you

cannot see)

Cinco de Mayo is very popular in Mexico City.

(linking)

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Verb Phrases

A verb phrase is made

up of a main verb and

one or more helping

verbs.

Common Helping

Verbs: do, does,

did

Forms of 

do:

is, am, are,

was, were,

be, being,

been

Forms of 

be:

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Proper Adjectives

American artists

Japanese lanterns

** Fresh, original

adjectives sharpen your 

writing where dull

overused adjectives like

good or great leave

your reader 

uninterested.North

American

North

America

EgyptianEgypt

PortuguesePortugal

Proper 

Adjectives:

Proper 

Nouns:

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Adverbs

Adverbs modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Examples:

1.We instantly recognized Beethoven’s

Fifth Symphony.

2.The famous notes rang out quite 

clearly.3.The orchestra waited until the auditorium

grew completely quiet.

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Adverbs continued

Adverbs answer the questions: –

Where? – When?

 – How?

 – To what extent?

Many adverbs are formed by adding –ly toadjectives. Sometimes the spelling changes

because of this addition.

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Commonly Used Adverbs:

TodayOftenLowFastAfterward

TomorrowSlowMoreForthAlready

ThenNowLongFar 

StraightNotLateEven

YetStillNextInsteadBack

TooSome-

times

Near HardAlso

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Adverb-Intensifiers

An adverb that defines the degree of an

adjective or another adverb. Intensifiersalways precede the adjectives or adverbs

they are modifying.

(i.e. We were rather  surprised that classicalmusic is very popular .)

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Common Adverb-Intensifiers

TooReallyOnlyMore

VerySomewhatRather NearlyJust

TrulySoQuiteMostExtremely

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Prepositions 

A preposition shows the relationship between

a noun or an pronoun and another work in asentence.

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List of Commonly Used Prepositions

UponOver InsideBetweenAlong

UpOutsideInBesideAgainst

UntilOutFromBeneathAfter 

WithinThroughLikeByAround

WithoutThroughoutNear DespiteAs

UnderneathOntoFor BelowAcross

ToOf DownAt

WithSinceIntoBeyondAmong

Under OnExceptBehindAbove

TowardOff DuringBeforeAbout

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Conjunctions A conjunction connects words or groups of 

words. There are three kinds of conjunctions:coordinating, correlative, and subordinating.

conjunctive adverbs are adverbs that

function somewhat like conjunctions.

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Coordinating Conjunctions:

Connect words or 

groups of words of 

equal importance in asentence.

yetsoor 

nor for butand

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Correlative Conjunctions:

These are word pairs

that serve to join words

or groups or words.

not only… but

also

either… or 

whether… or neither… nor both…and

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Subordinating Conjunctions:

Introduce subordinate

clauses-- clauses that

cannot stand alone--and join them to

independent clauses.

WhileUntilIn order 

that

Even

though

As if 

WhereasUnlessSinceBeforeAs

WhereThanProvidedBecauseAlthoughWhenSo thatIf 

As thoughAfter 

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Conjunctive Adverbs:

Used to express

relationships between

independent clauses.

ThusSimilarlyInsteadfurthermoreBesidesThereforeOtherwiseHowever FinallyAlso

StillneverthelessHenceConsequentlyAccordingly

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Interjections A word or a phrase used to express emotion.

Usually set apart from the rest of thesentence by either a ! Or a ,

Examples:

Yikes! Our project is due tomorrow.

Well, where should we start?

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Common Interjections:

Wow

Ouch

Aha

Gee

Boy

Imagine Unbelievable

*A strong interjection is

followed by anexclamation point. A

mile interjection is set off 

by commas.