THE SIMPLE SENTENCEParts of speechSentence analysis

SENTENCELargest unit of grammar, usually containing a subject, a verb, an object, etc. and expressing statements, questions, or commands.Language units: sense of completeness, notional ( notion or idea- expresses a complete thought), Form: in writing usually begins with a capital letter and concludes with appropriate end punctuation, and that in speaking is distinguished by characteristic patterns of stress, pitch, and pauses.TypesRegular: conform the structural patterns, e.g. SVO Irregular: does not conform the pattern, it leaves words out but meaning is clear.Eg. David and Helen have three children. Regular SVO Where did you put the book? On the table. Irregular Prep. phrase

Non sentences: ungrammatical/ non grammatical, they cannot be analyzed (labels, titles, newspaper headings) Eg. Non smoking here. Traffic chaos Pure lemon juice

Simple sentence: a sentence that has only one clauseMy sister is a cheerful person. Multiple sentence: contains two or more clauses.• Compound coordinated, they are equally important• Complex subordinate, they are dependentMy sister is a cheerful person but she seems rather unhappy today. The man who is standing over there is my father.

Clause: a group of words, consisting of a subject and a predicate including a finite verb, that constitutes a sentence o part of a sentence.Phrase: a group of words forming an immediate syntactic constituent of a clause (embedded within a larger unit)They have a main element called Head, and other elements (determiners, complements, modifiers, specifiers, etc. The head determines the kind of phrase.

Types of phrases: • noun phrases, eg. That poor boy• verb phrases, • adverbial phrase, • adjective phrase, • prepositional phrase

Subject: word or group of words naming who or what does or undergoes the action stated by thePredicate: the part of a sentence that expresses what is said about the subject verb, it can be a noun, a noun phrase, or pronoun.

Noun a word that is the name of something (such as a person, animal, place, thing, quality, idea, or action) and is typically used in a sentence as subject or object of a verbPronoun a word (such as I, he, she, you, it, we, or they ) that is used instead of a noun or noun phraseAdjective a word indicating a characteristic to a noun or pronounDeterminer a word, such as a number, article, possessive adjective, etc, that determines (limits) the meaning of a noun phrase, e.g. their in `their black cat‘determine definiteness (the , a) , quantity (some, many) , number (two) or possession (my, his) . Many very familiar words are determiners: each; every; no; some; most; all; both; many; few; several...Article a kind of determiner that lacks independent meaning but may serve to indicate the specificity of reference of the noun phrase with which it occurs,  definite article, indefinite articleAdverb a word or group of words that serves to modify a whole sentence, a verb, another adverb, or an adjective;  They could easily envy the very happily married coupleConjunction any word or group of words, other than a relative pronoun, that connects words, phrases, or clauses;Preposition a word or group of words used before a noun or pronoun to show place, time, method.Interjection a word or remark expressing emotion; exclamation

VERBVerb  indicate the occurrence or performance of an action, the existence of a state or condition

Types• Lexical Verb• Modal verb expressing a distinction of mood, such as that between

possibility and actuality. The modal auxiliaries in English include can, could, may, must, need, ought, shall, should, will, and would

• Auxiliary verb a verb used to indicate the tense, voice, mood, etc, of another verb where this is not indicated by inflection, such as English 

will in he will go, was in he was eating   he was eaten do in I do like you

Tense a category of the verb or verbal inflections, such as present, past, and future, that expresses the temporal relations between what is reported in a sentence and the time of its utterance

Verb

Finite verbs It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular / plural)Non finite verbs no subject, tense or number. forms are the infinitive, the gerund or the participle. He smokes. To smoke like that must be dangerous.

Aspect Completeness of an action, progressive or perfectiveThe Republicans have won the election. She’s writing some short stories.

Mood a category of the verb or verbal inflections that expresses semantic and grammatical differences, including such forms as the indicative, subjunctive, and imperativeIf I were rich, I would travel round the world.