Partner Pair Up!

Partner Pair Up!

Bell Ringer SectionBell Ringer SectionEcosystem Components ReviewEcosystem Components Review

1.1. Identify abiotic factors in the ecosystemIdentify abiotic factors in the ecosystem2.2. Is this ecosystem and open or closed system? Explain.Is this ecosystem and open or closed system? Explain.3.3. Identify two autotrophs and two heterotrophsIdentify two autotrophs and two heterotrophs4.4. WhatWhat’’s the difference between a secondary and tertiary s the difference between a secondary and tertiary

consumer?consumer?5.5. Write what a limiting factor might be for two different Write what a limiting factor might be for two different

species in your food web.species in your food web.6.6. Infer the range of tolerance for those two organisms aboveInfer the range of tolerance for those two organisms above7.7. Explain the difference between decomposer and detrivore… Explain the difference between decomposer and detrivore…

and give an example of each in your ecosystem.and give an example of each in your ecosystem.8.8. What type of disturbances can happen to your ecosystem? What type of disturbances can happen to your ecosystem?

[name one natural and one anthropogenic].[name one natural and one anthropogenic].

ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMHow does energy flow in an ecosystem?How does energy flow in an ecosystem?

What is an energy pyramid? What is an energy pyramid?

What is a trophic level?What is a trophic level?

FOOD CHAINS/WEBS & ENERGY PYRAMIDSFOOD CHAINS/WEBS & ENERGY PYRAMIDS

Food chains/webs can be Food chains/webs can be written as a pyramid:written as a pyramid:

Producers form the base Producers form the base of the pyramidof the pyramid

Consumers form the Consumers form the upper layersupper layers

ENERGY PYRAMIDSENERGY PYRAMIDS

A level of the A level of the energy pyramid is energy pyramid is called a called a TROPHIC TROPHIC LEVELLEVEL

Each Each trophic leveltrophic level represents the represents the energy for those energy for those organismsorganisms

Top Consumer

Energy stored by Secondary Consumers

Energy stored byPrimary Consumers

ENERGY STORED BY PRODUCERS

The energy pyramid shows The energy pyramid shows energy flow in an ecosystem:energy flow in an ecosystem:

TROPHIC LEVELSTROPHIC LEVELS Energy is Energy is lostlost with each trophic with each trophic

~90% is released to the environment as heat~90% is released to the environment as heat ~10% of the energy is used~10% of the energy is used

Only about Only about 10% of the 10% of the

energy from energy from one level is one level is

passed on to passed on to the next levelthe next level

QUICK REVIEWQUICK REVIEW Practice! Practice!

If 100% of the energy is available at the first trophic If 100% of the energy is available at the first trophic level, what percentages of the energy are available at level, what percentages of the energy are available at the second and third trophic levels?the second and third trophic levels?

100%

10%

1%

QUICK REVIEW!QUICK REVIEW! All organisms in an ecosystem need _______ All organisms in an ecosystem need _______

from food to live. An energy ________ shows from food to live. An energy ________ shows how much food energy is passed from one how much food energy is passed from one ________ to another through food chains. ________ to another through food chains. __________ have the largest spot at the base __________ have the largest spot at the base of the pyramid. Altogether, only about _____ of of the pyramid. Altogether, only about _____ of the food energy at each level gets passed up to the food energy at each level gets passed up to the next level. the next level.

energyenergypyramidpyramid

ProducersProducers10%10%

organismorganism

Pyramid of Energy FlowPyramid of Energy Flow

More steps or trophic levels in food chain or web, greater More steps or trophic levels in food chain or web, greater loss of usable energy as energy flows through trophic loss of usable energy as energy flows through trophic levelslevels

More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more energy is consumed after each one. That’s why food energy is consumed after each one. That’s why food chains and webs rarely have more than 4 stepschains and webs rarely have more than 4 steps

Living OrganismsLiving Organisms

Capture and transform matter and energy Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs from their environment to supply their needs for survival, growth, and reproductionfor survival, growth, and reproduction

Maintain favorable internal conditions, despite Maintain favorable internal conditions, despite changes in their external environment through changes in their external environment through homeostasis, if not overstressedhomeostasis, if not overstressed

BiomassBiomass

Dry weight of all organic matter contained Dry weight of all organic matter contained in organisms.in organisms. Biomass is measured in dry weight Biomass is measured in dry weight

Water is not source of energy or nutrient Water is not source of energy or nutrient Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of

all producersall producers Useable energy transferred as biomass varies Useable energy transferred as biomass varies

from 5%-20% (10% standard)from 5%-20% (10% standard)

Pyramid of BiomassPyramid of BiomassStorage of biomass at various trophic levels Storage of biomass at various trophic levels

of ecosystemof ecosystem

Pyramid of Energy FlowPyramid of Energy Flow Loss of usable energy as energy flows Loss of usable energy as energy flows

through trophic levels of food chains and through trophic levels of food chains and webs webs

Rarely have more than 4 stepsRarely have more than 4 steps

Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numbers

Number of organisms at each trophic levelNumber of organisms at each trophic level

http://www.nicksnowden.net/Module_3_pages/ecosystems_energy_flows.htm

Gross Primary Productivity Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)(GPP)

Rate in which Rate in which producers producers

convert solar convert solar energy into energy into chemical chemical energy energy

(biomass) in (biomass) in a given a given

amount of amount of timetime

Net Primary Productivity Net Primary Productivity (NPP)(NPP)

Rate in which energy Rate in which energy for use by for use by consumersconsumers is stored in new biomass of is stored in new biomass of plantsplants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per Measured in kilocalories per square meter per

year or grams in biomassyear or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planet’s NPP is the limit determining the planet’s

carrying capacity for all species.carrying capacity for all species. 59% of NPP occurs in land / 41% occurs in 59% of NPP occurs in land / 41% occurs in

oceanocean

Ecological EfficiencyEcological Efficiency

Percentage of energy transferred from one Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another.trophic level to another. 10% ecological efficiency 10% ecological efficiency

1,000,000 units of energy from sun1,000,000 units of energy from sun 10,000 units available for green plants 10,000 units available for green plants

(photosynthesis)(photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores10 units for secondary carnivores