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WELCOMETO
OURPRESENTATION
PARTITIONOF
BENGAL(1905-1911)
Administrative Map
Pre-division and partitioned Bengal
Reasonsfor
Bengal partition
Administrative Reasons
• Famine in Bengal in 1866. 80 million inhabitants in 489,000 sq.miles. Administrative efficiency and welfare of
inhabitants. Increase in revenue and tax from East Bengal. Least progress of East Bengal and Assam in
economic, administrative, educational, political and other areas .
• Bandits and pirates using East Bengal as hiding and escaping route.
Political Reasons
• Implementation of “Divide and Rule” policy.
• Preventing Muslims from joining Congress.
• View to curb anti-British movement led by intellectual and middle-class Bengalis.
• East Bengal was used to be a hide-out for revolutionaries.
• Separating East Bengal from Kolkata will wither the spirit of the anti-British movement.
SchemeUndertaken
• Bengal presidency was formed with the entire Bengal region, Assam, Orissa, Bihar and Madhya-province consisting the one-third of the total population of the sub-continent.
• According to the plan, East Bengal and Assam were included to form “East Bengal and Assam” province with a population of 31 million and Dhaka (former Dacca) as the capital .
• Bangal Presidency was made of West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa according to the scheme.
• The partition took place on 16th October, 1905 by Lord Curzon.
Political Impactof
Bengal Partition
Hindu community receiving it as a “Divide and Rule” policy of Curzon.
Muslims and low-caste Hindu communities welcoming it for its favourable impacts.
Administration’s biased behaviour provoking riots.
Special favour for Muslims in attempt to gain Muslim community’s trust and loyalty.
Hindu community leaders created a strong resistance against partition, succeeded amassing grass-root people and students.
Political Impact
Muslims aware of their political position. Progress in East Bengal created many uprising
leaders. Formation of Muslim League. Communal insurgency. Distrust and misalliance between the two
communities. The sense of separate entity led the both
communities towards India division in 1947.
Political Impact
Economic Impact of
Bengal Partition
Import business was hampered and so were the British businessmen.
Swadeshi movement helped to refuel and strengthen the local industries and businessmen resulting in self-sufficiency.
East Bengal was developing rapidly overcoming its economic weakness.
The entire Bengal became self-reliant because of Swadeshi movement and partition.
Increase of Dhaka’s profile for business purposes.
Economic Impact
Response to
Bengal Partition
Hindus dissenting the partition. Muslims appreciating partition.
What Provoked the Hindus?? • It was a plot of Curzon’s “Divide and rule” policy which
would hamper the anti-British movement led by the Bengal.
• Partition would diminish the existing unity among the Bengalis.
• Partition would curb their dominance over Muslims.• Kolkata will be severely affected through economic,
political and other opportunities.• Progress of Muslims would increase competition in the
above mentioned sectors.• Revenge against Muslim reign would be dissipated.
Provocation
Why Muslims Appreciated Partition??
• Freedom from Hindu dominance and oppression.• Economic, political, social salvation and hope of
progress.• Bengal will have better education, more employment
and political recognition.• Partition would revive the local industries and
businesses which would benefit them, the government and low-caste Hindus.
• Development of Muslims would ensure their rights and would create mutual benefits.
Approval
Swadeshi Movement (1903-1908)
Leaders of Swadeshi Movement
• Bholanath Chandra,Aurobindo Ghosh, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai are the key figures of Swadeshi Movement.
Features of Swadeshi Movement
• Duration: 1905-1908 • Protest against partition which eventually
became non-cooperation movement.• Used as the economical weapon to achieve
political interests. • Boycotted imported goods and commodities.• Massive use of local products and
commodities.• Sense of self-reliance and power to
demonstrate grievance.
Features of Swadeshi Movement
• Burning imported clothes on street bonfire.
• Picketing the foreign-goods shops specially of the Muslims.
• Zaminders and local administration warned and forced Muslims from refraining such business.
• Conflicts in later part resulting failure.• British administration handling the
situation with suppression and might.
Swadeshi Movement:All-Bengal movement
orCommunal Movement??
Swadeshi Movement as
All-Bengal Movement??
• Only the West Bengal was the centre of this movement.• Most people except high-caste Hindus of East Bengal
showed their support for partition.• Only high-caste Hindus were seen to be enthusiastic.• Muslims welcomed the partition as their road to progress.• Communal riot spread like wildfire.• Some Muslim leaders supported the movement but it lost
its appeal to them for religious reasons.
Swadeshi Movement as
Communal movement• It only represented the Hindu community’s interest from
every aspect.• To revenge upon Muslims, oath in the name of “Kaali”,
Bangkim’s Vandee Maatharam, “Go-raksha movement”, “Rakhi Bandhan” were included.
• Some Muslims participated but above mentioned plans frustrated them.
• Muslims were neither called nor persuaded to join rather were forced to join and oppressed.
• Though it started as non-communal movement, as time passed by, it became a clear portrait of communalism.
PositiveImpact
of SwadeshiMovement
• Revival of local industries and production.
• Improved economic condition in India.• Pressurized the British government to
annul the partition.• United the Hindu community against
Partition and communal conflict.• The sense of Indian nationalism,
patriotism and unity became prominent.• Enhancement in education, politics,
literature, cultural and social aspects. Impact
ExtremeMovement
Extremist Groups Abhinav Bharat: Led by V.Savarkar. Centre: Nasik.
Jugantor: Led by Jatindranath Mukherji. Centre: Bengal.
Anushilan Samity: Led by Pulin Das. Centre: Dhaka.
Others: Led by Ras Behari Bose and Sachindranath Sanyal
Mihir-o-Shudhakar
• Exercised “Yellow Journalism”.• Published fanatic and provocative news.• Revealed the notorious “Lal Ishteher” despite
political attempt to suppress its publicity.• A publication of Nawab Ali Chaudhury, a firm
believer of communalism.• Fuelling the communal conflict.• A daring newspaper defying government’s
threat.• Published a song dedicated to arrested rioters
and reprimanding “Sivaji” celebration.
ContemporaryPersonals
duringBengal Partition
Lord Curzon
Role in Partition of BengalInterested in drawing communal line.Partition was used as a weapon to
disturb the communal understanding.Fuelled the communal conflicts,
handling partially for both Muslim and Hindu communities.
Visited different areas of East Bengal to persuade the Muslims and their leaders.
Provided speeches provoking the conflicts.
Khwaja Salimullah
Role in Partition of BengalCame to politics through this partition.Welcomed the partition tactfully.Persuaded the Muslims of East Bengal to support
the partition.Tried to prevent communal riot and had a non-
provocative attitude.Extended help towards the government.Provided support and allegiance to the British.One of the leading initiators of Muslim League.
Nawab Ali Chaudhury
Role in Partition of Bengal
A leading Muslim leader of Aligarh movement.
One of the Muslim leaders who welcomed the partition.
Fanatic and extreme communalist. Provoked the Muslims towards riots
through the “Mihir-o-Sudhakar”.
Lord Minto
Role after Bengal Partition
• Showed administrative firmness.• Unmoved by Swadeshi movement and its impact.• Handled the situation tactfully.• Used might and suppression policy to stop
Swadeshi movement and extremism.
Lord Hardinge
Role in annulment of Partition• Dissolved Partition in 1911.• Reception of King George V was an influencing
factor for his decision.• Indicated a probable annulment of partition after
his succession.• Persuaded the Hindu politicians to stop their
movement and greet the King.• Transferred capital from Kolkata to Delhi for
administrative and political reasons.
Annulmentof
Bengal Partition
Reasons for annulment
• Swadeshi movement paved the way for self-reliance resulting in decrease on import.
• Decrease in using imported goods specially clothes, salt, valuables and other commodities. It killed the import market and caused huge loss for the British businessmen.
• Pressure from business people and Congress made British government void the partition.
Reasons for annulment
• King George V’s visit to Indian subcontinent. Appeasement among Indian politicians would ensure a warm welcome for King George V.
• The utter interest of British government in maintaining “Imperialism” on Indian subcontinent.
Impacts:
• Capital was transferred to New Delhi for the sake of Muslims and saving Kolkata from terrorists .
• Kolkata was made the provincial capital of Bengal.
• Decrease in Dhaka’s population and increased pressure on Kolkata.
• Assam and Orissa-Bihar were made separate provinces.
Impacts:
• Dhaka was left in an incomprehensible position.
• Establishment of University of Dhaka despite protest.
• Muslims felt deprived and became more organized.
Reasonsbehind
the Hindu community’sSuccess
Having Congress as a strong political party led by intellectual Hindu Bengalis.
Communal integrity and one goal to establish.
Abundance of strength of money, men, might and education.
Attack on their interests specially on dominance which lured them to protest.
Fear of religious assault. Success in turning the partition movement
into communal movement.
Success of Hindus
Swadeshi movement and revolution movement forced the British businessmen and others to persuade the government to annul partition.
Spreading terrorist activities through out the Bengal.
Extreme nationalism came upfront. Students and juveniles played a huge
part during the movement. Tour of King George V during 1911.
Success of Hindus
Reasonsbehind
the Muslim community’sFailure
• No strong political party for preserving Muslim community’s interest.
• Aligarh movement as the only existing representative of Muslim’s interest.
• Least numbers of powerful, liberal and educated leaders.
• Communal conflict and excessive dogmatism.
• Tolerant approach regarding anti-partition movement.
Failure of Muslims
• Integrity only in communal riot.• Scarcity of money, power, might and
education.• Uncooperative mindset with the British in
early years.• Administrative backwardness and Hindu
dominance. • Lagging behind in every aspect ultimately
resulting in shortage of grass-root leaders and unity.
• Intended communal riot which the Muslims were not prepared to face politically.Failure of Muslims
Congress• First started as the non-communal party.• United under Indian nationalism.• Received huge popularity from Hindu community
during Bengal partition.• Manipulated the communal conflicts into all-India
movement.• The role of non-communalism assuaged in the
passage of time.
Muslim League
• Established on December, 1906.• Gave full support to Bengal partition.• Retaliated anti-partition movement.• Motivated the East Bengal Muslims about the
positive impact of partition.• Disorganised and received less popularity.
British AdministrationHandling the situation
• Curbed Swadeshi movement with iron hand.• Handled the communal riot effectively on later
years.• Administration indirectly involved in provoking
riot through biased attitude.• British had hard time suppressing disorder but
succeeded lately in maintaining it.• Succeeded in arresting revolutionists.
British AdministrationHandling the situation
• Sacked Frezar for his failure to act accordingly.• Used administration power and suppression
tactics specially the student repression effectively that gave positive feedback.
• Utilized the conflict within Congress to restrain Swadeshi movement and Extreme movement.
Bengal Partition:A boon for East Bengal
ordismantling East Bengal
Dismantling East Bengal
• The main purpose of Bengal partition was to curb the anti-British movement led by Bengalis.
• Drawing a communal line would refrain Muslims from joining Congress, leading the anti-British movement.
• Provoked the communal conflicts through speech.
• Partition would enable to control the undisturbed fleeing of bandits and rebels.
Dismantling East Bengal
• British government would receive assist from Muslims.
• Dismantling Bengal would strengthen their root in this sub-continent.
• Both community will be dependent on British government for political, economical and administrative purposes.
Partition as boon• Enabled East Bengal to progress in economic,
administrative, political, educational and other opportunities.
• Made the Muslims and low-chaste Hindus aware of their rights and political position.
• Muslims received privileges in administration and politics.
• Boost in Bengali Literature through songs, novels, poems and other branches.
• East Bengal had many uprising leaders who accelerated the India Partition.
Aftermath:Bengal Partition
andAnnulment
• Increased Communal Riot.• Deprivation to Muslims.• Extreme figure of Rebellious movement.• Communal Separation and distrust.• Muslims emerging from tolerance and
silence.• Present Bangladesh was politically
deprived against the interest of India and Pakistan.
Aftermath
• Rise of Muslim League under Jinnah.• “Quit India” movement.• India partition movement proposed by
Sher-e-bangla. • India Partition in 1947 based on
communal majority.
Aftermath
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