Parties and Interest Parties and Interest GroupsGroups

For TuesdayFor Tuesday

Watch the local TV newsWatch the local TV news

Enduring Debate 376-399Enduring Debate 376-399

Questions 1-3 on 399Questions 1-3 on 399

Additional Question: What do the Additional Question: What do the democrats need to do be contenders in democrats need to do be contenders in the 2006 elections and 2008 Presidential the 2006 elections and 2008 Presidential Election? Election?

News NormsNews Norms

ImpartialityImpartiality

Equal Time Equal Time

ConflictConflict

NoveltyNovelty

Media TypesMedia Types

NewspapersNewspapers

Broadcast MediaBroadcast Media

RadioRadio

Narrowcasting?Narrowcasting?

CableCable

InternetInternet

Internet And PoliticsInternet And Politics

Wide range of viewpointsWide range of viewpoints

InteractiveInteractive

Paradox- Loss of civil society?Paradox- Loss of civil society?

Reinforcement of viewsReinforcement of views

More of the Same?More of the Same?

Media and GovernmentMedia and Government

Key Source of CoverageKey Source of Coverage

Local- little attentionLocal- little attention

National- considerable attentionNational- considerable attention

BeatsBeats

Press Conferences/Briefings/SpeechesPress Conferences/Briefings/Speeches

LeaksLeaks

InvestigationsInvestigations

Parties DefinedParties Defined

Organized Groups Organized Groups

Edmund Burke- A body of men united for Edmund Burke- A body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavors the promoting by their joint endeavors the national interest, upon some particular national interest, upon some particular principle on which they are agreedprinciple on which they are agreed

Anthony Downs- A team of men seeking to Anthony Downs- A team of men seeking to control the governing apparatus by gaining control the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted electionoffice in a duly constituted election

Parties vs. Interest GroupsParties vs. Interest Groups

Diverse CoalitionsDiverse Coalitions

Multiple IssuesMultiple Issues

Greater Electoral InvolvementGreater Electoral Involvement

Some traits of Parties/2 Party Some traits of Parties/2 Party SystemSystem

Coalitions ever changingCoalitions ever changingInclusive vs. ExclusiveInclusive vs. Exclusive2 Party System2 Party SystemHigh hurdles for inclusion of 3High hurdles for inclusion of 3rdrd parties partiesPublic funding issuesPublic funding issues““Can’t Win Syndrome”Can’t Win Syndrome”Single Member Districts and Strategic Single Member Districts and Strategic votingvoting

Parties- HistoryParties- History

Early leaders strongly opposedEarly leaders strongly opposed

Madison and FactionsMadison and Factions

Washington- “Warn against the baneful effects Washington- “Warn against the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally”of the spirit of party generally”

Hamilton vs. Jefferson/MadisonHamilton vs. Jefferson/Madison

Origins in congressOrigins in congress

Parties- HistoryParties- History

Electoral Involvement to increase chancesElectoral Involvement to increase chances

Democratic-Republicans vs. federalistsDemocratic-Republicans vs. federalists

Early Democratic DominanceEarly Democratic Dominance

Minor parties- Anti Masonic, “Know Minor parties- Anti Masonic, “Know nothings,” Free Soil, etc. nothings,” Free Soil, etc.

Republicans as an overnight sensationRepublicans as an overnight sensation

Machine PoliticsMachine Politics

Parties very involved in day to day livesParties very involved in day to day lives

PatronagePatronage

Social WelfareSocial Welfare

Largely UrbanLargely Urban

Largely DemocraticLargely Democratic

Largely CorruptLargely Corrupt

High turnout/involvementHigh turnout/involvement

Progressives limit the machinesProgressives limit the machines

Australian BallotAustralian Ballot

Civil Service ReformCivil Service Reform

Government Provision of Social WelfareGovernment Provision of Social Welfare

But- Decreased turnoutBut- Decreased turnout

Great DepressionGreat Depression

Rise of Democratic PartyRise of Democratic Party

Wide support- urban blacks, urban whites, Wide support- urban blacks, urban whites, rural whites, etc. rural whites, etc.

United around new dealUnited around new deal

60’s Realignment60’s Realignment

1840s on- Democrats largely represent the 1840s on- Democrats largely represent the southsouth

Post new deal- Uneasy coalitionPost new deal- Uneasy coalition

Like 2 separate partiesLike 2 separate parties

Democrats become more supportive of Democrats become more supportive of Civil RightsCivil Rights

Many southerners defect to the Many southerners defect to the Republican partyRepublican party

Coalitions TodayCoalitions Today

DemocratsDemocrats

Racial and Ethnic Racial and Ethnic MinoritiesMinorities

WomenWomen

Blue Collar/UnionsBlue Collar/Unions

Social LiberalsSocial Liberals

RepublicansRepublicans

Slight edge among Slight edge among whiteswhites

MenMen

BusinesspeopleBusinesspeople

Social ConservativesSocial Conservatives

Instability- Reagan DemocratsInstability- Reagan Democrats

1980 Election1980 Election

Reagan Splits DemocratsReagan Splits Democrats

Union and blue collar workersUnion and blue collar workers Support Dems on EconomicsSupport Dems on Economics Socially conservativeSocially conservative

Carter- Poor economic performanceCarter- Poor economic performance

Reagan- Focuses on Social Issues, Reagan- Focuses on Social Issues, swings former democratic votersswings former democratic voters

Contemporary Instability?Contemporary Instability?

RepublicansRepublicans Libertarian WingLibertarian Wing Business WingBusiness Wing Evangelical WingEvangelical Wing

DemocratsDemocrats DLCDLC More liberal wingsMore liberal wings Holding on to black votersHolding on to black voters

Parties in GovernmentParties in Government

Provides accountabilityProvides accountability

Provides division that cuts across Provides division that cuts across geographygeography

Provides policy proposalsProvides policy proposals

Provides DisciplineProvides Discipline

Provide Moderation?Provide Moderation?

Parties in GovernmentParties in Government

CongressCongress

Committee assignments/LeadershipCommittee assignments/Leadership

Party line votingParty line voting

DefectionsDefections

The PresidencyThe Presidency

2 Party System2 Party System

Tension- Representing Party vs. Tension- Representing Party vs. Representing NationRepresenting Nation

Works with his party in congressWorks with his party in congress

Most public face of his partyMost public face of his party

Midterm ElectionsMidterm Elections

Coattail effectsCoattail effects

Parties in the ElectorateParties in the Electorate

Party Identification- longstanding alignment Party Identification- longstanding alignment with a particular partywith a particular partySourcesSourcesEarly SocializationEarly Socialization FamilyFamily Ethnic GroupEthnic Group Religious GroupReligious Group Economic FactorsEconomic Factors EventsEvents

Running tabs of issues?Running tabs of issues?Short term fluctuations?Short term fluctuations?

TrendsTrends

Decline?Decline?

50s- High Identification (80%)50s- High Identification (80%)

Rise of “Independent” voters in 70sRise of “Independent” voters in 70s Independents make up 40% of electorateIndependents make up 40% of electorate

But- Many independents behaved as But- Many independents behaved as partisanspartisans

In 90s- Increased Identification, increased In 90s- Increased Identification, increased importanceimportance

Parties in the ElectorateParties in the Electorate

FunctionsFunctions

HeuristicHeuristic

Issue OwnershipIssue Ownership Democrats better on Social Welfare issuesDemocrats better on Social Welfare issues Republicans better on taxes, militaryRepublicans better on taxes, military

Information FilterInformation Filter

Electoral Function of PartiesElectoral Function of Parties

Early Task of parties- Elect Favorable Early Task of parties- Elect Favorable individualsindividualsParties control Important Resources Parties control Important Resources MoneyMoneyServicesServices PollingPolling AdvertisingAdvertising VolunteersVolunteers

PublicityPublicity

Electoral Functions of PartiesElectoral Functions of Parties

Present a “team” imagePresent a “team” image

Presidents campaign for congressional Presidents campaign for congressional candidatescandidates

Coattail effectCoattail effect

MobilizationMobilization

Importance of Parties to Importance of Parties to CandidatesCandidates

Party power through resourcesParty power through resources

The rise of candidate centered The rise of candidate centered campaigns?campaigns?

Independent fundraisingIndependent fundraising

Ability to purchase services elsewhereAbility to purchase services elsewhere

MobilizationMobilization

Party support still criticalParty support still critical

Interest GroupsInterest Groups

Organized groups attempting to influence Organized groups attempting to influence policy –or-policy –or-

Group that claims to represent some Group that claims to represent some segment of the populationsegment of the population

Differ from partiesDiffer from parties

Promote interests by attempting to Promote interests by attempting to influence government rather than by influence government rather than by nominating candidatesnominating candidates

Kinds of Interest GroupsKinds of Interest Groups

Multi-Issue or Single issueMulti-Issue or Single issue

E.g. NOW vs. NARALE.g. NOW vs. NARAL

Economic interest groupsEconomic interest groups Includes business, unions, farmers, etc.Includes business, unions, farmers, etc.

Public interest groupsPublic interest groups

State and Local GovernmentsState and Local Governments

HistoryHistory

Madison and FactionMadison and Faction

Early groups- Farmers and LiquorEarly groups- Farmers and Liquor

Turn of the century- organized labor, trade Turn of the century- organized labor, trade groupsgroups

70s-80s- rise of environmental, Christian 70s-80s- rise of environmental, Christian right groupsright groups

FunctionsFunctions

Lobbying-Attempt to seek influence over Lobbying-Attempt to seek influence over legislationlegislation

Testifying in congressTestifying in congress

Material benefitsMaterial benefits

Not briberyNot bribery

Registration of Lobbying Act (1946)Registration of Lobbying Act (1946)

Lobbying Executive and JudiciaryLobbying Executive and Judiciary

ExecutiveExecutive

Meetings with administration officialsMeetings with administration officials

Formal staff positionsFormal staff positions

CourtsCourts

Amicus Curiae briefsAmicus Curiae briefs

Testimony in confirmation hearingsTestimony in confirmation hearings

Grassroots LobbyingGrassroots Lobbying

Attempt to stir up support of membersAttempt to stir up support of members

““Tell George Bush what you think”Tell George Bush what you think”

Email has increasedEmail has increased

ProtestsProtests

AstroturfAstroturf

Electoral FunctionsElectoral Functions

Campaign ContributionsCampaign Contributions

EndorsementsEndorsements

RatingsRatings

Occasional formation of political partiesOccasional formation of political parties

SuccessSuccess

Do you get your legislation?Do you get your legislation?

FundingFunding

MembershipMembership

Challenge- Free Rider Problem and Challenge- Free Rider Problem and Collective GoodsCollective Goods