JRC 30 March 2009 1

Particle Measurement Programme

Exploratory work & Validation Exercise (JRC)First Validation Exercise comparisons

B. Giechaskiel, G. Martini, J. AnderssonJRC, 30 March 2009

JRC 30 March 2009 2

Outline

• Status• Exploratory Work (JRC)

– Preconditioning– Particles <23 nm

• Validation Exercise (JRC)– Partial – Full flow systems comparison– Number systems comparison– After-treatment comparison

• Validation Exercise comparisons

JRC 30 March 2009 3

Status

DateValidation Exercise

Round Robin

Jan – Feb 2008 JRCMar-Apr 2008 AVL-MTC

May – Jun 2008 JRCJul – Sept 2008 RWTUEVOct – Nov 2008 Ricardo

Dec 2008 – Jan 2009 Ricardo NTSELFeb - April 2009 UTAC JARI

April – June 2009 EMPA NIER (Korea)July – Sept 2009 JRCOct – Nov 2009 Volvo

Dec 2009 – Jan 2010 JRCFeb – Mar 2010 UTACApr – May 2010 TNOJun – Aug 2010 VTTSep – Oct 2010 ScaniaNov – Dec 2010 Environment CanadaJan – Feb 2011 Daimler

JRC 30 March 2009 4

Set up

dilution tunnel

HEPALEPA

Flow direction

act. carbon

Dilution air

PM47±5°C

50 lpm

25 lpm

80 m3/min

HEPA

Primary dilution tunnel

TX40 47mm

CRT

ENGINE

PSS-20

SPCS

Secondary dilution tunnel

SPCS

AVL_SS

ET (330°C)

Blanket (150°C)

EJ#

1

EJ#

2

Heater (150°C)Thermodenuder

(275°C)

TSI 3790 (-105)

TSI 3010D

EEPS

Nanomet

One Golden instrument at CVS and one at the partial flow system

Alternative systems (EJ+ET+EJ+3010D, EJ+TD+3790, Nanomet-C)

Other systems (EEPS, 3025A)

TSI( 3025A)

JRC 30 March 2009 5

Preconditioning

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

-1920 -1440 -960 -480 0 480

Time [s]

PN

[#/c

m3 ]

2 8 3 1

loading (#7, #9, #11)

#10

idle#7

mini cycle (mode #):

#10

A

BC

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

300 1300 2300 3300

Time [s]

PN

[#/c

m3 ] AVL_MTC lube aging

(mode #10)

JRC pre-conditioning

mode #7

JRC lube aging (mode #10)

mode #10

10 15 min

Non-volatile particles >23 nm

Low temperature modes Low emissionsHigh temperature modes High emissions

Non-volatiles >23 nm

15 min at mode 10 is the minimum time for

Pre-conditioning

JRC 30 March 2009 6

Pre-conditioning emissions

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

1.0E+07

1.0E+08

900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900

Time [s]

PN

[#/c

m3 ]

EEPSSPCS

13

4

6

7

#10 #7#4

2

5

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

1.0E+07

1.0E+08

0 500 1000 1500

Time [s]

PN

[#/c

m3 ]

#4 #10 #7

>23 nm

>3 nm

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

1.0E+07

1.0E+08

1 10 100 1000

dP

N/d

log

Dp

[#cm

3 ]

EEPS max

EEPS min

1

2

3

4

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

1.0E+07

1.0E+08

1 10 100 1000

Mobility Diameter Dp [nm]

dP

N/d

log

Dp

[#/c

m3 ]

EEPS max

EEPS min7

4

5

6

Non-volatiles

High emissions ofvolatiles duringpassive regeneration

Non-volatile emissions can be also observed

JRC 30 March 2009 7

Cycles

1.0E+00

1.0E+01

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

Time [s]

PN

[#/c

m3 ]

SPCS >23nm

SPCS >3nm

CVS >3nm

1.0E+00

1.0E+01

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

Time [s]

PN

[#/c

m3 ],

Sp

ee

d, T

orq

ue

SPCS >23nm

SPCS >3nm

CVS >3nm

#7

#10

#13Speed

Torque

1.0E+00

1.0E+01

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

Time [s]

PN

[#

/cm

3 ]

EEPS

SPCS

2

3

1

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1 10 100 1000

Mobility Diameter Dp [nm]

dP

N/d

log

Dp

[#/c

m3 ]

minEEPS

1

2

3

High emissions at thebeginning of the cycle

High emissions at hightemperature modes

Low emissionsat the rest cycles

Cold WHTCHot WHTC

ESC

JRC 30 March 2009 8

Particles <23 nm

1.0E+09

1.0E+10

1.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.0E+09 1.0E+10 1.0E+11 1.0E+12

Non volatile >23 nm (SPCS-19 at CVS)

Pa

rtic

les

>3

nm

(3

02

5A

at)

CVS

SPCS

WHTC hot

Non-volatiles >3 nm approximately +40% of non-volatiles >23 nm

Total >3 nm approximately +80% of non-volatiles >23 nm

JRC 30 March 2009 9

Partial-Full flow systems

0

2

4

6

0 2 4 6

PTS PM Emissions [mg/kWh]

SP

C-4

72

PM

Em

iss

ion

s [

mg

/kW

h]

WHTC cold

WHTC hot

WHSC

ETC

ESC

1.0E+09

1.0E+10

1.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.0E+09 1.0E+10 1.0E+11 1.0E+12

SPCS-19 (CVS)

SP

CS

-20

(S

PC

-47

2)

WHTC cold

WHTC hot

WHSC

ETC

ESC

Not good PM correlation between partial and full flow systems(However similar levels)

Very good PN correlation between partial and full flow systems

JRC 30 March 2009 10

Number systems comparison

1.0E+09

1.0E+10

1.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.0E+09 1.0E+10 1.0E+11 1.0E+12

SPCS-19 (CVS)

Alt

ern

ati

ve

sy

ste

m

EJ+ET+EJ

TD

1.0E+09

1.0E+10

1.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.0E+09 1.0E+10 1.0E+11 1.0E+12

SPCS-19 (CVS)

Na

no

me

t

Very good agreement betweenalternative and golden systemsmeasuring from CVS in parallel

JRC 30 March 2009 11

Aftertreatment effect

EMITEC=PM MetalitPartial Flow Deep Bed Filter

DPF=Pt based oxicat upstream ofwall flow filter

0

20

40

60

80

100

WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESC

PM

[m

g/k

Wh

]

Engine out

EMITEC

DPF

1.0E+09

1.0E+10

1.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.0E+13

1.0E+14

WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESC

PN

[#/

kWh

]

Engine out

EMITEC

DPF

65% reduction with partial flow Deep Bed Filter

99% reduction with wall flow filter

JRC 30 March 2009 12

VE Comparisons - setup

JRC AVL_MTC RCECVS dimensions [cm/cm]

470/47 500/50 450/45

CVS flowrate [m3/min] 80 72 60Sec. tunnel dimen. [cm] 64/8.6 30/8 100/10Sec. tunnel flowrates 25/50 25/50 20/40Partial flow system Smart Sampler

PSSSmart

SamplerMDLT

PM flow, split ratio 1.08, 0.0626% 1.08, 0.0626% 1.205, 0.0909%

JRC 30 March 2009 13

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESCHC

*10

Em

iss

ion

s [

g/k

Wh

] JRC raw

AVL raw

RCE raw

0

2

4

6

8

10

WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESC

CO

*10

Em

issi

on

s [g

/kW

h] JRC raw

AVL raw

RCE raw

VE Comparisons - gaseous

0

2

4

6

8

10

WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESC

CO

2/10

0 E

mis

sio

ns

[g/k

Wh

]

JRC raw

AVL raw

RCE raw

0

2

4

6

8

10

WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESC

NO

x E

mis

sio

ns

[g/k

Wh

] JRC raw

AVL raw

RCE raw

JRC 30 March 2009 14

VE Comparisons – Real time PN

1.0E+00

1.0E+01

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

Time [s]

PN

[cm

-3]

JRC

AVL_MTC

RCECVS

Hot WHTC

1.0E+00

1.0E+01

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

Time [s]

PN

[cm

-3]

JRC

AVL_MTC

RCE

Partial flow

Hot WHTC

1.0E+00

1.0E+01

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

Time [s]

PN

[cm

-3]

JRC

AVL_MTC

RCE

CVS

Cold WHTC

1.0E+00

1.0E+01

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

Time [s]

PN

[cm

-3]

JRC

AVL_MTC

RCE

Partial systems

Cold WHTC

JRC 30 March 2009 15

1.0E+09

1.0E+10

1.0E+11

1.0E+12

WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESC

PN

[#/

cm3] JRC Phase B

AVL_MTC

RCE

CVS

1.0E+09

1.0E+10

1.0E+11

1.0E+12

WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESC

PN

[#/

cm3 ]

JRC Phase B

AVL_MTC

RCE

Partial flow systems

VE Comparisons – PM and PN

0

2

4

6

8

10

WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESC

PM

Em

issi

on

s [m

g/k

Wh

] JRC

AVL

RCE

Partial flow systems

0

2

4

6

8

10

WHTC cold WHTC hot WHSC ETC ESC

PM

Em

issi

on

s [m

g/k

Wh

] JRC

AVL

RCE

CVS

JRC 30 March 2009 16

Conclusions

• Exploratory Work (JRC)– Preconditioning: Regeneration + Loading– Not high concentration of particles <23 nm (and proportional)

• Validation Exercise (JRC)– Good correlation between partial and full flow systems– Good correlation between particle number systems– Wall flow filters can reduce efficiently number emissions

• Validation Exercise comparisons– Background important– Quite good repeatability of PN emissions