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ParticipleParticiple is a verbal adjective
sharing in part the characteristics of both the verb and the adjective.
Participle. FormsPARTICIPLE I PARTICIPLE II
Active Passive
Present Asking Being asked
Perfect Having asked
Having been asked
Passive
Asked
Present Participle Active/Passive
The action named by the participle takes place at the same time as the action named by the finite verb.
• Do you see the baby waving a flag? (Active)
• Do you know the student being asked? (Passive)
Present Simple
• That day we stayed at home watching TV. (Active)
• Being left alone, he didn’t know what to do. (Passive)
Past Simple
• In a few minutes the guests will arrive carrying presents. (Active).
• Being invited he will attend this meeting. (Passive).
Future Simple
PPresent Participle- Active/PassiveFunction
ActiveDoing
• They looked at the flying plane.
• The student reading the book is my brother
The question being discussed at the meeting is very important.
Attribute
PassiveBeing done
-щий-вший
-мый-щийся
PPresent Participle -ActiveFunction
ActiveDoing
• (While/When) reading the article he used a dictionary.
• Receiving the telegram he rang up her mother.
Adverbial modifier of time
-а-я
“Being” is not used in this function!!!
Instead we use clause with WHEN
Being in London When I was in London, I visited a lot of sights.
PPresent Participle -Active
Function
ActiveDoing
• He ran up to me breathing heavily.
Adverbial modifier of manner
-а-я
PPresent Participle- Active/Passive
Function
ActiveDoing
• Not knowing her address, he couldn’t write to her.
• Being tired, I went to sleep.
-а-я
-будучи
Adverbial modifier of reason
PassiveBeing done
• Being built with great skill, the mansion was used by the family for centuries.
(будучи)-енный
PPresent Participle Active
Function
ActiveDoing
• He is reading now.• He was reading
yesterday at 5.
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Future Continuous
Perfect Continuous
Future Perfect Continuous
Part of predicate
Perfect Participle Active/Passive
The action named by the participle takes place prior to the action named by the finite verb
• Having explained everything, I want to tell you how sorry I am. (Active)
Present Simple
• Having finished the letter, I went to the post-office.Past Simple
• Having settled the problem, we will make profit.Future Simple
Perfect Participle Active/Passive
Adverbial modifier of reasonFunction
• Having lost his address, we couldn’t visit him.
ActiveHaving done
• Having been sent to the wrong address, the letter didn’t reach him.
PassiveHaving
been done
-в-я
Придаточное с «так
как..»
Perfect Participle Active/Passive
Adverbial modifier of timeFunction
• Having travelled abroad for 3 months, he returned to Moscow..
ActiveHaving done
• Having been heated for 2 hours the substance began to melt.
PassiveHaving
been done
-в
Придаточное с
«после того, как..»
Perfect Participle Active/Passive=After + Gerund
After he had looked through all the papers
• he left the office.
Having looked through all the papers
• he left the office.
After looking though all the papers
• he left the office.
Adverbial modifier of time
PAST PARTICIPLE PASSIVE (PARTICIPLE II)
FUNCTIONS AttributeThe stone
thrown by the
boy reached
the opposite
bank.
The broken window should
be replaced at once.
PAST PARTICIPLE PASSIVE (PARTICIPLE II)
FUNCTIONS Adverbial modifier of time
(When) asked
about it, he gets upset.
Past Participle = Present Participle Passive
(When) being asked about it, he gets upset.
PAST PARTICIPLE PASSIVE (PARTICIPLE II)
FUNCTIONS Adverbial modifier of reason
(When) asked
about it, he gets upset.
Past Participle = Present Participle Passive
(When) being asked about it, he gets upset.
PAST PARTICIPLE PASSIVE (PARTICIPLE II)
FUNCTIONS Adverbial modifier of condition
(IF) built of stone,
the road will serve for a long
time. Past Participle = Present Participle Passive
(IF) being built of stone the road will serve for a long time.
IF UNLESS AS