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Participation, prevalence and
harm - recent findings from a
large prevalence study
downunder
Rosa BilliHead, Research and Evaluation
VRGF, Australia
European Association of Gambling StudiesSeptember 2016Lisbon, Portugal
Presentation overview
• Introduction
• Methodology
• Survey questions
• Background
– EGM numbers in Vic
– EGM losses in Vic
• Findings – frequency of play PG and MR
• The story in a nutshell
Introduction
Why do we do prevalence
studies?•The most accurate reflection of the
population
•Do not involve selection biases
•Participants are selected at random
•Representative of the population (in
the technical research sense)
•Provide a wealth of information
about gambling participation
Page 3
Methodology
• N=13,554 Victorian adults (18+)
• CATI
• RDD
– Dual frame
• 1,003 mobile (numbers not able to be linked to specific
geographic regions)
• 12,551 landline
• 70/20/10 oversampling
• Stratified by DHS regions
• Multilingual interviews for Mandarin, Cantonese,
Italian and Greek.
Methodology
• In field June to November 2014
• Sub sampling
– 1/10 NPG and NG.
– 1/4 LR
– 10/10 PG MR
• Response rates
– landline 68.46%
– mobile 35.40%
Survey questions
• Gambling activity and
participation
• PGSI
• Harms (self, others)
• Gambling money
management
• EFTPOS use/withdrawal
• Pre-commitment
• Casino loyalty club
• Unrestricted EGMS at
casino
• Casino VIP gaming area
use
• Helps seeking behaviours
• GP visits
• Diagnosis of depression,
anxiety
• Alcohol use during
gambling
• Venue based gambling
• Demographics
Background
EGM numbers in Victoria
• 1992– EGMS introduced into Victoria
• 1998 – a total 27,500 EGMs were capped for hotels and clubs
– and additional 2500 for casino
• 2014– Cap on EGM numbers for hotels and clubs to 27,372
– plus a total of 2628 approved for the casino
• EGM numbers have remained unchanged since 1998– Still 30,000
EGM participation has decreased 2002-2014
• There has been a gradual decline in real EGM expenditure 2002-2015
Vic population and
EGM losses 1999-00 to 2015-16
Background
EGM losses 1999-00 to 2015-16
Findings- participation
The top four products in terms of participation by Victorian adults:
Lottery products (approx 47 per cent)
Buying tickets in raffles, sweeps and competitions (42 per cent)
Wagering on races (horse, harness, greyhounds) (21 per cent)
Gaming machines (17 per cent).
Gamblers were asked to indicate which gambling activity accounted for their
highest spend over the past 12 months. The same four products account for
the top spending activities:
Lottery products (approximately 50 per cent)
Buying tickets in raffles, sweeps and competitions (22 per cent)
Wagering on races (horse, harness, greyhounds) (10 per cent)
Gaming machines (10 per cent).
Percentages rounded to nearest whole percentage point (e.g. 46.9 per cent = 47 per cent).
Participation in gaming
machines: age and gender
Age group Proportion of
gaming machine
players (%)
18 to 24 13.97
25 to 34 14.28
35 to 44 13.87
45 to 54 13.54
55 to 64 18.53
65 and older 25.81
Male; 50,07
Female; 49,93
Gaming machine players
Participation in sports
betting: age and gender
Age group Proportion of
sports bettors
(%)
18 to 24 23.74
25 to 34 27.62
35 to 44 24.25
45 to 54 14.12
55 to 64 6.30
65 and older 3.97
Male; 80,64
Female; 19,36
Sports bettors
Prevalence 1
• Prevalence estimate PG 0.81%
– 2008 prevalence estimate was 0.7%
– not statistically significant
– translates to 35,500 Victorians
• Prevalence estimate of LR increased from 5.7% (2008)
to 8.91%
– equates to 391,000 Victorians
– linked to increase in LR gambling in women
Findings 2008-2014
• Participation in gambling decreased
– Non-gamblers increased from 27% to 30%
• Participation in EGM gambling declined from 21.5% to
16.8%
• Participation in racing increased from16.4% to 20.6%
(Spring racing carnival question change)
• Participation in sports & events betting increased 4% to
4.8%, however…….
– rates consistently remain much lower rates than other gambling
activities
– increase almost exclusively in males
* percentages to nearest decimal point
Prevalence 2
Category 2014 Prevalence (%)
(confidence interval)
2014 Total Victorian
adults
Non-gambler 29.90 (27.51-32.40) 1.3 million
Non-problem 57.59 (54.95-60.19) 2.5 million
Low risk 8.91 (7.18-11.01) 391,000
Moderate risk 2.79 (1.83-4.23) 122,500
Problem gambler 0.81 (0.48-1.36) 35,500
Harm
•An estimated 2.8 % of the Victorian adult population reported experiencing problems because of someone else’s gambling in the past 12 months –this amounts to approximately 122,500 adults.
•This roughly equates to about 3-4 people affected from someone else’s gambling
•First time we asked this question in prevalence study
(q13_1. In the last 12 months, have you experienced problems because of someone else’s gambling? Yes, no, DK, Refused)
Findings 2008-2014
Frequency of play - problem gamblers
•wagering (races) (played on average 67 times per year in
2008 and 204 times per year in 2014)
•gaming machines (played an average of 56 times in 2008,
in 2014 the average was 88 times)
•table games (played an average of 31 times in 2008, in
2014 the average was 59 times).
All results are significant
Findings 2008-2014
Frequency of play – moderate risk gamblers
•wagering (races) and table games (no statistically
significant change)
•gaming machines (played an average of 23 times in 2008,
in 2014 the average was 86 times)
•Lotto, powerball or pools (played an average of 28 times in
2008, in 2014 the average was 74 times).
All results are significant
Findings 2008-2014
EFTPOS– problem gamblersSince 1 July 2012, ATMs have been banned from gaming venues in Victoria
•Over the past 12 months how many times per
gambling session did you typically get money for
gambling through EFTPOS?
•__________times per session
•Don’t know
•Refused
Findings 2008-2014
EFTPOS– problem gamblersSince 1 July 2012, ATMs have been banned from gaming venues in Victoria
•Withdrawals from EFTPOS per gambling session by gaming machine players
related directly to PGSI risk level
PGSI Category Average EFTPOS usage
per session
NPG 0.14
LR 0.98
MR 1.55
PG 3.46
Total Gaming Machine Players 1.22
Gaming machine players –
where are they?
Year Mean estimated
resident
population 18
years plus
Victoria (million)
(ABS)
Participation rate
in gaming
machines
(Victorian
prevalence reports
by sample year)
Estimated
number of
Victorian adult
residents playing
gaming machines
2002-03 3.695 33.5% 1,238,000
2007-08 4.021 21.5% 864,500
2013-14 4.521 16.7% 756,815
Victoria and gaming
machines
• Participation in EGM gambling declined in
2014 in Victoria continuing a pattern of
decline observed over the last decade or
more.
• Despite decreasing participation, there has
been no significant decline in the
prevalence of problem gambling and EGM
expenditure is not decreasing in line with
participation
The story in a
nutshell…Victoria and
Gaming machines
• Decline in the number of gaming machine players since 2002-03 to 2014
with a 39 per cent decline
• Over the same period, real expenditure on gaming machines has declined
by around 19 per cent
• Fewer gaming machine players account for current expenditure levels
• 2015 prevalence study shows that:
– MR and PG who play gaming machines play them more often than they did in 2008,
that they withdraw more often from EFTPOS facilities at the venues than other gaming
machine players
– proportion of all MR (39%) and PG (51%) gamblers who state gaming machines are
their highest spend activity is higher than on any other form of gambling
The story in a
nutshell…Victoria and
Gaming machines
So what does this mean?.....
I leave you with this thought……….does it apply to
egm gambling?
“Mental disorders are not randomly distributed
throughout populations. To a degree they follow
existing lines of structural inequality and
disadvantage, both between and within societies.”Max Abbott 1993
President’s Address
World Federation of Mental Health
The study
Joint funding •The Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation
•Department of Justice and Regulation, Victoria
Acknowledgments•Participants
•Schottler Consulting
•Paul Marden
•Kristal Yeung