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PARTICIPATION & PARTICIPATION & DELEGATIONDELEGATION
The Continuum of The Continuum of ParticipationParticipation
OccasionalOccasionaluse of teamsuse of teams
and employee and employee participationparticipation
Traditional Traditional organizationorganization
Team-basedTeam-basedorganizationorganization
Organizational StructureOrganizational Structure
Management ControlManagement Control
High managementHigh managementControl – No employeeControl – No employeeParticipationParticipation
Total delegationTotal delegationHigh employeeHigh employee
ParticipationParticipation
Criteria for Use of Criteria for Use of ParticipationParticipation
When the task is complex and When the task is complex and quality is importantquality is important
When follower commitment is neededWhen follower commitment is needed When there is timeWhen there is time When the leader and follower are When the leader and follower are
ready ready When the leader and followers can When the leader and followers can
easily interacteasily interact
Benefits of Benefits of ParticipationParticipation Development of Development of
followersfollowers Better decision Better decision
on complex taskson complex tasks Increase in Increase in
follower follower motivation and motivation and commitmentcommitment
Opportunity to Opportunity to empower empower followersfollowers
Guidelines For Guidelines For Good DelegationGood Delegation
Delegate pleasant and unpleasant Delegate pleasant and unpleasant
taskstasks
Clarify goals and expectationsClarify goals and expectations
Delegate authority along with Delegate authority along with
responsibilityresponsibility
Provide supportProvide support
Monitor and provide feedback Monitor and provide feedback
Delegate to different followersDelegate to different followers
Excuses For Not Excuses For Not DelegatingDelegating
“ “My followers are not ready.”My followers are not ready.” “ “They do not not have the skills.”They do not not have the skills.” “ “I am uncomfortable delegating I am uncomfortable delegating my tasks.”my tasks.”
“ “I can do the job quicker myself.”I can do the job quicker myself.” “ “My followers are too busy.”My followers are too busy.” “ “I am responsible for my I am responsible for my followers followers
mistakes.”mistakes.” “ “My own manager may think I am My own manager may think I am not working hard enough.”not working hard enough.”
TEAMSTEAMS
Characteristics Of Characteristics Of TeamsTeams
Members are fully committed to Members are fully committed to common goals they developcommon goals they develop
Members are mutually accountable Members are mutually accountable to one anotherto one another Members trust one anotherMembers trust one another Collaborative cultureCollaborative culture Shared leadership based on Shared leadership based on
facilitationfacilitation SynergySynergy
Self-Managed Self-Managed TeamsTeams
Power to manage their own workPower to manage their own work Members with different Members with different
expertise and experienceexpertise and experience No outside manager and power No outside manager and power
to implement team decisionsto implement team decisions Coordination with other teams Coordination with other teams Internal leadership based on Internal leadership based on
facilitationfacilitation
Elements of Super Elements of Super LeadershipLeadership
Developing positive Developing positive and motivating and motivating thought patternsthought patterns
Personal goal settingPersonal goal setting Observation and self-Observation and self-
evaluationevaluation Self-reinforcement Self-reinforcement
control and monitoringcontrol and monitoring
Building TrustBuilding Trust
Open Open communicationcommunication
TrustTrust
Rewarding Rewarding cooperation cooperation
CompetenceCompetenceAnd hardAnd hard
workwork
IntegrityIntegrity
Mutual respectMutual respectAnd supportAnd support
Fairness andFairness andequity equity
Team Leadership RolesTeam Leadership Roles
SELF-SELF-MANAGEDMANAGED
TEAMTEAM
Assess teamAssess team skillsskillsContinue to doContinue to do
real workreal workCounsel and Counsel and
encourageencourage
Obtain neededObtain neededtrainingtraining
Help defineHelp definetasks and goalstasks and goals
Clarify teamClarify teamboundariesboundaries
Help developHelp developimplementationimplementation
planplan
Observe from a Observe from a distancedistance
Manage conflictManage conflict and relationshipsand relationships
Characteristics of a Well-Characteristics of a Well-Functioning, Effective Functioning, Effective
GroupGroupRelaxed, comfortable, informal
atmosphere
Task well understood & accepted
Consensus decision making
People express feelings & ideas
Conflict & disagreement center around ideas or methods
Clear assignments made & accepted
Members listen well & participate
Group aware of its operation & function
External Conditions Imposed External Conditions Imposed on the Groupon the Group
Organizational StrategyOrganizational Strategy Authority StructuresAuthority Structures Formal RegulationsFormal Regulations Organizational ResourcesOrganizational Resources Personnel Selections Personnel Selections
ProcessProcess Organizational CultureOrganizational Culture Physical Work SettingPhysical Work Setting
Group LeadersGroup Leaders
Department ManagerDepartment Manager SupervisorsSupervisors ForemanForeman Project LeadersProject Leaders Task Force HeadTask Force Head ChairpersonChairperson Chief Executive Officer (CEO)Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
Group RolesGroup Roles
Definition:Definition: Set of expected behavior pattern, Set of expected behavior pattern,
attributed to someone occupying a attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unitgiven position in a social unit
Role IdentityRole Identity Role PerceptionRole Perception Role ExpectationsRole Expectations Role ConflictRole Conflict
GroupthinkGroupthink
Irving Janis’ ModelIrving Janis’ Model
Antecedent Conditions + Antecedent Conditions + Cohesiveness Cohesiveness Groupthink Groupthink SymptomsSymptoms
Groupthink Symptoms Groupthink Symptoms Low Low Probability of SuccessProbability of Success
Groupthink CharacteristicsGroupthink Characteristics
Powerful Social PressuresPowerful Social Pressures Concurrence SeekingConcurrence Seeking Dehumanizing SolutionsDehumanizing Solutions Suppression of Deviant ThoughtsSuppression of Deviant Thoughts StressStress
Diverse Teams Offer Both Advantages Diverse Teams Offer Both Advantages and Disadvantages in the Workplaceand Disadvantages in the Workplace
Advantages Disadvantages
•Increased number of perspectives
•Multiple interpretations likely
•Greater openness to new ideas
•Increased flexibility
•Increased creativity
•Improved problem solving
•Improved understanding of foreign employees or customers
•Increased ambiguity
•Increased complexity
•Increased confusion
•Increased mistrust
•Potential miscommunication
•Difficulty in reaching agreements
•Difficulty in reconciling diverse perspectives
•Difficulty in reaching consensus
•Decreased group cohesion
Table 6-4
Group RolesGroup Roles
Four Categories of RolesFour Categories of Roles Group Task RolesGroup Task Roles: roles which facilitate : roles which facilitate
the selection and definition of a common the selection and definition of a common problem and solution. problem and solution.
Group Building and MaintenanceGroup Building and Maintenance: roles : roles which increase the functioning of the which increase the functioning of the group as a group. group as a group.
Individual RolesIndividual Roles: roles which are oriented : roles which are oriented toward the satisfaction of individual’s toward the satisfaction of individual’s needs.needs.
Creative RolesCreative Roles: roles which involve using : roles which involve using creativity to identify possible solutions.creativity to identify possible solutions.
Group Task Roles
The Initiator- ContributorThe Initiator- Contributor
Suggests or proposes new ideas Suggests or proposes new ideas may include the suggestion: may include the suggestion:
for a new group for a new group a new way to view a problem a new way to view a problem a new way to address a problem within the a new way to address a problem within the
group group a new procedure for the group a new procedure for the group a new way to organize the groupa new way to organize the group
The Information SeekerThe Information Seeker
Seeks clarification of suggestions Seeks clarification of suggestions made in terms of their factual made in terms of their factual adequacy, for authoritative adequacy, for authoritative information and facets pertinent to information and facets pertinent to the problem being discussed. the problem being discussed.
The Opinion Seeker The Opinion Seeker
Asks not primarily for the facts of the Asks not primarily for the facts of the case but for a clarification of the case but for a clarification of the values pertinent to what the group is values pertinent to what the group is undertaking or of values involved in undertaking or of values involved in a suggestion made or in alternative a suggestion made or in alternative suggestions.suggestions.
The Information GiverThe Information Giver
Offers facts or generalizations which Offers facts or generalizations which are “authoritative” or relates his are “authoritative” or relates his own experience pertinently to the own experience pertinently to the group problem.group problem.
The Opinion GiverThe Opinion Giver
States his/her belief or opinion States his/her belief or opinion pertinently to a suggestion made or pertinently to a suggestion made or to alternative suggestions. The to alternative suggestions. The emphasis is on his/her proposal of emphasis is on his/her proposal of what should become the group’s what should become the group’s view of pertinent values, not view of pertinent values, not primarily upon relevant facts or primarily upon relevant facts or information.information.
The CoordinatorThe Coordinator
Shows or clarifies the relationships Shows or clarifies the relationships among various ideas and suggestions among various ideas and suggestions
Tries to pull ideas and Tries to pull ideas and suggestions together suggestions together
Tries to coordinate the activities Tries to coordinate the activities of various membersof various members
The Evaluator- CriticThe Evaluator- Critic
Subjects the accomplishments of the Subjects the accomplishments of the group to some standard or set of group to some standard or set of standards of group functioning in the standards of group functioning in the context of the group task. context of the group task.
May evaluate the “practicality”, May evaluate the “practicality”, “logic”, “Facts”, or “procedures”“logic”, “Facts”, or “procedures”
The EnergizerThe Energizer
Prods the group to action or decision. Prods the group to action or decision.
Attempts to stimulate or arouse the Attempts to stimulate or arouse the group to greater or higher quality group to greater or higher quality work.work.
The RecorderThe Recorder
Writes down suggestions. Writes down suggestions.
Makes a record of group decisions Makes a record of group decisions (may be down via memory). (may be down via memory).
The recorder role is the “group The recorder role is the “group memory.”memory.”
Group Building and Group Building and Maintenance RolesMaintenance Roles
The EncouragerThe Encourager
Praises, agrees with and accepts the Praises, agrees with and accepts the contributions of others. contributions of others.
Indicates warmth, solidarity in Indicates warmth, solidarity in attitude toward others. attitude toward others.
Offers commendation and praise in Offers commendation and praise in various ways and indicates various ways and indicates acceptance of others,acceptance of others,
The HarmonizerThe Harmonizer
Mediates the differences between Mediates the differences between members members
Attempts to reconcile disagreements. Attempts to reconcile disagreements.
Relieves tension in conflict situations.Relieves tension in conflict situations.
The CompromiserThe Compromiser
Operates from within a conflict in Operates from within a conflict in which his/her ideas or position is which his/her ideas or position is involved. involved.
May offer compromise by yielding May offer compromise by yielding status, admitting error, or by coming status, admitting error, or by coming “halfway” in meeting another.“halfway” in meeting another.
The Gate-Keeper & The Gate-Keeper & ExpediterExpediter
Attempts to keep communication Attempts to keep communication open by facilitating participation of open by facilitating participation of others. others.
Proposes regulation of the flow of Proposes regulation of the flow of communication.communication.
The FollowerThe Follower
Goes along with the movement of Goes along with the movement of the group. the group.
Passively accepts the ideas of others. Passively accepts the ideas of others.
Serves as an audience for others in Serves as an audience for others in the group as well as for group the group as well as for group discussion and decision.discussion and decision.
Attempts by individuals to satisfy personal Attempts by individuals to satisfy personal needs.needs.
Numerous types - from Sociology and Numerous types - from Sociology and Psychology.Psychology.
Individual RolesIndividual Roles
The MonopolistThe Monopolist
Def: One who chatters on incessantly Def: One who chatters on incessantly due to anxiety when silent. due to anxiety when silent.
Effect: Group gets concerned, then Effect: Group gets concerned, then frustrated and angry. May be afraid to frustrated and angry. May be afraid to confront because then they must fill confront because then they must fill the void. the void.
Help-Rejecting ComplainerHelp-Rejecting Complainer Def.: requests help than rejects; Def.: requests help than rejects;
takes problem in insolvability of takes problem in insolvability of problems; blames authority, problems; blames authority, conflicted about dependency conflicted about dependency feeling helpless and distrusting. feeling helpless and distrusting.
Effects: seen as greedy and user of Effects: seen as greedy and user of group energy; members become group energy; members become bored, confused, irritated and bored, confused, irritated and frustrated. frustrated.
Self-Righteous MoralistSelf-Righteous Moralist
Def.: strong need to be right. Def.: strong need to be right. Demonstrates superiority via poise Demonstrates superiority via poise and unconcerned about being liked. and unconcerned about being liked. Deep underlying shame. Deep underlying shame.
Effect: mobilizes so much Effect: mobilizes so much resentment that may be forced out resentment that may be forced out of the group. of the group.
Creative Group Roles
Idea GeneratorIdea Generator
Look for new ways to do things.Look for new ways to do things.
Tend to focus only on ideas and Tend to focus only on ideas and concepts.concepts.
Are result driven.Are result driven.
DesignersDesigners
See the big picture.See the big picture.
Provide guidance and tools.Provide guidance and tools.
Define performance standards.Define performance standards.
Identify resources needed to complete Identify resources needed to complete projects.projects.
PromotersPromoters
Visualize end result.Visualize end result.
Optimistic.Optimistic.
Promote ideas and give momentum.Promote ideas and give momentum.
Managers Can Use This Checklist to Managers Can Use This Checklist to Diagnose the Roles Played by Each Team Diagnose the Roles Played by Each Team
MemberMember
TASK ORIENTED MAINTENANCE INDIVIDUAL
Agenda Setter
Analyzer
Coordinator
Evaluator
Information Giver
Information Seeker
Intuitor
Other
Encourager
Follower
Gatekeeper
Group Observer
Harmonizer
Standard Setter
Other
Avoider
Blocker
Clown
Dominator
Recognition Seeker
Other
Mature Group Mature Group CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Purpose and MissionPurpose and Mission May be assigned or may emerge May be assigned or may emerge
from the groupfrom the group Group often questions, reexamines, Group often questions, reexamines,
& modifies mission & purpose& modifies mission & purpose Mission converted into specific Mission converted into specific
agenda, clear goals, & a set of agenda, clear goals, & a set of critical success factorscritical success factors
Mature Group Mature Group CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Behavioral NormsBehavioral Norms - well-understood - well-understood standards of behavior within a groupstandards of behavior within a group
Formal & written
Ground rulesfor
meetings
Informal but understood
Intra-group socializing
Dress codes