PARTICIPANTS

Jean-Pierre Habicht, Chairman; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

Manuel Carballo, Maternal and Child Health Unit, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Ranjit K. Chandra, Janeway Child Health Center, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada

Kathryn Dewey, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA

Cutberto Garza, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX

Armond S. Goldman, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX

Lars A. Hanson, Department of Immunology, University of Goteborg, Goteborg, Sweden

Fehmida Jalil, Department of Preventive and Social Paediatrics, King Edward Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan

Michael S. Kramer, Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada

Reynaldo Martorell, Food Research Institute, Stanford Uni versi ty '0 Stanford CA

Kathleen M. Rasmussen, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

Michael W. Woolridge, Department of Child Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

385

CONTRIBUTORS

Steven A. Abrams, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 USA

Sarah Alvarez, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509 USA

Bryan F. Anderson, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Stephanie Atkinson, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5

Edward N. Baker, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Heather M. Baker, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Janet K. Baltzell, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA

Ch. Barth, Institut fur Physiologie und Biochemie der Ernahrung, Bundesanstalt f~r Milchforschun, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany

Henry S. Bayley, Department of Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Alan Bedrick, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724 USA

Graeme I. Bell, Chiron Labs, Emeryville, California 94608 USA

John Benson, Pediatric Nutritional Research, Ross Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio 43216 USA

Stefan Bernback, Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Ume~, S-901 87 Ume~, Sweden

Joel Bitman, Milk Secretion and Mastitis Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 USA

Lars Blackberg, Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Ume~, S-901 87 Ume~, Sweden

387

Kurt J. Block, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 USA

Peggy R. Borum, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA

Hans Joachim Bremer, Universitats-Kinderklinik, Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany

Marc Brown, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 USA

R. Don Brown, Departments of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Shreveport, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932 USA

Wolfgang Buchheim, Institute for Chemistry and Physics, Federal Dairy Research Center, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany

Robert J. Buczek, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20007 USA

Nancy Butte, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 USA

Manuel Carballo, Maternal and Child Health, Division of Family Health, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland

Ranjit K. Chandra, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3VD

Soter Dai, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Ralph B. Dell, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 USA

Kathryn G. Dewey, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California, Davis, DaviS, California 95616 USA

Sharon M. Donovan, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616 USA

Klaus Dorner, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kiel, D-2300 Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany

Erika Drebes, Rudlof Buchheim-Institut fur Pharmakologie der Justus Liebig-Universitat GieSen D-6300, GieSeb, Federal Republic of Germany

Stefan Dziadzka, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kiel, 0-2300 Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany

Johan Ek, National Hospital of Norway, Pediatric Research Institute, Oslo, Norway

Thorsten A. Fjellstedt, Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Growth Branch, Center for Research for Mothers and Children, National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20014 USA

388

Gunn-Britt Fransson, Nutritional Research Department, Kabi Vitrim Nutr., AB, Stockholm, Sweden

Susan M. Gale, Department of Biochemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5000

Cutberto Garza, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 USA

Carlos George-Nascimento, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608 USA

George Giacoia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma at Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74136 USA

Ulrich G~bel, Zentrum f~r Kinderheilkunde, Abt. fur padiatrische, Hamatologie und Onkologie, University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany

Randall M. Goldblum, Departments of Pediatrics and Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550 USA

Armond S. Goldman, Departments of Pediatrics and Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550 USA

Lawrence J. Grylack, Division of Neonatology, Columbia Hospital for Women, Washington, D.C. 20037 USA

Jean-Pierre Habicht, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA

Leif Hambraeus, Institute of Nutrition, University of Upsulla, Upsulla, Sweden

Margit Hamosh, Department of Pediatr1cs, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20007 USA

Paul Hamosh, Departments of Physiology and Biophysics and Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine and Dentistry, Washington, D.C. 20007 USA

James W. Hansen, Mead Johnson Nutritional Group, Evansville, Indiana 47721-0001 USA

Donald G. Hanson, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 USA

Lars A. Hanson, Department of Clinical Immunology, University of Goteborg, S-413 46 Goteborg, Sweden

Paul R. Harmatz, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 USA

Gerd Harzer, MILUPA Aktiengesellschaft, Friedrichsdorf/Taunus, Federal Republic of Germany

William C. Heird, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 USA

389

Olle Hernell, Department of Pediatrics, University of Umea, 901 85 Umea, Sweden

James L. Hinson, Departments of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Shreveport, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932 USA

Jan Holmgren, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Goteborg, S-413 46 Goteborg, Sweden

Fehmida Jalil, Department of Preventive and Social Paediatrics, King Edward Medical College and Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan

Robert G. Jensen, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268 USA

Sudha Kashyap, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 USA

Margaret Keller, UCLA School of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509 USA

William R. Kidwell, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA

Michael Klagsbrun, Departments of Biological Chemistry and Surgery, Harvard Medical School and The Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA

Peter D. Klein, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 USA

Ronald E. Kleinman, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 USA

Gertrude Koch, Rudlof Buchheim-Institut fur Pharmakologie der Justus Liebig-Universitat GieSen, D-6300 GieSen, Federal Republic of Germany

Otakar Koldovsk~, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724 USA

Berthold Koletzko, Universitats Kinderklinik, Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany

Michael S. Kramer, Departments of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montr~al, Qu~bec, Canada H3A lB4

Idamarie Laquatra, Heinz Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15230 USA

Ruth A. Lawrence, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Rochester, Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642 USA

Teresa H. Liao, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20007 USA

Marianne Lindblad, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Goteborg, S-413 46 Goteborg, Sweden

390

Gerold Link, Rudlof Buchheim-Institut fur Pharmakologie der Justus Liebig-Universitat, D-6300 GieBen, GieSen, Federal Republic of Germany

Bo Lonnerdal, Departments of Nutrition and Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616 USA

Reynaldo Martorell, Food Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 USA

Lukas Matter, Department of Clinical Immunology, Kinderspital, St. Galen, Switzerland

Nitin R. Mehta, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007 USA

Stanley G. Miguel, Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutritional Group, Evansville, Indiana 47721-0001 USA

Iolanda Minoli, Department of Perinatal Pathology, Provincial Maternity Hospital, Milano, Italy

S. Mohanam, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA

Guido Moro, Department of Perinatal Pathology, Provincial Maternity Hospital, Milano, Italy

Maria Mrotzek, Universitats-Kinderklinik, Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany

Audrey Naylor, Wellstart - San Diego Lactation Program, San Diego, California 92138 USA

Margaret C. Neville, Department of Physiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80262 USA

Gillian E. Norris, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Linda V. Oberkotter, Department of Bioiogical Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901 USA

Clive W. Ogle, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Jean Oliva-Rasbach, Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80262 USA

Anne-Brit Otnaess, Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

George M. Owen, Bristol-Myers International Group, New York, New York 10154 USA

Fatih Ozkaragoz, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550 USA

391

Robert F. Pass, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 USA

Alesia Patera, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA

Bruce W. Patterson, Department of Pediatrics, USDA Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 USA

Stuart Patton, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA

Mary Frances Picciano, Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Human Resources and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA

Tom Picone, Medical Department, Ross Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio 43216 USA

Frank Pohlandt, Sektion Neonatologie, Universitats-Kinderklink, Ulm, Federal Republic of Germany

Paul Pollack, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724 USA

Guy Putet, Department of Neonatology, Hopital Edouard Herriot, 69003 Lyon, France

Lori K. Racaniello, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901 USA

Niels C.R. Raiha, University of Lund, Department of Pediatrics, Malmo General Hospital, Malmo, Sweden

Rajasekhar Ramakrishnan, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 USA

R.K. Rao, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724 USA

Kathleen M. Rasmussen, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA

Leanna C. Read, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Adelaide, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia 5064

Diane Reisinger, Diagnostic Systems Group, Beckman Instruments, Inc., Brea, California 92621

Christian Rieger, Zentrum fur Kinderheilhunde der Philipps-, Universit~t Marburg, Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany

Jacques Rigo, Department of Pediatrics, Universite de Liege, Liege, Belgique

Annette L. Rodriguez, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509 USA

Helen E. Rudloff, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550 USA

392

Sylvia Rumble, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Bernard Salle, Department of Neonatology, Hopital Edouard Herriot, 69003 Lyon, France

David S. Salomon, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA

Pieter Sauer, Sofia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Richard J. Schanler, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 USA

Frank C. Schmalstieg, Jr., Departments of Pediatrics and Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550 USA

Karl F. Schulze, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 USA

Jacques Senterre, Department of Pediatrics, Universite de Liege, Hopital de la Citadelle, Liege, Belgique

Martin J. Shearer, Department of Haematology, Guy's Hospital and United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, London, United Kingdom

Yuen W. Shing, Departments of Biological Chemistry and Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA

Erika Sievers, University Children's Hospital, D-2300 Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany

Jack C. Sinclair, Department of Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Anne M. Smith, Division of Food and Nutrition, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA

Olof Soder, Departments of Histology and P~diatrics, St. Goran's Children's Hospital, Karolinska Institute, S-10401 Stockholm, Sweden

Gerald Strecker, Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, University of Lille, F-59655 Villeneuve-Cedex, France

Janice Stuff, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 USA

Ann-Mari Svenner.holm, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Goteborg, S-413 46 Goteborg, Sweden

Rudlolf Tangermann, Zentrum fur Kinderheilkunde, Abt. fur allgemeine padiatrie, Neonatologie and Gastroenterologie, University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany

Hansjorg Teschemacher, Rudlof Buchheim-Institut fur Pharmakologie, Justus Liebig-Universitat, D-6300 Gie~en, Federal Republic of Germany

393

M. Rita Thomas, Grants Administration, Mead Johnson Nutritional Group, Evansville, Indiana 47721 USA

William Thornburg, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724 USA

Rudiger von Kries, Kinderklinik fur allgemeine, padiatrie, Neonatologie, und Gastroenterologie, University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany

W. Allan Walker, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02113 USA

Joyce M. Waters, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Ulrich Welsch, Anatomy Institute, University of Munich, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany

Noel C. Wheeler, Department of Biomathematics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90024 USA

Robin K. Whyte, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada 48N 3Z5

Klaus Wiedemann, Rudlof Buchheim-Institut fur Pharmakologie der Justus Liebig-Universitat GieSen, D-6300 GieSen, Federal Republic of Germany

John T. Wilson, Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Shreveport, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932 USA

William W. Wong, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 USA

D. Larry Wood, Milk Secretion and Mastitis Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 USA

Michael W. Woolridge, Department of Child Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Wilfried Zimmermann, Zentrum fur Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Justus­Liebig-Universi~at, D-6300 GieSen, Federal Republic of Germany

Christine L. Zucker, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 USA

394

INDEX

Acetaminophen pharmacokinetics in goats, 308, 309

Albumin plasma, 12, 169

Allergic disease (see atopic disorders)

a-lactalbumin, 376, 377 Amino acids

in blood premature infants, 11 plasma levels, 29-32 requirements, 26-28

Antibodies effect upon transfer of dietary

proteins into miok, 294-296 IgA antibodies, 241, 246, 249 IgE antibodies to food antigens,

289 Atopic disorders

asthma, 270 in breast fed infants, 289, 339,

349, 350 colic, 289 colitis, 289 and cystic fibrosis, 270 eczema, 243, 269-274, 289 and IgA deficiency, 270 in premature infants, 270

Atopic eczema genetic predisposition, 271, 272 protection by breastfeeding, 243,

269-274 role of food antigens, 269-274 and umbilical cord blood IgE, 271

8-casomorphins bovine, 213-220 casein human, 214-220 physiologic effects, 215, 216,

218-220 8-lactoglobulin, 168, 169, 376 Body composition

fat, 12, 14, 37-42, 106, 119, 136-141, 145-148

in the fetus, 14, 16, 136 in infants, 12, 13, 25, 37-42,

57-59, 65, 91-96, 105-107,

Body composition (continued) in infants (continued)

135-141, 143-148 minerals, 16-18, 25, 57, 58, 65,

71-76, 81-85, 89-96, 135 proteins, 13, 18, 136-141, 145, 146

Bombesin, 130 Breastfeeding

in Africa, 327, 328 and allergy, 243, 269-274, 289, 349,

350, 365, 366 and cellular immunity, 261-268 and cholesterol levels, 48, 49 classification, 369, 370 and cytomegalovirus, 281-285 and drugs, 301-313 effect of maternal diet, 327-330,

332, 379 epidemiologic studies of, 337-352,

361-370 future research, 367-370 in Germany, 327, 328 and growth, 109-119, 350-351, 361,

368 in hemorrhagic disease of the

newborn, 317, 318, 320-322 and hypothyroidism, 183, 184 and infectious diseases, 339, 344,

347-349, 351, 363-365, 367, 368

and infant mortality, 125, 347 and nutrient utilization, 23-25,

105, 109, 118, 361, 362 and obesity, 37-42 potentially harmful effects, 275-

277, 279-287, 289-299, 301-315, 317-324, 325-335, 361-364

and vitamin K deficiency, 276, 277, 317-322

Calcium absorption, 72-76 accretion, 71, 75 bone deposition, 74, 75 deficiency, 71, 74, 75, 76

395

Calcium (continued) effect of vitamin D, 58, 71-74, 76 Cow's milk (continued) in human milk, 58, 71-76 vitamin K, 276, 277, 318-320 intake, 9, 11, 71-76 placental transfer, 71 for premature infants, 58, 71-76 requirement, 71, 75, 76 retention, 10, 11, 72, 74 urinary excretion, 59, 73-76

Carnitine absence in parenteral nutrition,

176 absence in soy milk, 176 in cow's milk, 176, 177 in human milk, 107, 175, 176, 179 long chain fatty acid oxidation,

175 in plasma, 177, 178 in red cells, 177, 178 synthesis by neonate, 175

Casomorphins (See S-casomorphins) Cholestasis, 277, 322 Cholesterol

analysis of, 151 and breastfeeding, 48, 49, 153 challenge hypothesis, 46-49, 151,

153 in cow's milk, 46 in human milk, 46, 107, 151, 152 in membranes, 107, 151 metabolism, 153 in milk fat globule membranes, 151 nutritional value, 151-154 umbilical cord blood levels, 48

Chloride, 9-11, 16-18 Citrate

copper binding, 64 in cow's milk, 66 in human milk, 62-64, 66 iron binding, 62 zinc binding, 64, 66

Cholecytokinin, 130 Copper

absorption; 66 accretion, 25 binding ligands, 57, 63, 64, 376 bioavailability, 57, 66 in human milk, 57, 61, 63, 64

Cow's milk alpha-casein, 213 S-casein, 213, 214 S-casomorphins, 213, 215, 216 S-lactoglobulin, 376 carnitine, 176, 177 folate, 59 and growth of infants, 109-113,

118, 119, 123, 131, 135-141 lactoferrin, 376 manganese, 89, 91 and obesity, 38-41 selenium, 26, 81, 83-85

396

Diet and atherosclerosis, 46, 49 and atopic aczema, 269-274 and brain development, 49, 50 and endocrine responses, 42-45, 130 food allergens, 270, 272-274, 289 and hypercholesterolemia, 46-49 and membrane structure, 50 and milk production, 126-129 and obesity, 37-42 and trans-fatty acids, 276, 327-329,

332 Docosahexaenoic acid, 37, 49 Drugs and toxins in human milk

effect on the nursing infant, 275, 276, 301, 302, 308, 310-313

pharmacokinetic models, 303-313

Endocrine responses to feedings, 42-45, 130

Energy intake, 9-15, 18, 19, 106, 113 requirement, 12, 117-119 utilization, 14, 15, 119

Epidemiologic studies allergic diseases in infants, 349,

350, 366, 370 analytic inference, 340, 344 confounding bias, 342-344 effects of breastfeeding, 337-352 external validity, 346, 347 infant growth, 350, 351, 361, 362,

368, 369 infectious diseases, 347-349, 364,

365, 367, 368 information bias, 340, 341 internal validity, 340-346 mortality, 347 reverse causality bias, 344 selection bias, 341, 342 statistical inference, 344-346 Type I error, 344, 345 Type II error, 344, 346

Epidermal growth factor and duodenal ulcer, 205, 210 gastrointestinal absorption, 186-

189, 197, 199, 201 in human milk, 185, 186, 188, 199,

227, 230, 232 intestinal processing, 199, 201-203 structure, 230 synthesis, 230

Escherichia coZi antibodies to, 241, 247 inhibition of attachment, inhibition of heat-labile

242, 251, 255, 257

242, 254-257 enterotoxin

Fat absorption, 329, 330 deposition, 331 digestion, 371 in human mil, 327, 328 hydrogenation, 325 hydrolysis, 371 malabsorption, 58

Fatty acids, 371, 372 effect on brain, 49, 50 effect on membranes, 50 in human milk, 276, 327-329 linoleic acid, 49, 50 placental transfer, 50 in plasma and tissues, 329-331 trans-isomers, 276, 325-332 utilization, 157-164, 167-171

Folate in cow's milk, 59 in human milk, 59, 99, 101, 102 in plasma, 59, 102 in red cells, 59, 101, 102

Food antigens in atopic eczema, 269-274 avoidance in antenatal period,

267-274 avoidance in postnatal period,

269-274 in milk, 276, 289-296

Gastric emptying, 42-44 Gastric inhibitory peptide, 44, 45 Gastrointestinal tract

absorption of thyroxine, 381 antigen uptake and effect of

lactation, 290 macromolecular absorption, 270

Glucagon, 44 Glutathione peroxidase

in plasma, 84, 85 in red cells, 84, 85 requirement for selenium, 81, 84

Growth and breastfeeding, 37-51. 109-119.

123-125, 131, 350, 351, 361, 362

composition, 144-146 cow's milk fed infants, 9-17, 105,

106, 117-119 effect on milk production, 125-128 and fat absorption, 76 fetal, 137 of mature infants, 105, 109-119,

123-125, 131, 135-141 of premature infants, 9-19, 71,

105-107, 135-141 and rickets, 74 and solid foods, 109-119, 124, 125,

128 Growth factors

in human milk, 183-186, 188, 189,

Growth factors (continued) in human milk (continued)

198, 199, 205, 206, 227, 236 produced by human mammary cells,

227-236

Haemophilus influenzae inhibition of attachment by human

milk, 242, 257 Human milk growth factor III

effects on gastric acid secretion, 205-210

effects on gastric-duodenal mucus formation, 205-210

molecular properties, 105, 235 Human milk

and adipose tissue, 37, 45, 46 adrenal steroids, 185 aloumin, 377 and allergic diseases, 289, 290,

349, 350 a-lactalbumin, 376, 377 amino acids, 26-28 anti-adherence factors, 242, 251-258 antibodies, 241, 246, 249 and appetite, 130 and atherosclerosis, 37, 46, 50 and atopic eczema, 243, 269-274 B-casein, 214, 220, 380 bile salt-stimulated lipase, 107,

167-171, 373 bombesin, 185 calcitonin, 185, 186 calcium, 57, 58, 71-76 carnitine, 107, 175, 176, 179 casein, 57, 62, 214, 220, 380 casomorphins, 197, 214, 215, 219 and cholera, 242, 251-258 cholesterol, 46, 107, 151, 152 citrate, 62-64, 66 colony stimulating factor, 234, 235 colostrum, 337, 365 copper, 57, 61, 63, 64 cytomegalovirus, 281-285 and diet, 123, 125, 126, 128, 129,

275, 276, 301-313, 363 from different countries, 328-332 drugs, 276, 301-313, 363 energy, 105, 111, 113 and enterotoxins, 255-257 environmental contaminants, 325-329,

363 epidemiologic studies of, 337-352 epithelial growth factor, 185, 186,

188, 199, 227, 230, 232 erythropoietin, 185, 186 fat globules, 62, 64, 67, 69, 166, 373 fatty acids, 276, 327-329 folate, 57, 99, 101, 102 food antigens, 276, 289-296 gangliosides, 242, 253, 255-258

397

Human milk (continued) Human milk (continued) gastrin releasing peptide, 234, 235 receptor analogues, 251-257 glycoconjugates, 242, 251-258, 364 relaxin, 186 and growth, 37-51, 109-119, 123- rubella virus, 281, 283, 284

125, 131, 350, 351, 361 selenium, 57, 58, 81, 83, 84 growth factors, 183-186, 188, 189, secretory IgA, 241, 247, 377

198, 199, 205, 206, 227, 286 somatostatin, 185, 186 hepatitis B virus, 281, 283-285 thyroxine, 183, 186 herpes simplex virus, 281, 283-285 trans-fatty acids, 275, 276, 327-hormones, 183-189 329 human T cell 1ymphocytotrophic

virus I, 281, 284, 285 human immunodeficiency virus, 281,

284, 285 immunologic factors, 241, 242, 245-

250, 251-258, 261-267, 382, 383

immunologic inducers, 241, 249,365 and infectious diseases, 241-244,

251-259, 347-349, 367, 368 insulin, 185, 186, 188, 235 insulin-like growth factor, 199 interleukin-1, 383 iron, 26, 57, 61, 62, 362 1actoferrin, 57, 62, 63, 68, 241,

247, 376, 377 lactose, 130 leukocytes, 265, 382, 384 lipids, 37, 42, 130, 327, 328 lymphocytes, 265 lysozyme, 241, 247, 348 macrophages, 247, 383, 384 mammary cell growth inhibitor, 234,

235 mammary derived growth factor, 232,

234, 235 manganese, 57, 58, 61, 67, 68, 89,

90, 92, 94, 96 and mature infants, 105, 109-119,

123-127, 129, 130 and mortality, 347 membrane structure, 37, 49, 50 nerve growth factor, 186 neurotensin, 185, 186 neutrophils, 383 nucleotides, 183-185 and obesity, 37-42, 45, 46, 50 oligosaccharides, 242, 251-258 oxytocin, 185, 186 phosphorus, 57, 58, 71-76 platelet derived growth factor, 277 and premature infants, 17-19, 28,

29, 71-76, 105-107, 135-141, 143-148, 245-250, 372

potentially harmful effects, 275-277, 279-285, 289, 301-313, 317-322, 325-332, 362-364

production, 105, 112, 125-128, 337, 374, 375

prolactin, 185, 186 prostaglandins, 185, 186

398

triglycerides, 107, 170, 371 TRH, 185, 186 TSH, 185, 186 and tuberculin immunity, 242,

261-267 viruses, 275, 279-285, 363 vitamin D, 71-76 vitamin K, 276, 319-321, 362 whey proteins, 28, 377

243,

zinc, 26, 57, 61, 63-66, 68, 130

HypothroidiS1ll effect of breast feeding, 183, 184

Immunity and breastfeeding, 258, 339, 347-

349, 351, 364, 365 in premature infants, 245-250, 275 to tuberculosis, 261-267

Immunoglobulin A deficiency in atopy, 270

Immunoglobulin E in allergy, 269 and intrauterine sensitization, 270 in umbilical cord blood, 271

Infectious diseases effect of breastfeeding, 347-349,

364, 365 Interleukin-1

in human milk, 383 Iron

absorption, 57, 63 binding ligands, 57, 62, 63 bioavailability, 26, 57, 61 in cow's milk, 26, 61 requirements, 25, 26

Lactation in rats effect of diet, 379 performance, 379

Lactoferrin copper binding, 376 in infants, 63, 245-250, 377 iron binding, 62, 63, 376 receptors, 63 structure, 62, 63, 376 zinc binding, 64

Lipases bile salt-stimulated, 107, 167-171,

373

Lipases (continued) gastric, 107, 161, 162, 167-171 lingual, 161, 162 and lipolysis, 168, 170, 371 lipoprotein, 45 pancreatic, 107, 167, 170, 171, 371 pregastric, 107, 167-171, 371

Lipolysis gastric, 371

Lipoproteins, 153 Lymphocytes

blastogenesis, 262-267 in human milk, 265 T lymphocytes, 262-267, 271, 272

Manganese absorption, 57, 67, 89-96 balance, 89-96 binding ligands, 67 in bile, 57 in breast fed infants, 92 in cow's milk, 57, 58, 89, 91 in cow's milk fed infants, 92 excretion, 92 in human milk, 57, 58, 67, 89, 90,

92 retention, 57, 67, 92-95 utilization, 89-96

Mature infants atopic eczema, 269-274 body composition, 105, 137 carnitine, 175 cellular immunity, 261-267 and cow's milk, 105, 109-119, 123 energy intake, 105, 113 fatty acids, 167-171 growth, 105, 109-119, 123-131 and human milk, 105, 109-119, 123,

125, 131, 337-352 intake, 109-119, 123-131, 374, 375 lipoproteins, 153 manganese utilization, 92 pancreatic lipase, 170 , 171 , 371 vitamin K deficiency, 317, 318, 320

Milk fat globules, 62, 64, 67, 169, 373

Monocytes - Macrophates in human milk, 383, 384 motility, 262, 265, 382

Mortality and breastfeeding, 125, 347

Motilin, 44, 45 Murine milk

IgG antibodies and antigen clearance, 294

transfer of intravenously injected protein antigens, 292-294

Nephrocalcinosis, 59 Neurotensin, 44, 45 Neutrophils

Neutrophils (continued) in human milk, 382 motility, 382

Nitrogen accretion in fetus, 17 and growth of premature infants,

10, 11, 14-16 Nutrient

balance, 144, 145 utilization, 9-19, 28-33, 109-119,

123-125, 130, 131, 144, 145 Nutrition

effect on milk production, 123-131

Pancreatic polypeptide, 44 Phenylketonuria, 95, 96 Phosphorus

absorption, 74 accretion, 17, 71 deficiency, 74, 75 in human milk, 58, 71, 73 intake, 9, 71-76 placental transfer, 71 for premature infants, 58 requirement, 71, 74, 76 retention, 10, 11, 16, 18, 71-74 supplementation, 58, 72 and vitamin D, 58, 72

Placental transfer of calcium, 71 of cellular immunity, 261-267

Potassium intake, 9, 16 for premature infants, 9-11, 16 retention, 10, 11, 16

Premature infants alkaline phosphatase, 75 and atopy, 270 body composition, 105, 106, 135,

141, 143-148 calcium, 58, 379 carnitine, 177, 178 and cow's milk, 135-141 energy balance, 135-141 energy intake, 105, 106 fat utilization, 157-164 and fats 106, 107, 138-141. fecal excretion of milk proteins

245-250, 377 gastric lipolysis, 157-164 growth, 9-19, 58, 71, 105-107 and human milk, 17-19, 71-76, 106,

107, 135-141, 377, 378 immunity, 245-250, 275 manganese, 58, 94, 95 phosphorus, 58, 74, 75, 378 rickets, 74, 75 selenium, 58

Protein intake, 9, 10, 18, 19, 143-148 requirement, 28-32

399

Protein (continued) utilization, 16

Rat infants body composition, 379 effect of lactation performance,

379 gastrointestinal

thyroxine, 381 growth, 379

Rat milk

absorption of

thyroid hormones, 381

Selenium binding ligands, 58 bioavailability, 58 in cow's milk, 82, 82, 84 deficiency, 82, 83 and glutathione peroxidase, 83, 84 and hemolytic anemia,83 in human milk, 58, 81, 82, 84 intake, 81-84 and Keshan's disease, 83 and lactation, 58 plasma levels, 82-84 red cell levels, 84, 85 requirement, 26, 82-84 in soy based milk, 58

Sodium intake, 9, 16, 18 for premature infants, 9, 18 retention·, 10, 11, 16, 17

Soy based milk, 58 Streptococcus pneumoniae

inhibition of attachment by human milk, 242, 257

Thyroxine deficiency, 183, 184

Triglycerides (continued) utilization (continued)

157-164

Urea nitrogen in blood of premature infants, 11

Vasointestinal hormone, 44, 45 Vibrio aholera, 251-258 ViruSes

bovine leukemia virus, 279, 280 caprine arthritis - encephalitis

virus, 280 cytomegalovirus, 275, 281-285 feline leukemia virus, 279, 280 foot and mouth disease virus, 280 herpes simplex virus, 281, 283, 284 human immunodeficiency virus, 281,

284, 285 in human milk, 275, 279, 281-285 human T cell lymphocytotrophic

virus I, 281, 283-285 Junin virus, 280 murine mammary tumor virus, 279,

280 rubella virus, 275, 281, 283, 284

Vitamin D in human milk, 73 intake, 71-76 in plasma, 74 requirements, 72-74, 76

Vitamin K in cow's milk, 276 deficiency, 276, 277, 317, 318,

320-322 dependent proteins, 318 detection, 318 in human milk, 276, 277, 319, 321

gastrointestinal adsorption, 184,381 Zinc in human milk, 184, 185 in rat milk, 381

Trans-fatty acids in adipose tissue, 331, 332 in diet, 327, 332 in erythrocytes, 332 in human milk, 276, 327-329 in plasma lipids, 329, 330 in triglycerides, 329, 330 untoward effects, 326

Transthyretin, 12 Triglycerides

in adipose tissue, 49 fatty acid composition, 160, 161,

329, 330 long chain, 107, 108, 138, 157-

164 medium chain, 106-108, 138, 140,

157-164, 372 lipolysis, 157-164 utilization, 106, 138, 140,

400

accretion, 25 absorption, 65, 66 binding ligands, 57, 63-65, 68 bioavailability, 26, 57, 61, 65,

66, 68 in cow's milk, 65 in human milk, 57, 61, 63-66, 68,

130 requirements, 25, 26 retention, 65