PART1 - DIDIMDOLebook.didimdol.co.kr/EnglishBooknV1/Preview/_p/1162250.pdf · 042 Xpert TOEFL iBT Actual Test _Reading 1 In the 20th century, a considerable amount of information

042 Xpert TOEFL iBT Actual Test _Reading 1042

In the 20th century, a considerable amount of information had

been collected about the aging process in animals. The known

process, however, did not reveal the reasons or mechanisms

behind aging; virtually all of the information known about aging was

based on scientific and medical hypotheses with minimal

supporting evidence.

In protected environments, animals can reach their maximum

life spans. Medical research has clearly shown that aging and

death have multiple causes, including accumulation of genetic

damage or mutations, loss of immune functions and a decline in

muscle strength. Finally, with mammals of advanced age, there is

an increased incidence of tumors and other cancers. Overall, it is

important to have a global view of all aging theories and the causes

of aging. It is clear that through modern medical advances, we are

able to attain our maximum life spans. However, our cells and our

bodies cannot last indefinitely.

A common viewpoint is that as the body ages, the organs

become less efficient. This inefficiency causes failures in the

immune system, hormonal system, and nervous system that cause

changes in the body that we associate with aging. In a different

vein, current research is looking at changes associated with aging

at the cellular and sub cellular level. Scientific research has

proven that human fibroblasts in generalized tissue divide a limited

number of times before dying with the exception of cancer cells,

which are able to divide indefinitely. Fibroblasts from embryos

divide many more times than those taken from adults. Because

of this difference between the cell division in embryos and adults,

scientists believe that aging is related to the genetic makeup of the

cells; the difference between the maturity of the cells suggests that

the changes happen at the cellular level. Several studies suggest

that disruption of the cell’s genetic machinery, such as mutations

caused by environmental or chemical changes, could cause the

cells to lose their ability to divide, and therefore cause aging.

D

C

B

A

노화에대한연구

20세기에, 동물의노화과정에대한적지않은양의정보가수

집되어왔었다. 알려진과정들은, 그러나, 노화뒤에숨겨진이

유나구조를드러낸것은아니었다. 사실상노화에대해알려

진모든정보는지지하는증거가매우적은과학적·의학적가

설에기반해있다.

노화의다양한원인

보호된환경에서, 동물들은최대의수명에이를수있다. 의학

연구는노화와죽음에여러가지원인이있음을명확히보여

주었는데, 이에는유전자손상이나변형의축적, 면역기능의

상실과근력감소가포함된다. 마지막으로, 노년의포유류에게

는, 종양과그밖의암들의발병률이높아진다. 전체적으로, 모

든노화의이론과노화의원인에대한전체적인시각을가지는

것이중요하다. 현대의의학적진보를통해, 우리가최대한의

수명을얻을수있다는것은명확하다. 그러나, 우리의세포와

몸은 원히지속될수없다.

노화와세포의유전적구성

일반적인견해는몸이나이가들면서, 기관들이덜효과적이

된다는것이다. 이비효율성은면역체계, 호르몬체계, 신경계

의감퇴를초래하는데이는우리가노화와결부시키는몸의변

화를일으킨다. 다른한편으로, 현재의연구는세포와세포이

하단위의노화와관련된변화를살피고있다. 과학연구는일

반조직에서인간의섬유아세포가, 구히분열할수있는암

세포를제외하고, 죽기전에제한된횟수만큼만분열한다는

것을증명했다. 배아에서얻어진섬유아세포는성인에게서얻

어진것보다훨씬더많이분열한다. 배아와성인세포분열의

이러한차이때문에, 과학자들은노화가세포의유전적구성에

관련되어있다고믿는다. 세포성숙간의차이는변화가세포

단계에서일어난다는것을시사한다. 여러연구들은, 환경적

또는화학적변화에의해일어나는돌연변이와같은, 세포의

유전적메커니즘의붕괴가세포로하여금분열할수있는능력

을잃게하고, 그래서노화를초래한다는것을말해준다.

□ considerable [k‰nsídÂr‰bÂl] 꽤 많은, 상당한 □ process [pr£ses] 과정 □ reveal [riví;l] 드러내다, 알리다□ virtually [vÁ;÷t∫u‰li] 사실상, 실질적으로 □ genetic [d,inètik] 발생(유전)의 □ adulthood [‰d=lthúd] 성인, 성년 □ span [spæn] 길이, 범위□ multiple [m=lt‰pÂl] 다수의 □ accumulation [‰kjú;mj‰lèi∫Ân] 축적, 누적 □ mutation [mju;tèi∫Ân] 변화, 변형, 돌연변이□ immune [imjù;n] 면역성의 □ tumor [tΔù;m‰÷] 종양 □ attain [‰tèin] 획득하다, 손에 넣다 □ vein [vein] 정맥□ fibroblast [fáibroubl©st] 섬유아세포 □ embryo [èmbri∞] 배아, 태아 □ disruption [disr=p∫Ân] 분열, 붕괴

An Inevitable Process of Aging 피할 수 없는 노화의 과정

1 PASSAGE 1PART1

2

3

2

ACTUAL TEST

PASSAGE1

PART1

043ACTUAL TEST 2

The natural passage of time from birth to death is commonly

referred to as chronological aging. Chronological aging can be

useful in estimating overall age and health status in large groups of

people or in general populations. However, it is not a good

indicator of an individual’s overall age or health status because

there is a great deal of variation from one person to the next;

biological age is a very individual indicator and can vary greatly.

For example, the general population worldwide slows physically

over time. Many elderly and middle-aged people may have lost

their ability but desire to participate in athletic activities especially

strenuous ones such as mountain climbing and long distance

running and biking. Actually, there are many “seniors” who partake

in these activities and even participate in marathons.

A type of aging that is not life threatening is cosmetic aging.

Cosmetic aging includes changes to our physical appearance as

we age. This type of aging causes wrinkles and sagging skin, loss

of muscle tissue and a gain in fat cells, and reduced vision and

hearing. These changes may be annoying to the individual and

they may necessitate a change in our lifestyle like embarking on an

exercise program or special diet and being fitted for eyeglasses

and hearing aids. Similar to chronological aging, cosmetic aging is

sometimes used to estimate the other types of aging that are

occurring. However, looking at cosmetic aging alone is not a good

indicator of an individual’s health in terms of aging, as a person’s

appearance is affected by many factors that are not related to

aging, including genetics, exposure to damaging chemicals,

environmental issues such as over exposure to sunlight and illness.

There are a few simple animals such as hydras, some

coelenterates, and flatworms in the animal world that have a means

to regenerate or replace cells and tissues that are damaged.

However, most living organisms have a finite life span. Scientists

believe that the survival of human beings hinges on the genetic

ability to expend enough energy to grow to adulthood in order to

reproduce; maintaining the body indefinitely was not important for

the survival of human beings, therefore, aging is part of our genetic

makeup.

연대적노화

탄생에서부터죽음까지의자연스러운시간의흐름은흔히연

대적노화라고일컬어진다. 연대적노화는큰집단의사람들

이나일반적인인구의전체적인연령과건강상태를추정하는

데유용할수있다. 하지만, 그것은개인의종합적인연령이나

건강상태에대한좋은지표는아닌데왜냐하면한사람과또

다른사람사이에는많은차이가있기때문이다. 생물학적연

령은매우개인적인지표이고크게달라질수있다. 예를들어,

시간이흐르면서전세계의전체인구가육체적으로느리게노

화한다. 많은수의중년이지났거나중년인사람들이그들의

능력을잃었으나, 등산과장거리달리기나자전거타기와같은

특히격렬한체육활동에참여하고싶어한다. 실제로, 이러한

활동들과심지어마라톤에참여하는“노인”들이많다.

외모상노화

생명을위협하지않는유형의노화는외모상노화이다. 외모상

노화에는우리가나이가들면서생기는신체적외형의변화가

포함된다. 이유형의노화는주름과늘어지는피부, 근육조직

의손실과지방세포의증가를유발하고, 시력과청력을감퇴

시킨다. 이변화들은개인에게성가실수있고, 운동프로그램

이나특별한식이요법을시작하고안경이나보청기를맞추는

것과같은생활습관의변화를필요로할수있다. 연대적노화

와유사하게, 때때로외모상노화는앞으로일어날다른형태

의노화를추정하는데사용된다. 그러나, 외모상노화만을지

켜보는것은노화라는측면에있어개인건강의좋은지표가

될수없는데, 사람의외모는유전자, 해로운화학물질에의노

출, 햇볕에의과도한노출과질병같은환경적문제등노화와

관계없는많은요소들에의해 향을받기때문이다.

생명체의궁극적목적과그로인한제한적수명

동물계에는히드라, 몇몇강장동물, 그리고편형동물과같이

손상된세포와조직들을재생하거나대체할수있는방법을가

지고있는몇몇단순한동물들이있다. 그러나, 대부분의살아

있는생명체들은제한된수명을가지고있다. 과학자들은인간

의생존이, 번식을하기위해성인으로자라기위한충분한에

너지를소비하는유전적능력에달려있다고믿는다. 몸을 구

히유지하는것은인간의생존에중요하지않고, 그러므로, 노

화는우리의유전자구성의일부분이다.

□ passage [p®sid,] 경과, 추이 □ chronological [kr¢n‰l£d,ikÂl] 연대순의, 시간 순서대로의 □ indicator [índikéit‰÷] 지시자, 지표□ strenuous [strènju‰s] 정력적인, 열심인 □ partake [p°;÷tèik] 참가〔참여〕하다 □ participate [p°;÷tís‰péit] 참가하다, 관여하다□ cosmetic [k°zmètik] 미용의, 장식적인 □ wrinkle [rí\kÂl] 주름 □ sag [sæg] 처지다, 축 늘어지다 □ annoy [‰n≤i] 괴롭히다□ lifestyle [láifstail] 생활 양식 □ necessitate [nisès‰téit] 필요로 하다, 요하다 □ exposure [ikspóu,‰÷] 노출 □ embark [emb£;÷k] 배를 타다□ coelenterate [si;lènt‰réit] 강장동물 □ flatworm [fl®twË;÷m] 편형동물 □ regenerate [rid,èn‰réit] 재생하다

5

4

6


1

According to paragraph 1, which of the followingreflects the author’s view of the hypotheses of aging?

A. They have been thoroughly tested. B. They consist of innovative ideas.C. They are based on a considerable amount of

information. D. They need to be supported with concrete evidence.

단락 1에따르면, 다음 중 노화의가설에대한 쓴이의관점을반 하는것은?

A. 철저히시험되었다.B. 혁신적인생각들로이루어져있다.C. 상당한양의정보에기초한다.

D. 확고한증거로뒷받침될필요가있다.

01

In the 20th century, a considerable amount of information had been collected about the aging process inanimals. 01 The known process, however, did not reveal the reasons or mechanisms behind aging; virtually allof the information known about aging was based on scientific and medical hypotheses with minimal supportingevidence.

2

Fact / Negative Fact 노화과정에대한상당한양의정보가수집되어왔지만, 노화뒤에숨겨진이유나구조를완전히밝히지는못했는데, 그증거가적기때문이라고나와있다. 그러므로 쓴이는노화에대한가설에확고한증거가있어야한다는견해를가지고있음을알수있다.

Sentence Simplification 주어진문장은의학연구를통해, 노화와죽음에여러가지원인이있다는것을알게되었다는사실을제시하고, 그원인들로여러가지것들을예로들고있는문장이다. 그러므로노화와죽음의과정에다양한원인들이있다고밝혀졌다는C가정답이다.

In protected environments, animals can reach their maximum life spans. Medical research has clearlyshown that aging and death have multiple causes, including accumulation of genetic damage or mutations,loss of immune functions and a decline in muscle strength. Finally, with mammals of advanced age, there is anincreased incidence of tumors and other cancers. Overall, it is important to have a global view of all agingtheories and the causes of aging. It is clear that through modern medical advances, we are able to attain ourmaximum life spans. However, our cells and our bodies cannot last indefinitely.

Which of the sentences below best expresses theessential information in the highlighted sentence?

Medical research has clearly shown that aging anddeath have multiple causes, including accumulation ofgenetic damage or mutations, loss of immune functionsand a decline in muscle strength.

Incorrect choices change the meaning in importantways or leave out essential information.

A. Medical research has confirmed the long heldsuspicion that aging is the main cause of death.

B. Numerous health issues have been cited as causesof aging and death according to one famous medicalstudy.

C. It has been established that various factors areresponsible for the inevitable process of aging anddeath.

D. The medical community is researching very hard tofind out why people age and eventually die.

다음문장중음 처리된문장의핵심적인정보를가장잘표현하는것은무엇인가?

의학연구는노화와죽음에여러가지원인이있음을명확히보여주었는데, 이에는유전자손상이나변형의축적, 면역기능의상실과근육의힘감소가포함된다.

잘못된선택지는의미를크게변형하거나핵심적인정보를생략하고있다.

A. 의학 연구는 노화가 죽음의 주 원인이라는 오랜 혐의를 확정했다.

B. 한 유명한 의학 연구에 따르면 많은 건강상의 문제가 노화와죽음의원인으로언급되었다.

C. 다양한 요소가 노화와 죽음의 피할 수 없는 과정에 책임이 있다는것이입증되었다.

D. 의학계는 왜 사람들이 나이가 들고 결국 죽는지를 찾아내기위해매우열심히연구하고있다.

02

045ACTUAL TEST 2

2

ACTUAL TEST

PASSAGE1

PART1The word attain in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. reachB. aim C. catch D. divide

의단어 attain과의미가가장가까운것은?

A. 이르다B. 목표하다C. 붙잡다D. 나누다

03

3

Vocabulary associated with는‘~와관련되다’는의미이므로‘~와연결되다, 관련되다’는뜻의B. linked with가의미상가장가깝다.

The phrase associated with in the passage is closest inmeaning to

A. attested to B. linked with C. distinguished from D. conformed to

의구 associated with와의미가가장가까운것은?

A. 증명이되다B. 연결이되다C. 구분되다D. 순응하다

04

Vocabulary 문맥상‘최대한의수명에이르다’는내용임을추측할수있으므로‘이르다’라는뜻의A. reach가가장적절하다.

A common viewpoint is that as the body ages, the organs become less efficient. This inefficiency causesfailures in the immune system, hormonal system, and nervous system that cause changes in the body that weassociate with aging. In a different vein, current research is looking at changes associated with aging at thecellular and sub cellular level. Scientific research has proven that 05 human fibroblasts in generalized tissuedivide a limited number of times before dying with the exception of cancer cells, which are able to divideindefinitely. 06 Because of this difference between the cell division in embryos and adults, scientists believethat aging is related to the genetic makeup of the cells; the difference between the maturity of the cellssuggests that the changes happen at the cellular level. 08 Several studies suggest that disruption of thecell’s genetic machinery, such as mutations caused by environmental or chemical changes, could cause thecells to lose their ability to divide, and therefore cause aging.

D

C

B

A

In paragraph 3, why does the author mention cancercells?

A. To explain why people die of cancer B. To point out their atypical behavior C. To illustrate their dangerous nature D. To show how much damage they cause

단락 3에서, 쓴이는왜암세포들을언급하는가?

A. 사람들이왜암으로죽는지설명하기위해B. 암세포들의비전형적인행동을지적하기위해C. 암세포들의위험한성격을설명하기위해D. 암세포들이얼마나많은피해를일으키는지보여주기위해

05

Rhetorical Purpose 일반조직의섬유아세포는죽기전에제한된횟수만큼만분열한다는것이증명되었는데, 암세포만은 구히분열할수있다고했다. 그러므로 쓴이가암세포에대한언급을한것은섬유아세포와는다른암세포의특이한성질을지적하기위한것이라는점을알수있다.


Fact / Negative Fact disruption of the cell’s genetic machinery could cause the cells to lose their ability to divide 로보아, 세포의유전적메커니즘의붕괴로세포가분열할수있는능력을잃게되는것이므로, A가정답이다.

According to paragraph 3, which of the following ismentioned in the passage as the reason for the cells tolose their ability to divide?

A. The interruption of the cell’s genetic mechanismB. The mutations caused by hormone deficiency C. The disruption of the cell’s natural chemical changes D. The sudden fluctuation of hormones caused by

environmental changes

단락 3에의하면, 다음중 에서세포들이분열하는능력을잃어버리는이유로언급된것은?

A. 세포의유전적메커니즘의방해B. 호르몬결핍으로인한돌연변이C. 세포의자연적인화학적변화의방해D. 환경변화로인한갑작스러운호르몬의변동

08

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3about fibroblast cells?

A. Their failure to divide is immaterial to the process ofaging.

B. They hold the key to understanding the mysteries ofaging.

C. They are more active during the earlier stages ofhuman life.

D. Their makeup helps scientists to understand thenature of genes.

다음중단락 3에서섬유아세포에대해추측할수있는것은?

A. 그것들이분열하는데실패하는것은노화의과정에중요하지않다.

B. 그것들은노화의신비를이해하는열쇠를쥐고있다.

C. 그것들은인간의생애초기에보다활발하다.

D. 그것들의 구성은 과학자들이 유전자의 성질을 이해하는 데도움을준다.

06

Inference 섬유아세포는죽기전에제한된횟수만분열한다는언급이있었고, 수정란과성체의세포분열에차이가있다고했다. 세번째단락마지막부분에는세포가분열할수있는능력을잃게되어서노화가초래된다고했으므로, 나이가들수록세포분열이활발하지못하다는것을유추할수있다.

The word their in the passage refers to

A. studies B. mutations C. changes D. cells

의단어 their가가리키는것은?

A. 연구들B. 돌연변이들C. 변화들D. 세포들

07

Reference ‘그것들’의분열하는능력이언급되었는데, 문맥상분열을하는것은세포이므로 their는앞에나온 cells를가리킨다고볼수있다.

2

ACTUAL TEST

PASSAGE1

PART1

047ACTUAL TEST 2

The word strenuous in the passage is closest inmeaning to

A. hazardousB. taxing C. sluggishD. overwhelming

의단어 strenuous와의미상가장가까운것은?

A. 해로운B. 수고스러운C. 굼뜬D. 압도적인

10

4

According to paragraph 4, chronological aging is not agood indicator of an individual’s overall age or healthstatus because

A. biological aging is a much better indicator B. there are a good deal of unknown variables C. there is a large amount of individual disparityD. it is extremely difficult to chart the aging process

단락 4에 따르면, 연대적 노화가 개인의 종합적인 나이 혹은건강상태의좋은척도가되지못하는이유는?

A. 생물학적노화가더좋은척도이다.B. 알려지지않은변수가굉장히많다.C. 개인차가상당하다.D. 노화과정을도표화하는것이극도로어렵다.

09

Vocabulary 등산과장거리달리기및자전거등의활동을설명하는말이므로‘격렬한, 힘이드는’의의미임을추측해볼수있고, ‘수고스러운, 아주힘든’이라는뜻의B가의미상가장가깝다.

The natural passage of time from birth to death is commonly referred to as chronological aging.Chronological aging can be useful in estimating overall age and health status in large groups of people or ingeneral populations. However, 09 it is not a good indicator of an individual’s overall age or health statusbecause there is a great deal of variation from one person to the next; biological age is a very individualindicator and can vary greatly. For example, the general population worldwide slows physically over time.Many elderly and middle-aged people may have lost their ability but desire to participate in athletic activitiesespecially strenuous ones such as mountain climbing and long distance running and biking. Actually, there aremany “seniors” who partake in these activities and even participate in marathons.

Fact / Negative Fact 연대적노화는사람마다많은차이가있기때문에개인의종합적인연령이나건강상태에대한좋은지표가아니라고했으므로,정답은C이다. 뒤이어이어지는생물학적연령(biological age)은매우개인적인지표이고사람마다크게다를수있다는내용에서다시한번정답을확인할수있다.


3

Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where thefollowing sentence could be added to the passage.

Fibroblasts from embryos divide many more times thanthose taken from adults.

Where would the sentence best fit?

다음문장이삽입될수있는부분을나타내는네개의네모 [ ]를보라.

배아에서얻어진섬유아세포는성인에게서얻어진것보다더많이분열한다.

이문장이들어가기가장알맞은곳은어디인가? C

12

Insertion 주어진문장이배아과성인의섬유아세포의차이에대해언급하고있으므로, 이에대해구체적으로설명하고있는Because of this differencebetween the cell division in embryos and adults, ~ 앞에오는것이적절하다.

6

The author mentions hydras, some coelenterates, andflatworms in the passage as examples of which of thefollowing?

A. Animals with remarkable survival instincts B. Species with the ability to regenerate by themselves C. Organisms with an infinite amount of cells D. Simple living cells which can regenerate

쓴이는 에서 다음 중 무엇의 예로서 hydras, some

coelenterates, and flatworms를언급하는가?

A. 뛰어난생존본능을가진동물들B. 스스로재생하는능력이있는종들C. 무한한양의세포를가진생명체들D. 재생할수있는단세포생물들

11

Rhetorical Purpose 단락 6의hydras, some coelenterates, and flatworms in the animal world that have a means to regenerate or replacecells and tissues that are damaged에서이동물들이손상된세포와조직을재생하는능력이있음을알수있다. 따라서이동물들은B의예로설명된것이다.

There are a few simple animals such as 11 hydras, some coelenterates, and flatworms in the animal worldthat have a means to regenerate or replace cells and tissues that are damaged. However, most livingorganisms have a finite life span. Scientists believe that the survival of human beings hinges on the geneticability to expend enough energy to grow to adulthood in order to reproduce; maintaining the body indefinitelywas not important for the survival of human beings, therefore, aging is part of our genetic makeup.

A common viewpoint is that as the body ages, the organs become less efficient. This inefficiency causesfailures in the immune system, hormonal system, and nervous system that cause changes in the body that weassociate with aging. In a different vein, current research is looking at changes associated with aging at thecellular and sub cellular level. Scientific research has proven that human fibroblasts in generalized tissuedivide a limited number of times before dying with the exception of cancer cells, which are able to divideindefinitely. Because of this difference between the cell division in embryos and adults, scientists believethat aging is related to the genetic makeup of the cells; the difference between the maturity of the cellssuggests that the changes happen at the cellular level. Several studies suggest that disruption of the cell’sgenetic machinery, such as mutations caused by environmental or chemical changes, could cause the cells tolose their ability to divide, and therefore cause aging.

D

C

B

A

2

ACTUAL TEST

PASSAGE1

PART1

049ACTUAL TEST 2

Directions: Two of the answer choices below are usedin the passage to describe chronological aging, andthree are used to describe cosmetic aging. Completethe table by matching the appropriate answer choicesto the descriptions of each aging process. Thisquestion is worth 3 points.

Chronological AgingC. Refers to the natural passage of timeF. Helpful in estimating the overall age of large groups

Cosmetic AgingA. Having more wrinkles and sagging skinE. The need to wear glasses or hearing aidsG. Can be affected by external factors

지시문: 아래선택지중두개는 에서연대적노화를, 세 개는외모상 노화를 설명하는 데 사용되고 있다. 올바른 선택지를 각노화과정에대한설명에맞추어표를완성하라. 이문제는 3점이다.

연대적노화C. 자연스러운시간의흐름을가리킴F. 큰집단들의전체적인나이를추정하는데유용

외모상노화A. 더많은주름과늘어진피부를갖게되는것E. 안경이나보청기를쓸필요G. 외부의요인에 향을받을수있음

13

Category Chart 단락 4와 5에서연대적노화는(1) 자연스러운시간의흐름, (2)큰집단의사람들이나일반인구의전체적인연령과건강상태를추정하는데유용함, (3) 개인의종합적인연령이나건강상태에대한좋은지표는아니라는점이언급되고있다. 한편외모상노화는(1)신체적외형의변화- 주름,늘어지는피부, 근육조직의손실, 지방세포의증가, 감퇴된시력과청력, (2)운동프로그램, 특별한식이요법, 안경이나보청기따위의생활습관의변화필요,(3)노화와관계없는많은요소들에의해 향을받기때문에개인건강의좋은지표가될수없다는점을파악해야한다.


Public transportation became available in developed cities in

the mid-1800’s. Before the introduction of public transportation,

common people walked to stores for food, clothing, and other

necessities. Most urban homes were in walking distance, or a

radius of about two miles from shops and stores. Merchants relied

on customers whose homes were within walking distance of their

shops because few of their customers were wealthy enough to own

carriages.

Before motorized transportation, common people had to live

within walking distance to shopping. This explains the value of

neighborhood communities in America. In these neighborhoods,

social activities were very important, including buying and selling

goods, visiting with neighbors, and attending church. In these

close-knit communities, most neighbors knew each other

personally. In these early neighborhood communities, people were

out walking, stopping for conversation on street corners, and

greeting each other on sidewalks and in the stores and shops.

In larger cities, streetcars began to change this. The omnibus,

the first organized public transit system within a city, originated in

France in 1826 and was introduced in London in July 1829. The

omnibus was a sort of modern stagecoach and like the stagecoach,

it held only a few passengers. It was also expensive, didn’t arrive

on any particular schedule, and lumbered slowly over unimproved

roads of dirt or cobblestone. Some American cities used steam-

driven railcars. These were much faster than the omnibus, but the

noise and air pollution made it undesirable. Furthermore, it wasn’t

suited for frequent stops. In cities, the first effective form of public

transportation was the horse railroad. The level tracks made the

ride more comfortable and the horse railroad was able to stop

easily at any street corner.

Around 1850, the availability of public transportation caused a

revolution in city life. For example, in Boston, urban congestion

extended out about two miles from city hall. By 1872, the horse

railroad pushed the congestion out another half-mile radius. By

대중교통이전의생활

대중교통은1800년대중반발전된도시에서이용이가능해

졌다. 대중교통의도입이전, 서민들은음식, 옷그리고다른

필수품을사기위해상점까지걸어다녔다. 대부분의도시의집

들은가게나상점으로부터걸을수있는거리, 그러니까약2

마일반경에있었다. 상인들은걸을수있는거리내에있는고

객들에게의존했는데왜냐하면그들의고객중마차를가질만

큼부유한이가거의없었기때문이다.

대중교통이전의지역공동체의중요성

동력이달린운송수단이나오기전, 서민들은상점에서걸을

수있는거리안에살아야했다. 이것이미국에서인근지역사

회의중요성설명한다. 이이웃들속에서, 상품을사고파는

것, 이웃들과시간을보내는것, 교회에가는것과같은사회활

동은매우중요했다. 이긴 히맺어진지역사회에서, 대부분

의이웃들은서로를개인적으로알았다. 이초기의인근지역

사회에서, 사람들은길을걷고, 길모퉁이에서대화를위해멈

추었으며, 보도와상점에서서로인사를했다.

옴니버스와철로마차의소개

보다큰도시들에서, 시가전차들이이를바꾸기시작했다. 옴

니버스는, 도시에서최초로조직화된운송수단이었는데,

1826년프랑스에서처음으로시작되었고1829년7월에런

던London에처음소개되었다. 옴니버스는일종의현대적인역

마차 고, 역마차처럼, 몇명의승객만을태웠다. 그것은또한

비쌌고, 특정한일정표에따라도착하지않았으며, 흙이나자

갈로된좋지않은길위로느리게다녔다. 몇몇미국의도시들

은증기로움직이는궤도차를사용했다. 이것들은옴니버스보

다훨씬빨랐지만, 소음과공기오염이그것을바람직하지않

게만들었다. 게다가, 그것은잦은정차에적합하지않았다. 도

시들에서, 첫번째효과적인형태의운송수단은철로마차

다. 수평한선로가승차를보다편안하게했고철로마차는어

느길모퉁이에서도쉽게멈출수있었다.

대중교통으로인한도심의확장

1850년경, 대중교통의이용도는도시생활에혁명을가져왔

다. 예를들어, 보스턴Boston에서는, 도심의 집이시청으로부

터2마일가량확장되었다. 1872년까지, 철로마차는 집을

□ radius [rèidi‰s] 반지름, 행동 반경 □ motorize [móut‰ràiz] 동력 설비를 하다 □ close-knit [klóuznít] 긴 히 맺어진□ omnibus [£mn‰b>s] 옴니버스, (구식) 버스 □ transit [tr®nsit] 통행, 운송 □ stagecoach [stèid,kòut∫] 역마차 □ route [ru;t] 도로, 길, 노선□ inn [in] 여인숙, 여관 □ lumber [l=mb‰÷] 느릿느릿 움직이다 □ cobblestone [k£blstòun] 자갈 □ undesirable [>ndizáiÂr‰bÂl] 바람직하지 않은□ frequent [frí;kw‰nt] 자주 일어나는 □ level [lèvÂl] 수평의, 평평한 □ congestion [k‰nd,èst∫Ân] 혼잡, 붐빔

Public Transportation 대중교통

2 PASSAGE 1PART1

2

3

4

1887, the horse railroad had doubled the 1850 radius. At this time,

the area of dense settlement surrounding the city center had

quadrupled. By the 1890’s, the horse railroad was replaced by the

electrified trolley. The trolley could move twice as fast as the horse

railroad and could carry three times as many passengers. The

electrified trolley reached out an additional two miles from the city

center, making Boston a larger area that extended out six miles

from city hall.

Today, many towns and cities are investing in public

transportation initiatives. In areas with higher population densities,

public transport is believed to offer significant advantages.

Proponents believe that public transportation is more efficient due

to the smaller physical and environmental footprint per passenger.

Though city planners often favor public transportation, individuals

don’t always want to give up their private vehicles. This is

because road-based public transportation can be slower, especially

if it gets held up in general traffic congestion. Compounding this

is the need for public transportation to make scheduled stops for

boarding and letting passengers off. Routes can necessitate

transfers and may travel a circuitous route to increase the service

area of the system. All of these issues must be taken into

account when planning an effective and usable public

transportation system. Therefore, city planners and transportation

authorities wishing to expand the use of their public transportation

system must respond by establishing measures such as dedicated

or semi-dedicated transport lanes, traffic signal priority, express

service, and others.

The term rapid transit is often used to describe transportation

modes that have a dedicated right of way with frequent, continuous

service. Still, the word “rapid” is relative. For some commuters,

public transportation must be faster and more convenient than their

private vehicle. Because there are no firm guidelines on how fast

transit must be, some believe that rapid transit doesn’t live up to its

name. However, with the rising gas prices, many are giving up the

convenience of their private vehicles in favor of a more cost

effective way to travel. Because of this, we will undoubtedly see a

rise in the demand and usage of public transportation systems in

large cities where the population has spread a great distance from

the city center.

D

C

B

A

반경반마일더확장했다. 1887년까지, 철로마차는1850

년의반경을두배로늘렸다. 이때, 도시중심을감싸는 집

주거지역이네배가되었다. 1890년경에, 철로마차는전기

로가는전차로대체되었다. 전차는철로마차보다두배빠르

게움직일수있었고, 세배많은승객들을실어나를수있었

다. 전기전차는도시중심으로부터추가적으로2마일을더뻗

어나가서, 보스턴은시청으로부터 6마일이확장된더큰지

역이되었다.

대중교통의효율성과숙제

오늘날, 많은마을들과도시들이대중교통의계획에투자를하

고있다. 인구 도가더높은지역에서는, 대중교통이중요한

이점이된다고믿어진다. 지지자들은승객이차지하는물리

적·환경적공간이더적기때문에대중교통이더효율적이라

고생각한다. 도시계획자들은흔히대중교통을장려하지만,

개인들이항상자신의자가용을포기하고싶어하지는않는다.

이는도로기반의대중교통이더느릴수있기때문인데, 특히

그것이전체적인교통체증에막혀있을때그렇다. 이를더악

화시키는것은대중교통은승객들이타고내리기위해지정된

정류소가있어야한다는것이다. 노선들은환승을요할수있

고교통운행구역을늘리기위해우회하는노선으로갈수도

있다. 효과적이고편리한대중교통체계를계획할때, 이모든

문제들이고려되어야한다.그러므로, 대중교통체계이용을

확대시키고싶어하는도시계획자들과교통당국은전용차선

이나반전용차선, 교통신호우선권, 급행운행등의조치를

취함으로써대응해야한다.

대중교통이용에대한문제와전망

도시고속수송체계라는용어는자주, 계속적으로운행되는,

전용의통행권을가진교통수단을설명할때사용된다. 하지만,

“고속”이라는말은상대적이다. 일부통근자들에게, 대중교통

은그들의자가용보다더빠르고편리해야한다. 운행이얼마나

빨라야하는지에대한확고한지침이없기때문에, 몇몇사람들

은도시고속수송체계가이름에걸맞지않는다고생각한다.

그러나휘발유값이상승하면서, 많은이들이이동하는데있어

서의더높은비용효율때문에자가용의편리함을포기하고있

다. 이로인해, 우리는의심의여지없이도심에서먼거리까지

인구가퍼진대도시에서대중교통체계에대한수요와이용이

증가하는것을보게될것이다.

□ dense [dens] 집한, 조 한 □ quadruple [kw°drù;pÂl] 4배의 □ electrify [ilèktr‰fài] 전력을 공급하다 □ trolley [tr£li] 손수레, 카트□ initiative [iní∫•‰tiv] (새로운) 계획, 주도(권) □ advantage [‰dv®ntid,] 이점, 장점 □ proponent [pr‰póun‰nt] 제안자, 제의자□ compound [k‰mpáund] 악화시키다, 더 심각하게 만들다 □ board [b∞;÷d] (탈것에) 타다 □ commuter [k‰mjù;t‰÷] 통근자□ guideline [gáidlàin] 지침 □ circuitous [s‰;÷kjù;it‰s] 우회(로)의 □ authority [‰^≤;riti] 당국 □ priority [prai≤(;)r‰ti] 선행권, 우선권

5

6

2

ACTUAL TEST

PASSAGE1

PART2

051ACTUAL TEST 2


1

According to paragraph 1, by what means did affluentpeople who lived in cities most likely travel before themid-1800’s?

A. By horse railroad B. By carriage C. By omnibus D. By walking

단락 1에따르면, 1800년대중반이전도시에사는부유한사람들은어떠한방법으로이동했겠는가?

A. 철로마차로B. 마차로C. 옴니버스로D. 도보로

14

Vocabulary 교통수단이발달하지않았던시기에는이웃공동체가중요한역할을했다는내용이므로‘중대성, 중요함’의의미를가진A. consequence가가장적당하다.

The word value in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. consequence B. priceC. history D. variety

의단어 value와의미상가장가까운것은?

A. 중요함B. 가격C. 역사D. 다양함

15

2

Public transportation became available in developed cities in the mid-1800’s. Before the introduction ofpublic transportation, common people walked to stores for food, clothing, and other necessities. Most urbanhomes were in walking distance, or a radius of about two miles from shops and stores. Merchants relied oncustomers whose homes were within walking distance of their shops 14 because few of their customers werewealthy enough to own carriages.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2about urban shopkeepers before the spread of publictransportation?

A. They had to entertain their customers with small talk. B. They had to walk a long distance to get to their

shops. C. They were familiar with most of their customers. D. They formed special bonds with their customers.

다음중대중교통의확장이전도심의가게주인들에대해추측할수있는것은?

A. 그들은소소한대화로그들의고객을즐겁게해야했다. B. 그들은자기가게에가기위해먼거리를걸어야했다.

C. 그들은그들고객의대부분과알고지냈다. D. 그들은그들의고객과특별한유대관계를형성했다.

16

Fact / Negative Fact 서민들은가게까지걸어다녀야했는데, 마차를가질수있을만큼부유하지않기때문이었다는내용으로보아, 부유한사람들은마차를타고다녔다는것을알수있다.

Before motorized transportation, common people had to live within walking distance to shopping. Thisexplains the value of neighborhood communities in America. In these neighborhoods, social activities werevery important, including buying and selling goods, visiting with neighbors, and attending church. 16 In theseclose-knit communities, most neighbors knew each other personally. In these early neighborhoodcommunities, people were out walking, stopping for conversation on street corners, and greeting each other onsidewalks and in the stores and shops.

Inference 좁고긴 하게맺어진지역사회이기때문에, 대부분의이웃들이서로를개인적으로잘알았다는내용이있으므로, 가게주인들도고객을잘알고지냈으리라는것을유추할수있다.

2

ACTUAL TEST

PASSAGE1

PART2

053ACTUAL TEST 2

The word frequent in the passage is closest in meaningto

A. sporadicB. unexpected C. regularD. dangerous

의단어 frequent와의미상가장가까운것은?

A. 산발적인B. 예상치못한C. 정기적인D. 위험한

18

3

All of the following characterize the omnibus EXCEPT:

A. It was always crowded. B. Its fare was expensive. C. It moved slowly. D. It operated without a schedule.

다음중옴니버스의특징이아닌것은?

A. 언제나붐볐다. B. 요금이비쌌다. C. 천천히움직 다. D. 일정표없이운행되었다.

17

In larger cities, streetcars began to change this. The omnibus, the first organized public transit systemwithin a city, originated in France in 1826 and was introduced in London in July 1829. The omnibus was a sortof modern stagecoach and like the stagecoach, 17 it held only a few passengers. It was also expensive, didn’tarrive on any particular schedule, and lumbered slowly over unimproved roads of dirt or cobblestone. SomeAmerican cities used steam-driven railcars. These were much faster than the omnibus, but the noise and airpollution made it undesirable. Furthermore, it wasn’t suited for frequent stops. In cities, the first effective formof public transportation was the horse railroad. The level tracks made the ride more comfortable and the horserailroad was able to stop easily at any street corner.

Fact / Negative Fact 옴니버스는승객이많지않았고, 요금이비쌌으며, 특정한예정표에따라도착하지않았고, 느리게다녔다고명시되어있다. 그러므로내용에맞지않는것은A이다.

Vocabulary frequent는‘잦은, 빈번한’이라는뜻이고, 여기서는매번정차해야하는정류소를수식하고있다. 그러므로‘정기적인, 규칙적인’의의미를가진C가가장적절하다.


□ sag [sæg] 처지다, 축 늘어지다

□ annoy [‰n≤i] 괴롭히다, 귀찮게 굴다

□ lifestyle [laifstail] 생활 양식

□ necessitate [nisès‰téit] 필요로 하다, 요하다

□ exposure [ikspóu,‰÷] 노출

□ embark [emb£;÷k] 배를 타다

□ coelenterate [si;lènt‰réit] 강장동물

□ regenerate [rid,èn‰réit] 재생하다

□ transportation [tr©nsp‰÷tèi∫Ân] 운송, 수송

□ radius [rèidi‰s] 반지름, 행동 반경

□ customer [k=st‰m‰÷] 손님, 고객

□ wealthy [wèl^i] 넉넉한, 유복한

□ motorize [móut‰ràiz] 동력 설비를 하다, 자동차화하다

□ attend [‰tènd] ~에 출석하다

□ value [v®lju;] 가치

□ close-knit [klóuznít] 긴 히 맺어진, 굳게 단결된

□ omnibus [£mn‰b>s] 옴니버스, 구식 버스

□ transit [tr®nsit] 통행, 운송

□ stagecoach [stèid,kòut∫] 역마차, 승합 마차

□ fixed [fikst] 고정된, 일정(불변)한

□ route [ru;t] 도로, 길, 노선

□ inn [in] 여인숙, 여관

□ particular [p‰÷tíkj‰l‰÷] 특별한, 특정한

□ lumber [l=mb‰÷] 느릿느릿 움직이다; 재목

□ cobblestone [k£blstòun] 자갈

□ undesirable [>ndizáiÂr‰bÂl] 바람직하지 않은

□ frequent [frí;kw‰nt] 자주 일어나는

□ level [lèvÂl] 수평의, 평평한

□ congestion [k‰nd,èst∫Ân] 혼잡, 붐빔

□ dense [dens] 집한, 조 한

□ quadruple [kw°drù;pÂl] 4배의

□ electrify [ilèktr‰fài] 전력을 공급하다

VOCABULARY REVIEW

□ considerable [k‰nsídÂr‰bÂl] 꽤 많은, 상당한

□ reveal [riví;l] 드러내다, 알리다

□ virtually [vÁ;÷t∫u‰li] 사실상, 실질적으로

□ span [spæn] 길이, 범위

□ multiple [m=lt‰pÂl] 다수의

□ accumulation [‰kjú;mj‰lèi∫Ân] 축적, 누적

□ mutation [mju;tèi∫Ân] 변화, 변전

□ immune [imjù;n] 면역성의

□ incidence [íns‰dÂns] 발생 정도

□ decline [dikláin] 감퇴하다

□ mammal [m®mÂl] 포유동물

□ tumor [tΔù;m‰÷] 종양

□ attain [‰tèin] 획득하다, 손에 넣다

□ viewpoint [vjù;p≥int] 견해, 관점

□ efficient [ifí∫Ânt] 능률적인, 효과적인

□ associate [‰sóu∫iéit] 관련시키다

□ vein [vein] 정맥

□ cellular [sèlj‰l‰÷] 세포로 된

□ fibroblast [fáibroubl©st] 섬유아세포

□ exception [iksèp∫Ân] 예외, 제외

□ embryo [èmbri∞] 태아

□ maturity [m‰tΔùÂr‰ti] 성숙, 완전한 발달

□ disruption [disr=p∫Ân] 분열, 붕괴

□ passage [p®sid,] 경과, 추이

□ chronological [kr¢n‰l£d,ikÂl] 발생(시간) 순서대로

된, 연대순의

□ indicator [índikéit‰÷] 지시자, (신호) 표시기

□ strenuous [strènju‰s] 정력적인, 열심인

□ partake [p°;÷tèik] 참가(참여)하다

□ participate [p°;÷tís‰péit] 참가하다, 관여하다

□ cosmetic [k°zmètik] 미용의, 장식적인

□ wrinkle [rí\kÂl] 주름

067ACTUAL TEST 2

□ trolley [tr£li] 광차

□ initiative [iní∫•‰tiv] (새로운) 계획, 주도권

□ advantage [‰dv®ntid,] 이점, 장점

□ proponent [pr‰póun‰nt] 제안자, 제의자

□ footprint [fùtprìnt] 발자국

□ board [b∞;÷d] (탈것에) 타다

□ commuter [k‰mjù;t‰÷] 통근자

□ guideline [gáidlàin] 지침

□ circuitous [s‰;÷kjù;it‰s] 우회(로)의

□ authority [‰^≤;riti] 당국

□ priority [prai≤(;)r‰ti] 선행권, 우선권

□ convenience [k‰nví;nj‰ns] 편리, 편의

□ undoubtedly [>ndáutidli] 틀림없이, 확실히

□ spectrum [spèktr‰m] 스펙트럼, 분광

□ colossal [k‰l£sÂl] 거대한

□ magnet [m®gnit] 자석

□ electromagnetic [iléktro¨mægnètik] 전자기의, 전

자석의

□ property [pr£p‰÷ti] 성질

□ frequency [frí;kw‰nsi] 주파수, 진동수

□ astronomer [‰str£n‰m‰÷] 천문학자

□ conduct [k£nd<kt] (특정한 활동을) 하다

□ spectral [spèktr‰l] 스펙트럼의

□ wavelength [wèivlé\^] 파장

□ explicit [iksplísit] 뚜렷한, 명백한

□ neutral [nΔù;tr‰l] 중성의, 중립의

□ hydrogen [háidr‰d,Ân] 수소

□ high-resolution [háirez‰lù;∫Ân] 고해상도

□ stationary [stèi∫Ânéri] 움직이지 않는, 정지된

□ reflector [riflèkt‰÷] 반사물, 반사 망원경

□ antenna [æntèn‰] 안테나

□ configuration [k‰nfìgj‰rèi∫Ân] 윤곽, 형상

□ directional [dirèk∫‰nÂl] 방향의, 지향성의

□ beneficial [bén‰fí∫Âl] 유익한, 이익을 가져오는

□ track [træk] 추적하다

□ satellite [s®tÂlàit] 위성

□ probe [proub] 탐사선

□ optical [£ptikÂl] 광학(상)의

□ radiation [réidièi∫Ân] 방사, 복사

□ detect [ditèkt] 탐지하다

□ device [diváis] 장치, 설비

□ parabolic [p©r‰b£lik] 포물선의

□ interference [ìnt‰÷fíÂr‰ns] 간섭

□ observatory [‰bzÁ;÷v‰t≥;ri] 관측소

□ shield [∫i;ld] 감싸다, 보호하다

□ groundbreaking [gráundbréiki\] 신기원을 이룬,

획기적인

□ term [t‰;÷m] 이름 짓다, 칭하다

□ portion [p≤;÷∫Ân] 일부, 부분

□ homogeneous [hòum‰d,í;ni‰s] 동종의, 동원의

□ capability [kéip‰bíl‰ti] 할 수 있음, 능력

□ neutralize [nΔù;tr‰làiz] 중화하다

□ thereby ["√‰÷bái] 그것에 의해서

□ extinguish [ikstí\gwi∫] 끄다, 소화시키다

□ substantial [s‰bst®n∫Âl] 많은, 대폭적인

□ planetary [pl®n‰téri] 행성의

□ angular [®\gj‰l‰÷] 모퉁이(모서리)에 있는

□ devise [diváiz] 궁리하다, 고안하다

□ potent [póutÂnt] 힘센

□ remarkable [rim£;÷k‰bÂl] 주목할 만한, 현저한

□ comparable [k£mp‰r‰bÂl] 필적하는

□ diameter [dai®mit‰÷] 직경, 지름

□ synthesize [sín^‰sàiz] 합성하다

□ aperture [®p‰÷t∫ú‰÷] (렌즈의) 구경

TOEFL ACTUAL TEST 2

어책

per TOEFLⓇ

ACTUAL TEST READING

t

1

TEST BOOK

00:20:00

Reading Section

PART1 PASSAGE1

01 According to paragraph 1, which of the followingreflects the author’s view of the hypotheses ofaging?

They have been thoroughly tested. They consist of innovative ideas.They are based on a considerable amount ofinformation. They need to be supported with concreteevidence.

Paragraph 1 is marked with [ ]

02Which of the sentences below best expresses theessential information in the highlighted sentence?

Medical research has clearly shown that aging anddeath have multiple causes, including accumulationof genetic damage or mutations, loss of immunefunctions and a decline in muscle strength.

Incorrect choices change the meaning in importantways or leave out essential information

Medical research has confirmed the long heldsuspicion that aging is the main cause of death. Numerous health issues have been cited ascauses of aging and death according to onefamous medical study. It has been established that various factors areresponsible for the inevitable process of agingand death. The Medical community is researching very hardto find out why people age and eventually die.

03 The word attain in the passage is closest in meaningto

reachaim catch divide

An Inevitable Process of Aging

1 In the 20th century, a considerable amount of

information had been collected about the aging

process in animals. The known process, however, did

not reveal the reasons or mechanisms behind aging;

virtually all of the information known about aging was

based on scientific and medical hypotheses with

minimal supporting evidence.

In protected environments, animals can reach their

maximum life spans. Medical research has clearly

shown that aging and death have multiple causes,

including accumulation of genetic damage or

mutations, loss of immune functions and a decline in

muscle strength. Finally, with mammals of advanced

age, there is an increased incidence of tumors and

other cancers. Overall, it is important to have a global

view of all aging theories and the causes of aging. It

is clear that through modern medical advances, we

are able to attain our maximum life spans. However,

our cells and our bodies cannot last indefinitely.


25ACTUAL TEST 2

00:35:00

Reading Section

2

ACTUAL TEST

PASSAGE1

PART2

18The word frequent in the passage is closest inmeaning to

sporadicunexpected regular dangerous

19 The word congestion in the passage is closest inmeaning to

crowding trip traffic demand

20 According to paragraph 4, which of the following wasthe most advanced mode of public transportation inthe early 1890s?

The omnibus The horse railroad The electrified trolley The steam powered trolley


4 Around 1850, the availabil ity of public

transportation caused a revolution in city life. For

example, in Boston, urban congestion extended out

about two miles from city hall. By 1872, the horse

railroad pushed the congestion out another half-mile

radius. By 1887, the horse railroad had doubled the

1850 radius. At this t ime, the area of dense

settlement surrounding the city center had

quadrupled. By the 1890’s, the horse railroad was

replaced by the electrified trolley. The trolley could

move twice as fast as the horse railroad and could

carry three times as many passengers. The electrified

trolley reached out an additional two miles from the

city center, making Boston a larger area that

extended out six miles from city hall.

21Why does the author mention the city of Boston inparagraph 4?

To show that advances in public transportationcaused unmanageable traffic jams To discuss a serious public transportationproblem faced by a major city To illustrate how a city’s population candrastically increaseTo point out how improved public transportationextended a city’s boundary


27ACTUAL TEST 2

00:25:00

Reading Section

2

ACTUAL TEST

PASSAGE1

PART2

25 Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

All of these issues must be taken into account when planning an effective and usablepublic transportation system.


26 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete thesummary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Somesentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage orare minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

First introduced in American cities in the mid-1800’s, urban public transportation had arough start but soon played a role in the growth of cities.

The city of Boston started the first publictransportation system in the United States.

Early modes of public transportation were notalways convenient.

The cost of maintaining public transportation incities has been rapidly increasing.

Improved public transportation led to theexpansion of cities’ boundaries.

The impact of public transportation on cities hasbeen minimal.

Various efforts have been made to improve theefficiency of public transportation systems.

Answer Choices

●

●

●

●

●

●

00:20:00

Reading Section

PART2 PASSAGE2

27 The word colossal in the passage is closest inmeaning to

powerful microscopicsophisticatedenormous

28Which of the following can be inferred fromparagraph 1 about antennas for radio telescopes?

They all look like giant TV antennas.Their shapes and dimensions are not fixed. Their strength is determined by design, size, andconfiguration. They can be easily detached for better reception.


29According to paragraph 2, radio observatories needto be located in a certain kind of location for which ofthe following reasons?

To avoid artificial light from cities To facilitate optical observation To stay away from EMI emitting machinesTo utilize EMI from radios, TVs, and radars


30The word them in the passage refers to

EMI emitting devicesradio observatories population centers valleys

Radio Telescope

1 Much of what we know about the universe

comes from what we can observe. What we observe

is carried to us by light waves. What humans see as

visible light is really only a small part of the light

spectrum. Scientists have discovered that the earth

is somewhat like a colossal magnet and in essence

has electromagnetic properties. In recent years, the

electromagnetic spectrum has revealed extensive

information about our universe. The electromagnetic

spectrum is made up of a very large range of

frequencies. In the beginning, astronomers used the

radio frequency band to conduct the first non-visual

spectral region observations. The telescopes used to

observe these wavelengths are known as radio

telescopes. These telescopes are used for many

purposes, but most importantly they are used for

explicit ly mapping the atmosphere’s neutral

hydrogen concentrations and for high-resolution

observation. The variety and types of antennas used

for radio telescopes differ widely in design, size, and

configuration. Radio telescopes are generally

directional antenna arrays somewhat l ike TV

antennas or large stationary reflectors. Most are able

to move to position the reflectors in a beneficial

direction.

2 In effect, radio telescopes are a form of

directional radio antenna used in radio astronomy.

They are commonly used to track and collect data

from satellites and space probes. They differ from

optical telescopes in that they operate at the earth’s

electromagnetic spectrum radio frequency. In this

frequency, they are able to detect and collect data

from radio sources. Radio telescopes do not look like

optical telescopes. However, they are built around

the same concept and accomplish virtually the same

data gathering on radio frequency radiation that

optical telescopes do on visible frequency light.

Radio telescopes look like TV dishes, or what is

known as a parabolic dish. Unlike our TV satellite

dishes, radio observatories are located a far distance

B

A


31ACTUAL TEST 2

00:05:00

Reading Section

2

ACTUAL TEST

PASSAGE2

PART2

38Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

In contrast, optical telescopes, though also located away from population centers to avoidlight pollution, are placed in the clear-on ridges and mountaintops to facilitate opticalobservation.


39Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete thesummary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Somesentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage orare minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Radio telescopes developed to be more and more powerful, after getting over somedifficult problems.

Radio telescopes need to be placed where thereis no EMI emitting devices.

The concept of the radio telescope wasdiscovered accidentally by William Herschel.

The first radio telescope was built before WorldWar II.

The key to making powerful radio telescopes wasto overcome the problem of poor resolution.

Astronomers have gathered information about theuniverse through many kinds of telescopes.

The power of radio telescopes is increased bylinking telescopes together in a chain-like fashion.

Answer Choices

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Documents

PART1 - DIDIMDOLebook.didimdol.co.kr/EnglishBooknV1/Preview/_p/1162250.pdf · 042 Xpert TOEFL iBT Actual Test _Reading 1 In the 20th century, a considerable amount of information